1
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Kim GD, Lim EY, Shin HS. Macrophage Polarization and Functions in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5631. [PMID: 38891820 PMCID: PMC11172060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the major leading cause of mortality worldwide, is a progressive and irreversible respiratory condition characterized by peripheral airway and lung parenchymal inflammation, accompanied by fibrosis, emphysema, and airflow limitation, and has multiple etiologies, including genetic variance, air pollution, and repetitive exposure to harmful substances. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of COPD have not been identified. Recent multiomics-based evidence suggests that the plasticity of alveolar macrophages contributes to the onset and progression of COPD through the coordinated modulation of numerous transcription factors. Therefore, this review focuses on understanding the mechanisms and functions of macrophage polarization that regulate lung homeostasis in COPD. These findings may provide a better insight into the distinct role of macrophages in COPD pathogenesis and perspective for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun-Dong Kim
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.K.); (E.Y.L.)
| | - Eun Yeong Lim
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.K.); (E.Y.L.)
| | - Hee Soon Shin
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (G.-D.K.); (E.Y.L.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wang B, Wang L, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Qinglai T, Yang X, Xiao Z, Lei L, Li S. Pulmonary inhalation for disease treatment: Basic research and clinical translations. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100966. [PMID: 38318475 PMCID: PMC10840005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery has the advantages of being rapid, efficient, and well-targeted, with few systemic side effects. In addition, it is non-invasive and has good patient compliance, making it a highly promising drug delivery mode. However, there have been limited studies on drug delivery via pulmonary inhalation compared with oral and intravenous modes. This paper summarizes the basic research and clinical translation of pulmonary inhalation drug delivery for the treatment of diseases and provides insights into the latest advances in pulmonary drug delivery. The paper discusses the processing methods for pulmonary drug delivery, drug carriers (with a focus on various types of nanoparticles), delivery devices, and applications in pulmonary diseases and treatment of systemic diseases (e.g., COVID-19, inhaled vaccines, diagnosis of the diseases, and diabetes mellitus) with an updated summary of recent research advances. Furthermore, this paper describes the applications and recent progress in pulmonary drug delivery for lung diseases and expands the use of pulmonary drugs for other systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Tang Qinglai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xinming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Zian Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
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3
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Ryan EM, Sadiku P, Coelho P, Watts ER, Zhang A, Howden AJM, Sanchez-Garcia MA, Bewley M, Cole J, McHugh BJ, Vermaelen W, Ghesquiere B, Carmeliet P, Rodriguez Blanco G, Von Kriegsheim A, Sanchez Y, Rumsey W, Callahan JF, Cooper G, Parkinson N, Baillie K, Cantrell DA, McCafferty J, Choudhury G, Singh D, Dockrell DH, Whyte MKB, Walmsley SR. NRF2 Activation Reprograms Defects in Oxidative Metabolism to Restore Macrophage Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:998-1011. [PMID: 36724365 PMCID: PMC7614437 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202203-0482oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease characterized by persistent airway inflammation and disordered macrophage function. The extent to which alterations in macrophage bioenergetics contribute to impaired antioxidant responses and disease pathogenesis has yet to be fully delineated. Objectives: Through the study of COPD alveolar macrophages (AMs) and peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), we sought to establish if intrinsic defects in core metabolic processes drive macrophage dysfunction and redox imbalance. Methods: AMs and MDMs from donors with COPD and healthy donors underwent functional, metabolic, and transcriptional profiling. Measurements and Main Results: We observed that AMs and MDMs from donors with COPD display a critical depletion in glycolytic- and mitochondrial respiration-derived energy reserves and an overreliance on glycolysis as a source for ATP, resulting in reduced energy status. Defects in oxidative metabolism extend to an impaired redox balance associated with defective expression of the NADPH-generating enzyme, ME1 (malic enzyme 1), a known target of the antioxidant transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2). Consequently, selective activation of NRF2 resets the COPD transcriptome, resulting in increased generation of TCA cycle intermediaries, improved energetic status, favorable redox balance, and recovery of macrophage function. Conclusions: In COPD, an inherent loss of metabolic plasticity leads to metabolic exhaustion and reduced redox capacity, which can be rescued by activation of the NRF2 pathway. Targeting these defects, via NRF2 augmentation, may therefore present an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the aberrant airway inflammation described in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilise M. Ryan
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Pranvera Sadiku
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Patricia Coelho
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Emily R. Watts
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Ailiang Zhang
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Andrew J. M. Howden
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel A. Sanchez-Garcia
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Martin Bewley
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joby Cole
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J. McHugh
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Wesley Vermaelen
- Metabolomics Expertise Centre, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquiere
- Metabolomics Expertise Centre, VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Centre for Cancer Biology, VIB, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Breast Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | | | | | - Yolanda Sanchez
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | - William Rumsey
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | | | - George Cooper
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Nicholas Parkinson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Baillie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Doreen A. Cantrell
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - John McCafferty
- NHS Lothian, Respiratory Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gourab Choudhury
- NHS Lothian, Respiratory Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity, and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Dockrell
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Moira K. B. Whyte
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
| | - Sarah R. Walmsley
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute
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4
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Kruckow KL, Zhao K, Bowdish DME, Orihuela CJ. Acute organ injury and long-term sequelae of severe pneumococcal infections. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:5. [PMID: 36870980 PMCID: PMC9985869 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a major public health problem, as it is a main cause of otitis media, community-acquired pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis. Acute episodes of pneumococcal disease have been demonstrated to cause organ damage with lingering negative consequences. Cytotoxic products released by the bacterium, biomechanical and physiological stress resulting from infection, and the corresponding inflammatory response together contribute to organ damage accrued during infection. The collective result of this damage can be acutely life-threatening, but among survivors, it also contributes to the long-lasting sequelae of pneumococcal disease. These include the development of new morbidities or exacerbation of pre-existing conditions such as COPD, heart disease, and neurological impairments. Currently, pneumonia is ranked as the 9th leading cause of death, but this estimate only considers short-term mortality and likely underestimates the true long-term impact of disease. Herein, we review the data that indicates damage incurred during acute pneumococcal infection can result in long-term sequelae which reduces quality of life and life expectancy among pneumococcal disease survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Kruckow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kevin Zhao
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and the Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Carlos J Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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5
