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Pisani F, Pisani V, Arcangeli F, Harding A, Singhrao SK. Treponema denticola Has the Potential to Cause Neurodegeneration in the Midbrain via the Periodontal Route of Infection-Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6049. [PMID: 37297653 PMCID: PMC10252855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common example of dementia. The neuropathological features of AD are the abnormal deposition of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. It is recognized that AD starts in the frontal cerebral cortex, and then it progresses to the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, and the rest of the brain. However, some studies on animals suggest that AD could also progress in the reverse order starting from the midbrain and then spreading to the frontal cortex. Spirochetes are neurotrophic: From a peripheral route of infection, they can reach the brain via the midbrain. Their direct and indirect effect via the interaction of their virulence factors and the microglia potentially leads to the host peripheral nerve, the midbrain (especially the locus coeruleus), and cortical damage. On this basis, this review aims to discuss the hypothesis of the ability of Treponema denticola to damage the peripheral axons in the periodontal ligament, to evade the complemental pathway and microglial immune response, to determine the cytoskeletal impairment and therefore causing the axonal transport disruption, an altered mitochondrial migration and the consequent neuronal apoptosis. Further insights about the central neurodegeneration mechanism and Treponema denticola's resistance to the immune response when aggregated in biofilm and its quorum sensing are suggested as a pathogenetic model for the advanced stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Pisani
- Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Valerio Pisani
- IRCCS, “Santa Lucia” Foundation, Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Via Ardeatina, 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcangeli
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale ASLRM1, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Geriatric Department, Advanced Centre for Dementia and Cognitive Disorders, Via Emilio Morosini, 30, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Harding
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Simarjit Kaur Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
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Du Z, Su H, Wang W, Ye L, Wei H, Peng Z, Anishchenko I, Baker D, Yang J. The trRosetta server for fast and accurate protein structure prediction. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5634-5651. [PMID: 34759384 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The trRosetta (transform-restrained Rosetta) server is a web-based platform for fast and accurate protein structure prediction, powered by deep learning and Rosetta. With the input of a protein's amino acid sequence, a deep neural network is first used to predict the inter-residue geometries, including distance and orientations. The predicted geometries are then transformed as restraints to guide the structure prediction on the basis of direct energy minimization, which is implemented under the framework of Rosetta. The trRosetta server distinguishes itself from other similar structure prediction servers in terms of rapid and accurate de novo structure prediction. As an illustration, trRosetta was applied to two Pfam families with unknown structures, for which the predicted de novo models were estimated to have high accuracy. Nevertheless, to take advantage of homology modeling, homologous templates are used as additional inputs to the network automatically. In general, it takes ~1 h to predict the final structure for a typical protein with ~300 amino acids, using a maximum of 10 CPU cores in parallel in our cluster system. To enable large-scale structure modeling, a downloadable package of trRosetta with open-source codes is available as well. A detailed guidance for using the package is also available in this protocol. The server and the package are available at https://yanglab.nankai.edu.cn/trRosetta/ and https://yanglab.nankai.edu.cn/trRosetta/download/ , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyang Du
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Su
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenkai Wang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lisha Ye
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Wei
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenling Peng
- Research Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ivan Anishchenko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianyi Yang
- Research Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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Goetting-Minesky MP, Godovikova V, Fenno JC. Approaches to Understanding Mechanisms of Dentilisin Protease Complex Expression in Treponema denticola. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668287. [PMID: 34084756 PMCID: PMC8167434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral spirochete Treponema denticola is a keystone periodontal pathogen that, in association with members of a complex polymicrobial oral biofilm, contributes to tissue damage and alveolar bone loss in periodontal disease. Virulence-associated behaviors attributed to T. denticola include disruption of the host cell extracellular matrix, tissue penetration and disruption of host cell membranes accompanied by dysregulation of host immunoregulatory factors. T. denticola dentilisin is associated with several of these behaviors. Dentilisin is an outer membrane-associated complex of acylated subtilisin-family PrtP protease and two other lipoproteins, PrcB and PrcA, that are unique to oral spirochetes. Dentilisin is encoded in a single operon consisting of prcB-prcA-prtP. We employ multiple approaches to study mechanisms of dentilisin assembly and PrtP protease activity. To determine the role of each protein in the protease complex, we have made targeted mutations throughout the protease locus, including polar and nonpolar mutations in each gene (prcB, prcA, prtP) and deletions of specific PrtP domains, including single base mutagenesis of key PrtP residues. These will facilitate distinguishing between host cell responses to dentilisin protease activity and its acyl groups. The boundaries of the divergent promoter region and the relationship between dentilisin and the adjacent iron transport operon are being resolved by incremental deletions in the sequence immediately 5’ to the protease locus. Comparison of the predicted three-dimensional structure of PrtP to that of other subtilisin-like proteases shows a unique PrtP C-terminal domain of approximately 250 residues. A survey of global gene expression in the presence or absence of protease gene expression reveals potential links between dentilisin and iron uptake and homeostasis in T. denticola. Understanding the mechanisms of dentilisin transport, assembly and activity of this unique protease complex may lead to more effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatments for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paula Goetting-Minesky
