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Lin FY, Tsai YT, Huang CY, Lai ZH, Tsai CS, Shih CM, Lin CY, Lin YW. GroEL of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced microRNAs accelerate tumor neovascularization by downregulating thrombomodulin expression in endothelial progenitor cells. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024; 39:47-61. [PMID: 37188376 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We found that GroEL in Porphyromonas gingivalis accelerated tumor growth and increased mortality in tumor-bearing mice; GroEL promoted proangiogenic function, which may be the reason for promoting tumor growth. To understand the regulatory mechanisms by which GroEL increases the proangiogenic function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), we explored in this study. In EPCs, MTT assay, wound-healing assay, and tube formation assay were performed to analyze its activity. Western blot and immunoprecipitation were used to study the protein expression along with next-generation sequencing for miRNA expression. Finally, a murine tumorigenesis animal model was used to confirm the results of in vitro. The results indicated that thrombomodulin (TM) direct interacts with PI3 K/Akt to inhibit the activation of signaling pathways. When the expression of TM is decreased by GroEL stimulation, molecules in the PI3 K/Akt signaling axis are released and activated, resulting in increased migration and tube formation of EPCs. In addition, GroEL inhibits TM mRNA expression by activating miR-1248, miR-1291, and miR-5701. Losing the functions of miR-1248, miR-1291, and miR-5701 can effectively alleviate the GroEL-induced decrease in TM protein levels and inhibit the proangiogenic abilities of EPCs. These results were also confirmed in animal experiments. In conclusion, the intracellular domain of the TM of EPCs plays a negative regulatory role in the proangiogenic capabilities of EPCs, mainly through direct interaction between TM and PI3 K/Akt to inhibit the activation of signaling pathways. The effects of GroEL on tumor growth can be reduced by inhibiting the proangiogenic properties of EPCs through the inhibition of the expression of specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yen Lin
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Huang
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ze-Hao Lai
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Yangming Campus), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Lin
- Healthcare Information and Management Department, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (Yangming Campus), Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Lan C, Chen S, Jiang S, Lei H, Cai Z, Huang X. Different expression patterns of inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli or Porphyromonas gingivalis in human dental pulp stem cells. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:121. [PMID: 35413908 PMCID: PMC9004173 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the leading causes of pulpitis. The differences in establishing an in vitro pulpitis model by using different lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are unknown. This study aimed to determine the discrepancy in the ability to induce the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the underlying mechanism between Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) LPSs in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs).
Material and methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8, COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α expressed by hDPSCs at each time point. ELISA was used to assess the interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein level. The role of toll-like receptors (TLR)2 and TLR4 in the inflammatory response in hDPSCs initiated by LPSs was assessed by QRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Results The E. coli LPS significantly enhanced the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and the production of the IL-6 protein (p < 0.05) in hDPSCs. The peaks of all observed inflammation mediators’ expression in hDPSCs were reached 3–12 h after stimulation by 1 μg/mL E. coli LPS. E. coli LPS enhanced the TLR4 expression (p < 0.05) but not TLR2 in hDPSCs, whereas P. gingivalis LPS did not affect TLR2 or TLR4 expression in hDPSCs. The TLR4 inhibitor pretreatment significantly inhibited the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines upregulated by E. coli LPS (p < 0.05). Conclusion Under the condition of this study, E. coli LPS but not P. gingivalis LPS is effective in promoting the expression of inflammatory cytokines by hDPSCs. E. coli LPS increases the TLR4 expression in hDPSCs. P. gingivalis LPS has no effect on TLR2 or TLR4 expression in hDPSCs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02161-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Lan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Southern Medical University, Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), Shenzhen, China
| | - Huaxiang Lei
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Importance of heterogeneity in Porhyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide lipid A in tissue specific inflammatory signalling. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1440128. [PMID: 29503705 PMCID: PMC5827638 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1440128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Porphyromonas gingivalis exists in at least two known forms, O-LPS and A-LPS. A-LPS shows heterogeneity in which two isoforms designated LPS1,435/1,449 and LPS1,690 appear responsible for tissue-specific immune signalling pathways activation and increased virulence. The modification of lipid A to tetra-acylated1,435/1,449 and/or penta-acylated1,690 fatty acids indicates poor growth conditions and bioavailability of hemin. Hemin protects P. gingivalis from serum resistance and the lipid A serves as a site for its binding. The LPS1,435/1,449 and LPS1,690 isoforms can produce opposite effects on the human Toll-like receptors (TLR) TLR2 and TLR4 activation. This enables P. gingivalis to select the conditions for its entry, survival, and that of its co-habiting species in the host, orchestrating its virulence to control innate immune pathway activation and biofilm dysbiosis. This review describes a number of effects that LPS1,435/1,449 and LPS1,690 can exert on the host tissues such as deregulation of the innate immune system, subversion of host cell autophagy, regulation of outer membrane vesicle production, and adverse effects on pregnancy outcome. The ability to change its LPS1,435/1,449 and/or LPS1,690 composition may enable P. gingivalis to paralyze local pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thereby gaining access to its primary location in periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sim K. Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Lipid A structural modifications in extreme conditions and identification of unique modifying enzymes to define the Toll-like receptor 4 structure-activity relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1439-1450. [PMID: 28108356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Strategies utilizing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists for treatment of cancer, infectious diseases, and other targets report promising results. Potent TLR4 antagonists are also gaining attention as therapeutic leads. Though some principles for TLR4 modulation by lipid A have been described, a thorough understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is lacking. Only through a complete definition of lipid A-TLR4 SAR is it possible to predict TLR4 signaling effects of discrete lipid A structures, rendering them more pharmacologically relevant. A limited 'toolbox' of lipid A-modifying enzymes has been defined and is largely composed of enzymes from mesophile human and zoonotic pathogens. Expansion of this 'toolbox' will result from extending the search into lipid A biosynthesis and modification by bacteria living at the extremes. Here, we review the fundamentals of lipid A structure, advances in lipid A uses in TLR4 modulation, and the search for novel lipid A-modifying systems in extremophile bacteria. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Bacterial Lipids edited by Russell E. Bishop.