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Nyazika TK, Sibale L, Phiri J, De Ste Croix M, Jasiunaite Z, Mkandawire C, Malamba R, Kankwatira A, Manduwa M, Ferreira DM, Nyirenda TS, Oggioni MR, Mwandumba HC, Jambo KC. Intracellular survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae in human alveolar macrophages is augmented with HIV infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:992659. [PMID: 36203580 PMCID: PMC9531125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.992659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People Living with HIV (PLHIV) are at an increased risk of pneumococcal pneumonia than HIV-uninfected adults, but the reasons for this are still not well understood. We investigated whether alveolar macrophages (AM) mediated control of pneumococcal infection is impaired in PLHIV compared to HIV-uninfected adults. We assessed anti-bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae of primary human AM obtained from PLHIV and HIV-uninfected adults. We found that pneumococcus survived intracellularly in AMs at least 24 hours post ex vivo infection, and this was more frequent in PLHIV than HIV-uninfected adults. Corroborating these findings, in vivo evidence showed that PLHIV had a higher propensity for harboring S. pneumoniae within their AMs than HIV-uninfected adults. Moreover, bacterial intracellular survival in AMs was associated with extracellular propagation of pneumococcal infection. Our data suggest that failure of AMs to eliminate S. pneumoniae intracellularly could contribute to the increased risk of pneumococcal pneumonia in PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe K. Nyazika
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lusako Sibale
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Joseph Phiri
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Megan De Ste Croix
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Zydrune Jasiunaite
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Mkandawire
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Rose Malamba
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Anstead Kankwatira
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Miriam Manduwa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tonney S. Nyirenda
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Marco R. Oggioni
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Henry C. Mwandumba
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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6
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Phagosomal Acidification Is Required to Kill Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Zebrafish Model. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9429516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major human pathogen causing invasive disease, including community-acquired bacteraemia, and remains a leading cause of global mortality. Understanding the role of phagocytes in killing bacteria is still limited, especially in vivo. In this study, we established a zebrafish model to study the interaction between intravenously administered pneumococci and professional phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils, to unravel bacterial killing mechanisms employed by these immune cells. Our model confirmed the key role of polysaccharide capsule in promoting pneumococcal virulence through inhibition of phagocytosis. Conversely, we show pneumococci lacking a capsule are rapidly internalised by macrophages. Low doses of encapsulated S. pneumoniae cause near 100% mortality within 48 hours postinfection (hpi), while 50 times higher doses of unencapsulated pneumococci are easily cleared. Time course analysis of in vivo bacterial numbers reveals that while encapsulated pneumococcus proliferates to levels exceeding 105 CFU at the time of host death, unencapsulated bacteria are unable to grow and are cleared within 20 hpi. Using genetically induced macrophage depletion, we confirmed an essential role for macrophages in bacterial clearance. Additionally, we show that upon phagocytosis by macrophages, phagosomes undergo rapid acidification. Genetic and chemical inhibition of vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase) prevents intracellular bacterial killing and induces host death indicating a key role of phagosomal acidification in immunity to invading pneumococci. We also show that our model can be used to study the efficacy of antimicrobials against pneumococci in vivo. Collectively, our data confirm that larval zebrafish can be used to dissect killing mechanisms during pneumococcal infection in vivo and highlight key roles for phagosomal acidification in macrophages for pathogen clearance.
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7
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Spray-dried Pneumococcal Membrane Vesicles are Promising Candidates for Pulmonary Immunization. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121794. [PMID: 35525468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections represent a global health threat, which requires novel vaccine developments. Extracellular vesicles are secreted from most cells, including prokaryotes, and harbor virulence factors and antigens. Hence, bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) may induce a protective immune response. For the first time, we formulate spray-dried gram-positive pneumococcal MVs-loaded vaccine microparticles using lactose/leucine as inert carriers to enhance their stability and delivery for pulmonary immunization. The optimized vaccine microparticles showed a mean particle size of 1-2µm, corrugated surface, and nanocrystalline nature. Their aerodynamic diameter of 2.34µm, average percentage emitted dose of 88.8%, and fine powder fraction 79.7%, demonstrated optimal flow properties for deep alveolar delivery using a next-generation impactor. Furthermore, confocal microscopy confirmed the successful encapsulation of pneumococcal MVs within the prepared microparticles. Human macrophage-like THP-1 cells displayed excellent viability, negligible cytotoxicity, and a rapid uptake around 60% of fluorescently labeled MVs after incubation with vaccine microparticles. Moreover, vaccine microparticles increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 from primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vaccine microparticles exhibited excellent properties as promising vaccine candidates for pulmonary immunization and are optimal for further animal testing, scale-up and clinical translation.
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8
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Uddin MB, Sajib EH, Hoque SF, Hassan MM, Ahmed SSU. Macrophages in respiratory system. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN MICROBIAL DIVERSITY 2022:299-333. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822368-0.00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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9
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Lea S, Gaskell R, Hall S, Maschera B, Hessel E, Singh D. Assessment of bacterial exposure on phagocytic capability and surface marker expression of sputum macrophages and neutrophils in COPD patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:99-109. [PMID: 34143447 PMCID: PMC8446400 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective phagocytosis has been shown in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) bronchoalveolar lavage and blood monocyte-derived macrophages. Phagocytic capabilities of sputum macrophages and neutrophils in COPD are unknown. We investigated phagocytosis in these cells from COPD patients and controls. Phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae or fluorescently labelled non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) by sputum macrophages and neutrophils was determined by gentamycin protection assay (COPD; n = 5) or flow cytometry in 14 COPD patients, 8 healthy smokers (HS) and 9 healthy never-smokers (HNS). Sputum macrophages and neutrophils were differentiated by adherence for the gentamycin protection assay or receptor expression (CD206 and CD66b, respectively), by flow cytometry. The effects of NTHi on macrophage expression of CD206 and CD14 and neutrophil expression of CD16 were determined by flow cytometry. There was greater uptake of S. pneumoniae [~10-fold more colony-forming units (CFU)/ml] by sputum neutrophils compared to macrophages in COPD patients. Flow cytometry showed greater NTHi uptake by neutrophils compared to macrophages in COPD (67 versus 38%, respectively) and HS (61 versus 31%, respectively). NTHi uptake by macrophages was lower in HS (31%, p = 0.019) and COPD patients (38%, p = 0.069) compared to HNS (57%). NTHi uptake by neutrophils was similar between groups. NTHi exposure reduced CD206 and CD14 expression on macrophages and CD16 expression on neutrophils. Sputum neutrophils showed more phagocytic activity than macrophages. There was some evidence that bacterial phagocytosis was impaired in HS sputum macrophages, but no impairment of neutrophils was observed in HS or COPD patients. These results highlight the relative contributions of neutrophils and macrophages to bacterial clearance in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lea
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Rosemary Gaskell
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Simon Hall
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit (AI RU)GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageUK
| | - Barbara Maschera
- Adaptive Immunity Research Unit (AI RU)GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageUK
| | - Edith Hessel
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation‐DPU (RRI DPU)GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageUK