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Silbergleit M, Vasquez AA, Miller CJ, Sun J, Kato I. Oral and intestinal bacterial exotoxins: Potential linked to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:131-193. [PMID: 32475520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that imbalances in resident microbes (dysbiosis) can promote chronic inflammation, immune-subversion, and production of carcinogenic metabolites, thus leading to neoplasia. Yet, evidence to support a direct link of individual bacteria species to human sporadic cancer is still limited. This chapter focuses on several emerging bacterial toxins that have recently been characterized for their potential oncogenic properties toward human orodigestive cancer and the presence of which in human tissue samples has been documented. These include cytolethal distending toxins produced by various members of gamma and epsilon Proteobacteria, Dentilisin from mammalian oral Treponema, Pasteurella multocida toxin, two Fusobacterial toxins, FadA and Fap2, Bacteroides fragilis toxin, colibactin, cytotoxic necrotizing factors and α-hemolysin from Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica AvrA. It was clear that these bacterial toxins have biological activities to induce several hallmarks of cancer. Some toxins directly interact with DNA or chromosomes leading to their breakdowns, causing mutations and genome instability, and others modulate cell proliferation, replication and death and facilitate immune evasion and tumor invasion, prying specific oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways, such as p53 and β-catenin/Wnt. In addition, most bacterial toxins control tumor-promoting inflammation in complex and diverse mechanisms. Despite growing laboratory evidence to support oncogenic potential of selected bacterial toxins, we need more direct evidence from human studies and mechanistic data from physiologically relevant experimental animal models, which can reflect chronic infection in vivo, as well as take bacterial-bacterial interactions among microbiome into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian A Vasquez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Healthy Urban Waters, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Carol J Miller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Healthy Urban Waters, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Ateia IM, Sutthiboonyapan P, Kamarajan P, Jin T, Godovikova V, Kapila YL, Fenno JC. Treponema denticola increases MMP-2 expression and activation in the periodontium via reversible DNA and histone modifications. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20. [PMID: 29205773 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and bacterial proteases mediate destruction of extracellular matrices and supporting alveolar bone in periodontitis. The Treponema denticola dentilisin protease induces MMP-2 expression and activation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, and dentilisin-mediated activation of pro-MMP-2 is required for cellular fibronectin degradation. Here, we report that T. denticola regulates MMP-2 expression through epigenetic modifications in the periodontium. PDL cells were treated with epigenetic enzyme inhibitors before or after T. denticola challenge. Fibronectin fragmentation, MMP-2 expression, and activation were assessed by immunoblot, zymography, and qRT-PCR, respectively. Chromatin modification enzyme expression in T. denticola-challenged PDL cells and periodontal tissues were evaluated using gene arrays. Several classes of epigenetic enzymes showed significant alterations in transcription in diseased tissue and T. denticola-challenged PDL cells. T. denticola-mediated MMP-2 expression and activation were significantly reduced in PDL cells treated with inhibitors of aurora kinases and histone deacetylases. In contrast, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors had little effect, and inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases, methyltransferases, and demethylases exacerbated T. denticola-mediated MMP-2 expression and activation. Chronic epigenetic changes in periodontal tissues mediated by T. denticola or other oral microbes may contribute to the limited success of conventional treatment of chronic periodontitis and may be amenable to therapeutic reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Ateia
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Mansoura Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Pimchanok Sutthiboonyapan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taocong Jin
- Office of Research, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Valentina Godovikova
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ng HM, Kin LX, Dashper SG, Slakeski N, Butler CA, Reynolds EC. Bacterial interactions in pathogenic subgingival plaque. Microb Pathog 2016; 94:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Özdemir B, Uraz A, İşcan D, Bozkurt Ş, Tuncer BB, Engin D, Pehlivan S, İşcan H. Influence of Cervitec gel on periodontal health of patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. J Dent Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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8
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Goetting-Minesky MP, Godovikova V, Li JJ, Seshadrinathan S, Timm JC, Kamodia SS, Fenno JC. Conservation and revised annotation of the Treponema denticola prcB-prcA-prtP locus encoding the dentilisin (CTLP) protease complex. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 28:181-91. [PMID: 23253337 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interstrain differences in antigenic surface proteins may reflect immunological pressure or differences in receptor specificity of the antigen. Treponema denticola exhibits considerable interstrain variability in its major surface protein (Msp), but no studies have addressed this issue in dentilisin (CTLP), a surface protease complex that has a significant role in T. denticola-host interactions in periodontal disease. Furthermore, the genome annotation of the prcB-prcA-prtP operon encoding dentilisin contains apparent errors and lacks a deduced PrtP amino acid sequence. To address these issues we analysed the protease operon from diverse T. denticola strains, as well as clones of the ATCC 35405 Type strain from which the genome sequence and original GenBank prtP sequence were derived. 6xHis-tagging of the PrtP C-terminus in ATCC 35405 demonstrated absence of the 'authentic frameshift' in PrtP reported in the genome databases. We propose that T. denticola genome annotations be updated to reflect this new information. PrcB and the PrtP N-terminal region that includes the catalytic domain were highly conserved in common laboratory strains and clinical isolates of T. denticola. Dentilisin proteolytic activity varied considerably between strains. Antibodies against PrcB, PrcA and PrtP from the type strain recognized these proteins in most T. denticola strains. PrtP varied up to 20% over the C-terminal 270 residues between strains. The PrtP C-terminal eight-residues (DWFYVEYP) was present in all strains, with two strains containing an additional Y-residue preceding the stop codon. Such conserved PrtP domains may be required for interactions with PrcA and PrcB, or for substrate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Goetting-Minesky