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Shapira L, Soskolne A, Halabi A, Barak V, Stabholz A. Induction of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β in subcutaneously implanted chamber by lipopolysaccharide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/096805199700400503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outermost membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and is considered to be one of the major virulence factors of these bacteria. While the effect of systemic injection of LPS is well characterized, the characterization of cytokine secretion in response to local injection of LPS is lacking. The present study was designed to determine the local production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) over a 4 day period following injection of LPS into subcutaneous implanted chambers in mice. Mice were challenged by a single or repeated injection of Salmonella typhosa LPS into the chambers. Chamber fluids were aspirated at different time intervals and were used for assessment of leukocyte and cytokine levels. A single injection of LPS was found to induce cell influx into the chamber which peaked after 4 h. TNFα and IL-1β levels increased rapidly, reaching their maximum levels within 4 h. After 24 h, TNFα levels declined markedly and were undetectable at 48 and 96 h. TNFα mRNA levels in the sedimented cells followed a similar pattern. In contrast, IL-1β showed a more gradual decrease with levels significantly different from baseline still being present 96 h post-LPS challenge. Four consecutive daily injections of LPS into the chambers resulted in undetectable levels of TNFα in the chamber fluid, while significant levels of IL-1β were detected. These levels were significantly higher than the levels of IL-1β in the chamber fluid 96 h after a single injection and approximately 60% of the levels measured 24 h after a single intra-chamber injection of LPS. The results emphasize the difference between single and repeated exposure to LPS in vivo, and suggest a role for TNFα in the initial phase of the local inflammatory response and for IL-1β in the later phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Shapira
- Department of Periodontology, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem Israel,
| | - A. Soskolne
- Department of Periodontology, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem Israel
| | - A. Halabi
- Department of Periodontology, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem Israel
| | - V. Barak
- Department of Oncology, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem Israel
| | - A. Stabholz
- Department of Public Health, The Hebrew University - Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem Israel
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Bian T, Li L, Lyu J, Cui D, Lei L, Yan F. Human β-defensin 3 suppresses Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and aortas of ApoE-deficient mice. Peptides 2016; 82:92-100. [PMID: 27298203 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human beta-defensin 3 (hBD3) is an antimicrobial peptide showing immunomodulatory effect on both innate and acquired immune response. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by accumulation of lipids in the vascular wall. In this study, we evaluated whether hBD3 could attenuate the atherosclerosis development accelerated by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) with apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice. We observed that, in vivo, hBD3 inhibited serum MCP-1, sICAM-1 levels of ApoE-deficient mice exposed to Pg-LPS in a chronic inflammation model. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were also markedly reduced with hBD3 intervention. In addition, thinned vascular walls, less macrophage infiltration and the formation of atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the hBD3-treated group. Furthermore, in vitro, hBD3 profoundly suppressed the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells induced by Pg-LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, hBD3 attenuated the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Taken together, our work has revealed that hBD3 exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo, and this effect might be correlated with inhibition of MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Bian
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinglu Lyu
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Cui
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lang Lei
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Huang CY, Shih CM, Tsao NW, Lin YW, Shih CC, Chiang KH, Shyue SK, Chang YJ, Hsieh CK, Lin FY. The GroEL protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates atherogenic phenomena in endothelial cells mediated by upregulating toll-like receptor 4 expression. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:384-404. [PMID: 27158334 PMCID: PMC4846891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a bacterial species that causes periodontitis. GroEL from P. gingivalis may possess biological activity and may be involved in the destruction of periodontal tissues. However, it is unclear whether P. gingivalis GroEL enhances the appearance of atherogenic phenomena in endothelial cells and vessels. Here, we constructed recombinant GroEL from P. gingivalis to investigate its effects in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) in vitro and on aortas of high-cholesterol (HC)-fed B57BL/6 and B57BL/6-Tlr4(lps-del) mice in vivo. The results showed that GroEL impaired tube-formation capacity under non-cytotoxic conditions in HCAECs. GroEL increased THP-1 cell/HCAEC adhesion by increasing the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in endothelial cells. Additionally, GroEL increased DiI-oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) uptake, which may be mediated by elevated lectin-like oxLDL receptor (LOX)-1 but not scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cells (SREC) and scavenger receptor class B1 (SR-B1) expression. Furthermore, GroEL interacts with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and plays a causal role in atherogenesis in HCAECs. Human antigen R (HuR), an RNA-binding protein with a high affinity for the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of TLR4 mRNA, contributes to the up-regulation of TLR4 induced by GroEL in HCAECs. In a GroEL animal administration study, GroEL elevated ICAM-1, VCAM-1, LOX-1 and TLR4 expression in the aortas of HC diet-fed wild C57BL/6 but not C57BL/6-Tlr4(lps-del) mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that P. gingivalis GroEL may contribute to cardiovascular disorders by affecting TLR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Shih
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taipei Veterans General HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsing Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kun Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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Lappin M, Brown V, Zaric S, Lundy F, Coulter W, Irwin C. Interferon-γ stimulates CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression in gingival fibroblasts increasing responsiveness to bacterial challenge. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 61:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Lin FY, Huang CY, Lu HY, Shih CM, Tsao NW, Shyue SK, Lin CY, Chang YJ, Tsai CS, Lin YW, Lin SJ. The GroEL protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis accelerates tumor growth by enhancing endothelial progenitor cell function and neovascularization. Mol Oral Microbiol 2014; 30:198-216. [PMID: 25220060 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a bacterial species that causes destruction of periodontal tissues. Additionally, previous evidence indicates that GroEL from P. gingivalis may possess biological activities involved in systemic inflammation, especially inflammation involved in the progression of periodontal diseases. The literature has established a relationship between periodontal disease and cancer. However, it is unclear whether P. gingivalis GroEL enhances tumor growth. Here, we investigated the effects of P. gingivalis GroEL on neovasculogenesis in C26 carcinoma cell-carrying BALB/c mice and chick eggs in vivo as well as its effect on human endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in vitro. We found that GroEL treatment accelerated tumor growth (tumor volume and weight) and increased the mortality rate in C26 cell-carrying BALB/c mice. GroEL promoted neovasculogenesis in chicken embryonic allantois and increased the circulating EPC level in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, GroEL effectively stimulated EPC migration and tube formation and increased E-selectin expression, which is mediated by eNOS production and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Additionally, GroEL may enhance resistance against paclitaxel-induced cell cytotoxicity and senescence in EPC. In conclusion, P. gingivalis GroEL may act as a potent virulence factor, contributing to the neovasculogenesis of tumor cells and resulting in accelerated tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-Y Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin FY, Hsiao FP, Huang CY, Shih CM, Tsao NW, Tsai CS, Yang SF, Chang NC, Hung SL, Lin YW. Porphyromonas gingivalis GroEL induces osteoclastogenesis of periodontal ligament cells and enhances alveolar bone resorption in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102450. [PMID: 25058444 PMCID: PMC4109931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major periodontal pathogen that contains a variety of virulence factors. The antibody titer to P. gingivalis GroEL, a homologue of HSP60, is significantly higher in periodontitis patients than in healthy control subjects, suggesting that P. gingivalis GroEL is a potential stimulator of periodontal disease. However, the specific role of GroEL in periodontal disease remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of P. gingivalis GroEL on human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in vitro, as well as its effect on alveolar bone resorption in rats in vivo. First, we found that stimulation of PDL cells with recombinant GroEL increased the secretion of the bone resorption-associated cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, potentially via NF-κB activation. Furthermore, GroEL could effectively stimulate PDL cell migration, possibly through activation of integrin α1 and α2 mRNA expression as well as cytoskeletal reorganization. Additionally, GroEL may be involved in osteoclastogenesis via receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) activation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA inhibition in PDL cells. Finally, we inoculated GroEL into rat gingiva, and the results of microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometric assays indicated that the administration of GroEL significantly increased inflammation and bone loss. In conclusion, P. gingivalis GroEL may act as a potent virulence factor, contributing to osteoclastogenesis of PDL cells and resulting in periodontal disease with alveolar bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yen Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Ping Hsiao
