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Quan DH, Counoupas C, Nagalingam G, Pinto R, Petrovsky N, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Advax adjuvant formulations promote protective immunity against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the absence of deleterious inflammation and reactogenicity. Vaccine 2021; 39:1990-1996. [PMID: 33714652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective adjuvants is a critical goal of vaccine development programs. In this report, we defined the immunostimulatory profile and protective effect against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of vaccine formulations incorporating the semi-crystalline adjuvant δ-inulin (Advax). Advax formulated with CpG oligonucleotide and the QS-21 saponin (AdvaxCpQS) was the most effective combination, demonstrated by the capacity of CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS to significantly reduce the bacterial burden in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice. CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS protection was associated with rapid influx of neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes to the site of vaccination and the induction of antigen-specific IFN-γ+/IL-2+/TNF+ polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the lung. When compared to the highly potent adjuvant combination of monophosphoryl lipid A and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (MPL/DDA), AdvaxCpQS imparted a similar level of protective efficacy yet without the profound stimulation of inflammatory cytokines and vaccination site ulceration observed with MPL/DDA. Addition of DDA to CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS further improved the protective effect of the vaccine, which correlated with increased polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the lung but with no increase in vaccine reactogenicity. The data demonstrate that Advax formulations can decouple protective tuberculosis immunity from reactogenicity, making them ideal candidates for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Quan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Pinto
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
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2
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Agger EM. Novel adjuvant formulations for delivery of anti-tuberculosis vaccine candidates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:73-82. [PMID: 26596558 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a new and improved vaccine against tuberculosis for controlling this disease that continues to pose a global health threat. The current research strategy is to replace the present BCG vaccine or boost BCG-immunity with subunit vaccines such as viral vectored- or protein-based vaccines. The use of recombinant proteins holds a number of production advantages including ease of scalability, but requires an adjuvant inducing cell-mediated immune responses. A number of promising novel adjuvant formulations have recently been designed and show evidence of induction of cellular immune responses in humans. A common trait of effective TB adjuvants including those already in current clinical testing is a two-component approach combining a delivery system with an appropriate immunomodulator. This review summarizes the status of current TB adjuvant research with a focus on the division of labor between delivery systems and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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3
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Mohammad O, Kaur J, Singh G, Faisal SM, Azhar A, Rauf MA, Gupta UD, Gupta P, Pal R, Zubair S. TLR Agonist Augments Prophylactic Potential of Acid Inducible Antigen Rv3203 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in Experimental Animals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152240. [PMID: 27023750 PMCID: PMC4811581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In general, the members of Lip gene family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis evoke strong immune response in the host. Keeping this fact into consideration, we investigated role of Rv3203, a cell wall associated protein with lipolytic activity, in imparting protection against experimental murine tuberculosis. The data of the present study suggested that archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203 induce strong lymphocyte proliferation, up-regulated Th-1 biased cytokines profile, increased expression of co-stimulatory markers on both antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes. The immuno-prophylactic response was further modulated by exposure of the animals to zymosan, a TLR2/6 agonist, prior to immunization with archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203. Interestingly, pre-treatment of experimental animals with zymosan boosted strong immunological memory as compared to archaeosome encapsulated Rv3203 as well as BCG vaccine. We conclude that priming of immunized animal with TLR agonist followed by immunization with archaeosomes encapsulated Rv3203 offer substantial protection against tuberculosis infection and could be a potential subunit vaccine based prophylactic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais Mohammad
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail: (SZ); (OM)
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Syed Mohd Faisal
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Asim Azhar
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Umesh Dutt Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Rahul Pal
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Women’s College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail: (SZ); (OM)
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4
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Giri PK, Kruh NA, Dobos KM, Schorey JS. Proteomic analysis identifies highly antigenic proteins in exosomes from M. tuberculosis-infected and culture filtrate protein-treated macrophages. Proteomics 2010; 10:3190-202. [PMID: 20662102 PMCID: PMC3664454 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small 30-100 nm membrane vesicles released from hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells and function to promote intercellular communication. They are generated through fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane and release of interluminal vesicles. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that macrophages infected with Mycobacterium release exosomes that promote activation of both innate and acquired immune responses; however, the components present in exosomes inducing these host responses were not defined. This study used LC-MS/MS to identify 41 mycobacterial proteins present in exosomes released from M. tuberculosis-infected J774 cells. Many of these proteins have been characterized as highly immunogenic. Further, since most of the mycobacterial proteins identified are actively secreted, we hypothesized that macrophages treated with M. tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) would release exosomes containing mycobacterial proteins. We found 29 M. tuberculosis proteins in exosomes released from CFP-treated J774 cells, the majority of which were also present in exosomes isolated from M. tuberculosis-infected cells. The exosomes from CFP-treated J774 cells could promote macrophage and dendritic cell activation as well as activation of naïve T cells in vivo. These results suggest that exosomes containing M. tuberculosis antigens may be alternative approach to developing a tuberculosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K. Giri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Present address:
Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Nicole A. Kruh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karen M. Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jeff S. Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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5
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Bashir N, Kounsar F, Mukhopadhyay S, Hasnain SE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis conserved hypothetical protein rRv2626c modulates macrophage effector functions. Immunology 2010; 130:34-45. [PMID: 20201990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the major immunomodulators of the host immune response. Open reading frame (ORF) Rv2626c, encoding a conserved hypothetical protein eliciting a strong humoral immune response in patients with tuberculosis (TB), was shown to be up-regulated upon infection in mice under hypoxic conditions. We now show that recombinant Rv2626c protein (rRv2626c) can bind to the surface of murine macrophages and elicit the type-1 immune response, as manifested by nitric oxide (NO) secretion and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Significant induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] was evident upon stimulation of murine macrophages, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from patients with active TB disease, with rRv2626c. Stimulation with rRv2626c also enhanced the expression of costimulatory molecules such as B7-1, B7-2 and CD40 on murine macrophages. We further show that the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to rRv2626c is mediated by the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and this was further confirmed using pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a specific pharmacological inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Rv2626c therefore appears to modulate macrophage effector functions by eliciting both innate and adaptive immune responses, suggesting its possible use as a vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreena Bashir
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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6
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Hogarth PJ, Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM. Development of vaccines against bovine tuberculosis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:749-57. [PMID: 16734976 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.6.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis remains an economically important problem in Great Britain with potential zoonotic consequences, and the incidence is rising exponentially. In 1997 an independent scientific review recommended that the best option for disease control in Great Britain was the development of a cattle vaccine. Bovine tuberculosis remains a significant problem in countries of the developing world. Indeed, more than 94% of the world's population live in countries in which the control of bovine tuberculosis in buffalos or cattle is limited or absent. Effective vaccination strategies would have a major impact in countries that cannot afford expensive test and slaughter-based control strategies. Here, we present a review of progress toward that goal, and discuss how this progress has shaped our research strategy for the development of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hogarth
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
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7
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Buza J, Kiros T, Zerihun A, Abraham I, Ameni G. Vaccination of calves with Mycobacteria bovis Bacilli Calmete Guerin (BCG) induced rapid increase in the proportion of peripheral blood γδ T cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:251-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Hope JC, Villarreal-Ramos B. Bovine TB and the development of new vaccines. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 31:77-100. [PMID: 17764740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis. The incidence of bTB is increasing in cattle herds of developed countries that have a wild life reservoir of M. bovis, such as the UK, New Zealand and the USA. The increase in the incidence of bTB is thought to be due, at least in part, to a wildlife reservoir of M. bovis. M. bovis is also capable of infecting humans and on a worldwide basis, M. bovis is thought to account for up to 10% of cases of human TB [Cosivi O, Grange JM, Daborn CJ et al. Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4(1):59-70]. Thus, the increased incidence of bTB, besides being a major economic problem, poses an increased risk to human health. In the UK, the incidence of bTB continues to rise despite the use of the tuberculin test and slaughter control policy, highlighting the need for improved control strategies. Vaccination of cattle, in combination with more specific and sensitive diagnostic tests, is suggested as the most effective strategy for bovine TB control. The only vaccine currently available for human and bovine TB is the live attenuated Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG). BCG is thought to confer protection through the induction of Th1 responses against mycobacteria. However, protection against TB conferred by BCG is variable and to this date the reasons for the successes and failures of BCG are not clear. Therefore, there is a need to develop vaccines that confer greater and more consistent protection against bTB than that afforded by BCG. Given that BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against human TB, it is likely that any new vaccine or vaccination strategy will be based around BCG. In this review we discuss immune responses elicited by mycobacteria in cattle and the novel approaches emerging for the control of bovine TB based on our increasing knowledge of protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne C Hope
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK.