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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9
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Abstract
Oral Treponema species, most notably T. denticola, are implicated in the destructive effects of human periodontal disease. Progress in the molecular analysis of interactions between T. denticola and host proteins is reviewed here, with particular emphasis on the characterization of surface-expressed and secreted proteins of T. denticola involved in interactions with host cells, extracellular matrix components, and components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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10
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Cogoni V, Morgan-Smith A, Fenno JC, Jenkinson HF, Dymock D. Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase (CTLP) integrates spirochaetes within oral microbial communities. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:759-770. [PMID: 22313692 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.055939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is found ubiquitously in the human oral cavity and is mainly associated with bacterial communities implicated in the establishment and development of periodontal disease. The ability to become integrated within biofilm communities is crucial to the growth and survival of oral bacteria, and involves inter-bacterial coaggregation, metabolic cooperation, and synergy against host defences. In this article we show that the chymotrypsin-like proteinase (CTLP), found within a high-molecular-mass complex on the cell surface, mediates adherence of T. denticola to other potential periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia and Parvimonas micra. Proteolytic activity per se did not appear to be required for the interactions, and expression of the major outer-sheath protein (Msp) was not necessary, except for binding Parv. micra. Biofilms of densely packed cells and matrix, up to 40 µm in depth, were formed between T. denticola and P. gingivalis on salivary pellicle, with T. denticola cells enriched in the upper layers. Expression of CTLP, but not Msp, was critical for dual-species biofilm formation with P. gingivalis. T. denticola did not form dual-species biofilms with any of the other three periodontal bacterial species under various conditions. Synergy between T. denticola and P. gingivalis was also shown by increased inhibition of blood clotting, which was CTLP-dependent. The results demonstrate the critical role of CTLP in interactions of T. denticola with other oral micro-organisms, leading to synergy in microbial community development and host tissue pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cogoni
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Alex Morgan-Smith
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - J Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - David Dymock
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
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11
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The antibacterial activity of LL-37 against Treponema denticola is dentilisin protease independent and facilitated by the major outer sheath protein virulence factor. Infect Immun 2011; 80:1107-14. [PMID: 22184422 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05903-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides are innate immune effectors that possess both bactericidal activities and immunomodulatory functions. Deficiency in the human host defense peptide LL-37 has previously been correlated with severe periodontal disease. Treponema denticola is an oral anaerobic spirochete closely associated with the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The T. denticola major surface protein (MSP), involved in adhesion and cytotoxicity, and the dentilisin serine protease are key virulence factors of this organism. In this study, we examined the interactions between LL-37 and T. denticola. The three T. denticola strains tested were susceptible to LL-37. Dentilisin was found to inactivate LL-37 by cleaving it at the Lys, Phe, Gln, and Val residues. However, dentilisin deletion did not increase the susceptibility of T. denticola to LL-37. Furthermore, dentilisin activity was found to be inhibited by human saliva. In contrast, a deficiency of the T. denticola MSP increased resistance to LL-37. The MSP-deficient mutant bound less fluorescently labeled LL-37 than the wild-type strain. MSP demonstrated specific, dose-dependent LL-37 binding. In conclusion, though capable of LL-37 inactivation, dentilisin does not protect T. denticola from LL-37. Rather, the rapid, MSP-mediated binding of LL-37 to the treponemal outer sheath precedes cleavage by dentilisin. Moreover, in vivo, saliva inhibits dentilisin, thus preventing LL-37 restriction and ensuring its bactericidal and immunoregulatory activities.
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12
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Visser M, Ellen R. New insights into the emerging role of oral spirochaetes in periodontal disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:502-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Miao D, Fenno JC, Timm JC, Joo NE, Kapila YL. The Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like protease dentilisin induces matrix metalloproteinase-2-dependent fibronectin fragmentation in periodontal ligament cells. Infect Immun 2011; 79:806-11. [PMID: 21115719 PMCID: PMC3028863 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01001-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a bacterially mediated chronic inflammatory disease that results in destruction of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone that surround and support the dentition. While their precise roles are not well understood, periodontal pathogens, including Treponema denticola, are believed to initiate the destructive inflammatory responses and dysregulation of tissue homeostasis that characterize the disease. These responses are believed to result from both proinflammatory effects of acylated bacterial membrane components (lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins) and degradative effects of secreted bacterial proteases. Host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes both in tissue homeostasis and tissue destruction. MMP expression is modulated in part by specific proteolytic fragments of fibronectin (FN), which are associated with periodontal disease. FN is a predominant extracellular matrix component in the periodontium. We examined the ability of Treponema denticola and its acylated outer membrane PrtP protease complex to induce both activation of MMP-2 and generation of FN fragments in human PDL cell culture supernatants. T. denticola parent and isogenic mutant strains, as well as MMP-2 small interfering RNA and specific inhibitors of MMP-2 and PrtP activity, were used to examine protein expression, gelatinolytic activity, and FN fragmentation in culture supernatants. T. denticola and its purified protease induced both MMP-2 activation and FN fragmentation. Here, we demonstrate that PrtP proteolytic activity induces the activation of MMP-2 and that active MMP-2 is required for FN fragmentation. These results suggest a specific mechanism by which the T. denticola protease may disrupt homeostatic processes required for the maintenance of periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Miao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - John C. Timm