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shue-Fen Yang
- Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chung Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ling Hung
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Belibasakis G, Thurnheer T, Bostanci N. Porphyromonas gingivalis: a heartful oral pathogen? Virulence 2014; 5:463-4. [PMID: 24759693 PMCID: PMC4063808 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Belibasakis
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Thurnheer
- Oral Microbiology and Immunology; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research; Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zürich; Zürich, Switzerland
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Herath TDK, Darveau RP, Seneviratne CJ, Wang CY, Wang Y, Jin L. Tetra- and penta-acylated lipid A structures of Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS differentially activate TLR4-mediated NF-κB signal transduction cascade and immuno-inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58496. [PMID: 23554896 PMCID: PMC3595299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogen of periodontal disease that affects a majority of adults worldwide. Increasing evidence shows that periodontal disease is linked to various systemic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease, by contributing to increased systemic levels of inflammation. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as a key virulent attribute of P. gingivalis, possesses significant amount of lipid A heterogeneity containing tetra- (LPS1435/1449) and penta-acylated (LPS1690) structures. Hitherto, the exact molecular mechanism of P. gingivalis LPS involved in periodontal pathogenesis remains unclear, due to limited understanding of the specific receptors and signaling pathways involved in LPS-host cell interactions. Methodology/Principal Findings This study systematically investigated the effects of P. gingivalis LPS1435/1449 and LPS1690 on the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 signal transduction and the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). We found that LPS1435/1449 and LPS1690 differentially modulated TLR2 and TLR4 expression. NF-κB pathway was significantly activated by LPS1690 but not by LPS1435/1449. In addition, LPS1690 induced significant expression of NF-κB and p38 MPAK pathways-related genes, such as NFKBIA, NFKB1, IKBKB, MAP2K4 and MAPK8. Notably, the pro-inflammatory genes including GM-CSF, CXCL10, G-CSF, IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 were significantly upregulated by LPS1690 while down-regulated by LPS1435/1449. Blocking assays confirmed that TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling was vital in LPS1690-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HGFs. Conclusions/Significance The present study suggests that the tetra- and penta-acylated lipid A structures of P. gingivalis LPS differentially activate TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway, and significantly modulate the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HGFs. The ability to alter the lipid A structure of LPS could be one of the strategies carried-out by P. gingivalis to evade innate host defense in gingival tissues, thereby contributing to periodontal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanuja D. K. Herath
- Faculty of Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard P. Darveau
- School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chaminda J. Seneviratne
- Faculty of Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lijian Jin
- Faculty of Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Ding PH, Wang CY, Darveau RP, Jin L. Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS stimulates the expression of LPS-binding protein in human oral keratinocytes in vitro. Innate Immun 2012; 19:66-75. [PMID: 22736337 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912450348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS-binding protein (LBP) functions as a crucial molecule in innate immune responses to bacterial challenge. Our study has shown the expression of LBP in human gingiva and its significant association with periodontal health and disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen of periodontal disease. P. gingivalis LPS as a main virulence factor is strongly involved in periodontal pathogenesis and it displays a significant lipid A structural heterogeneity. Currently, it remains unknown whether, and to what extent, the lipid A structural heterogeneity of P. gingivalis LPS affects LBP expression. The present study investigated the expression profile of LBP in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) stimulated by two isoforms of P. gingivalis LPS [tetra- (LPS(1435/1449)) and penta-acylated (LPS(1690))] and Escherichia coli LPS, and the involvement of TLRs in LBP expression. The results showed that the expression of LBP mRNA and peptide was significantly up-regulated by P. gingivalis LPS(1690) and E. coli LPS, while P. gingivalis LPS(1435/1449) did not affect LBP expression. Blocking assay and siRNA gene silencing revealed that P. gingivalis LPS(1690)-induced LBP expression was through both TLR2 and TLR4. This in vitro study demonstrates that P. gingivalis LPS with a lipid A structural heterogeneity differentially modulates LBP expression in HOKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Ding
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Reddi D, Brown SJ, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis induces RANKL in bone marrow stromal cells: involvement of the p38 MAPK. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:415-20. [PMID: 21939752 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a bacterially-induced oral inflammatory disease that is characterised by tissue degradation and bone loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram negative bacterial species highly associated with the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) induces bone resorption whilst osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor that blocks this process. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandin (PGE)(2,) which is a major inflammatory mediator of bone resorption. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are intracellular signalling molecules involved in various cell processes, including inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of P. gingivalis on MAPKs and their involvement in the regulation of RANKL, OPG and COX-2 expression in bone marrow stromal cells. P. gingivalis challenge resulted in the phosphorylation of primarily the p38 MAPK. RANKL and COX-2 mRNA expressions were up-regulated, whereas OPG was down-regulated by P. gingivalis. The p38 synthetic inhibitor SB203580 abolished the P. gingivalis-induced RANKL and COX-2 expression, but did not affect OPG. Collectively, these results suggest that the p38 MAPK pathway is involved in the induction of RANKL and COX-2 by P. gingivalis, providing further insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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15
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Herath TDK, Wang Y, Seneviratne CJ, Lu Q, Darveau RP, Wang CY, Jin L. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide lipid A heterogeneity differentially modulates the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in human gingival fibroblasts. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:694-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Nemec A, Jerin A, Zdovc I, Budefeld T, Verstraete FJM, Eržen D, Sentjurc M, Petelin M, Hitti T, Pavlica Z. Early systemic inflammatory response in mice after a single oral gavage with live Escherichia coli is evidenced by increased TNF-alpha and nitric oxide production. Res Vet Sci 2011; 92:401-7. [PMID: 21489584 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four female BALB/c mice were orally inoculated with 10(8) CFU Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and euthanized 2.5, 7, 13 and 25 h post-inoculation. The levels of organ nitric oxide (NO) and plasma endotoxin, TNF-alpha and nitrite/nitrate (NO(x)) were compared to those found in sham-inoculated mice, to evaluate systemic host-response to a low-level oral exposure to Gram-negative bacteria. Organ bacterial culture and immunohistochemistry for iNOS were performed on lungs, liver, kidneys and brain from all mice. Organ NO and plasma TNF-alpha levels were higher in E. coli-inoculated animals, but no differences were detected in plasma endotoxin levels, NO(x) or iNOS immunostaining for any of the animal groups. Single oral gavage with live E. coli stimulates an early systemic immune response in clinically healthy mice as evidenced by increased plasma TNF-alpha and organ NO levels, but bacteremia and endotoxemia are not related to this inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nemec
- Veterinary Faculty Small Animal Clinic, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pejcic A, Kesic L, Milasin J. Association between Periodontopathogens and CRP Levels in Patients with Periodontitis in Serbia. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2011; 5:10-6. [PMID: 23019501 PMCID: PMC3429984 DOI: 10.5681/joddd.2011.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims
Recent epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with periodontitis have a significantly higher risk of developing coronary heart disease, which might be attributed to the complex microbiota in the dental plaque. Periodontopathogens have been reported as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated association of chronic periodontitis and periodontopathogens with CRP in systemically healthy Serbian adults.
Materials and methods
Serum C-reactive protein levels were measured in 24 patients with moderate periodontitis, 26 patients with severe periodontitis, and 25 periodontally healthy subjects. Periodontal health indicators included gingival bleeding on probing and periodontal disease status. Patients with moderate periodontitis had low attachment loss and pocket depths of <4 mm. Patients with severe periodontitis had high AL and pocket depth of >5 mm. The control group with healthy gingiva had gingival sulcus of <2 mm and no attachment loss. Presence of periodontopathogens in subgingival plaque samples was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction.
Results
The periodontal parameters and CRP levels were significantly higher in the patients with periodontitis. Patients who had both severe and moderate periodontitis had higher mean CRP levels. The percentage of subjects with elevated CRP leves of >5 mol/L was greater in the higher clinical AL group compared to the group with less attachment loss. Presence of periodontopathogens was also associated with elevated CRP levels and poor periodontal status.
