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Casanova JL, MacMicking JD, Nathan CF. Interferon- γ and infectious diseases: Lessons and prospects. Science 2024; 384:eadl2016. [PMID: 38635718 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to claim many lives. Prevention of morbidity and mortality from these diseases would benefit not just from new medicines and vaccines but also from a better understanding of what constitutes protective immunity. Among the major immune signals that mobilize host defense against infection is interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a protein secreted by lymphocytes. Forty years ago, IFN-γ was identified as a macrophage-activating factor, and, in recent years, there has been a resurgent interest in IFN-γ biology and its role in human defense. Here we assess the current understanding of IFN-γ, revisit its designation as an "interferon," and weigh its prospects as a therapeutic against globally pervasive microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, Paris Cité University, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - John D MacMicking
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06477, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Carl F Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Maciag K, Raychowdhury R, Smith K, Schneider AM, Coers J, Mumbach MR, Schwartz S, Hacohen N. IRF3 inhibits IFN-γ-mediated restriction of intracellular pathogens in macrophages independently of IFNAR. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:257-271. [PMID: 34826345 PMCID: PMC9550582 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0218-069rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages use an array of innate immune sensors to detect intracellular pathogens and to tailor effective antimicrobial responses. In addition, extrinsic activation with the cytokine IFN-γ is often required as well to tip the scales of the host-pathogen balance toward pathogen restriction. However, little is known about how host-pathogen sensing impacts the antimicrobial IFN-γ-activated state. It was observed that in the absence of IRF3, a key downstream component of pathogen sensing pathways, IFN-γ-primed macrophages more efficiently restricted the intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila and the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This effect did not require IFNAR, the receptor for Type I IFNs known to be induced by IRF3, nor the sensing adaptors MyD88/TRIF, MAVS, or STING. This effect also did not involve differential activation of STAT1, the major signaling protein downstream of both Type 1 and Type 2 IFN receptors. IRF3-deficient macrophages displayed a significantly altered IFN-γ-induced gene expression program, with up-regulation of microbial restriction factors such as Nos2. Finally, we found that IFN-γ-primed but not unprimed macrophages largely excluded the activated form of IRF3 from the nucleus following bacterial infection. These data are consistent with a relationship of mutual inhibition between IRF3 and IFN-γ-activated programs, possibly as a component of a partially reversible mechanism for modulating the activity of potent innate immune effectors (such as Nos2) in the context of intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Karen Smith
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexis M. Schneider
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Liu X, Boyer MA, Holmgren AM, Shin S. Legionella-Infected Macrophages Engage the Alveolar Epithelium to Metabolically Reprogram Myeloid Cells and Promote Antibacterial Inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:683-698.e6. [PMID: 32841604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages are among the first immune cells that respond to inhaled pathogens. However, numerous pathogens block macrophage-intrinsic immune responses, making it unclear how robust antimicrobial responses are generated. The intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila inhibits host translation, thereby impairing cytokine production by infected macrophages. Nevertheless, Legionella-infected macrophages induce an interleukin-1 (IL-1)-dependent inflammatory cytokine response by recruited monocytes and other cells that controls infection. How IL-1 directs these cells to produce inflammatory cytokines is unknown. Here, we show that collaboration with the alveolar epithelium is critical for controlling infection. IL-1 induces the alveolar epithelium to produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Intriguingly, GM-CSF signaling amplifies inflammatory cytokine production in recruited monocytes by enhancing Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced glycolysis. Our findings reveal that alveolar macrophages engage alveolar epithelial signals to metabolically reprogram monocytes for antibacterial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Boyer
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alicia M Holmgren
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