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - Nam Eok Joo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China 610041
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15
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Dashper SG, Seers CA, Tan KH, Reynolds EC. Virulence factors of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola. J Dent Res 2010; 90:691-703. [PMID: 20940357 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510385242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that treponemes are involved in the etiology of several chronic diseases, including chronic periodontitis as well as other forms of periodontal disease. There are interesting parallels with other chronic diseases caused by treponemes that may indicate similar virulence characteristics. Chronic periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease, and recent animal studies indicate that co-infection of Treponema denticola with other periodontal pathogens can enhance alveolar bone resorption. The bacterium has a suite of molecular determinants that could enable it to cause tissue damage and subvert the host immune response. In addition to this, it has several non-classic virulence determinants that enable it to interact with other pathogenic bacteria and the host in ways that are likely to promote disease progression. Recent advances, especially in molecular-based methodologies, have greatly improved our knowledge of this bacterium and its role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Dashper
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health, Melbourne Dental School and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Gaibani P, Caroli F, Nucci C, Sambri V. Major surface protein complex of Treponema denticola induces the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 by primary human peripheral blood monocytes. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:361-6. [PMID: 20337896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Treponema denticola is a micro-organism that is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Major surface protein complex (MSPc), which is expressed on the envelope of this treponeme, plays a key role in the interaction between T. denticola and gingival cells. The peptidoglycan extracted from T. denticola induces the production of a large variety of inflammatory mediators by macrophage-like cells, suggesting that individual components of T. denticola cells induce the inflammatory response during periodontal disease. This study was designed to demonstrate that MSPc of T. denticola stimulates release of proinflammatory mediators in primary human monocytes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary human monocytes were separated from the blood of healthy donors and incubated for up to 24 h with varying concentrations of MSPc. The production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was measured at different time points with commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS T. denticola MSPc induced the synthesis of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and MMP-9 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Similar patterns of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 release were observed when cells were stimulated with 100 and 1000 ng/mL of MSPc. The production of MMP-9 was significant only when cells were treated with 1000 ng/mL of MSPc. CONCLUSION These results indicate that T. denticola MSPc, at concentrations ranging from 100 ng/mL to 1.0 microg/mL, activates a proinflammatory response in primary human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gaibani
- Department of Haematology and Oncology L. and A. Seragnoli, Section of Microbiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Yamazaki T, Miyamoto M, Yamada S, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Surface protease of Treponema denticola hydrolyzes C3 and influences function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1758-63. [PMID: 16815066 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is a dominant microorganism in human periodontal lesions. One of the major virulence factors of this microorganism is its chymotrypsin-like surface protease, dentilisin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dentilisin on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). We used chemiluminescence to assess production of O(-)(2) by PMNs against T. denticola ATCC 35405 and dentilisin-deficient mutant K1. T. denticola ATCC 35405 induced production of O(-)(2), whereas dentilisin-deficient K1 did not. We found that chymostatin, a protease inhibitor, strongly reduced the ability of T. denticola ATCC 35405 to induce production of, O(-)(2), whereas K1 was relatively unaffected. We also used Immunoblot and ELISA to evaluate the activation of complement by this microorganism in relation to PMNs. T. denticola ATCC 35405 hydrolyzed the alpha-chain of C3, producing iC3b. Furthermore, strain ATCC 35405 induced a larger release of MMP-9 from PMNs than strain K1. Dentilisin activated PMNs via complement pathways and may play a role in establishing periodontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamazaki
- Department of Periodontics, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Chiba, Japan
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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19
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Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2005; 38:72-122. [PMID: 15853938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Holt
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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O'Brien-Simpson NM, Veith PD, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. Antigens of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:101-34. [PMID: 15107060 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Ishihara K, Kuramitsu HK, Okuda K. A 43-kDa protein ofTreponema denticolais essential for dentilisin activity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 232:181-8. [PMID: 15033237 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(04)00067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2003] [Revised: 07/29/2003] [Accepted: 01/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A protease of Treponema denticola, dentilisin, is thought to be part of a complex with 43- and 38-kDa proteins. A sequence encoding a 43-kDa protein was located in the 3' region of the prcA gene upstream of the dentilisin gene (prtP). The 43-kDa protein was apparently generated from digestion of PrcA. To clarify the function of the protein, we constructed a mutant of the 43-kDa protein following homologous recombination. The mutant lacked detectable dentilisin activity. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the dentilisin protein was degraded in the mutant. The results of real-time polymerase chain reaction suggested that prtP mRNA expression in the mutant was somewhat decreased compared with the wild-type strain. These data suggest that the 43-kDa protein is involved in the stabilization of the dentilisin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan.