Conclusion
PD and subgingival periodontopathogens are associated with increased CRP levels. These findings suggest that periodontal infection may contribute to systemic inflammatory burden in otherwise healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pejcic
- Teaching assistent, Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Serbia
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Chang J, Jain S, Carl DJ, Paolella L, Darveau RP, Gravett MG, Adams Waldorf KM. Differential host response to LPS variants in amniochorion and the TLR4/MD-2 system in Macaca nemestrina. Placenta 2010; 31:811-7. [PMID: 20619890 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microbial-specific factors are likely critical in determining whether bacteria trigger preterm labor. Structural variations in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacteria, can determine whether LPS has an inflammatory (agonist) or anti-inflammatory (antagonist) effect through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Our objective was to determine whether amniochorion could discriminate between LPS variants in a nonhuman primate model. We also cloned Macaca nemestrina TLR4 and MD-2 and compared this complex functionally to the human homologue to establish whether nonhuman primates could be used to study TLR4 signaling in preterm birth. STUDY DESIGN Amniochorion explants from M. nemestrina were stimulated with a panel of LPS variants for 24 h. Supernatants were analyzed for IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 and prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha. Tissue expression of TLR1, 2, 4, 6, MyD88 and NF-kappaB was studied by RT-PCR. M. nemestrina TLR4 and MD-2 genes were cloned and compared with their human counterparts in a recombinant TLR4 signaling system to determine LPS sensitivity. RESULTS LPS variants differentially stimulated cytokines and prostaglandins, which was not related to transcriptional changes of TLR4 or other TLRs. Nearly all elements of LPS binding and TLR4 leucine-rich repeats were conserved between humans and M. nemestrina. TLR4/MD-2 signaling complexes from both species were equally sensitive to LPS variants. CONCLUSIONS LPS variants elicit a hierarchical inflammatory response within amniochorion that may contribute to preterm birth. LPS sensitivity is similar between M. nemestrina and humans, validating M. nemestrina as an appropriate model to study TLR4 signaling in preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Magee Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Imayoshi R, Cho T, Kaminishi H. NO production in RAW264 cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis extracellular vesicles. Oral Dis 2010; 17:83-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pejcic A, Kesic LJ, Milasin J. C-reactive protein as a systemic marker of inflammation in periodontitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:407-14. [PMID: 21057970 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis has been identified as a potential risk factor for systemic pathologies such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aims of this investigation were to assess the relationship between periodontitis and systemic inflammatory factor, as well as to discover whether there is a relation to the severity of periodontitis and to the periodontopathogens. Periodontal examinations and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level measurements were performed in 50 patients with periodontitis. Periodontal health indicators included the gingival bleeding on probing index and periodontal disease status. The patients with moderate periodontitis had low attachment loss and pocket depth <4 mm. The patients with severe periodontitis had high attachment loss and pocket depth >5 mm. The control group comprised 25 volunteers with healthy gingiva, gingival sulcus <2 mm and no attachment loss. The presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque samples was analysed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The periodontal parameters and CRP levels were significantly higher in the patients with periodontitis. Patients who had severe periodontitis, with high levels of mean clinical attachment loss, and subjects with moderate periodontitis had higher mean CRP levels. The percentage of subjects with elevated levels of CRP >5 mg/l was greater in the higher clinical attachment loss group compared to the group with lower attachment loss. The presence of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans were also associated with elevated CRP levels and poor periodontal status. Periodontitis and the presence of P. gingivalis are associated with an enhanced inflammatory response expressed by higher CRP levels. The association of periodontitis with CRP levels appears to be a contributing factor for CVD and might be a possible intermediate pathway in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pejcic
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Nis, Nade Tomic 3/5, 18000, Nis, Serbia.
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Jones KJ, Ekhlassi S, Montufar-Solis D, Klein JR, Schaefer JS. Differential cytokine patterns in mouse macrophages and gingival fibroblasts after stimulation with porphyromonas gingivalis or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontol 2010; 81:1850-7. [PMID: 20843233 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major cause of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease is Porphyromonas gingivalis, a non-motile, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium. Within gingival tissue, both macrophages and fibroblasts participate in the immune response to foreign entities by releasing cytokines and expressing molecules to recruit and activate lymphocytes. However, the contribution of gingival macrophages and fibroblasts to the immune response to P. gingivalis infection is not fully known. METHODS The AMJ2-C8 cell line (AM cells), a mouse alveolar macrophage cell line, and ESK-1 cells, a mouse gingival fibroblast cell line made in our laboratory, were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from either P. gingivalis or Escherichia coli. The expression of immune response molecules was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunoassay. RESULTS AM and ESK-1 cells responded differently to P. gingivalis and E. coli LPS stimulation. The ESK-1 gingival fibroblast cell line was more responsive to E. coli LPS stimulation as seen by elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression relative to stimulation by P. gingivalis LPS. Conversely, the AM macrophage cell line was more responsive to P. gingivalis LPS stimulation, particularly for interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, relative to stimulation by E. coli LPS. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that E. coli LPS induces a stronger cytokine and chemokine response in gingival fibroblasts, whereas P. gingivalis LPS induces a stronger response in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy J Jones
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Branch, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Nemec A, Pavlica Z, Šentjurc M, Crossley DA, Jerin A, Eržen D, Zdovc I, Petelin M, Skalerič U. Single gavage withPorphyromonas gingivalisreduces acute systemic nitric oxide response in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:435-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Reddi D, Bostanci N, Hashim A, Aduse-Opoku J, Curtis MA, Hughes FJ, Belibasakis GN. Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates the RANKL-OPG system in bone marrow stromal cells. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:1459-68. [PMID: 18789397 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobe implicated in chronic periodontitis, a bacterial-induced inflammatory condition that causes destruction of the periodontal connective tissues and underlying alveolar bone. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a cytokine that directly stimulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, whereas its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) blocks this action. This study aimed to investigate the effects of P. gingivalis culture supernatants on RANKL and OPG expression in W20-17 bone marrow stromal cells, and evaluate the involvement of its virulence factors, particularly gingipains and lipopolysaccharide. P. gingivalis up-regulated RANKL and down-regulated OPG mRNA expression and protein production. These effects were blocked by indomethacin, suggesting mediation by prostaglandins. Furthermore, P gingivalis induced the production of prostaglandin E(2). Heat-inactivation, or chemical inhibition of P. gingivalis gingipains did not affect RANKL and OPG regulation. However, lipopolysaccharide depletion by polymyxin B abolished RANKL induction, and partly rescued the suppression of OPG. In conclusion, P. gingivalis regulates the RANKL-OPG system via prostaglandin E(2) in bone marrow stromal cells, in a manner that favours osteoclastogenesis. A non-proteolytic and non-proteinaceous P. gingivalis component is involved in these events, most probably its lipopolysaccharide. This activity may contribute to the bone loss characteristic of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Reddi
- Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AD, UK
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Nallar SC, Kalakonda S, Sun P, Kalvakolanu DV. GRIM-19: A Double-edged Sword that Regulates Anti-Tumor and Innate Immune Responses. TRANSLATIONAL ONCOGENOMICS 2008; 3:67-79. [PMID: 21566745 PMCID: PMC3022361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene associated with retinoid-interferon-β-induced mortality (GRIM)-19, was originally identified as a critical regulatory protein necessary for Interferon-β-Retinoic acid-induced cell death. Overexpression of GRIM-19 activates cell death and its suppression or inactivation promotes cell growth. GRIM-19 targets multiple proteins/pathways for exerting growth control and cell death. However, GRIM-19 is also required for normal cellular processes. In addition, viruses 'hijack' GRIM-19 for their survival. Intracellular bacterial infections and bacterial products have been reported to induce the expression of GRIM-19. In this review, we will discuss the current status of GRIM-19 in growth control and innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeram C. Nallar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sudhakar Kalakonda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Peng Sun
- Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology, Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Dhan V. Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology, Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201,Correspondence: Dhan V. Kalvakolanu, Molecular and Cellular Cancer Biology, Graduate Program in Life Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201. Tel: 410-328-1396; Fax: 410-706-6609;