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9
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Jeon BY, Kim HJ, Kim SC, Jo EK, Park JK, Paik TH, Kim SJ, Cho SN. Protection of mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by immunization with aqueous fraction of Triton X-100-soluble cell wall proteins. Scand J Immunol 2007; 67:18-23. [PMID: 18021187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous fraction of Triton X-100-soluble proteins (TSP-Aq) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall was reported to stimulate T-cell responses in peripheral blood monocytes from tuberculosis (TB) patients and to induce Th1 cytokines, suggesting presence of protective antigens. In this study, therefore, we examined the protective efficacy of TSP-Aq against M. tuberculosis infection in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with TSP-Aq or culture filtrate proteins (CFP) mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant or with BCG followed by i.v. challenge with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. TSP-Aq induced strong interferon-gamma production by spleen cells, and mice immunized with TSP-Aq antigens gave a significant reduction in M. tuberculosis CFU counts by 1.17-1.32 log10 CFU in the lungs and 1.31-2.08 log10 CFU in the spleen from 6 to 28 weeks. The degree of protection offered by TSP-Aq was comparable to that of CFP and of the BCG vaccine. The results demonstrated that the TSP-Aq antigens confer a significant level of protection against the growth of the organism in the lungs and spleen in a mouse model of TB and indicate that TSP contains major protective antigens of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-Y Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Hope JC, Vordermeier HM. Vaccines for bovine tuberculosis: current views and future prospects. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 4:891-903. [PMID: 16372884 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.6.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is rapidly increasing in cattle herds in developed countries such as the UK, New Zealand and the USA. In addition, persistence of M. bovis in other parts of the world may account for up to 10% of cases of human tuberculosis. Thus, a rise in the number of M. bovis infections poses an increased human health risk and is also a major economic problem. In the UK, the incidence of bovine tuberculosis continues to rise despite the use of a skin test and slaughter control policy, highlighting the need for an effective vaccination strategy to control the spread of disease. The only vaccine currently available for human, (and bovine), tuberculosis is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, which is known to have variable efficacy for both species. In this article, the authors discuss potential strategies by which Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination may be improved to allow highly efficacious vaccination of cattle. These strategies are also highly applicable to the fight against tuberculosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne C Hope
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG207NN, UK.
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11
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Abstract
In 1996, an independent scientific committee chaired by Professor John Krebs, tasked to review the problem of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in GB, concluded that vaccination of cattle offered the best long-term solution for controlling the disease in the National Herd. This view has been re-affirmed recently in the House of Commons Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee's report on Bovine TB (2004) and by the findings of the Independent Scientific Group Vaccine Scoping Sub-committee. Significant progress in developing TB vaccines for cattle has been made over the last 5 years. Specifically: (i) DNA or protein subunit vaccines used in combination with BCG have been shown to give superior protection against experimental challenge in cattle than BCG (heterologous prime-boost); (ii) prototype reagents that allow discrimination between vaccinated and infected animals have been developed; and (iii) and correlates of disease severity have been identified that can predict the success or failure of vaccination. These significant advances are detailed in this review with a summary of future directions that TB vaccine development for cattle is likely to take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vordermeier
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, TB Research Group, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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12
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Vordermeier HM, Chambers MA, Buddle BM, Pollock JM, Hewinson RG. Progress in the development of vaccines and diagnostic reagents to control tuberculosis in cattle. Vet J 2006; 171:229-44. [PMID: 16490705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sharp rise of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Great Britain and the continuing problem of wild life reservoirs in countries such as New Zealand and Great Britain have resulted in increased research efforts into the disease. Two of the goals of this research are to develop (1) cattle vaccines against TB and (2) associated diagnostic reagents that can differentiate between vaccinated and infected animals (differential diagnosis). This review summarises recent progress and describes efforts to increase the protective efficacy of the only potential TB vaccine currently available, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and to develop specific reagents for differential diagnosis. Vaccination strategies based on DNA or protein subunit vaccination, vaccination with live viral vectors as well as heterologous prime-boost scenarios are discussed. In addition, we outline results from studies aimed at developing diagnostic reagents to allow the distinction of vaccinated from infected animals, for example antigens that are not expressed by vaccines like Mycobacterium bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guérin, but recognised strongly in Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Vordermeier
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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13