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22
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Chi B, Qi M, Kuramitsu HK. Role of dentilisin in Treponema denticola epithelial cell layer penetration. Res Microbiol 2004; 154:637-43. [PMID: 14596901 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an oral anaerobic spirochete implicated in periodontal diseases. The chymotrypsin-like protease, dentilisin (PrtP), has been suggested to be an important virulence factor of T. denticola. In this study, we examined the role of dentilisin in T. denticola epithelial monolayer penetration by comparing the wild type and prtP mutant. Wild-type T. denticola can disrupt transepithelial resistance (TER) and substantially penetrate the HEp-2 cell layer. The prtP mutant altered the monolayer only slightly and penetrated the Hep-2 layer in very low numbers. The membrane fraction of wild-type T. denticola is able to complement the prtP mutant in monolayer penetration, while the comparable fraction from the mutant has no such effect. Immunofluorescence studies suggested that wild-type T. denticola altered the TER by likely degrading the tight junctional proteins such as ZO-1. Cytotoxicity was not a major factor in the disruption of TER. The outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of wild-type T. denticola also disrupted epithelial barrier function and penetrated the epithelial layers. Taken together, these results suggest that T. denticola penetrates the epithelial cell monolayers by altering cellular tight junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chi
- Department of Oral Biology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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23
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Correia FF, Plummer AR, Ellen RP, Wyss C, Boches SK, Galvin JL, Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE. Two paralogous families of a two-gene subtilisin operon are widely distributed in oral treponemes. J Bacteriol 2004; 185:6860-9. [PMID: 14617650 PMCID: PMC262700 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.23.6860-6869.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain oral treponemes express a highly proteolytic phenotype and have been associated with periodontal diseases. The periodontal pathogen Treponema denticola produces dentilisin, a serine protease of the subtilisin family. The two-gene operon prcA-prtP is required for expression of active dentilisin (PrtP), a putative lipoprotein attached to the treponeme's outer membrane or sheath. The purpose of this study was to examine the diversity and structure of treponemal subtilisin-like proteases in order to better understand their distribution and function. The complete sequences of five prcA-prtP operons were determined for Treponema lecithinolyticum, "Treponema vincentii," and two canine species. Partial operon sequences were obtained for T. socranskii subsp. 04 as well as 450- to 1,000-base fragments of prtP genes from four additional treponeme strains. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the sequences fall into two paralogous families. The first family includes the sequence from T. denticola. Treponemes possessing this operon family express chymotrypsin-like protease activity and can cleave the substrate N-succinyl-alanyl-alanyl-prolyl-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide (SAAPFNA). Treponemes possessing the second paralog family do not possess chymotrypsin-like activity or cleave SAAPFNA. Despite examination of a range of protein and peptide substrates, the specificity of the second protease family remains unknown. Each of the fully sequenced prcA and prtP genes contains a 5' hydrophobic leader sequence with a treponeme lipobox. The two paralogous families of treponeme subtilisins represent a new subgroup within the subtilisin family of proteases and are the only subtilisin lipoprotein family. The present study demonstrated that the subtilisin paralogs comprising a two-gene operon are widely distributed among treponemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick F Correia
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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24
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Sela MN, Kohavi D, Krausz E, Steinberg D, Rosen G. Enzymatic degradation of collagen-guided tissue regeneration membranes by periodontal bacteria. Clin Oral Implants Res 2003; 14:263-8. [PMID: 12755775 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.140302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection in the vicinity of guided tissue regeneration barrier membranes was shown to have a negative effect on the clinical outcomes of this increasingly used technique. Several oral and specifically periodontal bacteria were shown to adhere to such membranes in vivo and in vitro with a higher affinity to membranes constructed from collagen. The present study examined the role of periodontal bacteria and their enzymes in the degradation of commercially used collagen membranes. Degradation of two collagen membranes [Biomend (Calcitek, Colla-Tec Inc., Plainsboro, NJ) and Bio-Gide (Geistlich Biomaterials, Wolhousen, Switzerland)] labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate was examined by measuring soluble fluorescence. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and their enzymes were evaluated. Collagenase from Clostridium hystolyticum was used as a positive control. While whole cells of P. gingivalis were able to degrade both types of membranes, T. denticola could degrade Bio-Gide membranes only and A. actinomycetemcomitans whole cells could degrade none of the membranes. Fractionation of P. gingivalis cells revealed that cell membrane associated proteases were responsible for the degradation of the two collagen membranes. In T. denticola, the purified major phenylalanine protease was found to be responsible for the degradation of Bio-Gide membranes. These results suggest that proteolytic bacterial enzymes may take part in the degradation of collagen barrier membranes used for guided tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Sela
- Department of Oral Biology, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine Founded by the Alpha Omega Fraternity, Jerusalem, Israel.
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25