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Fujimura Y, Hotokezaka H, Ohara N, Naito M, Sakai E, Yoshimura M, Narita Y, Kitaura H, Yoshida N, Nakayama K. The hemoglobin receptor protein of porphyromonas gingivalis inhibits receptor activator NF-kappaB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis from bone marrow macrophages. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2544-51. [PMID: 16622189 PMCID: PMC1459701 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.5.2544-2551.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteinaceous factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, that influence receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis from bone marrow macrophages were investigated. The culture supernatant of P. gingivalis had the ability to inhibit RANKL-induced in vitro osteoclastogenesis. A major protein of the culture supernatant, hemoglobin receptor protein (HbR), suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in a dose-dependent fashion. HbR markedly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis when present in the culture for the first 24 h after addition of RANKL, whereas no significant inhibition was observed when HbR was added after 24 h or later, implying that HbR might interfere with only the initial stage of RANKL-mediated differentiation. HbR tightly bound to bone marrow macrophages and had the ability to induce phosphorylation of ERK, p38, NF-kappaB, and Akt. RANKL-induced phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and NF-kappaB was not suppressed by HbR, but that of Akt was markedly suppressed. HbR inhibited RANKL-mediated induction of c-Fos and NFATc1. HbR could induce beta interferon (IFN-beta) from bone marrow macrophages, but the induction level of IFN-beta might not be sufficient to suppress RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis, implying presence of an IFN-beta-independent pathway in HbR-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Since rapid and extensive destruction of the alveolar bone causes tooth loss, resulting in loss of the gingival crevice that is an anatomical niche for periodontal pathogens such as P. gingivalis, the suppressive effect of HbR on osteoclastogenesis may help the microorganism exist long in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Fujimura
- Division of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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Frost RA, Nystrom GJ, Lang CH. Multiple Toll-like receptor ligands induce an IL-6 transcriptional response in skeletal myocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R773-84. [PMID: 16254126 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00490.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a critical sentinel that monitors body compartments for the presence of pathogens. Skeletal muscle expresses TLRs and responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), by mounting an innate immune response. In the present study, we used C2C12myocytes as a model system for skeletal muscle during infection. C2C12cells responded to LPS in a time frame and with a pattern of gene expression that faithfully mimicked the response of skeletal muscle to LPS in vivo. LPS from a variety of Escherichia coli serotypes stimulated IL-6 synthesis. C2C12cells expressed TLR1–7, but not TLR8 or TLR9, mRNA by RT-PCR. A synthetic tripalmitoylated cysteine-, serine-, and lysine-containing peptide (Pam) and LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis, two TLR2 ligands, also stimulated IL-6 expression. LPS and Pam stimulated luciferase activity driven from NF-κB and IL-6 promoter-containing plasmids, and this response was blunted when the NF-κB binding site was mutated. LPS- and Pam-stimulated IL-6 expression was inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and the IκB kinase-2 (IKK2) inhibitor 2-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide (TPCA-1). Pam-stimulated NF-κB and IL-6 promoter activities were disrupted by a dominant-negative form of TLR2, but not TLR4. Local injection of LPS or Pam into the gastrocnemius muscle stimulated IL-6 mRNA expression in the injected, but not the contralateral, muscle. The LPS- but not Pam-stimulated expression of IL-6 mRNA was blunted in skeletal muscle of mice carrying an inactivating mutation in TLR4. The data suggest that skeletal muscle and muscle cells recognize pathogen-associated molecules with specific TLRs to initiate an IL-6 transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Frost
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology (H166), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey A Schenkein
- Department of Peridontics, Virginia Commonwealth University-VCU/MCV, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Zhou Q, Amar S. Identification of proteins differentially expressed in human monocytes exposed to Porphyromonas gingivalis and its purified components by high-throughput immunoblotting. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1204-14. [PMID: 16428770 PMCID: PMC1360359 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.2.1204-1214.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its components in disease processes, we investigated the cytokine profiles induced by live P. gingivalis, its lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and its major fimbrial protein, fimbrillin (FimA). A cytokine antibody array revealed that human monocyte-derived macrophages were induced to produce chemokines (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta [MIP-1beta], and MIP-3alpha) as early as 1 h after exposure to P. gingivalis, with production declining after 24 h of exposure. As expected, an extensive repertoire of inflammatory mediators increased subsequent to infection, most predominantly tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The induction of cytokines by P. gingivalis was not triggered simply by bacterial cell surface components, since purified P. gingivalis LPS and FimA induced similar patterns of cytokines, while the pattern of cytokines induced by live P. gingivalis was significantly different, indicating that the host defense system senses live bacteria differently than it does the cell surface components LPS and FimA. To further understand the mechanisms by which live P. gingivalis and its components exert their effects, we used a high-throughput immunoblot screening approach (Becton-Dickinson PowerBlot) to analyze intracellular proteins involved in P. gingivalis infection in human macrophages. Exposure of human macrophages to either live P. gingivalis, its LPS, or its FimA protein led to the up-regulation of 12, 8, and 10 proteins and the down-regulation of 15, 8, and 17 proteins, respectively. The expression of proteins involved in gene transcription (e.g., monocyte enhancer factor 2D [MEF2D], signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [STAT1], STAT3, STAT6, and IL enhancer binding factors [ILF3]), of protein kinases (e.g., mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 [MAPK3], MAP3K8, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase [PRKR], and MAP2K4), and of proteins involved in immune responses (e.g., TNF super family member 6 [TNFSF6] and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeat 4 [IFIT4]), apoptosis (e.g., genes associated with retinoid interferon-induced mortality 19 [GRIM19]), and other fundamental cellular processes (e.g., clathrin heavy-chain polypeptide, culreticulin, and Ras-associated protein RAB27A) was found to be modulated differentially by P. gingivalis, LPS, and FimA. These differential changes are interpreted as preferential signal pathway activation in host immune/inflammatory responses to P. gingivalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Zhou
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 700 Albany Street W-201E, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Bainbridge BW, Coats SR, Pham TTT, Reife RA, Darveau RP. Expression of a Porphyromonas gingivalis lipid A palmitylacyltransferase in Escherichia coli yields a chimeric lipid A with altered ability to stimulate interleukin-8 secretion. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:120-9. [PMID: 16367871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli the gene htrB codes for an acyltransferase that catalyses the incorporation of laurate into lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a lipid A substituent. We describe the cloning, expression and characterization of a Porphyromonas gingivalis htrB homologue. When the htrB homologue was expressed in wild-type E. coli or a mutant strain deficient in htrB, a chimeric LPS with altered lipid A structure was produced. Compared with wild-type E. coli lipid A, the new lipid A species contained a palmitate (C16) in the position normally occupied by laurate (C12) suggesting that the cloned gene performs the same function as E. coli htrB but preferentially transfers the longer-chain palmitic acid that is known to be present in P. gingivalis LPS. LPS was purified from wild-type E. coli, the E. coli htrB mutant strain and the htrB mutant strain expressing the P. gingivalis acyltransferase. LPS from the palmitate bearing chimeric LPS as well as the htrB mutant exhibited a reduced ability to activate human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transfected with TLR4/MD2. LPS from the htrB mutant also had a greatly reduced ability to stimulate interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion in both endothelial cells and monocytes. In contrast, the activity of LPS from the htrB mutant bacteria expressing the P. gingivalis gene displayed wild-type activity to stimulate IL-8 production from endothelial cells but a reduced ability to stimulate IL-8 secretion from monocytes. The intermediate activation observed in monocytes for the chimeric LPS was similar to the pattern seen in HEK293 cells expressing TLR4/MD2 and CD14. Thus, the presence of a longer-chain fatty acid on E. coli lipid A altered the activity of the LPS in monocytes but not endothelial cell assays and the difference in recognition does not appear to be related to differences in Toll-like receptor utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Bainbridge