Biofilms form when bacteria adhere to a surface and secrete an extracellular polymeric substance. Bacteria embedded within a biofilm benefit from increased resistance to antibiotics, host immune responses, and harsh environmental factors. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that can modulate communal behavior, including biofilm formation, in many bacteria. In many cases, NO-induced biofilm dispersal is accomplished through signal transduction pathways that ultimately lead to a decrease in intracellular cyclic-di-GMP levels. H-NOX (heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding domain) proteins are the best characterized bacterial NO sensors and have been implicated in NO-mediated cyclic-di-GMP signaling, but we have recently discovered a second family of NO-sensitive proteins in bacteria named NosP (NO sensing protein); to date, a clear link between NosP signaling and cyclic-di-GMP metabolism has not been established. Here we present evidence that NosP (Lpg0279) binds to NO and directly affects cyclic-di-GMP production from two-component signaling proteins Lpg0278 and Lpg0277 encoded within the NosP operon. Lpg0278 and Lpg0277 are a histidine kinase and cyclic-di-GMP synthase/phosphodiesterase, respectively, that have already been established as being important in regulating Legionella pneumophila cyclic-di-GMP levels; NosP is thus implicated in regulating cyclic-di-GMP in L. pneumophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Sajjad Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Boon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Viewing Legionella pneumophila Pathogenesis through an Immunological Lens. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4321-4344. [PMID: 31351897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease. L. pneumophila is ubiquitously found in freshwater environments, where it replicates within free-living protozoa. Aerosolization of contaminated water supplies allows the bacteria to be inhaled into the human lung, where L. pneumophila can be phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages and replicate intracellularly. The Dot/Icm type IV secretion system (T4SS) is one of the key virulence factors required for intracellular bacterial replication and subsequent disease. The Dot/Icm apparatus translocates more than 300 effector proteins into the host cell cytosol. These effectors interfere with a variety of cellular processes, thus enabling the bacterium to evade phagosome-lysosome fusion and establish an endoplasmic reticulum-derived Legionella-containing vacuole, which facilitates bacterial replication. In turn, the immune system has evolved numerous strategies to recognize intracellular bacteria such as L. pneumophila, leading to potent inflammatory responses that aid in eliminating infection. This review aims to provide an overview of L. pneumophila pathogenesis in the context of the host immune response.
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Ruiz-Moreno JS, Hamann L, Shah JA, Verbon A, Mockenhaupt FP, Puzianowska-Kuznicka M, Naujoks J, Sander LE, Witzenrath M, Cambier JC, Suttorp N, Schumann RR, Jin L, Hawn TR, Opitz B. The common HAQ STING variant impairs cGAS-dependent antibacterial responses and is associated with susceptibility to Legionnaires' disease in humans. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006829. [PMID: 29298342 PMCID: PMC5770077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING pathway is central for innate immune sensing of various bacterial, viral and protozoal infections. Recent studies identified the common HAQ and R232H alleles of TMEM173/STING, but the functional consequences of these variants for primary infections are unknown. Here we demonstrate that cGAS- and STING-deficient murine macrophages as well as human cells of individuals carrying HAQ TMEM173/STING were severely impaired in producing type I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to Legionella pneumophila, bacterial DNA or cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs). In contrast, R232H attenuated cytokine production only following stimulation with bacterial CDN, but not in response to L. pneumophila or DNA. In a mouse model of Legionnaires’ disease, cGAS- and STING-deficient animals exhibited higher bacterial loads as compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, the haplotype frequency of HAQ TMEM173/STING, but not of R232H TMEM173/STING, was increased in two independent cohorts of human Legionnaires’ disease patients as compared to healthy controls. Our study reveals that the cGAS-STING cascade contributes to antibacterial defense against L. pneumophila in mice and men, and provides important insight into how the common HAQ TMEM173/STING variant affects antimicrobial immune responses and susceptibility to infection. Interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines are key regulators of gene expression and antibacterial defense during Legionella pneumophila infection. Here we demonstrate that production of these mediators was largely or partly dependent on the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING pathway in human and murine cells. Cells of individuals carrying the common HAQ allele of TMEM173/STING were strongly impaired in their ability to respond to L. pneumophila, bacterial DNA or cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), whereas the R232H allele was only attenuated in sensing of exogenous CDNs. Importantly, cGAS and STING contributed to antibacterial defense in mice during L. pneumophila lung infection, and the allele frequency of HAQ TMEM173/STING, but not of R232H TMEM173/STING, was increased in two independent cohorts of human Legionnaires’ disease patients as compared to healthy controls. Hence, sensing of bacterial DNA by the cGAS/STING pathway contributes to antibacterial defense against L. pneumophila infection, and the hypomorphic variant HAQ TMEM173/STING is associated with increased susceptibility to Legionnaires’ disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S. Ruiz-Moreno
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Hamann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Javeed A. Shah
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United states of America
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, United states of America
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank P. Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Naujoks
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E. Sander