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Wedlock DN, Skinner MA, de Lisle GW, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG, Hecker R, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Babiuk LA, Buddle BM. Vaccination of cattle with Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate proteins and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces protection against bovine tuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:53-63. [PMID: 15910992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Culture filtrate protein (CFP) vaccines have been shown to be effective in small animal models for protecting against tuberculosis while immunisation with these types of vaccines in cattle has been less successful. A study was conducted in cattle to evaluate the ability of selected adjuvants and immunomodulators to stimulate protective immune responses to tuberculosis in animals vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis CFP. Seven groups of cattle (n=5) were vaccinated with M. bovis CFP formulated with either Emulsigen or Polygen adjuvant alone or in combination with a specific oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) or poly I:C and recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Two additional groups were vaccinated subcutaneously with BCG or non-vaccinated. In contrast to the strong interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses induced by BCG, the CFP vaccines induced strong antibody responses but weak IFN-gamma responses. The addition of CpG ODN to CFP significantly enhanced cell-mediated responses and elevated antibody responses to mycobacterial antigens. Of the CFP vaccinated groups, the strongest IFN-gamma responses to CFP vaccines were measured in animals vaccinated with CFP/Emulsigen+CpG or CFP/Polygen+CpG. The animals in these two groups, together with those in the BCG and non-vaccinated groups were challenged intratracheally with virulent M. bovis at 13 weeks after the first vaccination and protection was assessed, by examination for presence of tuberculous lesions in the lungs and lymph nodes, 13 weeks later at postmortem. While BCG gave the best overall protection against tuberculosis, significant protection was also seen in animals vaccinated with CFP/Emulsigen+CpG. These results establish an important role for CpG ODN in stimulating protective Th1 responses to tuberculosis in cattle and indicate that a sub-unit protein vaccine can protect these animals against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Wedlock
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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14
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Hogarth PJ, Logan KE, Vordermeier HM, Singh M, Hewinson RG, Chambers MA. Protective immunity against Mycobacterium bovis induced by vaccination with Rv3109c--a member of the esat-6 gene family. Vaccine 2005; 23:2557-64. [PMID: 15780437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In a number of clinical studies the current TB vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), has provided little or no protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in cattle and man. A new generation of vaccines is therefore required to replace or supplement BCG. Safety concerns surrounding a number of strategies make protein subunits an attractive approach. Moreover, novel prime-boost strategies based on primary immunisations with BCG are not only showing promise but also present a clear strategy for testing new TB vaccines in clinical studies. We report the evaluation of six protein vaccine candidates for their ability to induce protective immunity in a murine virulent M. bovis challenge model. One protein (Rv3019c) induced reproducibly significant protection in the spleen and lungs approaching that induced by BCG. Detailed analysis of antigen-specific T cell responses revealed that despite robust responses in the spleen and lungs of vaccinated mice, there was no correlation between these responses and the protective efficacy of the vaccine. Significantly, Rv3019c also stimulated IFN-gamma responses in PBMC from BCG vaccinated cattle, indicating its potential for use in a heterologous prime-boost strategy in conjunction with BCG in the target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hogarth
- TB Research Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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15
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Wedlock DN, Denis M, Skinner MA, Koach J, de Lisle GW, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Babiuk LA, Hecker R, Buddle BM. Vaccination of cattle with a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide-formulated mycobacterial protein vaccine and Mycobacterium bovis BCG induces levels of protection against bovine tuberculosis superior to those induced by vaccination with BCG alone. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3540-6. [PMID: 15908383 PMCID: PMC1111861 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3540-3546.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a subunit protein vaccine for bovine tuberculosis which could be used either in combination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG (to improve the efficacy of that vaccine) or alone would offer significant advantages over currently available strategies. A study was conducted with cattle to determine the protective efficacy of a strategy based on concurrent immunization with an M. bovis culture filtrate (CFP) vaccine and BCG compared to vaccination with either vaccine alone. One group of calves (10 animals per group) was vaccinated subcutaneously with CFP formulated with Emulsigen and combined with a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). A second group was vaccinated with both the CFP vaccine and BCG injected at adjacent sites (CFP-BCG). One further group was vaccinated subcutaneously with BCG, while another group served as nonvaccinated control animals. Vaccination with CFP-BCG induced levels of antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in whole-blood cultures that were higher than those induced by vaccination with BCG alone. The combination of CFP and BCG did not enhance the production of antibodies to M. bovis CFP compared to vaccination with CFP alone. Vaccination with CFP alone led to delayed antigen-specific IFN-gamma and IL-2 responses. Vaccination with CFP-BCG induced a high level of protection against an intratracheal challenge with virulent M. bovis, based on a significant enhancement of six pathological and microbiological parameters of protection compared with the nonvaccinated group. In contrast, vaccination with BCG alone induced a significant enhancement of protection in only one parameter, while CFP alone induced no protection. These results suggest that a combination of a CpG ODN-formulated protein vaccine and BCG offers better protection against bovine tuberculosis than does BCG alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Wedlock
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P. O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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Romano M, Denis O, D'Souza S, Wang XM, Ottenhoff THM, Brulet JM, Huygen K. Induction of in vivo functional Db-restricted cytolytic T cell activity against a putative phosphate transport receptor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6913-21. [PMID: 15153510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.6913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using plasmid vaccination with DNA encoding the putative phosphate transport receptor PstS-3 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 36 overlapping 20-mer peptides spanning the entire PstS-3 sequence, we determined the immunodominant Th1-type CD4(+) T cell epitopes in C57BL/10 mice, as measured by spleen cell IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, a potent IFN-gamma-inducing, D(b)-restricted CD8(+) epitope was identified using MHC class I mutant B6.C-H-2(bm13) mice and intracellular IFN-gamma and whole blood CD8(+) T cell tetramer