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Madianos PN, Bobetsis YA, Kinane DF. Generation of inflammatory stimuli: how bacteria set up inflammatory responses in the gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 Suppl 6:57-71. [PMID: 16128830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aetiologic factor of periodontal disease is the bacterial biofilm. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria possess a plethora of structural or secreted components that may cause direct destruction to periodontal tissues or stimulate host cells to activate a wide range of inflammatory responses. These responses are intended to eliminate the microbial challenge, but may often cause further tissue damage. METHODS This review has been divided into three parts: (a) bacterial virulence factors, which includes basic information on bacterial virulence factors, and the principle inflammatory responses that host cells elicit against these factors, (b) main receptors and signalling pathways, which includes basic information about the main receptors that interact with the bacterial virulence factors, the nature of these interactions, and the activated signalling pathways that lead to inflammatory responses, and (c) initiation of inflammation, which includes a model by which the virulence factors may interact with host cells and lead to inflammatory responses in the gingiva. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Bacterial components/virulence factors may be involved in modulating inflammatory responses and include: lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans, lipotechoic acids, fimbriae, proteases, heat-shock proteins, formyl-methionyl peptides, and toxins. Potential host cell receptors involved in recognizing bacterial components and initiating signalling pathways that lead to inflammatory responses include: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD14, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins (Nod) and G-protein-coupled receptors, including formyl-methionyl peptide receptors and protease-activated receptors. Of the above bacterial and host molecules, evidence from experimental animal studies implicate LPS, fimbriae, proteases, TLRs, and CD14 in periodontal tissue or alveolar bone destruction. However, evidence verifying the involvement of any of the above molecules in periodontal tissue destruction in humans does not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Dixon DR, Reife RA, Cebra JJ, Darveau RP. Commensal bacteria influence innate status within gingival tissues: a pilot study. J Periodontol 2005; 75:1486-92. [PMID: 15633325 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.11.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of commensal bacteria to the innate defense status of gingival tissue by examining the expression of innate host defense mediators in germ-free and conventionally reared groups in both BALBc/ByJ and SCID C.B17 mice. METHODS Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was utilized to determine the constitutive levels within each gingival tissue set (N = 5) for: E-selectin, P-selectin, interleukin-(IL)-8 homologue, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, intercellular adhesion molecule-(ICAM)-1, ICAM-2, and vascular adhesion molecule-(VCAM)-1. In addition, IL-1beta protein content was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Gingival samples revealed that only IL-1beta mRNA expression among all mediators examined was significantly reduced in conventionally reared mice (P<0.01) compared to germ-free mice. In contrast, IL-1beta protein levels were significantly (P <0.001) higher in conventionally reared mice compared to germ-free animals. Conventionally reared and germ-free SCID C.B17 mice revealed a similar pattern in regard to reduced IL-1beta mRNA and significantly increased IL-1beta protein (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Commensal microbial colonization influences innate host defense mediator expression of IL-1beta at both the mRNA and protein levels in healthy periodontal tissue in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Dixon
- United States Army Dental Corps and Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, USA
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Gemmell E, Seymour GJ. Immunoregulatory control of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:21-41. [PMID: 15107056 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gemmell
- Oral Biology and Pathology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Coats SR, Reife RA, Bainbridge BW, Pham TTT, Darveau RP. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide antagonizes Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide at toll-like receptor 4 in human endothelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 71:6799-807. [PMID: 14638766 PMCID: PMC308937 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.12.6799-6807.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces cytokine and adhesion molecule expression via the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling complex in human endothelial cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS antagonizes E. coli LPS-dependent activation of human endothelial cells. P. gingivalis LPS at 1 micro g/ml inhibited both E. coli LPS (10 ng/ml) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein (HSP) 60.1 (10 micro g/ml) stimulation of E-selectin mRNA expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) without inhibiting interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) stimulation. P. gingivalis LPS (1 micro g/ml) also blocked both E. coli LPS-dependent and M. tuberculosis HSP60.1-dependent but not IL-1beta-dependent activation of NF-kappaB in human microvascular endothelial (HMEC-1) cells, consistent with antagonism occurring upstream from the TLR/IL-1 receptor adaptor protein, MyD88. Surprisingly, P. gingivalis LPS weakly but significantly activated NF-kappaB in HMEC-1 cells in the absence of E. coli LPS, and the P. gingivalis LPS-dependent agonism was blocked by transient expression of a dominant negative murine TLR4. Pretreatment of HUVECs with P. gingivalis LPS did not influence the ability of E. coli LPS to stimulate E-selectin mRNA expression. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence that P. gingivalis LPS-dependent antagonism of E. coli LPS in human endothelial cells likely involves the ability of P. gingivalis LPS to directly compete with E. coli LPS at the TLR4 signaling complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Coats
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Wang PL, Ohura K. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide signaling in gingival fibroblasts-CD14 and Toll-like receptors. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2003; 13:132-42. [PMID: 12097356 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is the major cause of adult tooth loss and is commonly characterized by a chronic inflammation caused by infection of oral bacteria. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is one of the suspected periodontopathic bacteria and is frequently isolated from the periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontal disease. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of P. gingivalis is a key factor in the development of periodontitis. Gingival fibroblasts, which are the major constituents of gingival connective tissue, may directly interact with bacteria and bacterial products, including LPS, in periodontitis lesions. It is suggested that gingival fibroblasts play an important role in the host responses to LPS in periodontal disease. P. gingivalis LPS enhances the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in gingival fibroblasts. However, the receptor that binds with P. gingivalis LPS on gingival fibroblasts remained unknown for many years. Recently, it was demonstrated that P. gingivalis LPS binds to gingival fibroblasts. It was also found that gingival fibroblasts express CD14, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). P. gingivalis LPS treatment of gingival fibroblasts activates several intracellular proteins, including protein tyrosine kinases, and up-regulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1), and signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2), IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and activating protein-1 (AP-1). These results suggest that the binding of P. gingivalis LPS to CD14 and TLR4 on gingival fibroblasts activates various second-messenger systems. In this article, we review recent findings on the signaling pathways induced by the binding of P. gingivalis LPS to CD14 and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-L Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazono-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan.
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Shapira L, Ayalon S, Brenner T. Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis on the central nervous system: activation of glial cells and exacerbation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Periodontol 2002; 73:511-6. [PMID: 12027253 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.5.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that peripheral inflammation may be involved in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). T-cells activated in the periphery enter the CNS, leading to demyelination and axonal loss. We hypothesized that peripheral infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis can affect pathological processes in the CNS and aggravate MS. METHODS Glial cells derived from rat brains were cultured and stimulated with P. gingivalis or P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was determined. In addition, we examined the proliferation of lymphocytes harvested from P. gingivalis-immunized mice in response to stimulation by echephalitogenic proteins. The effect of peripheral inflammation induced by P. gingivalis on the clinical course of the disease was tested in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model used for the study of MS. RESULTS P. gingivalis LPS and heat-killed bacteria induced secretion of the proinflammatory mediators NO and PGE2 by CNS glial cells. Lymphocytes derived from P. gingivalis-immunized mice proliferated in the presence of the echephalitogenic protein myelin basic protein. Injection of P. gingivalis into subcutaneous chambers in mice, followed by EAE induction led to aggravation of the disease. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence that infection with a periodontal pathogen, such as P. gingivalis, may play a role in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory disorders such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Shapira
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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37
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Darveau RP, Arbabi S, Garcia I, Bainbridge B, Maier RV. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide is both agonist and antagonist for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1867-73. [PMID: 11895949 PMCID: PMC127828 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.4.1867-1873.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key inflammatory mediator. It has been proposed to function as an important molecule that alerts the host of potential bacterial infection. Although highly conserved, LPS contains important structural differences among different bacterial species that can significantly alter host responses. For example, LPS obtained from Porphyromonas gingivalis, an etiologic agent for periodontitis, evokes a highly unusual host cell response. Human monocytes respond to this LPS by the secretion of a variety of different inflammatory mediators, while endothelial cells do not. In addition, P. gingivalis LPS inhibits endothelial cell expression of E-selectin and interleukin 8 (IL-8) induced by other bacteria. In this report the ability of P. gingivalis LPS to activate p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was investigated. It was found that p38 MAP kinase activation occurred in response to P. gingivalis LPS in human monocytes. In contrast, no p38 MAP kinase activation was observed in response to P. gingivalis LPS in human endothelial cells or CHO cells transfected with human Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). In addition, P. gingivalis LPS was an effective inhibitor of Escherichia coli-induced p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation in both endothelial cells and CHO cells transfected with human TLR-4. These data demonstrate that P. gingivalis LPS activates the LPS-associated p38 MAP kinase in monocytes and that it can be an antagonist for E. coli LPS activation of p38 MAP kinase in endothelial and CHO cells. These data also suggest that although LPS is generally considered a bacterial component that alerts the host to infection, LPS from P. gingivalis may selectively modify the host response as a means to facilitate colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98181, USA.