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Lee SY, Bian XL, Wong GWK, Hannam PM, McBride BC, Fenno JC. Cleavage of Treponema denticola PrcA polypeptide to yield protease complex-associated proteins Prca1 and Prca2 is dependent on PrtP. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:3864-70. [PMID: 12081957 PMCID: PMC135188 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.14.3864-3870.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of potential virulence factors of oral spirochetes focuses on surface and secreted proteins. The Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like protease (CTLP) is implicated in degradation of host cell molecules and contributes to tissue invasion. The CTLP complex, composed of the 72-kDa PrtP protein and two auxiliary proteins with molecular masses of approximately 40 and 30 kDa, is also involved in localization and oligomerization of the T. denticola major surface protein (Msp). The larger auxiliary protein was reported to be encoded by an open reading frame (ORF2) directly upstream of prtP. The deduced 39-kDa translation product of ORF2 contains a sequence matching the N-terminal sequence determined from one of the CTLP complex proteins. No proteins with significant homology are known, nor was information available on the third protein of the complex. DNA sequence analysis showed that ORF2 extended an additional 852 bp upstream of the reported sequence. The complete gene, designated prcA, encodes a predicted N-terminally-acylated polypeptide of approximately 70 kDa. Isogenic mutants with mutations in prtP, prcA, and prcA-prtP all lacked CTLP protease activity. The prcA mutant lacked all three CTLP proteins. The prcA-prtP mutant produced only a C-terminally-truncated 62-kDa PrcA protein. The prtP mutant produced a full-length 70-kDa PrcA. Immunoblot analysis of recombinant PrcA constructs confirmed that PrcA is cleaved to yield the two smaller proteins of the CTLP complex, designated PrcA1 and PrcA2. These data indicate that PrtP is required for cleavage of PrcA and suggest that this cleavage may be required for formation or stability of outer membrane complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Young Lee
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1078, USA
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26
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Sela MN. Role of Treponema denticola in periodontal diseases. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2002; 12:399-413. [PMID: 12002822 DOI: 10.1177/10454411010120050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among periodontal anaerobic pathogens, the oral spirochetes, and especially Treponema denticola, have been associated with periodontal diseases such as early-onset periodontitis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and acute pericoronitis. Basic research as well as clinical evidence suggest that the prevalence of T denticola, together with other proteolytic gram-negative bacteria in high numbers in periodontal pockets, may play an important role in the progression of periodontal disease. The accumulation of these bacteria and their products in the pocket may render the surface lining periodontal cells highly susceptible to lysis and damage. T. denticola has been shown to adhere to fibroblasts and epithelial cells, as well as to extracellular matrix components present in periodontal tissues, and to produce several deleterious factors that may contribute to the virulence of the bacteria. These bacterial components include outer-sheath-associated peptidases, chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like proteinases, hemolytic and hemagglutinating activities, adhesins that bind to matrix proteins and cells, and an outer-sheath protein with pore-forming properties. The effects of T. denticola whole cells and their products on a variety of host mucosal and immunological cells has been studied extensively (Fig. 1). The clinical data regarding the presence of T. denticola in periodontal health and disease, together with the basic research results involving the role of T. denticola factors and products in relation to periodontal diseases, are reviewed and discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Sela
- Deportment of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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27
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Rosen G, Shoshani M, Naor R, Sela MN. The purification and characterization of an 88-kDa Porphyromonas endodontalis 35406 protease. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 16:326-31. [PMID: 11737654 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2001.160602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A Porphyromonas endodontalis ATCC 35406 protease was purified from Triton X-114 cell extracts by preparative SDS-PAGE followed by electroelution. The purified enzyme exhibits a molecular size of 88 kDa and was dissociated into two polypeptides of 43 and 41 kDa upon heating in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate with or without a reducing agent. The protease (pH optimum 7.5-8.0) degraded the extracellular matrix proteins fibrinogen and fibronectin. Collagen IV was also degraded at 37 degrees C but not at 28 degrees C. The protease also cleaved the bioactive peptide angiotensin at amino acid residue phenylalanine-8 and tyrosine-4 but failed to hydrolyze bradykinin, vasopressin and synthetic chromogenic substrates with phenylalanine or tyrosine at the P1 position. In addition, two peptidases were detected in P. endodontalis cells: a proline aminopeptidase that remained associated with the cell pellet after detergent extraction and peptidase/s that partitioned into the Triton X-114 phase after phase separation and degraded the bioactive peptides bradykinin and vasopressin. These P. endodontalis peptidases and proteases may play an important role in both the nutrition and pathogenicity of these assacharolytic microorganisms. The inactivation of bioactive peptides and degradation of extracellular matrix proteins by bacterial enzymes may contribute to the damage of host tissues accompanied with endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rosen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Hadassah Ein-Karem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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28
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Heuner K, Bergmann I, Heckenbach K, Göbel UB. Proteolytic activity among various oral Treponema species and cloning of a prtP-like gene of Treponema socranskii subsp. socranskii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 201:169-76. [PMID: 11470357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteolytic activity of 11 treponemal strains representing different phylogenetic groups was investigated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with copolymerised casein, gelatin and fibrinogen as substrates. The activity was specified to be trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like by the cleavage of synthetic substrates BAPNA and SAAPFNA, respectively. Nine strains degrade casein and the synthetic substrate BAPNA. Chymotrypsin-like activity specifically inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride was found in four treponemes. Southern blot analysis using a Treponema socranskii subsp. socranskii-specific prtP probe confirmed the presence of prtP homologous genes in these four strains. The internal fragments of the chymotrypsin-like protease genes were cloned and sequenced after PCR amplification. Here we report the cloning of the complete prtP-like gene of T. socranskii subsp. socranskii, an organism shown to possess epidemiologic relevance in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Heuner
- Institut für Moleculare Infektionsbiologie der Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