staining. Using adoptive transfer of CFSE-labeled, peptide-pulsed syngeneic spleen cells from naive animals into DNA vaccinated or M. tuberculosis-infected recipients, we demonstrated a functional in vivo CTL activity against this D(b)-restricted PstS-3 epitope. IFN-gamma ELISPOT responses to this epitope were also detected in tuberculosis-infected mice. The CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell epitopes defined for PstS-3 were completely specific and not recognized in mice vaccinated with either PstS-1 or PstS-2 DNA. The H-2 haplotype exerted a strong influence on immune reactivity to the PstS-3 Ag, and mice of the H-2(b, p, and f) haplotype produced significant Ab and Th1-type cytokine levels, whereas mice of H-2(d, k, r, s, and q) haplotype were completely unreactive. Low responsiveness against PstS-3 in MHC class II mutant B6.C-H-2(bm12) mice could be overcome by DNA vaccination. IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells could also be detected against the D(b)-restricted epitope in H-2(p) haplotype mice. These results highlight the potential of DNA vaccination for the induction and characterization of CD4(+) and particularly CD8(+) T cell responses against mycobacterial Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Romano
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Kumar H, Malhotra D, Goswami S, Bamezai RNK. How far have we reached in tuberculosis vaccine development? Crit Rev Microbiol 2004; 29:297-312. [PMID: 14636041 DOI: 10.1080/713608013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a bacterial disease prevalent since ancient times, continues to cause the most deaths globally compared with all other diseases. The causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for different types of tuberculosis in humans; however, pulmonary tuberculosis is the most common and causes the most deaths. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogenic bacterium, which has developed sophisticated mechanisms to survive inside host mononuclear phagocytes and thus evade the host immune system. This is attributed primarily to an inadequate immune response toward infecting bacteria, which results in temporary growth inhibition rather than death and subsequently allows the bacteria to multiply immensely, leading to full-blown disease in an individual. This disease has become a challenge due to poor diagnosis, a low-efficiency tuberculosis vaccine (Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin [BCG]), a long-term antibacterial chemotherapy regimen (approximately 6 months), and an emergence of multiple drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis especially in people with human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection, for whom researchers worldwide must develop effective short-term chemotherapy and an effective vaccine. In this review different aspects of vaccines in tuberculosis are discussed, and these include the traditional BCG vaccine, the modern auxotrophic vaccine, the subunit or acellular vaccine; and a DNA vaccine. We discuss also the potential of mycobacterial lipids as a vaccine or as an adjuvant in the future. Since complete genome information of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and bioinformatics tools are available, it is possible to develop new strategies for a better and effective tuberculosis vaccine, which can replace the traditional BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110 067, India
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18
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Skinner MA, Buddle BM, Wedlock DN, Keen D, de Lisle GW, Tascon RE, Ferraz JC, Lowrie DB, Cockle PJ, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson RG. A DNA prime-Mycobacterium bovis BCG boost vaccination strategy for cattle induces protection against bovine tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4901-7. [PMID: 12933831 PMCID: PMC187316 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.9.4901-4907.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The variable efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (Mycobacterium bovis BCG) in protecting humans and cattle against tuberculosis has prompted a search for a more effective vaccination regimen. A prime-boost strategy was investigated in cattle naturally sensitized to environmental mycobacteria by using a combination of three DNA vaccines coding for Hsp 65, Hsp 70, and Apa for priming, followed by a boost with BCG prior to experimental challenge with virulent M. bovis. Controls were vaccinated with DNA or BCG alone or were not vaccinated. The immune responses were monitored throughout the study, and protection was assessed based on reductions in the numbers of lesions and viable mycobacteria in lymph node samples. Vaccination with BCG alone or with a DNA prime-BCG boost regimen induced high levels of antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in whole-blood cultures. In the prime-boost group there were fewer animals with severe lung lesions, fewer lymph nodes with lesions per animal, a smaller proportion of animals with lesions, lower mean lung and lymph node lesion scores, and less M. bovis isolated from retropharyngeal and thoracic lymph nodes compared to the results obtained for the nonvaccinated animals. The prime-boost regimen induced significant enhancement of protection in six parameters, compared with significant enhancement of protection in only two parameters for BCG alone. In addition, following challenge, in vitro IFN-gamma responses against ESAT-6 and CFP-10, as well as bovine tuberculin-induced skin test and in vitro IFN-gamma responses, were identified as immunological markers that predicted protection. The use of the prime-boost strategy suggested that a combination of vaccines may be better than a single vaccine for protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot A Skinner
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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19
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Hewinson RG, Vordermeier HM, Buddle BM. Use of the bovine model of tuberculosis for the development of improved vaccines and diagnostics. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2003; 83:119-30. [PMID: 12758201 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(02)00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years there has been a resurgence in research into bovine tuberculosis due to the sharp rise of the disease in countries such as Great Britain and to the continuing problem of wild-life reservoirs in countries such as New Zealand. One of the goals of this research is to develop cattle vaccines against TB. The initial testing of candidate vaccines is carried out in laboratory animals, initially mice and subsequently guinea pigs. A unique feature of the cattle vaccination programme is that candidate vaccines which show promise in laboratory models can then be tested in the natural host species, cattle, before progressing to clinical trials. This is a major advantage over the strategy for developing a vaccine for human tuberculosis where, of course, it is impossible to test a candidate vaccine by experimentally challenging the host species with the pathogen. The most commonly used model for testing vaccine candidates in cattle consists of an intra-tracheal challenge of between 10(3) and 10(4) colony forming units of Mycobacterium bovis. The pathology observed following challenge is similar to human tuberculosis giving rise to a marked granulomatous reaction and a predominantly cellular immune response. Using this model we have been able to make a number of significant advances towards a bovine TB vaccine. First we have developed antigen cocktails that, when used in a whole blood gamma interferon assay, can differentiate between M. bovis infected and BCG vaccinated animals. Next we have developed immune correlates of pathology, which allow us to assess whether the vaccine is protecting animals against challenge before post mortem examination. Finally we have been able to use the model to develop a vaccine that improves the efficacy of BCG against M. bovis challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Hewinson