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory MedicineSchool of Biological SciencesFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthManchester Academic Health Science CentreThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Medicines Evaluation UnitManchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
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10
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Chatterjee S, Yabaji SM, Rukhlenko OS, Bhattacharya B, Waligurski E, Vallavoju N, Ray S, Kholodenko BN, Brown LE, Beeler AB, Ivanov AR, Kobzik L, Porco JA, Kramnik I. Channeling macrophage polarization by rocaglates increases macrophage resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. iScience 2021; 24:102845. [PMID: 34381970 PMCID: PMC8333345 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to host immunity and tissue homeostasis via alternative activation programs. M1-like macrophages control intracellular bacterial pathogens and tumor progression. In contrast, M2-like macrophages shape reparative microenvironments that can be conducive for pathogen survival or tumor growth. An imbalance of these macrophages phenotypes may perpetuate sites of chronic unresolved inflammation, such as infectious granulomas and solid tumors. We have found that plant-derived and synthetic rocaglates sensitize macrophages to low concentrations of the M1-inducing cytokine IFN-gamma and inhibit their responsiveness to IL-4, a prototypical activator of the M2-like phenotype. Treatment of primary macrophages with rocaglates enhanced phagosome-lysosome fusion and control of intracellular mycobacteria. Thus, rocaglates represent a novel class of immunomodulators that can direct macrophage polarization toward the M1-like phenotype in complex microenvironments associated with hypofunction of type 1 and/or hyperactivation of type 2 immunity, e.g., chronic bacterial infections, allergies, and, possibly, certain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Chatterjee
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Shivraj M. Yabaji
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Oleksii S. Rukhlenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bidisha Bhattacharya
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Emily Waligurski
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Somak Ray
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boris N. Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Lauren E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aaron B. Beeler
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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11
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Cole J, Angyal A, Emes RD, Mitchell TJ, Dickman MJ, Dockrell DH. Pneumolysin Is Responsible for Differential Gene Expression and Modifications in the Epigenetic Landscape of Primary Monocyte Derived Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:573266. [PMID: 34046027 PMCID: PMC8145618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.573266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression in the host response to a diverse range of pathogens. The extent and consequences of epigenetic modification during macrophage responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the role of pneumolysin, a key Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factor, in influencing these responses, are currently unknown. To investigate this, we infected human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) with Streptococcus pneumoniae and addressed whether pneumolysin altered the epigenetic landscape and the associated acute macrophage transcriptional response using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach. Transcriptomic analysis identified 503 genes that were differentially expressed in a pneumolysin-dependent manner in these samples. Pathway analysis highlighted the involvement of transcriptional responses to core innate responses to pneumococci including modules associated with metabolic pathways activated in response to infection, oxidative stress responses and NFκB, NOD-like receptor and TNF signalling pathways. Quantitative proteomic analysis confirmed pneumolysin-regulated protein expression, early after bacterial challenge, in representative transcriptional modules associated with innate immune responses. In parallel, quantitative mass spectrometry identified global changes in the relative abundance of histone post translational modifications (PTMs) upon pneumococcal challenge. We identified an increase in the relative abundance of H3K4me1, H4K16ac and a decrease in H3K9me2 and H3K79me2 in a PLY-dependent fashion. We confirmed that pneumolysin blunted early transcriptional responses involving TNF-α and IL-6 expression. Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, similarly downregulated TNF-α production, reprising the pattern observed with pneumolysin. In conclusion, widespread changes in the macrophage transcriptional response are regulated by pneumolysin and are associated with global changes in histone PTMs. Modulating histone PTMs can reverse pneumolysin-associated transcriptional changes influencing innate immune responses, suggesting that epigenetic modification by pneumolysin plays a role in dampening the innate responses to pneumococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Cole
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS FT, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienn Angyal
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Emes
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim John Mitchell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Dockrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Sputum Proteome Signatures of Mechanically Ventilated Intensive Care Unit Patients Distinguish Samples with or without Anti-pneumococcal Activity. mSystems 2021; 6:6/2/e00702-20. [PMID: 33653939 PMCID: PMC8546979 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00702-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically ventilated patients are at risk of contracting pneumonia. Therefore, these patients often receive prophylactic systemic antimicrobial therapy. Intriguingly however, a previous study showed that antimicrobial activity in bronchoalveolar aspirates (here referred to as “sputa”) from ventilated patients was only partially explained by antibiotic therapy. Here we report that sputa from these patients presented distinct proteome signatures depending on the presence or absence of antimicrobial activity. Moreover, we show that the same distinction applied to antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is a major causative agent of pneumonia. Specifically, the investigated sputa that inhibited growth of S. pneumoniae, while containing subinhibitory levels of the antibiotic cefotaxime, presented elevated levels of proteins implicated in innate immune defenses, including complement and apolipoprotein-associated proteins. In contrast, S. pneumoniae-inhibiting sputa with relatively high cefotaxime concentrations or noninhibiting sputa contained higher levels of proteins involved in inflammatory responses, such as neutrophil elastase-associated proteins. In an immunoproteomics analysis, 18 out of 55 S. pneumoniae antigens tested showed significantly increased levels of IgGs in inhibiting sputa. Hence, proteomics and immunoproteomics revealed elevated levels of antimicrobial host proteins or S. pneumoniae antigen-specific IgGs in pneumococcal growth-inhibiting sputa, thus explaining their anti-pneumococcal activity. IMPORTANCE Respiratory pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause severe pneumonia. Nonetheless, mechanically ventilated intensive care patients, who have a high risk of contracting pneumonia, rarely develop pneumococcal pneumonia. This suggests the presence of potentially protective antimicrobial agents in their lung environment. Our present study shows for the first time that bronchoalveolar aspirates, “sputa,” of ventilated patients in a Dutch intensive care unit were characterized by three distinct groups of proteome abundance signatures that can explain their anti-pneumococcal activity. Importantly, this anti-pneumococcal sputum activity was related either to elevated levels of antimicrobial host proteins or to antibiotics and S. pneumoniae-specific antibodies. Further, the sputum composition of some patients changed over time. Therefore, we conclude that our study may provide a novel tool to measure changes that are indicative of infection-related conditions in the lungs of mechanically ventilated patients.
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13