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38
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Abstract
An immunoperoxidase technique was used to examine IP-10 (interferon-gamma inducible protein 10), RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), and MIP-1 alpha (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha) in gingival biopsies from 21 healthy/gingivitis and 26 periodontitis subjects. The samples were placed into 3 groups according to the size of infiltrate. MIP-1 alpha+ cells were more abundant than the other chemokines with few MCP-1+ cells. The mean percent MIP-1 alpha+ cells was higher than the percent MCP-1+ cells (P = 0.02) in group 2 (intermediate size infiltrates) lesions from periodontitis subjects, other differences not being significant due to the large variations between tissue samples. Analysis of positive cells in relation to CD4/CD8 ratios showed that with an increased proportion of CD8+ cells, the mean percent MIP-1 alpha+ cells was significantly higher in comparison with the mean percent RANTES+ and MCP-1+ cells (P < 0.015). Endothelial cells were MCP-1+ although positive capillaries were found on the periphery of infiltrates only. Keratinocyte expression of chemokines was weak and while the numbers of healthy/gingivitis and periodontitis tissue sections positive for IP-10, RANTES and MCP-1 reduced with increasing inflammation, those positive for MIP-1 alpha remained constant for all groups. In conclusion, fewer leucocytes expressed MCP-1 in gingival tissue sections, however, the percent MIP-1 alpha+ cells was increased particularly in tissues with increased proportions of CD8 cells and B cells with increasing inflammation and also in tissues with higher numbers of macrophages with little inflammation. Further studies are required to determine the significance of MIP-1 alpha in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gemmell
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Bainbridge BW, Darveau RP. Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide: an unusual pattern recognition receptor ligand for the innate host defense system. Acta Odontol Scand 2001; 59:131-8. [PMID: 11501881 DOI: 10.1080/000163501750266710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key inflammatory mediator. Due to its ability to potently activate host inflammatory and innate defense responses, it has been proposed to function as an important molecule that alerts the host of potential bacterial infection. However, although highly conserved, LPS contains important structural differences among different bacterial species that can significantly alter host responses. For example, LPS obtained from Porphyromonas gingivalis, an etiologic agent for periodontitis, causes a highly unusual host innate host response. It is an agonist for human monocytes and an antagonist for human endothelial cells. Correspondingly, although it activates p38 MAP kinase in human monocytes, P. gingivalis LPS does not activate p38 nor ERK MAP kinase in endothelial cells. In fact, P. gingivalis LPS is an effective inhibitor of Escherichia coli LPS induced p38 phosphorylation. These data show that P. gingivalis LPS modulates host defenses in endothelial cells by interfering with MAP kinase activation. In addition, P. gingivalis LPS is unusual in that it engages TLR-2 but not TLR-4 when examined in stably transfected CHO cell lines. We propose that, since LPS is a key ligand for the human innate host defense system, these unusual properties of P. gingivalis LPS are associated with the bacterium's role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Bainbridge
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Abstract
Numerous studies have attempted to elucidate the cytokine networks involved in chronic periodontitis, often with conflicting results. A variety of techniques were used to study cells in situ, cells extracted from gingival tissues, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, purified cell populations, and T cell lines and clones. Bacterial components, including sonicates, killed cells, outer membrane components, and purified antigens, have all been used to stimulate cells in vitro, making comparisons of cytokine profiles difficult. As it is likely that different cells are present at different disease stages, the inability to determine disease activity clinically is a major limitation of all these studies. In the Context of tissue destruction, cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and IL-18 are likely to be important, as are their regulating cytokines IL-10 and IL-11. In terms of the nature of the inflammatory infiltrate, two apparently conflicting hypotheses have emerged: one based on direct observations of human lesions, the other based on animal experimentation and the inability to demonstrate IL-4 mRNA in gingival extracts. In the first of these, Th1 responses are responsible for the stable lesion, while in the second Th2 responses are considered protective. Using Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific T cell lines we have shown a tendency for IFN-gamma production rather than IL-4 or IL-10 when antigen is presented with peripheral blood mononuclear cells which may contain dendritic cells. It is likely that the nature of the antigen-presenting cell is fundamental in determining the nature of the cytokine profile, which may in turn open up possibilities for new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Seymour
- Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Noguchi K, Yanai M, Shitashige M, Nishihara T, Ishikawa I. Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin production by peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharides isolated from periodontopathogenic bacteria. J Periodontol 2000; 71:1575-82. [PMID: 11063390 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.10.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Recent studies have revealed the existence of 2 isozymes of cyclooxygenase (COX), called COX-1 and COX-2. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the contribution of COX-1 and COX-2 to PGE2 production by human peripheral blood monocytes that are stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from periodontopathogenic bacteria. METHODS LPS were isolated from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) by the phenol-water method. Peripheral blood monocytes were stimulated with LPS for the indicated periods, and the levels of PGE2 or interleukin (IL)-1 beta in the culture media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of COX-1 and -2 proteins was studied by immunocytochemical staining, and COX-2 mRNA expression was examined by Northern blot analysis. RESULTS Peripheral blood monocytes stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans- or P. gingivalis-LPS produced PGE2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Indomethacin, a non-selective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor, and NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, completely inhibited PGE2 production. Immunocytochemical staining of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins showed that expression of COX-2 protein was increased in monocytes that were stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans- or P. gingivalis-LPS, compared with that in unstimulated monocytes, whereas expression of COX-1 protein was not altered. Northern blot analysis showed that monocytes stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans- or P. gingivalis-LPS expressed COX-2 mRNA, while COX-2 mRNA was not detectable in unstimulated cells. Treatment of A. actinomycetemcomitans-LPS-stimulated monocytes with NS-398 induced a significant increase of IL-1 beta production to the same extent as treatment with indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that COX-2 is induced in monocytes stimulated with LPS derived from A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis and that the COX-2 is primarily responsible for PGE2 production. COX-2 may be pivotal in PGE2 production in periodontal lesions and may be involved in inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
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Graves DT, Jiang Y, Genco C. Periodontal disease: bacterial virulence factors, host response and impact on systemic health. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2000; 13:227-232. [PMID: 11964791 DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200006000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Teeth are coated with a biofilm that contains periodontal pathogens. Pathogens express virulence factors which enable them to invade and replicate within epithelial cells and to invade the underlying connective tissue. This stimulates production of prostaglandins and cytokines that induce tissue loss. In addition, these bacteria have the potential to modulate the course of systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis and to contribute to low birthweight and preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana T. Graves
- aDepartment of Periodontology and Oral Biology, bDepartment of Endodontics, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, and cDepartment of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gemmell E, Grieco DA, Seymour GJ. Chemokine expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific T-cell lines. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 15:166-71. [PMID: 11154399 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Autologous non-T cells (monocytes and B cells) were added to Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific T cell lines established from 9 healthy adults together with P. gingivalis outer membrane antigens for 4-6, 16-18, 24 and 48 h. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the CD4 and CD8 cells, monocytes and B cells for intracytoplasmic IP-10 (interferon-gamma inducible protein 10), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), MIP-1 alpha (macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha) and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) at the four time periods. All cell types were positive for each chemokine throughout the 48-h time period. There were significantly fewer MCP-1-positive cells compared with the other 3 chemokines. However, the percentages of MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha- and RANTES-positive CD8 cells were significantly higher than the percentages of positive CD4 cells in all cultures. IP-10-positive CD4, CD14-positive monocytes and CD19-positive B cells were predominant compared with MIP-1 alpha- and RANTES-positive cells at 24 h. In conclusion, the present study has shown that P. gingivalis-specific T cells, monocytes and B cells produce chemokines in response to P. gingivalis outer membrane antigens, IP-10 being predominant, with MCP-1 being significantly reduced in comparison with IP-10, MIP-1 alpha and RANTES. Increased percentages of CD8 cells were induced to produce chemokines in comparison with CD4 cells, indicating a more preferential action on CD8 rather than CD4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gemmell