- TB Research Group, Department of Bacterial Diseases, VLA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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20
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Buddle BM, Pollock JM, Skinner MA, Wedlock DN. Development of vaccines to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle and relationship to vaccine development for other intracellular pathogens. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:555-66. [PMID: 12782055 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against bovine tuberculosis could be an important strategy for the control of disease either where there is a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection or in developing countries where it is not economically feasible to implement a 'test and slaughter' control program. Advances in the understanding of protective immune responses to M. bovis infection in cattle and the advent of new molecular biological techniques, coupled with the sequencing of the M. bovis genome have provided opportunities for the rational development of improved tuberculosis vaccines. A number of new tuberculosis vaccines including attenuated M. bovis strains, killed mycobacteria, protein and DNA vaccines are under development and many are being assessed in cattle. Recent results have revealed several promising vaccine candidates and vaccination strategies. Ways of distinguishing between vaccinated and infected cattle are becoming available and the possibility of new approaches to the eradication of tuberculosis from domestic livestock is discussed. Similarities between the mechanisms of protective immunity against M. bovis and against other intracellular parasites continue to be found and discoveries from vaccine studies on bovine tuberculosis may provide helpful insights into requirements for vaccines against other intracellular pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Animals, Wild/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cattle
- Developing Countries
- Genome, Bacterial
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/pathogenicity
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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21
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Skinner MA, Ramsay AJ, Buchan GS, Keen DL, Ranasinghe C, Slobbe L, Collins DM, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM. A DNA prime-live vaccine boost strategy in mice can augment IFN-gamma responses to mycobacterial antigens but does not increase the protective efficacy of two attenuated strains of Mycobacterium bovis against bovine tuberculosis. Immunology 2003; 108:548-55. [PMID: 12667217 PMCID: PMC1782916 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has variable efficacy for both human and bovine tuberculosis. There is a need for improved vaccines or vaccine strategies for control of these diseases. A recently developed prime-boost strategy was investigated for vaccination against M. bovis infection in mice. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were primed with a DNA vaccine, expressing two mycobacterial antigens, ESAT-6 and antigen 85 A and boosted with attenuated M. bovis strains, BCG or WAg520, a newly attenuated strain, prior to aerosol challenge. Before challenge, the antigen-specific production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was evaluated by ELISPOT and antibody responses were measured. The prime-boost stimulated an increase in the numbers of IFN-gamma producing cells compared with DNA or live vaccination alone, but this varied according to the attenuated vaccine strain, time of challenge and the strain of mouse used. Animals vaccinated with DNA alone generated the strongest antibody response to mycobacterial antigens, which was predominantly IgG1. BCG and WAg520 alone generally gave a 1-2 log10 reduction in bacterial load in lungs or spleen, compared to non-vaccinated or plasmid DNA only control groups. The prime-boost regimen was not more effective than BCG or WAg520 alone. These observations demonstrate the comparable efficacy of BCG and WAg520 in a mouse model of bovine tuberculosis. However, priming with the DNA vaccine and boosting with an attenuated M. bovis vaccine enhanced IFN-gamma immune responses compared to vaccinating with an attenuated M. bovis vaccine alone, but did not increase protection against a virulent M. bovis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Skinner
- AgResearch Ltd, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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22
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Hogarth PJ, Jahans KJ, Hecker R, Hewinson RG, Chambers MA. Evaluation of adjuvants for protein vaccines against tuberculosis in guinea pigs. Vaccine 2003; 21:977-82. [PMID: 12547611 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines against tuberculosis show promise but require administration with adjuvants to stimulate relevant immune responses for protection. Guinea pigs are the model of choice for evaluating protective immunity to aerogenic challenge with virulent mycobacteria, but few studies have been undertaken to identify suitable adjuvants for vaccine screening in this species. Here, we compare the efficacy of several adjuvants to induce T cell responses to culture filtrate protein in guinea pigs. We report that of several adjuvants tested, the most promising was CpG ODN formulated in an aqueous emulsion. This adjuvant induced type 1 T cell responses equivalent to that of FIA, as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTH), antigen-specific T cell proliferation and antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2 responses. These data demonstrate the potential for CpG motif based adjuvants for use in TB vaccine screening in guinea pigs, and other diseases where a type 1 T cell response is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hogarth
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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23