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Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Landete P, Aldave B, Sánchez-Alonso S, Sánchez-Azofra A, Marcos-Jiménez A, Ávalos E, Alcaraz-Serna A, de Los Santos I, Mateu-Albero T, Esparcia L, López-Sanz C, Martínez-Fleta P, Gabrie L, Del Campo Guerola L, de la Fuente H, Calzada MJ, González-Álvaro I, Alfranca A, Sánchez-Madrid F, Muñoz-Calleja C, Soriano JB, Ancochea J, Martín-Gayo E. COVID-19 severity associates with pulmonary redistribution of CD1c+ DCs and inflammatory transitional and nonclassical monocytes. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6290-6300. [PMID: 32784290 DOI: 10.1172/jci140335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in infected individuals, who can either exhibit mild symptoms or progress toward a life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Exacerbated inflammation and dysregulated immune responses involving T and myeloid cells occur in COVID-19 patients with severe clinical progression. However, the differential contribution of specific subsets of dendritic cells and monocytes to ARDS is still poorly understood. In addition, the role of CD8+ T cells present in the lung of COVID-19 patients and relevant for viral control has not been characterized. Here, we have studied the frequencies and activation profiles of dendritic cells and monocytes present in the blood and lung of COVID-19 patients with different clinical severity in comparison with healthy individuals. Furthermore, these subpopulations and their association with antiviral effector CD8+ T cell subsets were also characterized in lung infiltrates from critical COVID-19 patients. Our results indicate that inflammatory transitional and nonclassical monocytes and CD1c+ conventional dendritic cells preferentially migrate from blood to lungs in patients with severe COVID-19. Thus, this study increases the knowledge of specific myeloid subsets involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease and could be useful for the design of therapeutic strategies for fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Rheumatology Service from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Joan B Soriano
- Pneumology Department.,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and
| | - Julio Ancochea
- Pneumology Department.,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and
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14
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Shi T, Denney L, An H, Ho LP, Zheng Y. Alveolar and lung interstitial macrophages: Definitions, functions, and roles in lung fibrosis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:107-114. [PMID: 33155728 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0720-418r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mϕs are the main innate immune cells in the lung at homeostasis, with important roles in host defence and immune modulation. Alveolar Mϕs (AMs) and interstitial Mϕs (IMs) are the two lung Mϕ subsets, so called according to the sites they reside in. These subsets are also defined by their origins and immunological microenvironment, which endow these cells with distinct features and plasticity. This review summarizes the latest definitions and functions of lung Mϕs during homeostasis and provides exemplar of their divergent roles in lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Laura Denney
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huazhang An
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Center of Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuejuan Zheng
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health Identification and Assessment, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Papanicolaou A, Wang H, Satzke C, Vlahos R, Wilson N, Bozinovski S. Novel Therapies for Pneumonia-Associated Severe Asthma Phenotypes. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:1047-1058. [PMID: 32828703 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Distinct asthma phenotypes are emerging from well-defined cohort studies and appear to be associated with a history of pneumonia. Asthmatics are more susceptible to infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae; however, the mechanisms that underlie defective immunity to this pathogen are still being elucidated. Here, we discuss how alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in asthmatics are defective in bacterial phagocytosis and how respiratory viruses disrupt essential host immunity to cause bacterial dispersion deeper into the lungs. We also describe how respiratory pathogens instigate neutrophilic inflammation and amplify type-2 inflammation in asthmatics. Finally, we propose novel dual-acting strategies including granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) antagonism and specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) to suppress type-2 and neutrophilic inflammation without compromising pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Papanicolaou
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Steven Bozinovski
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Sanchez-Cerrillo I, Landete P, Aldave B, Sanchez-Alonso S, Sanchez-Azofra A, Marcos-Jimenez A, Avalos E, Alcaraz-Serna A, de Los Santos I, Mateu-Albero T, Esparcia L, Lopez-Sanz C, Martinez-Fleta P, Gabrie L, Del Campo Guerola L, Calzada MJ, Gonzalez-Alvaro I, Alfranca A, Sanchez-Madrid F, Munoz-Calleja C, Soriano JB, Ancochea J, Martin-Gayo E. Differential Redistribution of Activated Monocyte and Dendritic Cell Subsets to the Lung Associates with Severity of COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.13.20100925. [PMID: 32511573 PMCID: PMC7274254 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.20100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the pandemic COVID-19 in infected individuals, who can either exhibit mild symptoms or progress towards a life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is known that exacerbated inflammation and dysregulated immune responses involving T and myeloid cells occur in COVID-19 patients with severe clinical progression. However, the differential contribution of specific subsets of dendritic cells and monocytes to ARDS is still poorly understood. In addition, the role of CD8+ T cells present in the lung of COVID-19 patients and relevant for viral control has not been characterized. With the aim to improve the knowledge in this area, we developed a cross-sectional study, in which we have studied the frequencies and activation profiles of dendritic cells and monocytes present in the blood of COVID-19 patients with different clinical severity in comparison with healthy control individuals. Furthermore, these subpopulations and their association with antiviral effector CD8+ T cell subsets were also characterized in lung infiltrates from critical COVID-19 patients. Collectively, our results suggest that inflammatory transitional and non-classical monocytes preferentially migrate from blood to lungs in patients with severe COVID-19. CD1c+ conventional dendritic cells also followed this pattern, whereas CD141+ conventional and CD123hi plasmacytoid dendritic cells were depleted from blood but were absent in the lungs. Thus, this study increases the knowledge on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease and could be useful for the design of therapeutic strategies to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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17
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Persistence of Burkholderia thailandensis E264 in lung tissue after a single binge alcohol episode. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218147. [PMID: 31821337 PMCID: PMC6903738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Binge drinking, an increasingly common form of alcohol use disorder, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality; yet, its effects on the immune system’s ability to defend against infectious agents are poorly understood. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis can occur in healthy humans, yet binge alcohol intoxication is increasingly being recognized as a major risk factor. Although our previous studies demonstrated that binge alcohol exposure increased B. pseudomallei near-neighbor virulence in vivo and increased paracellular diffusion and intracellular invasion, no experimental studies have examined the extent to which bacterial and alcohol dosage play a role in disease progression. In addition, the temporal effects of a single binge alcohol dose prior to infection has not been examined in vivo. Principal findings In this study, we used B. thailandensis E264 a close genetic relative of B. pseudomallei, as useful BSL-2 model system. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were utilized in three distinct animal models to address the effects of 1) bacterial dosage, 2) alcohol dosage, and 3) the temporal effects, of a single binge alcohol episode. Alcohol was administered comparable to human binge drinking (≤ 4.4 g/kg) or PBS intraperitoneally before a non-lethal intranasal infection. Bacterial colonization of lung and spleen was increased in mice administered alcohol even after bacterial dose was decreased 10-fold. Lung and not spleen tissue were colonized even after alcohol dosage was decreased 20 times below the U.S legal limit. Temporally, a single binge alcohol episode affected lung bacterial colonization for more than 24 h after alcohol was no longer detected in the blood. Pulmonary and splenic cytokine expression (TNF-α, GM-CSF) remained suppressed, while IL-12/p40 increased in mice administered alcohol 6 or 24 h prior to infection. Increased lung and not intestinal bacterial invasion was observed in human and murine non-phagocytic epithelial cells exposed to 0.2% v/v alcohol in vitro. Conclusions Our results indicate that the effects of a single binge alcohol episode are tissue specific. A single binge alcohol intoxication event increases bacterial colonization in mouse lung tissue even after very low BACs and decreases the dose required to colonize the lungs with less virulent B. thailandensis. Additionally, the temporal effects of binge alcohol alters lung and spleen cytokine expression for at least 24 h after alcohol is detected in the blood. Delayed recovery in lung and not spleen tissue may provide a means for B. pseudomallei and near-neighbors to successfully colonize lung tissue through increased intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells in patients with hazardous alcohol intake.