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
- CAPNETZ STIFTUNG, Hannover, Germany
| | - John C. Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
- CAPNETZ STIFTUNG, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Schumann
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United states of America
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
- * E-mail:
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Naujoks J, Lippmann J, Suttorp N, Opitz B. Innate sensing and cell-autonomous resistance pathways in Legionella pneumophila infection. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:161-167. [PMID: 29097162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a facultative intracellular bacterium which can cause a severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease after inhalation of contaminated water droplets and replication in alveolar macrophages. The innate immune system is generally able to sense and -in most cases- control L. pneumophila infection. Comorbidities and genetic risk factors, however, can compromise the immune system and high infection doses might overwhelm its capacity, thereby enabling L. pneumophila to grow and disseminate inside the lung. The innate immune system mediates sensing of L. pneumophila by employing e.g. NOD-like receptors (NLRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as the cGAS/STING pathway to stimulate death of infected macrophages as well as production of proinflammatory cytokines and interferons (IFNs). Control of pulmonary L. pneumophila infection is largely mediated by inflammasome-, TNFα- and IFN-dependent macrophage-intrinsic resistance mechanisms. This article summarizes the current knowledge of innate immune responses to L. pneumophila infection in general, and of macrophage-intrinsic defense mechanisms in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Naujoks
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Lippmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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Shin S. Innate Immunity to Intracellular Pathogens: Lessons Learned from Legionella pneumophila. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 79:43-71. [PMID: 22569517 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394318-7.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens have the remarkable ability to manipulate host cell processes in order to establish a replicative niche within the host cell. In response, the host can initiate immune defenses that lead to the eventual restriction and clearance of intracellular infection. The bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila has evolved elaborate virulence mechanisms that allow for its survival inside protozoa within a specialized membrane-bound organelle. These strategies also enable L. pneumophila to survive and replicate within alveolar macrophages, and can result in the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease. Essential to L. pneumophila's intracellular lifestyle is a specialized type IV secretion system, termed Dot/Icm, that translocates bacterial effector proteins into host cells. The ease with which L. pneumophila can be genetically manipulated has facilitated the comparison of host responses to virulent and isogenic avirulent mutants lacking a functional Dot/Icm system. This has made L. pneumophila an excellent model for understanding how the host discriminates between pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and for systematically dissecting host defense mechanisms against intracellular pathogens. In this chapter, I discuss a few examples demonstrating how the study of immune responses triggered specifically by the L. pneumophila type IV secretion system has provided unique insight into our understanding of host immunity against intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Shin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Effect of Dietary Oils on Host Resistance to Fungal Infection in Psychologically Stressed Mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 73:1994-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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De Cruz SJ, Kenyon NJ, Sandrock CE. Bench-to-bedside review: the role of nitric oxide in sepsis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 3:511-21. [DOI: 10.1586/ers.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lippmann J, Müller HC, Naujoks J, Tabeling C, Shin S, Witzenrath M, Hellwig K, Kirschning CJ, Taylor GA, Barchet W, Bauer S, Suttorp N, Roy CR, Opitz B. Dissection of a type I interferon pathway in controlling bacterial intracellular infection in mice. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1668-82. [PMID: 21790939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Defence mechanisms against intracellular bacterial pathogens are incompletely understood. Our study characterizes a type I IFN-dependent cell-autonomous defence pathway directed against Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular model organism and frequent cause of pneumonia. We show that macrophages infected with L. pneumophila produced IFNβ in a STING- and IRF3- dependent manner. Paracrine type I IFNs stimulated upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes and a cell-autonomous defence pathway acting on replicating and non-replicating Legionella within their specialized vacuole. Our infection experiments in mice lacking receptors for type I and/or II IFNs show that type I IFNs contribute to expression of IFN-stimulated genes and to bacterial clearance as well as resistance in L. pneumophila pneumonia in addition to type II IFN. Overall, our study shows that paracrine type I IFNs mediate defence against L. pneumophila, and demonstrates a protective role of type I IFNs in in vivo infections with intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lippmann