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Wedlock DN, Keen DL, McCarthy AR, Andersen P, Buddle BM. Effect of different adjuvants on the immune responses of cattle vaccinated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 86:79-88. [PMID: 11943331 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of improved vaccines for bovine tuberculosis is urgently required as a cost effective solution for control and eventual eradication of tuberculosis in domestic animals. Studies in small animal models of tuberculosis have shown that vaccination with culture filtrate proteins (CFP), prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis, can induce cellular immune responses and confer a level of protection against aerogenic challenge with virulent mycobacteria. As a first step in the development of a mycobacterial CFP vaccine for protection of cattle against bovine tuberculosis, the immune responses of cattle vaccinated with short-term culture filtrate proteins (ST-CFP) from M. tuberculosis and formulated with different adjuvants were compared with those vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). The adjuvants included dimethyldioctyldecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran, and ST-CFP adsorbed onto polystyrene beads. Vaccination with ST-CFP/DEAE-dextran induced high levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) but low levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) from whole-blood cultures stimulated with M. tuberculosis ST-CFP in comparison with the strong IFN-gamma and IL-2 responses induced after vaccination with BCG. ST-CFP/DEAE-dextran also induced a strong antigen-specific immunoglobulin antibody response with both immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 isotypes. Vaccination with ST-CFP/beads induced a weak IgG1-biased antibody response but no IFN-gamma or IL-2 response. DDA did not induce significant immune responses in animals vaccinated with ST-CFP. In comparison to the moderate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses induced by vaccination with subcutaneous BCG, none of the ST-CFP vaccines induced a significant DTH response to either M. tuberculosis ST-CFP or bovine purified protein derivative (PPD). While the ST-CFP vaccines used in this study have not induced strong antigen-specific cellular immune responses in cattle comparable to those induced by BCG, they are immunogenic in cattle and it may be possible to overcome this problem by using adjuvants that more effectively promote IFN-gamma responses in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Wedlock
- AgResearch Ltd., Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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24
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Wedlock DN, Skinner MA, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM. Control of Mycobacterium bovis infections and the risk to human populations. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:471-80. [PMID: 11932198 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Conventional control methods based on test-and-slaughter policies have, in several countries, led to the successful eradication of bovine tuberculosis in cattle. However, new approaches for control of bovine tuberculosis are required in developing countries and those with a wildlife reservoir of infection. Recent developments include improved diagnostics and evaluation of new vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Wedlock
- AgResearch Limited, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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25
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Abstract
Protection of cattle against bovine tuberculosis by vaccination could be an important control strategy in countries where there is persistence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife and in developing countries where it is not economical to implement a 'test and slaughter' control programme. Early field trials with Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) M. bovis vaccine in cattle produced disappointing results, with induction of tuberculin skin-test reactivity following vaccination and low levels of protection. However, recent studies using a low dose of BCG vaccine in cattle have produced more encouraging results and field trials should now be carried out in developing countries to determine whether this low dose BCG vaccination strategy will reduce the spread of infection. The options for new candidate tuberculosis vaccines have increased markedly in the last decade with the advent of new attenuated strains of M. bovis, and sub-unit protein and recombinant DNA vaccines. Some of these new types of vaccines have recently been tested in cattle. New attenuated M. bovis vaccines induced greater protection than BCG vaccine in cattle which had been sensitized to environmental mycobacteria prior to vaccination. In contrast, it has proved difficult to stimulate appropriate immune responses in cattle necessary for protection with sub-unit protein and recombinant DNA vaccines and better immunological adjuvants are required for these types of vaccines. Progress in the development of new tuberculosis vaccines has been very rapid in the past decade and the prospects for vaccination to control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis are encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Buddle
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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26
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McMurray DN. A coordinated strategy for evaluating new vaccines for human and animal tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2001; 81:141-6. [PMID: 11463235 DOI: 10.1054/tube.2000.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a remarkable convergence in the current efforts to develop and evaluate new tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidates for use in humans, domestic animals, and wild animal reservoirs. It is quite likely that similar vaccination strategies will prove useful in these diverse host species. Many TB vaccine candidates are being screened for protective efficacy in conventional laboratory animals (e.g. mouse, guinea pig), in captive wild species under laboratory conditions (e.g. brushtail possum), and in the target hosts (e.g. cattle, deer). These systems share some important features, e.g. direct challenge infection of the lung by intratracheal or aerosol exposure, and the use of bacterial enumeration, and gross and microscopic histopathology, as the readouts. Some TB vaccine candidates have been tested in many models, yielding important insights into common mechanisms of resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis, and providing evidence of the vaccine's ability to induce protection under widely different circumstances. Coordination of this global search for better TB vaccines, irrespective of target species, would facilitate the rapid application of new technologies and maximize the sharing of materials and experiences between human and veterinary TB researchers. The creation of liaisons between TB vaccine research efforts of government-sponsored medical and agricultural research programs, international bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Community (EC), private foundations and the vaccine industry, will yield a high return.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N McMurray
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA.