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18
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Parvez F, Akhtar E, Khan L, Haq MA, Islam T, Ahmed D, Eunus HEMM, Hasan AKMR, Ahsan H, Graziano JH, Raqib R. Exposure to low-dose arsenic in early life alters innate immune function in children. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:201-209. [PMID: 31703545 PMCID: PMC7041495 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1657993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life exposure to arsenic (As) increases risks of respiratory diseases/infections in children. However, data on the ability of the innate immune system to combat bacterial infections in the respiratory tracts of As-exposed children are scarce. To evaluate whether persistent low-dose As exposure alters innate immune function among children younger than 5 years-of-age, mothers and participating children (N = 51) that were members of the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) cohort in rural Bangladesh were recruited. Household water As, past and concurrent maternal urinary As (U-As) as well as child U-As were all measured at enrollment. In addition, U-As metabolites were evaluated. Innate immune function was examined via measures of cathelicidin LL-37 in plasma, ex vivo monocyte-derived-macrophage (MDM)-mediated killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), and serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) responses against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Cyto-/chemokines produced by isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were assayed using a Multiplex system. Multivariable linear regression analyses revealed that maternal (p < 0.01) and child (p = 0.02) U-As were positively associated with plasma LL-37 levels. Decreased MDM-mediated Spn killing (p = 0.05) and SBA responses (p = 0.02) were seen to be each associated with fractions of mono-methylarsonic acid (MMA; a U-As metabolite) in the children. In addition, U-As levels were seen to be negatively associated with PBMC formation of fractalkine and IL-7, and positively associated with that for IL-13, IL-17 and MIP-1α. These findings suggested that early-life As exposure may disrupt the innate host defense pathway in these children. It is possible that such disruptions may have health consequences later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Evana Akhtar
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Lamia Khan
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ahsanul Haq
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tariqul Islam
- Columbia University and University of Chicago Research office in Bangladesh, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - HEM Mahbubul Eunus
- Columbia University and University of Chicago Research office in Bangladesh, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - AKM Rabiul Hasan
- Columbia University and University of Chicago Research office in Bangladesh, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Joseph H. Graziano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
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19
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Bewley MA, Budd RC, Ryan E, Cole J, Collini P, Marshall J, Kolsum U, Beech G, Emes RD, Tcherniaeva I, Berbers GAM, Walmsley SR, Donaldson G, Wedzicha JA, Kilty I, Rumsey W, Sanchez Y, Brightling CE, Donnelly LE, Barnes PJ, Singh D, Whyte MKB, Dockrell DH. Opsonic Phagocytosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Is Enhanced by Nrf2 Agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:739-750. [PMID: 29547002 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201705-0903oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Previous studies have identified defects in bacterial phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (AMs) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the mechanisms and clinical consequences remain incompletely defined. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of COPD on AM phagocytic responses and identify the mechanisms, clinical consequences, and potential for therapeutic manipulation of these defects. METHODS We isolated AMs and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from a cohort of patients with COPD and control subjects within the Medical Research Council COPDMAP consortium and measured phagocytosis of bacteria in relation to opsonic conditions and clinical features. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS COPD AMs and MDMs have impaired phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. COPD AMs have a selective defect in uptake of opsonized bacteria, despite the presence of antipneumococcal antibodies in BAL, not observed in MDMs or healthy donor AMs. AM defects in phagocytosis in COPD are significantly associated with exacerbation frequency, isolation of pathogenic bacteria, and health-related quality-of-life scores. Bacterial binding and initial intracellular killing of opsonized bacteria in COPD AMs was not reduced. COPD AMs have reduced transcriptional responses to opsonized bacteria, such as cellular stress responses that include transcriptional modules involving antioxidant defenses and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)-regulated genes. Agonists of the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 (sulforaphane and compound 7) reverse defects in phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae by COPD AMs. CONCLUSIONS Patients with COPD have clinically relevant defects in opsonic phagocytosis by AMs, associated with impaired transcriptional responses to cellular stress, which are reversed by therapeutic targeting with Nrf2 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Bewley
- 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and.,2 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C Budd
- 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and.,2 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,3 Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Eilise Ryan
- 4 Department of Respiratory Medicine.,5 MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, and
| | - Joby Cole
- 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and.,2 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,3 Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Collini
- 1 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and.,2 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,3 Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Marshall
- 5 MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, and.,6 Department of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Umme Kolsum
- 7 Medicines Evaluation Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,8 University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gussie Beech
- 7 Medicines Evaluation Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,8 University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Emes
- 9 School of Veterinary Medicine and Science and.,10 Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Tcherniaeva
- 11 Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy A M Berbers
- 11 Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah R Walmsley
- 4 Department of Respiratory Medicine.,5 MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, and
| | - Gavin Donaldson
- 12 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- 12 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Kilty
- 13 Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - William Rumsey
- 14 Stress and Repair Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, GSK, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Yolanda Sanchez
- 14 Stress and Repair Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, GSK, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - Louise E Donnelly
- 12 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Barnes
- 12 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Singh
- 7 Medicines Evaluation Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,8 University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Moira K B Whyte
- 4 Department of Respiratory Medicine.,5 MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, and
| | - David H Dockrell
- 5 MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, and.,6 Department of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Adaptation to Adversity: the Intermingling of Stress Tolerance and Pathogenesis in Enterococci. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2019; 83:83/3/e00008-19. [PMID: 31315902 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00008-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus is a diverse and rugged genus colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of humans and numerous hosts across the animal kingdom. Enterococci are also a leading cause of multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired infections. In each of these settings, enterococci must contend with changing biophysical landscapes and innate immune responses in order to successfully colonize and transit between hosts. Therefore, it appears that the intrinsic durability that evolved to make enterococci optimally competitive in the host gastrointestinal tract also ideally positioned them to persist in hospitals, despite disinfection protocols, and acquire new antibiotic resistances from other microbes. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms and regulation employed by enterococci to tolerate diverse stressors and highlight the role of stress tolerance in the biology of this medically relevant genus.
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21
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Kaushik NK, Kaushik N, Adhikari M, Ghimire B, Linh NN, Mishra YK, Lee SJ, Choi EH. Preventing the Solid Cancer Progression via Release of Anticancer-Cytokines in Co-Culture with Cold Plasma-Stimulated Macrophages. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060842. [PMID: 31216715 PMCID: PMC6628390 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma sources operated in ambient environments are known to generate a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species which could be applied for various biomedical applications. Herein, we fabricate a micro-dielectric barrier discharge plasma device by using screen-printing technology and apply it for studying immuno-stimulatory effects. We demonstrate a tumor-suppressive role for plasma-stimulated macrophages in metastatic solid cancers that directly elicit proliferation and are responsible for tumor relapse mediated by mesenchymal shift. Using microarray analysis, we observed that cold plasma stimulates and differentiates monocyte cells into macrophages as demonstrated by expression of several cytokine/chemokine markers. Moreover, plasma treatment stimulates the differentiation of pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages to a greater extent. These stimulated macrophages favor anti-tumorigenic immune responses against metastasis acquisition and cancer stem cell maintenance in solid cancers in vitro. Differentiation of monocytes into anticancer macrophages could improve the efficacy of plasma treatment, especially in modifying pro-tumor inflammatory microenvironment through effecting highly resistant immunosuppressive tumor cells associated with tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Manish Adhikari
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Bhagirath Ghimire
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Nguyen Nhat Linh
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea.
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22
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Jimenez V, Monroy FP. Intracellular Invasion and Killing Assay to Investigate the Effectsof Binge Alcohol Toxicity in Murine Alveolar Macrophages. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3143. [PMID: 33654888 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has diverse and well-documented effects on the human immune system and its ability to defend against infective agents. While pulmonary related infections can occur in healthy humans, binge alcohol use is recognized as a major health risk factor (Nelson et al., 1991). Although binge alcohol consumption has been considered as a risk factor for the development of pulmonary infections, no experimental studies have investigated the outcomes of a single binge alcohol exposure during infection. A key assay to assess the effects of a single binge alcohol exposure on the interactions between bacteria and alveolar macrophage is a binge alcohol intracellular invasion and killing assay. MH-S alveolar macrophages (AMs) are exposed to a single binge alcohol dose prior to infection for 3 h. The macrophage monolayer is then infected to allow for engulfment, followed by removal of extracellular bacteria to assess the intracellular killing capacity of infected macrophages over time. We have utilized this assay to demonstrate that low alcohol exposure significantly suppressed the uptake and killing of less virulent Burkholderia thailandensis (B. thailandensis) by AMs. More recently we found that activated AMs with interferon (IFN)-γ incubated in alcohol (0.08%) for 3 h prior to infection showed significantly lower bacterial uptake at 2 and 8 h post infection, which lead to B. thailandensis survival and a ~2.5-fold replication increase compared to controls (Jimenez et al., 2017). These results provide insights into binge alcohol consumption, a culturally prevalent risk factor, as a predisposing factor for pulmonary bacterial infections. This assay can be adapted to other bacterial species and host cell types to assess tissue specific effects of alcohol during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Fernando P Monroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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23
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A mouse model of binge alcohol consumption and Burkholderia infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208061. [PMID: 30485380 PMCID: PMC6261616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking, an increasingly common form of alcohol consumption, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity; yet, its effects on the immune system's ability to defend against infectious agents are poorly understood. Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis can occur in healthy humans, yet binge alcohol use is progressively being recognized as a major risk factor. Although our previous studies demonstrated that binge alcohol exposure results in reduced alveolar macrophage function and increased Burkholderia virulence in vitro, no experimental studies have investigated the outcomes of binge alcohol on Burkholderia spp. infection in vivo. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we used the close genetic relatives of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis E264 and B. vietnamiensis, as useful BSL-2 model systems. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were administered alcohol comparable to human binge drinking episodes (4.4 g/kg) or PBS intraperitoneally 30 min before a non-lethal intranasal infection. In an initial B. thailandensis infection (3 x 105), bacteria accumulated in the lungs and disseminated to the spleen in alcohol administered mice only, compared with PBS treated mice at 24 h PI. The greatest bacterial load occurred with B. vietnamiensis (1 x 106) in lungs, spleen, and brain tissue by 72 h PI. Pulmonary cytokine expression (TNF-α, GM-CSF) decreased, while splenic cytokine (IL-10) increased in binge drunk mice. Increased lung and brain permeability was observed as early as 2 h post alcohol administration in vivo. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was significantly decreased, while intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells increased with 0.2% v/v alcohol exposure in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a single binge alcohol dose suppressed innate immune functions and increased the ability of less virulent Burkholderia strains to disseminate through increased barrier permeability and intracellular invasion of non-phagocytic cells.