All oral spirochetes are classified in the genus Treponema. This genus is in the family Spirochaetaceae as in Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Other generic members of the family include Spirochaeta, Cristispira and Borrelia. This conventional classification is in accord with phylogenetic analysis of the spirochetes based on 16S rRNA cataloguing. The oral spirochetes fall naturally within the grouping of Treponema. Only four species of Treponema have been cultivated and maintained reliably: Treponema denticola, Treponema pectinovorum, Treponema socranskii and Treponema vincentii. These species have valid names according to the rules of nomenclature except for Treponema vincentii, which only has had effective publication. The virulence factors of the oral spirochetes updated in this mini-review have been discussed within the following broad confines: adherence, cytotoxic effects, iron sequestration and locomotion. T. denticola has been shown to attach to human gingival fibroblasts, basement membrane proteins, as well as other substrates by specific attachment mechanisms. The binding of the spirochete to human gingival fibroblasts resulted in cytotoxicity and cell death due to enzymes and other proteins. Binding of the spirochete to erythrocytes was accompanied by agglutination and lysis. Hemolysis releases hemin, which is sequestered by an outer membrane sheath receptor protein of the spirochete. The ability to locomote through viscous environments enables spirochetes to migrate within gingival crevicular fluid and to penetrate sulcular epithelial linings and gingival connective tissue. The virulence factors of the oral spirochetes proven in vitro underscore the important role they play in the periodontal disease process. This role has been evaluated in vivo by use of a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Chan
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2
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Ishihara K, Okuda K. Molecular pathogenesis of the cell surface proteins and lipids from Treponema denticola. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 181:199-204. [PMID: 10585538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola, frequently isolated from the human oral cavity, is thought to be a major pathogen of human periodontal disease. Recent developments in molecular analysis have clarified the surface structure of this microorganism and the characteristics of its pathogenic factors. Structural analysis of the outer sheath showed T. denticola to have a new type of outer membrane lipid. Limited exposure of the major outer sheath protein is suggested by electron-microscopic analysis. A protease-deficient mutant has revealed the roles of the protease in the organization of the outer sheath material and in T. denticola pathogenicity. The surface features that contribute to the pathogenicity of T. denticola in periodontal disease are gradually being elucidated, and are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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32
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Rosen G, Naor R, Sela MN. Multiple forms of the major phenylalanine specific protease in Treponema denticola. J Periodontal Res 1999; 34:269-76. [PMID: 10567950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 160, 190 and 270 kDa outer sheath proteases of Treponema denticola ATCC 35404 were found to be multiple forms of the major 91 kDa phenylalanine protease (PAP) by immunoblotting using anti-91 kDa specific antibodies. Multiple forms of the phenylalanine protease were also found in 2 other T. denticola strains studied, ATCC 33520 and the clinical isolate GM-1. Protein, proteolytic and Western blot analyses using antibodies against the PAP and the major outer sheath protein (MSP) indicated that the 190 and 270 kDa proteases were protein complexes formed by the MSP and the PAP. These complexes dissociated by storage in 0.3% or higher SDS concentrations. The purified PAP was found to completely degrade keratin, but was unable to degrade native actin either in its monomeric or polymerized form. The association of the MSP adhesin with a protease capable of degrading host native proteins may benefit the obtention of protein-based nutrients necessary to support the growth of these treponemes. These complexes may also play a role in the structural organization of T. denticola outer sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rosen
- Department of Oral Biology, Hebrew University, Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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33
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Ishihara K, Kuramitsu HK, Miura T, Okuda K. Dentilisin activity affects the organization of the outer sheath of Treponema denticola. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:3837-44. [PMID: 9683480 PMCID: PMC107367 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.15.3837-3844.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl-phenylalanine-specific serine protease (dentilisin) is a major extracellular protease produced by Treponema denticola. The gene, prtP, coding for the protease was recently cloned and sequenced (K. Ishihara, T. Miura, H. K. Kuramitsu, and K. Okuda, Infect. Immun. 64:5178-5186, 1996). In order to determine the role of this protease in the physiology and virulence of T. denticola, a dentilisin-deficient mutant, K1, was constructed following electroporation with a prtP-inactivated DNA fragment. No chymotrypsin-like protease activity was detected in the dentilisin-deficient mutant. In addition, the high-molecular-mass oligomeric protein characteristic of the outer sheath of the organism decreased in the mutant. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the mutant was decreased, and coaggregation of the mutant with Fusobacterium nucleatum was enhanced compared to that of the wild-type organism. The results obtained with a mouse abscess model system indicated that the virulence of the mutant was attenuated relative to that of the wild-type organism. These results suggest that dentilisin activity plays a major role in the structural organization of the outer sheath of T. denticola. The loss of dentilsin activity and the structural change in the outer sheath affect the pathogenicity of T. denticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan.
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34
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Fenno JC, Hannam PM, Leung WK, Tamura M, Uitto VJ, McBride BC. Cytopathic effects of the major surface protein and the chymotrypsinlike protease of Treponema denticola. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1869-77. [PMID: 9573063 PMCID: PMC108137 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.5.1869-1877.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prominent antigens of Treponema denticola have been suggested to be mediators of the cytopathic effects typically seen in periodontal disease. In the present study of the T. denticola major surface protein (Msp) and the surface-expressed chymotrypsinlike protease complex (CTLP), we characterized the ability of these proteins to adhere to and lyse epithelial cells. Msp and CTLP were closely associated in spirochete outer membranes. Purified Msp, both native and recombinant, and CTLP bound to glutaraldehyde-fixed periodontal ligament epithelial cells. Adherence of Msp was partially blocked by specific antibodies. Adherence of CTLP was partially blocked by serine protease inhibitors and was further inhibited by specific antibodies. Both native Msp and CTLP were cytotoxic toward periodontal ligament epithelial cells, and their cytotoxicity was inhibited by the same treatments that inhibited adherence. Msp, but not CTLP, lysed erythrocytes. Msp complex (partially purified outer membranes free of protease activity) was cytotoxic toward a variety of different cell types. Pore-forming activities of recombinant Msp in black lipid model membrane assays and in HeLa cell membranes were similar to those reported for the native protein, supporting the hypothesis that Msp cytotoxicity was due to its pore-forming activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fenno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Fenno JC, McBride BC. Virulence Factors of Oral Treponemes. Anaerobe 1998; 4:1-17. [PMID: 16887619 DOI: 10.1006/anae.1997.