- Immunopathology Laboratory, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Somerville JE, Cassiano L, Darveau RP. Escherichia coli msbB gene as a virulence factor and a therapeutic target. Infect Immun 1999; 67:6583-90. [PMID: 10569778 PMCID: PMC97070 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.12.6583-6590.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation in the msbB gene of Escherichia coli results in the synthesis of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that lacks the myristic acid moiety of lipid A. Although such mutant E. coli cells and their purified LPS have a greatly reduced ability to stimulate human immune cells, a minor reduction in the mouse inflammatory response is observed. When the msbB mutation is transferred into a clinical isolate of E. coli, there is a significant loss in virulence, as assessed by lethality in BALB/c mice. When a cloned msbB gene is provided to functionally complement the msbB mutant, virulence returns, providing direct evidence that the msbB gene product is an important virulence factor in a murine model of E. coli pathogenicity. In the genetic background of the clinical E. coli isolate, the msbB mutation also results in filamentation of the cells at 37 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C, a reduction in the level of the K1 capsule, an increase in the level of complement C3 deposition, and an increase in both opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis of the msbB mutant, phenotypes that can help to explain the loss in virulence. The demonstration that the inhibition of msbB gene function reduces the virulence of E. coli in a mouse infection model warrants further investigation of the msbB gene product as a novel target for antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Somerville
- Inflammation Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Kerr JR. Cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of and host defence against microbial infection. Mol Pathol 1999; 52:220-30. [PMID: 10694943 PMCID: PMC395703 DOI: 10.1136/mp.52.4.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are used by various cells and extracellular molecules in host defence against infection. They are involved in many processes including recognition by circulating phagocytes of a site of inflammation, transmigration through the endothelial barrier, diapedesis through basement membrane and extracellular matrix, and release of effector mechanisms at the infected site. CAMs involved in leucocyte-endothelial cell interaction include the selectins, integrins, and members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. However, CAMs are also used by various microorganisms (protozoa, fungi, bacteria, and viruses) during their pathogenesis. For example, bacteria that utilise CAMs include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia spp, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Neisseria spp, Bordetella spp, and Borrelia burgdorferi. In addition, CAMs are involved in the pathogenetic effects of the RTX toxins of Pasteurella haemolytica, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and the superantigen exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. A recurrent and topical theme of potential importance within the bacterial group is the intimate relation between CAMs, bacterial protein receptors, and type III secretion systems. For example, the IpaBCD protein complex is secreted by the type III system of Shigella flexneri and interacts with alpha 5 beta 1 integrin on the eukaryotic cell surface, followed by Rho mediated internalisation; this illustrates the relevance of cellular microbiology. CAMs might prove to be novel therapeutic targets. Comparative genomics has provided the knowledge of shared virulence determinants among diverse bacterial genera, and will continue to deepen our understanding of microbial pathogenesis, particularly in the context of the interaction of prokaryotic and eukaryotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kerr
- Medical Microbiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Holt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, USA
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Zadeh HH, Nichols FC, Miyasaki KT. The role of the cell-mediated immune response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:239-88. [PMID: 10522228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H H Zadeh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Jiang Y, Magli L, Russo M. Bacterium-dependent induction of cytokines in mononuclear cells and their pathologic consequences in vivo. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2125-30. [PMID: 10225864 PMCID: PMC115947 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.5.2125-2130.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viridans streptococci are a heterogeneous group of gram-positive bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the mouth. These organisms are thought to contribute significantly to the etiology of infective endocarditis, although recently they have been implicated in serious infections in other settings. Another group of oral bacteria, gram-negative anaerobes, is associated with chronic dental infections, such as periodontal diseases or endodontic lesion formation. We evaluated the ability of the oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas endodontalis to induce a pathogenic response in vivo, with the goal of quantifying the inflammatory response in soft tissue by measuring leukocyte recruitment and hard tissues by measuring osteoclastogenesis. S. mutans induced a strong inflammatory response and was a potent inducer of osteoclast formation, while P. endodontalis was not. To further study the mechanisms by which P. endodontalis and S. mutans elicit significantly different levels of inflammatory responses in vivo, we tested the capacity of each to induce production of cytokines by mononuclear cells in vitro. S. mutans stimulated high levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), all of which are associated with inflammation, enhanced monocyte function, and generation of a Th1 response. In contrast, P. endodontalis stimulated production of IL-10 but not of TNF-alpha, IL-12, or IFN-gamma. These results demonstrate that oral pathogens differ dramatically in their abilities to induce inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Moreover, there is a high degree of correlation between the cytokine profile induced by these bacteria in vitro and their pathogenic capacity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF. Life below the gum line: pathogenic mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1998; 62:1244-63. [PMID: 9841671 PMCID: PMC98945 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.62.4.1244-1263.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 758] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe, is a major etiological agent in the initiation and progression of severe forms of periodontal disease. An opportunistic pathogen, P. gingivalis can also exist in commensal harmony with the host, with disease episodes ensuing from a shift in the ecological balance within the complex periodontal microenvironment. Colonization of the subgingival region is facilitated by the ability to adhere to available substrates such as adsorbed salivary molecules, matrix proteins, epithelial cells, and bacteria that are already established as a biofilm on tooth and epithelial surfaces. Binding to all of these substrates may be mediated by various regions of P. gingivalis fimbrillin, the structural subunit of the major fimbriae. P. gingivalis is an asaccharolytic organism, with a requirement for hemin (as a source of iron) and peptides for growth. At least three hemagglutinins and five proteinases are produced to satisfy these requirements. The hemagglutinin and proteinase genes contain extensive regions of highly conserved sequences, with posttranslational processing of proteinase gene products contributing to the formation of multimeric surface protein-adhesin complexes. Many of the virulence properties of P. gingivalis appear to be consequent to its adaptations to obtain hemin and peptides. Thus, hemagglutinins participate in adherence interactions with host cells, while proteinases contribute to inactivation of the effector molecules of the immune response and to tissue destruction. In addition to direct assault on the periodontal tissues, P. gingivalis can modulate eucaryotic cell signal transduction pathways, directing its uptake by gingival epithelial cells. Within this privileged site, P. gingivalis can replicate and impinge upon components of the innate host defense. Although a variety of surface molecules stimulate production of cytokines and other participants in the immune response, P. gingivalis may also undertake a stealth role whereby pivotal immune mediators are selectively inactivated. In keeping with its strict metabolic requirements, regulation of gene expression in P. gingivalis can be controlled at the transcriptional level. Finally, although periodontal disease is localized to the tissues surrounding the tooth, evidence is accumulating that infection with P. gingivalis may predispose to more serious systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and to delivery of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lamont
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the principal pathogens in the development of adult periodontitis. Several different animal models have been used to evaluate the complex interactions between P. gingivalis and the host and these have been an important research tool for studying the pathogenesis of P. gingivalis-mediated periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Genco
- Dept of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118-2393, USA.
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