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24
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Valdés López JF, Urcuqui-Inchima S. Synergism between phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and vitamin D3 in the differentiation of U937 cells to monocytes and macrophages. Morphologie 2018; 102:205-218. [PMID: 30075941 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) are stimuli commonly used to induce macrophage differentiation in monocytic cell lines, but the extent of differentiation in comparison to primary tissue macrophages is unclear. Here, we examine the morphological/phenotypic markers associated with differentiation of U937 cells into monocytes/macrophages, in response to PMA or VD3 treatment. PMA stimulus but not with VD3, induced changes in cell morphology indicative of differentiation, but did not show differentiation comparable to monocyte-derive macrophage (MDM). The cells treated with PMA+VD3 for 2 days (d) acquired morphological/phenotypic features similar to those acquired by monocytes. In contrast, U937 cells treated for 2d with PMA and VD3 followed by 6d of resting in culture without PMA but in the presence of VD3 acquired morphological and phenotypic markers similar to those of MDM; i.e. reduced nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio, high auto-fluorescence and cytoplasmic complexity. Furthermore, low expression of CD14/TLR2 and high expression of CD68/CD86 were observed. In conclusion, our results indicate a synergistic effect between PMA and VD3 in U937 cells differentiation into both monocytes or macrophages and we propose a modified PMA differentiation protocol to enhance monocyte/macrophage differentiation of U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Valdés López
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - S Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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25
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Ercoli G, Fernandes VE, Chung WY, Wanford JJ, Thomson S, Bayliss CD, Straatman K, Crocker PR, Dennison A, Martinez-Pomares L, Andrew PW, Moxon ER, Oggioni MR. Intracellular replication of Streptococcus pneumoniae inside splenic macrophages serves as a reservoir for septicaemia. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:600-610. [PMID: 29662129 PMCID: PMC6207342 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial septicaemia is a major cause of mortality, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In experimental pneumococcal murine intravenous infection, an initial reduction of bacteria in the blood is followed hours later by a fatal septicaemia. These events represent a population bottleneck driven by efficient clearance of pneumococci by splenic macrophages and neutrophils, but as we show in this study, accompanied by occasional intracellular replication of bacteria that are taken up by a subset of CD169+ splenic macrophages. In this model, proliferation of these sequestered bacteria provides a reservoir for dissemination of pneumococci into the bloodstream, as demonstrated by its prevention using an anti-CD169 monoclonal antibody treatment. Intracellular replication of pneumococci within CD169+ splenic macrophages was also observed in an ex vivo porcine spleen, where the microanatomy is comparable with humans. We also showed that macrolides, which effectively penetrate macrophages, prevented septicaemia, whereas beta-lactams, with inefficient intracellular penetration, failed to prevent dissemination to the blood. Our findings define a shift in our understanding of the pneumococcus from an exclusively extracellular pathogen to one with an intracellular phase. These findings open the door to the development of treatments that target this early, previously unrecognized intracellular phase of bacterial sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ercoli
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Vitor E Fernandes
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Wen Y Chung
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Leicester General Hospital, University of Hospitals of Leicester, NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Joseph J Wanford
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sarah Thomson
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Kornelis Straatman
- Centre for Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ashley Dennison
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Leicester General Hospital, University of Hospitals of Leicester, NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Luisa Martinez-Pomares
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter W Andrew
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Marco R Oggioni
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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26
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Jimenez V, Moreno R, Kaufman E, Hornstra H, Settles E, Currie BJ, Keim P, Monroy FP. Effects of binge alcohol exposure on Burkholderia thailandensis-alveolar macrophage interaction. Alcohol 2017; 64:55-63. [PMID: 28965656 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has diverse and well-documented effects on the human immune system and its ability to defend against infective agents. One example is melioidosis, a disease caused by infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is of public health importance in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, with an expanding global distribution. While B. pseudomallei infections can occur in healthy humans, binge alcohol use is progressively being recognized as a major risk factor. Although binge alcohol consumption has been considered as a risk factor for the development of melioidosis, no experimental studies have investigated the outcomes of alcohol exposure on Burkholderia spp. infection. Therefore, we proposed the use of non-pathogenic B. thailandensis E264 as a useful BSL-1 model system to study the effects of binge alcohol exposure on bacteria and alveolar macrophage interactions. The MH-S alveolar macrophage (AMs) cell line was used to characterize innate immune responses to infection in vitro. Our results showed that alcohol exposure significantly suppressed the uptake and killing of B. thailandensis by AMs. Alveolar macrophages incubated in alcohol (0.08%) for 3 h prior to infection showed significantly lower bacterial uptake at 2 and 8 h post infection. Activated AMs with IFN-γ and pre and post-incubation in alcohol when exposed to B. thailandensis released lower nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, compared to activated AMs with IFN-γ from non-alcoholic controls. As a result, B. thailandensis survival and replication increased ∼2.5-fold compared to controls. The presence of alcohol (1%) also increased bacterial survival within AMs. Alcohol significantly decreased bacterial motility compared to non-alcoholic controls. Increased biofilm formation was observed at 3 and 6 h when bacteria were pre-incubated in (0.08%) alcohol. These results provide insights into binge alcohol consumption, a culturally prevalent risk factor, as a predisposing factor for melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Emily Kaufman
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute (PMI), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Heidie Hornstra
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute (PMI), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Erik Settles
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute (PMI), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen & Microbiome Institute (PMI), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Fernando P Monroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
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27
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Bewley MA, Preston JA, Mohasin M, Marriott HM, Budd RC, Swales J, Collini P, Greaves DR, Craig RW, Brightling CE, Donnelly LE, Barnes PJ, Singh D, Shapiro SD, Whyte MKB, Dockrell DH. Impaired Mitochondrial Microbicidal Responses in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Macrophages. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:845-855. [PMID: 28557543 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1714oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by impaired clearance of pulmonary bacteria. OBJECTIVES The effect of COPD on alveolar macrophage (AM) microbicidal responses was investigated. METHODS AMs were obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy donors or patients with COPD and challenged with opsonized serotype 14 Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cells were assessed for apoptosis, bactericidal activity, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production. A transgenic mouse line in which the CD68 promoter ensures macrophage-specific expression of human induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1 (CD68.hMcl-1) was used to model the molecular aspects of COPD. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS COPD AMs had elevated levels of Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 family member, with selective reduction of delayed intracellular bacterial killing. CD68.hMcl-1 AMs phenocopied the microbicidal defect because transgenic mice demonstrated impaired clearance of pulmonary bacteria and increased neutrophilic inflammation. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages generated mROS in response to pneumococci, which colocalized with bacteria and phagolysosomes to enhance bacterial killing. The Mcl-1 transgene increased oxygen consumption rates and mROS expression in mock-infected bone marrow-derived macrophages but reduced caspase-dependent mROS production after pneumococcal challenge. COPD AMs also increased basal mROS expression, but they failed to increase production after pneumococcal challenge, in keeping with reduced intracellular bacterial killing. The defect in COPD AM intracellular killing was associated with a reduced ratio of mROS/superoxide dismutase 2. CONCLUSIONS Up-regulation of Mcl-1 and chronic adaption to oxidative stress alter mitochondrial metabolism and microbicidal function, reducing the delayed phase of intracellular bacterial clearance in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Bewley