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/1997] [Accepted: 10/20/1997] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Fenno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Ishihara K, Miura T, Kuramitsu HK, Okuda K. Characterization of the Treponema denticola prtP gene encoding a prolyl-phenylalanine-specific protease (dentilisin). Infect Immun 1996; 64:5178-86. [PMID: 8945563 PMCID: PMC174505 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.12.5178-5186.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A chymotrypsin-like protease from Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 was purified by chromatographic techniques. The purified enzyme consisted of three polypeptides (38, 43, and 72 kDa). The protease exhibited specificity for peptide bonds containing phenylalanine and proline at the P1 and P2 positions, respectively, and was classified as a serine protease on the basis of inhibition studies. Naturally occurring protease inhibitors such as alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha1-antichymotrypsin had no effect on enzymatic activity. The enzyme degraded fibronectin, alpha1-antitrypsin, and gelatin while weakly degrading the immunoglobulin G heavy chain and type IV collagen. N-terminal amino acid sequences were determined for the 43- and 72-kDa proteins. On the basis of these sequences, the genes coding for the 43- and 72-kDa proteins were isolated and sequenced. The open reading frame which codes for the 72-kDa protein was designated prtP. This gene consists of 2,169 bp and codes for a protein with an Mr of 77,471. The protein appeared to be composed of a signal peptide region followed by a prosequence and the mature protein domain. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited similarity with that of the Bacillus subtilis serine protease subtilisin. The deduced properties of the sequence suggest that the 72-kDa protein is a chymotrypsin-like protease. However, the nature and function of the 43-kDa protein have not yet been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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Mäkinen KK, Chen CY, Mäkinen PL. Proline iminopeptidase from the outer cell envelope of the human oral spirochete Treponema denticola ATCC 35405. Infect Immun 1996; 64:702-8. [PMID: 8641769 PMCID: PMC173825 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.3.702-708.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain periodontopathic organisms have been shown to exhibit high activity of proline iminopeptidase (PIPase). The human oral spirochete Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 was found to contain an easily extractable, novel PIPase (EC 3.4.11.5), which was purified to a sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-pure form by means of fast protein liquid chromatographic procedures. The range of the minimum monomeric molecular mass (280 amino acid residues) of the PIPase, based on amino acid analysis, was 30.35 to 30.39 kDa, but the likely in vivo form of the enzyme is a tetramer (minimum mass, 120.2 to 120.4 kDa). The molecular masses based on laser desorption mass spectrometry were 36.058 kDa for the monomer and 72.596 kDa for a dimer. The PIPase cleaves specifically the Pro-Y bond in dipeptides where Y is preferably Arg or Lys. Pro-Gln, Pro-Asn, and Pro-Ala were also good substrates, while Pro-Glu was hydrolyzed slowly and Pro-Asp was not hydrolyzed at all. Tripeptides were poor substrates or were not hydrolyzed (an exception was Pro-Gly-Gly, which cleaved at a moderate rate). Larger molecules, such as poly-L-Pro, were not hydrolyzed. The T. denticola enzyme can be regarded as a true PIPase, since replacing Pro in Pro-Y with other amino acid residues resulted in no hydrolysis. The activity of the PIPase may depend on an active carboxyl group and on an active seryl residue but not on metal cations. Diethylpyrocarbonate inactivated the enzyme in a reaction that was not reversible upon addition of NH2OH. The enzyme contains a relatively large percentage (ca. 15%) of proline residues. The dominance of the PIPase activity among aminopeptidase activities present in T. denticola and the proposed location of the enzyme in the outer cell envelope suggest that it has a vital function in the propagation of the cells within their biological niche (inflamed human periodontal tissues). The biologic role of the PIPase may be envisaged as in the termination of the overall peptidolytic cascade (liberating free proline and other amino acids), whereby host tissue proteins and peptides are first processed and inactivated by other peptidases possibly present within the same confines as the PIPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Mäkinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-1078, USA
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Uitto VJ, Pan YM, Leung WK, Larjava H, Ellen RP, Finlay BB, McBride BC. Cytopathic effects of Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase on migrating and stratified epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3401-10. [PMID: 7642269 PMCID: PMC173468 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.9.3401-3410.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of Treponema denticola and its outer membrane-bound chymotrypsin-like proteinase on periodontal ligament epithelial cell cultures at different stages of maturity were studied. In sparse cultures with migrating epithelial cells, large intracellular vacuoles were formed rapidly following exposure to live T. denticola. Treponemes showing structural damage were seen occasionally inside membrane-bound vesicles. Intensive membrane blebbing occurred in infected cells and continued for up to 48 h before the cell died. Blebbing could also be induced by a purified chymotrypsin-like proteinase of T. denticola. Cortical actin and alpha-actinin of the bacterium-treated cells showed disorganization, and pericellular fibronectin was degraded by both whole T. denticola and the isolated proteinase. Epithelial cells with well-formed lateral cell contacts appeared to be more resistant to the effects of T. denticola than migrating isolated cells. In multilayer epithelial cultures, adhesion of T. denticola and membrane blebbing were observed infrequently. There was no evidence of invasion of T. denticola into epithelial multilayers. However, immunogold electron microscopy showed rapid transport of T. denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase into newly formed large intracellular vacuoles within the epithelial layers. These vacuoles were lined by membranes studded with ribosomes. T. denticola-treated epithelial multilayers had loose cell contacts, collapsed intercellular spaces, and increased permeability. Through its capacity to cause these unique cytopathic effects, the chymotrypsin-like proteinase of T. denticola has the potential to contribute to the initiation of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Uitto
- Department of Oral Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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