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Carlson HK, Vance RE, Marletta MA. H-NOX regulation of c-di-GMP metabolism and biofilm formation in Legionella pneumophila. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:930-42. [PMID: 20572940 PMCID: PMC2952683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Haem Nitric oxide/OXygen (H-NOX) binding domains are a family of haemoprotein sensors that are widespread in bacterial genomes, but limited information is available on their function. Legionella pneumophila is the only prokaryote found, thus far, to encode two H-NOX proteins. This paper presents data supporting a role for one of the L. pneumophila H-NOXs in the regulation of biofilm formation. IN SUMMARY (i) unmarked deletions in the hnox1 gene do not affect growth rate in liquid culture or replication in permissive macrophages; (ii) the Δhnox1 strain displays a hyper-biofilm phenotype; (iii) the gene adjacent to hnox1 is a GGDEF-EAL protein, lpg1057, and overexpression in L. pneumophila of this protein, or the well-studied diguanylate cyclase, vca0956, results in a hyper-biofilm phenotype; (iv) the Lpg1057 protein displays diguanylate cyclase activity in vitro and this activity is inhibited by the Hnox1 protein in the Fe(II)-NO ligation state, but not the Fe(II) unligated state; and (v) consistent with the Hnox1 regulation of Lpg1057, unmarked deletions of lpg1057 in the Δhnox1 background results in reversion of the hyper-biofilm phenotype back to wild-type biofilm levels. Taken together, these results suggest a role for hnox1 in regulating c-di-GMP production by lpg1057 and biofilm formation in response to NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans K. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Russell E. Vance
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Michael A. Marletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
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Hyland KA, Brennan R, Olmsted SB, Rojas E, Murphy E, Wang B, Cleary PP. The early interferon response of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue to Streptococcus pyogenes infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 55:422-31. [PMID: 19243434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a major causative agent of tonsillitis or pharyngitis in children. Streptococcus pyogenes can persist in tonsils, and one-third of children treated with antibiotics continue to shed streptococci and have recurrent infections. Mouse nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) is functionally analogous to human oropharyngeal lymphoid tissues, and serves as a model for characterization of the mucosal innate immune response to S. pyogenes. Wild-type S. pyogenes induces transcription of both type I and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-responsive genes, proinflammatory genes and acute-phase response proteins 24 h after intranasal infection. Invasion of NALT and the induction of the interferon response were not dependent on expression of antiphagocytic M protein. Intranasal infection induces a substantial influx of neutrophils into NALT at 24 h, which declines by 48 h after infection. Infection of IFN-gamma(-/-) [IFN-gamma knock-out mouse (GKO)] C57BL/6 mice with wild-type S. pyogenes resulted in local dissemination of bacteria to draining lymph nodes (LN), but did not lead to systemic infection by 48 h after infection. Infected GKO mice had an increased influx of neutrophils into NALT compared with immunocompetent mice. Thus, IFN-gamma-induced responses are required to prevent local dissemination of streptococci to the draining LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A Hyland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA.
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Toll-like receptor 9 regulates the lung macrophage phenotype and host immunity in murine pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2895-904. [PMID: 18426877 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01489-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were performed to determine the contribution of TLR9 to the generation of protective immunity against the intracellular respiratory bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila. In initial studies, we found that the intratracheal (i.t.) administration of L. pneumophila to mice deficient in TLR9 (TLR9(-/-)) resulted in significantly increased mortality, which was associated with an approximately 10-fold increase in the number of lung CFU compared to that of wild-type BALB/c mice. Intrapulmonary bacterial challenge in TLR9(-/-) mice resulted in the reduced accumulation of myeloid dendritic cells (DC) and activated CD4(+) T cells. Lung macrophages isolated from Legionella-infected TLR9(-/-) mice displayed the impaired internalization of bacteria and evidence of alternative rather than classical activation, as manifested by the markedly reduced expression of nitric oxide and type 1 cytokines, whereas the expression of Fizz-1 and arginase-1 was enhanced. The adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived DC from syngeneic wild-type, but not TLR9(-/-), mice administered i.t. reconstituted anti-legionella immunity and restored the macrophage phenotype in TLR9(-/-) mice. Finally, the i.t., but not intraperitoneal, administration of the TLR9 agonist molecule CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulated protective immunity in Legionella-infected mice. In total, our findings indicate that TLR9 is required for effective innate immune responses against the intracellular bacterial pathogen L. pneumophila, and approaches to maximize TLR9-mediated responses may serve as a means to augment antibacterial immunity in pneumonia.