- 1 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and.,2 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Preston
- 1 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and.,2 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Mohasin
- 1 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and.,2 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M Marriott
- 1 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and.,2 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C Budd
- 1 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and.,2 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,3 Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Swales
- 1 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and.,2 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Collini
- 1 The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and.,2 Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,3 Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- 4 Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth W Craig
- 5 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | | | - Louise E Donnelly
- 7 Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Barnes
- 7 Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Singh
- 8 Centre for Respiratory and Allergy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,9 Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester, United Kingdom.,10 University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Shapiro
- 11 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Moira K B Whyte
- 12 Department of Respiratory Medicine.,13 MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, and
| | - David H Dockrell
- 13 MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, and.,14 Department of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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28
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Zaidi SR, Collins AM, Mitsi E, Reiné J, Davies K, Wright AD, Owugha J, Fitzgerald R, Ganguli A, Gordon SB, Ferreira DM, Rylance J. Single use and conventional bronchoscopes for Broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) in research: a comparative study (NCT 02515591). BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:83. [PMID: 28476111 PMCID: PMC5420119 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) is widely used for investigative research to study innate, cellular and humoral immune responses, and in early phase drug trials. Conventional (multiple use) flexible bronchoscopes have time and monetary costs associated with cleaning, and carries a small risk of cross infection. Single use bronchoscopes may provide an alternative, but have not been evaluated in this context. Methods Healthy volunteers underwent bronchoscopy at a day-case clinical research unit using the Ambu® aScopeTM single-use flexible intubation bronchoscope. Broncho alveolar lavage was performed from a sub segmental bronchus within the right middle lobe; a total of 200 ml of warmed normal saline was instilled then aspirated using handheld suction. BAL volume yield, cell yield and viability were recorded. Results Ten volunteers, (mean age 23 years, six male) participated. Bronchoscopies were carried out by one of two senior bronchoscopists, experienced in the technique of obtaining BAL for research purposes. The results were compared to 50 (mean age 23, 14 male) procedures performed using the conventional scope by the same two bronchoscopists. The total volume yield was significantly higher in the disposable group median 152 ml (IQR 141–166 ml) as compared to conventional 124 ml (110–135 ml), p = <0.01. The total cell yield and viability were similar in both groups, with no significant differences. Conclusions With single use bronchoscopes, we achieved a larger BAL volume yield than conventional bronchoscopes, with comparable cell yield and viability. Better volume yields can potentially reduce post procedure side effects such as pleuritic chest pain and cough. The risk of cross infection can be eliminated, providing reassurance to researchers and participants. Reduced maintenance requirements can be cost effective. These could potentially be used for early phase drug development studies. Trial registration This trial was registered prospectively in July 2015 with the National Clinical Trials register, with the following registration number assigned: NCT 02515591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Raza Zaidi
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK. .,Respiratory Research Group, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.
| | - Andrea M Collins
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK. .,Respiratory Research Group, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.
| | - Elena Mitsi
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jesús Reiné
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Kayleigh Davies
- Respiratory Research Group, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Angela D Wright
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Respiratory Research Group, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.,Clinical Research Network, Northwest Coast, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Owugha
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Richard Fitzgerald
- Respiratory Research Group, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Amitava Ganguli
- Respiratory Research Group, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Stephen B Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Daniela Mulari Ferreira
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Respiratory Research Group, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
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29
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Martínez I, Oliveros JC, Cuesta I, de la Barrera J, Ausina V, Casals C, de Lorenzo A, García E, García-Fojeda B, Garmendia J, González-Nicolau M, Lacoma A, Menéndez M, Moranta D, Nieto A, Ortín J, Pérez-González A, Prat C, Ramos-Sevillano E, Regueiro V, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Solís D, Yuste J, Bengoechea JA, Melero JA. Apoptosis, Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like Receptors Are Pathways Jointly Induced by Diverse Respiratory Bacterial and Viral Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:276. [PMID: 28298903 PMCID: PMC5331050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections are among the top five leading causes of human death. Fighting these infections is therefore a world health priority. Searching for induced alterations in host gene expression shared by several relevant respiratory pathogens represents an alternative to identify new targets for wide-range host-oriented therapeutics. With this aim, alveolar macrophages were independently infected with three unrelated bacterial (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two dissimilar viral (respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus) respiratory pathogens, all of them highly relevant for human health. Cells were also activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a prototypical pathogen-associated molecular pattern. Patterns of differentially expressed cellular genes shared by the indicated pathogens were searched by microarray analysis. Most of the commonly up-regulated host genes were related to the innate immune response and/or apoptosis, with Toll-like, RIG-I-like and NOD-like receptors among the top 10 signaling pathways with over-expressed genes. These results identify new potential broad-spectrum targets to fight the important human infections caused by the bacteria and viruses studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Cuesta
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge de la Barrera
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Ausina
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Casals
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alba de Lorenzo
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Belén García-Fojeda
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad ComplutenseMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Junkal Garmendia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Universidad Pública de Navarra-GobNavarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Mar González-Nicolau
- Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Lacoma
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - David Moranta
- Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Nieto
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ortín
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Pérez-González
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Prat
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Institut d' Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Ramos-Sevillano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Regueiro
- Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Ariel Rodriguez-Frandsen
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Solís
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - José Yuste
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - José A Bengoechea
- Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de PalmaPalma, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - José A Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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30