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27
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Wedlock DN, Vesosky B, Skinner MA, de Lisle GW, Orme IM, Buddle BM. Vaccination of cattle with Mycobacterium bovis culture filtrate proteins and interleukin-2 for protection against bovine tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5809-15. [PMID: 10992489 PMCID: PMC101541 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.5809-5815.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study vaccines prepared from culture filtrate proteins (CFP) of Mycobacterium bovis and interleukin-2 (IL-2) were tested in cattle for their capacity to stimulate immune responses and to protect against an intratracheal challenge with virulent M. bovis. Nine groups of cattle were vaccinated with combinations of different doses of CFP and bovine IL-2 mixed with a monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) adjuvant. An additional group was vaccinated with M. bovis BCG. Immune responses in b1P-IL-2-vaccinated animals differed from those seen in BCG-vaccinated animals by inducing high antigen-specific antibody responses and low levels of gamma interferon and IL-2 released from purified protein derivative-stimulated whole-blood cultures. In a concurrent experiment, additional animals were added to the high-dose CFP-IL-2, MPL control, and BCG groups and these expanded groups of animals were challenged intratracheally with virulent M. bovis. Although the lung lesion scores were significantly lower for both the CFP-IL-2-and BCG-vaccinated groups compared to the MPL control group, the overall level of protection was greatest for the BCG-vaccinated animals. There were more animals with extrathoracic spread of disease in the CFP-IL-2 group than in the other groups. While vaccination of cattle with M. bovis CFP gave an encouraging reduction in tuberculous lesions and did not induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity response to PPD, future CFP vaccines must prevent any extrathoracic spread of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Wedlock
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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28
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Abstract
The last year in tuberculosis vaccine research has witnessed the initial flowering of the benefits promised by the tuberculosis genome sequencing product. Although the real benefits in terms of clinical treatments are yet to be realized, genomics is making its presence felt in the rapid identification and expression of proteins with vaccine potential from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the definition of species-specific antigens for diagnostic use, and the construction of a variety of novel living vectors for vaccination. At the same time, the recent increase in work on animal models with more direct applicability to the situations likely to be encountered in human vaccine trials are providing the basic underpinnings needed for the assessment of these new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Doherty
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Wilkinson KA, Belisle JT, Mincek M, Wilkinson RJ, Toossi Z. Enhancement of the human T cell response to culture filtrate fractions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by microspheres. J Immunol Methods 2000; 235:1-9. [PMID: 10675752 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An improved method of assessment of the human immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens will assist the development of new vaccines or diagnostic reagents. In this study, we have analyzed human T cell responses to culture filtrate fractions (CFF) of actively replicating M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy PPD skin test positive and negative individuals. Adsorption of CFF onto polystyrene microspheres, that were approximately the size of the M. tuberculosis (bead-adsorbed antigens, BAA) significantly enhanced IFN-gamma production compared to soluble antigens (SA) in PPD skin test positive individuals in an antigen-specific manner. Further, BAA induced activation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets. However, CD4(+) responses in general were higher and their antigenic repertoire was wider than the CD8(+) responses. By contrast, CD8(+) responses were strongest to the lower molecular weight BAA. When CFF were chemically coupled to carboxyl modified microspheres (bead-coupled antigens, BCA), induction of IFN-gamma was similar to BAA. Enhancement of T cell responses to particulate M. tuberculosis antigens may prove useful in vaccine design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Biomedical Research Building, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4984, USA
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30
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Brandt L, Elhay M, Rosenkrands I, Lindblad EB, Andersen P. ESAT-6 subunit vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:791-5. [PMID: 10639447 PMCID: PMC97206 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.2.791-795.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESAT-6 antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a dominant target for cell-mediated immunity in the early phase of tuberculosis (TB) in TB patients as well as in various animal models. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the potential of ESAT-6 in an experimental TB vaccine. We started out using dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), an adjuvant which has been demonstrated to be efficient for the induction of cellular immune responses and has been used successfully before as a delivery system for TB vaccines. Here we demonstrate that, whereas immune responses to both short-term-culture filtrate and Ag85B are efficiently induced with DDA, this adjuvant was inefficient for the induction of immune responses to ESAT-6. Therefore, we investigated the modulatory effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), an immunomodulator which in different combinations has demonstrated strong adjuvant activity for both cellular and humoral immune responses. We show in the present study that vaccination with ESAT-6 delivered in a combination of MPL and DDA elicited a strong ESAT-6-specific T-cell response and protective immunity comparable to that achieved with Mycobacterium bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brandt
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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