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Santic M, Molmeret M, Abu Kwaik Y. Maturation of the Legionella pneumophila-containing phagosome into a phagolysosome within gamma interferon-activated macrophages. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3166-71. [PMID: 15845527 PMCID: PMC1087382 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.5.3166-3171.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen that modulates the biogenesis of its phagosome to evade endocytic vesicle traffic. The Legionella-containing phagosome (LCP) does not acquire any endocytic markers and is remodeled by the endoplasmic reticulum during early stages. Here we show that intracellular replication of L. pneumophila is inhibited in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-activated, bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages and IFN-gamma-activated, human monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition of intracellular replication is associated with the maturation of the LCP into a phagolysosome, as documented by the acquisition of LAMP-2, cathepsin D, and lysosomal tracer Texas Red ovalbumin, and with the failure of the LCP to be remodeled by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that IFN-gamma-activated macrophages override the ability of L. pneumophila to evade endocytic fusion and that the LCP is processed through the "default" endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Santic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room 316, University of Louisville College of Medicine, 319 Abraham Flexner Way 55A, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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16
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Abstract
Intracellular pathogens can manipulate host cellular pathways to create specialized organelles. These pathogen-modified vacuoles permit the survival and replication of bacterial and protozoan microorganisms inside of the host cell. By establishing an atypical organelle, intracellular pathogens present unique challenges to the host immune system. To understand pathogenesis, it is important to not only investigate how these organisms create unique subcellular compartments, but to also determine how mammalian immune systems have evolved to detect and respond to pathogens sequestered in specialized vacuoles. Recent studies have identified genes in the respiratory pathogen Legionella pneumophila that are essential for establishing a unique endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelle inside of mammalian macrophages, making this pathogen an attractive model system for investigations on host immune responses that are specific for bacteria that establish vacuoles disconnected from the endocytic pathway. This review will focus on the host immune response to Legionella and highlight areas of Legionella research that should help elucidate host strategies to combat infections by intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L Neild
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536 USA
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17
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Hauser B, Radermacher P, Thiemermann C, Matejovic M. NITRIC OXIDE, BACTERIA, AND HOST DEFENSE IN SEPSIS: WHO NEEDS WHAT? Shock 2004; 22:588-90. [PMID: 15545834 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200412000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Nagabhushanam V, Solache A, Ting LM, Escaron CJ, Zhang JY, Ernst JD. Innate inhibition of adaptive immunity: Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced IL-6 inhibits macrophage responses to IFN-gamma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:4750-7. [PMID: 14568951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In humans and in mice, control of the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), requires IFN-gamma. Although the adaptive immune response results in production of substantial amounts of IFN-gamma in response to Mtb, the immune response is unable to eradicate the infection in most cases. We have previously reported evidence that Mtb inhibits macrophage responses to IFN-gamma, suggesting that this may limit the ability of IFN-gamma to stimulate macrophages to kill Mtb. We have also observed that uninfected macrophages, adjacent to infected macrophages in culture, exhibit decreased responses to IFN-gamma. Here we report that IL-6 secreted by Mtb-infected macrophages inhibits the responses of uninfected macrophages to IFN-gamma. IL-6 selectively inhibits a subset of IFN-gamma-responsive genes at the level of transcriptional activation without inhibiting activation or function of STAT1. Inhibition of macrophage responses to IFN-gamma by IL-6 requires new protein synthesis, but this effect is not attributable to suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 or 3. These results reveal a novel function for IL-6 and indicate that IL-6 secreted by Mtb-infected macrophages may contribute to the inability of the cellular immune response to eradicate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Nagabhushanam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, and Loewenstein Laboratory for Tuberculosis Research, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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19
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Chakravortty D, Hensel M. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and control of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:621-7. [PMID: 12787738 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has important functions in innate immunity and regulation of immune functions. Here, the role of iNOS in the pathogenesis of various intracellular bacterial infections is discussed. These pathogens have also evolved a broad array of strategies to repair damage by reactive nitrogen intermediates, and to suppress or inhibit functions of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Conlan JW, KuoLee R, Shen H, Webb A. Different host defences are required to protect mice from primary systemic vs pulmonary infection with the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen, Francisella tularensis LVS. Microb Pathog 2002; 32:127-34. [PMID: 11855943 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.2001.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic, facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen capable of initiating infection, tularemia, via multiple routes including dermal micro-abrasions and inhalation. Mouse models of systemically-initiated infection with F. tularensis LVS have been used extensively to reveal potential host defence mechanisms against the pathogen. Such studies have demonstrated the critical need for neutrophils and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to combat the early stages of primary experimental tularaemia initiated by systemic routes. Surprisingly, however, the present study shows that these defences appear not to combat early pulmonary tularaemia initiated by inhalation of the pathogen into the lower airways. The results imply that the effectiveness of particular anti-bacterial host defences vary with invasion site. Thus, it is impossible to predict effective host defence mechanisms against inhalation-initiated tularaemia from current knowledge of anti- Francisella defences that have been shown to combat systemically-initiated infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wayne Conlan
- National Research Council Canada, Institute for Biological Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OR6, Canada.
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21
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Deng JC, Tateda K, Zeng X, Standiford TJ. Transient transgenic expression of gamma interferon promotes Legionella pneumophila clearance in immunocompetent hosts. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6382-90. [PMID: 11553582 PMCID: PMC98773 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.10.6382-6390.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and T1-phenotype immune responses are important components of host defense against a variety of intracellular pathogens, including Legionella pneumophila. The benefit of intrapulmonary adenovirus-mediated IFN-gamma gene therapy was investigated in a nonlethal murine model of experimental L. pneumophila pneumonia. Intratracheal (i.t.) administration of 10(6) CFU of L. pneumophila induced the expression of T1 phenotype cytokines, such as IFN-gamma and interleukin-12 (IL-12). Natural killer cells were identified as the major cellular source of IFN-gamma. To determine if enhanced expression of IFN-gamma in the lung could promote pulmonary clearance of L. pneumophila, we i.t. administered 5 x 10(8) PFU of a recombinant adenovirus vector containing the murine IFN-gamma cDNA (AdmIFN-gamma) concomitant with L. pneumophila. We observed a 10-fold decrease in lung bacterial CFU at day 2 in the AdmIFN-gamma-treated group compared to controls (P < 0.01). Alveolar macrophages isolated from AdmIFN-gamma-treated animals displayed enhanced killing of intracellular L. pneumophila organisms ex vivo. Similar improvements in bacterial clearance were observed with i.t. recombinant IFN-gamma treatment. The transient transgenic expression of IL-12, a known inducer of IFN-gamma and promoter of T1-type immune responses, resulted in more modest improvement in bacterial clearance (sixfold reduction; P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that, even in immunocompetent hosts, exogenous administration or transient transgenic expression of IFN-gamma, and to a lesser extent IL-12, may be of potential therapeutic benefit in the treatment of patients with Legionella pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Deng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0360, USA
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22
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Neumeister B, Bach V, Faigle M, Northoff H. Induction of iNOS in human monocytes infected with different Legionella species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 202:31-8. [PMID: 11506904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of nitric oxide (NO) radicals to the suppression of intracellular replication of Legionella has been well established in rodents but remained questionable in humans. Considering the fact that human monocytes do not exhibit a high-output NO production, we used sensitive methods such as detection of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA by reverse transcription-PCR and demonstration of iNOS protein expression by means of flow cytometry and Western blot to compare the levels of iNOS induced by Legionella species which, in accordance to their human prevalence, show different multiplication rates within human monocytic cells. The expression of iNOS in Mono Mac 6 (MM6) cells showed an only moderate inverse correlation to the intracellular replication rate of a given Legionella species in the protein expression assays. However, stimulation of host cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) to enhance NO production and inhibition of NO production by treatment of host cells with N(G)-methyl-L-arginine were not able to modify the intracellular multiplication of legionellae within MM6 cells. Therefore, NO production does not seem to play a crucial role for the restriction of intracellular replication of Legionella bacteria within human monocytic cells. Rodent models in investigations which are supposed to clarify the involvement of NO radicals in defense mechanisms against Legionella infections in humans are of doubtful significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Neumeister
- Abteilung Transfusionsmedizin, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 4/1, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Dorman SE, Holland SM. Interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 pathway defects and human disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2000; 11:321-33. [PMID: 10959079 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(00)00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A genetic component to human mycobacterial disease susceptibility has long been postulated. Over the past five years, mutations in the interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) receptor, IL-12 receptor beta1 (IL-12Rbeta1), and IL-12 p40 genes have been recognized. These mutations are associated with heightened susceptibility to disease caused by intracellular pathogens including nontuberculous mycobacteria, vaccine-associated bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG), Salmonella species, and some viruses. We describe the genotype-phenotype correlations in IFNgamma receptor, IL-12Rbeta1, and IL-12 p40 deficiency, and discuss how study of these diseases has enhanced knowledge of human host defense against mycobacteria and other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dorman
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institutes of Health, NIAID, Building 10, Room 11N103, 10 Center Dr, MSC 1886, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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24
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Newton C, McHugh S, Widen R, Nakachi N, Klein T, Friedman H. Induction of interleukin-4 (IL-4) by legionella pneumophila infection in BALB/c mice and regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5234-40. [PMID: 10948149 PMCID: PMC101783 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.9.5234-5240.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of BALB/c mice with a sublethal concentration of Legionella pneumophila causes an acute disease that is resolved by innate immune responses. The infection also initiates the development of adaptive Th1 responses that protect the mice from challenge infections. To study the early responses, cytokines induced during the first 24 h after infection were examined. In the serum, interleukin-12 (IL-12) was detectable by 3 h and peaked at 10 h, while gamma interferon was discernible by 5 h and peaked at 8 h. Similar patterns were observed in ex vivo cultures of splenocytes. A transient IL-4 response was also detected by 3 h postinfection in ex vivo cultures. BALB/c IL-4-deficient mice were more susceptible to L. pneumophila infection than were wild-type mice. The infection induced higher serum levels of acute-phase cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], IL-1beta, and IL-6), and reducing TNF-alpha levels with antibodies protected the mice from death. Moreover, the addition of IL-4 to L. pneumophila-infected macrophage cultures suppressed the production of these cytokines. Thus, the lack of IL-4 in the deficient mice resulted in unchecked TNF-alpha production, which appeared to cause the mortality. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a chemokine that is induced by IL-4 during Listeria monocytogenes infection, was detected at between 2 and 30 h after infection. However, MCP-1 did not appear to be induced by IL-4 or to be required for the TNF-alpha regulation by IL-4. The data suggest that the early increase in IL-4 serves to regulate the mobilization of acute phase cytokines and thus controls the potential harmful effects of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Newton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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25
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Dorman SE, Uzel G, Roesler J, Bradley JS, Bastian J, Billman G, King S, Filie A, Schermerhorn J, Holland SM. Viral infections in interferon-gamma receptor deficiency. J Pediatr 1999; 135:640-3. [PMID: 10547254 PMCID: PMC7095028 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/1999] [Revised: 05/20/1999] [Accepted: 07/01/1999] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma receptor deficiency is a recently described immunodeficiency that is associated with onset of severe mycobacterial infections in childhood. We describe the occurrence of symptomatic and often severe viral infections in 4 patients with interferon-gamma receptor deficiency and mycobacterial disease. The viral pathogens included herpes viruses, parainfluenza virus type 3, and respiratory syncytial virus. We conclude that patients with interferon-gamma receptor deficiency and mycobacterial disease have increased susceptibility to some viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dorman
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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26
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Dorman SE, Holland SM. Mutation in the signal-transducing chain of the interferon-gamma receptor and susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2364-9. [PMID: 9616207 PMCID: PMC508825 DOI: 10.1172/jci2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-gamma is critical in the immune response to mycobacterial infections, and deficits in IFN-gamma production and response have been associated with disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Mutations in the IFN-gamma receptor ligand-binding chain (IFNgammaR1) have been shown to confer susceptibility to severe infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria. However, mutations in the IFN-gamma receptor signal-transducing chain (IFNgammaR2) have not been described. We describe a child with disseminated Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. avium complex infections and absent IFN-gamma signaling due to a mutation in the extracellular domain of IFNgammaR2. In vitro cytokine production by patient PBMCs showed 75% less PHA-induced IFN-gamma production than in normal cells, while patient PHA-induced TNF-alpha production was normal. The normal augmentation of TNF-alpha production when IFN-gamma was added to endotoxin was absent from patient cells. Expression of IFNgammaR1 was normal, but there was no phosphorylation of Stat1 in response to IFN-gamma stimulation. DNA sequence analysis of the gene for IFNgammaR2 showed a homozygous dinucleotide deletion at nucleotides 278 and 279, resulting in a premature stop codon in the protein extracellular domain. This novel gene defect associated with disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection emphasizes the critical role that IFN-gamma plays in host defense against mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dorman
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1886, USA
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27
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Sasaki S, Miura T, Nishikawa S, Yamada K, Hirasue M, Nakane A. Protective role of nitric oxide in Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1017-22. [PMID: 9488390 PMCID: PMC108010 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.3.1017-1022.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the role of nitric oxide (NO) in Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. NO production in spleen cell cultures was induced by heat-killed S. aureus. Expression of mRNA of the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) was induced in the spleens and kidneys of S. aureus-infected mice. When mice were treated with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) before S. aureus infection, the induction of iNOS mRNA expression in the kidneys was inhibited. These MAbs also inhibited NO production in spleen cell cultures stimulated with heat-killed S. aureus. NO production in the spleen cell cultures and levels of urinary nitrate plus nitrite were suppressed by treatment with aminoguanidine (AG), a selective inhibitor of iNOS. The survival rates of AG-treated mice were significantly decreased by either lethal or sublethal S. aureus infections. However, an effect of AG administration on bacterial growth was not observed in the spleens and kidneys of mice during either type of infection. Production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was not affected by AG treatment in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that NO plays an important role in protection from lethality by the infection, but the protective role of NO in host resistance against S. aureus infection was not proved. Moreover, our results show that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma regulate NO production while NO may not be involved in the regulation of the production of these cytokines during S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasaki
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Japan
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28
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Kolls JK, Lei D, Stoltz D, Zhang P, Schwarzenberger PO, Ye P, Bagby G, Summer WR, Shellito JE, Nelson S. Adenoviral-Mediated Interferon-gamma Gene Therapy Augments Pulmonary Host Defense of Ethanol-Treated Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Burke B. 4.3 Transgenic and Knockout Animals in the Study of Bacterial Pathogenesis. J Microbiol Methods 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Susa M, Ticac B, Rukavina T, Doric M, Marre R. Legionella pneumophila Infection in Intratracheally Inoculated T Cell-Depleted or -Nondepleted A/J Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.1.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The inflammatory response and influence of T cell depletion on the pathogenesis of an experimental Legionella infection were studied. A/J mice were infected with 106 CFU of Legionella pneumophila intratracheally. With this dose all infected animals survived the infection and bacteria were cleared from lung, spleen, liver, and kidney within 10 to 11 days, leaving no residual changes in the affected organs. Inflammatory cells were recruited into the lung on the second day of infection, reaching a maximum on the third day and filling out predominantly the interstitial areas. During the first 3 days after inoculation, mainly macrophages, B cells, NK cells, and large mononuclear cells of an unknown phenotype were attracted into the lung interstitium, whereas T lymphocytes infiltrated subsequently. During the early phase of infection, serum concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6 but not IL-2 increased dramatically. The cytokine secretion decreased on the third day after infection although bacteria were still present in the lung or even disseminated in different organs. Successful clearance of bacteria from the lung was not observed before recruitment of T cells into the lung. In mice depleted of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, control of infection was impaired and lethality of infection increased. Depletion of either subset left residual antibacterial mechanisms, which, however, were not sufficient to clear the Legionella as rapidly as in undepleted mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Susa
- *Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and
| | - Brigita Ticac
- †Department of Microbiology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Miljenko Doric
- †Department of Microbiology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Reinhard Marre
- *Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; and
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31
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Jouanguy E, Lamhamedi-Cherradi S, Altare F, Fondanèche MC, Tuerlinckx D, Blanche S, Emile JF, Gaillard JL, Schreiber R, Levin M, Fischer A, Hivroz C, Casanova JL. Partial interferon-gamma receptor 1 deficiency in a child with tuberculoid bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection and a sibling with clinical tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:2658-64. [PMID: 9389728 PMCID: PMC508468 DOI: 10.1172/jci119810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFNgammaR1) deficiency has been identified previously as a cause of fatal bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection with lepromatoid granulomas, and of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection in children who had not been inoculated with BCG. We report here a kindred with partial IFNgammaR1 deficiency: one child afflicted by disseminated BCG infection with tuberculoid granulomas, and a sibling, who had not been inoculated previously with BCG, with clinical tuberculosis. Both responded to antimicrobials and are currently well without prophylactic therapy. Impaired response to IFN-gamma was documented in B cells by signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 nuclear translocation, in fibroblasts by cell surface HLA class II induction, and in monocytes by cell surface CD64 induction and TNF-alpha secretion. Whereas cells from healthy children responded to even low IFN-gamma concentrations (10 IU/ml), and cells from a child with complete IFNgammaR1 deficiency did not respond to even high IFN-gamma concentrations (10,000 IU/ml), cells from the two siblings did not respond to low or intermediate concentrations, yet responded to high IFN-gamma concentrations. A homozygous missense IFNgR1 mutation was identified, and its pathogenic role was ascertained by molecular complementation. Thus, whereas complete IFNgammaR1 deficiency in previously identified kindreds caused fatal lepromatoid BCG infection and disseminated NTM infection, partial IFNgammaR1 deficiency in this kindred caused curable tuberculoid BCG infection and clinical tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jouanguy
- INSERM U429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France
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32
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Jouanguy E, Altare F, Lamhamedi-Cherradi S, Casanova JL. Infections in IFNGR-1-deficient children. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1997; 17:583-7. [PMID: 9355958 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1997.17.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR-1) deficiency is a newly identified autosomal recessive inherited immune disorder. Children with IFNGR-1 deficiency exhibit a severe, profound and selective susceptibility to weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine or environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This review compares the infections found in IFNGR-1-deficient children to those in IFN-gamma-deficient or IFNGR-1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jouanguy
- INSERM U429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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