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Bewley MA, Belchamber KBR, Chana KK, Budd RC, Donaldson G, Wedzicha JA, Brightling CE, Kilty I, Donnelly LE, Barnes PJ, Singh D, Whyte MKB, Dockrell DH. Differential Effects of p38, MAPK, PI3K or Rho Kinase Inhibitors on Bacterial Phagocytosis and Efferocytosis by Macrophages in COPD. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163139. [PMID: 27680884 PMCID: PMC5040258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation and bacterial colonization are central to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Defects in macrophage phagocytosis of both bacteria and apoptotic cells contribute to the COPD phenotype. Small molecule inhibitors with anti-inflammatory activity against p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and Rho kinase (ROCK) are being investigated as novel therapeutics in COPD. Concerns exist, however, about off-target effects. We investigated the effect of p38 MAPK inhibitors (VX745 and SCIO469), specific inhibitors of PI3K α (NVS-P13K-2), δ (NVS-P13K-3) or γ (NVS-P13K-5) and a ROCK inhibitor PF4950834 on macrophage phagocytosis, early intracellular killing of bacteria and efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. Alveolar macrophages (AM) obtained from broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) or monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from COPD patients (GOLD stage II/III) enrolled from a well characterized clinical cohort (MRC COPD-MAP consortium) or from healthy ex-smoker controls were studied. Both COPD AM and MDM exhibited lower levels of bacterial phagocytosis (using Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae) and efferocytosis than healthy controls. None of the inhibitors altered bacterial internalization or early intracellular bacterial killing in AM or MDM. Conversely PF4950834, but not other inhibitors, enhanced efferocytosis in COPD AM and MDM. These results suggest none of these inhibitors are likely to exacerbate phagocytosis-related defects in COPD, while confirming ROCK inhibitors can enhance efferocytosis in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Bewley
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kylie B. R. Belchamber
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirandeep K. Chana
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard C. Budd
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Donaldson
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jadwiga A. Wedzicha
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louise E. Donnelly
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Barnes
- Airway Disease National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Singh
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Moira K. B. Whyte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David H. Dockrell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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31
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Belon C, Blanc-Potard AB. Intramacrophage Survival for Extracellular Bacterial Pathogens: MgtC As a Key Adaptive Factor. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:52. [PMID: 27242970 PMCID: PMC4869558 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Belon
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier (DIMNP Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UMR5235) Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Béatrice Blanc-Potard
- Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, Université de Montpellier (DIMNP Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-UMR5235) Montpellier, France
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32
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Podsiad A, Standiford TJ, Ballinger MN, Eakin R, Park P, Kunkel SL, Moore BB, Bhan U. MicroRNA-155 regulates host immune response to postviral bacterial pneumonia via IL-23/IL-17 pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L465-75. [PMID: 26589478 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00224.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. miR-155 has recently emerged as a crucial regulator of innate immunity and inflammatory responses and is induced in macrophages during infection. We hypothesized upregulation of miR-155 inhibits IL-17 and increases susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Mice were challenged with 100 plaque-forming units H1N1 intranasally and were infected with 10(7) colony-forming units of MRSA intratracheally at day 5 postviral challenge. Lungs were harvested 24 h later, and expression of miR-155, IL-17, and IL-23 was measured by real-time RT-PCR. Induction of miR-155 was 3.6-fold higher in dual-infected lungs compared with single infection. miR-155(-/-) mice were protected with significantly lower (4-fold) bacterial burden and no differences in viral load, associated with robust induction of IL-23 and IL-17 (2.2- and 4.8-fold, respectively) postsequential challenge with virus and bacteria, compared with WT mice. Treatment with miR-155 antagomir improved lung bacterial clearance by 4.2-fold compared with control antagomir postsequential infection with virus and bacteria. Moreover, lung macrophages collected from patients with postviral bacterial pneumonia also had upregulation of miR-155 expression compared with healthy controls, consistent with observations in our murine model. This is the first demonstration that cellular miRNAs regulate postinfluenza immune response to subsequent bacterial challenge by suppressing the IL-17 pathway in the lung. Our findings suggest that antagonizing certain microRNA might serve as a potential therapeutic strategy against secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Podsiad
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Richard Eakin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pauline Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Urvashi Bhan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan;
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33
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Chronic Household Air Pollution Exposure Is Associated with Impaired Alveolar Macrophage Function in Malawian Non-Smokers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138762. [PMID: 26406307 PMCID: PMC4583259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution in low income countries is an important cause of mortality from respiratory infection. We hypothesised that chronic smoke exposure is detrimental to alveolar macrophage function, causing failure of innate immunity. We report the relationship between macrophage function and prior smoke exposure in healthy Malawians. METHODS Healthy subjects exposed daily to cooking smoke at home volunteered for bronchoalveolar lavage. Alveolar macrophage particulate content was measured as a known correlate of smoke exposure. Phagocytosis and intraphagosomal function (oxidative burst and proteolysis) were measured by a flow cytometric assay. Cytokine responses in macrophages were compared following re-exposure in vitro to wood smoke, before and after glutathione depletion. RESULTS Volunteers had a range of alveolar macrophage particulate loading. The macrophage capacity for phagosomal oxidative burst was negatively associated with alveolar macrophage particulate content (n = 29, r2 = 0.16, p = 0.033), but phagocytosis per se and proteolytic function were unaffected. High particulate content was associated with lower baseline CXCL8 release (ratio 0.51, CI 0.29-0.89) and lower final concentrations on re-exposure to smoke in vitro (ratio 0.58, CI 0.34-0.97). Glutathione depletion augmented CXCL8 responses by 1.49x (CI 1.02-2.17) compared with wood smoke alone. This response was specific to smoke as macrophages response to LPS were not modulated by glutathione. CONCLUSION Chronic smoke exposure is associated with reduced human macrophage oxidative burst, and dampened inflammatory cytokine responses. These are critical processes in lung defence against infection and likely to underpin the relationship between air pollution and pneumonia.
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34
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Jubrail J, Morris P, Bewley MA, Stoneham S, Johnston SA, Foster SJ, Peden AA, Read RC, Marriott HM, Dockrell DH. Inability to sustain intraphagolysosomal killing of Staphylococcus aureus predisposes to bacterial persistence in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:80-96. [PMID: 26248337 PMCID: PMC4778410 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical effectors of the early innate response to bacteria in tissues. Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria are interrelated functions essential for bacterial clearance but the rate-limiting step when macrophages are challenged with large numbers of the major medical pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is unknown. We show that macrophages have a finite capacity for intracellular killing and fail to match sustained phagocytosis with sustained microbial killing when exposed to large inocula of S. aureus (Newman, SH1000 and USA300 strains). S. aureus ingestion by macrophages is associated with a rapid decline in bacterial viability immediately after phagocytosis. However, not all bacteria are killed in the phagolysosome, and we demonstrate reduced acidification of the phagolysosome, associated with failure of phagolysosomal maturation and reduced activation of cathepsin D. This results in accumulation of viable intracellular bacteria in macrophages. We show macrophages fail to engage apoptosis-associated bacterial killing. Ultittop mately macrophages with viable bacteria undergo cell lysis, and viable bacteria are released and can be internalized by other macrophages. We show that cycles of lysis and reuptake maintain a pool of viable intracellular bacteria over time when killing is overwhelmed and demonstrate intracellular persistence in alveolar macrophages in the lungs in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin A Bewley
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Stoneham
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon A Johnston
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon J Foster
- The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Robert C Read
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Medical School, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen M Marriott
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Academic Directorate of Communicable Diseases, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
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35
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Cano V, March C, Insua JL, Aguiló N, Llobet E, Moranta D, Regueiro V, Brennan GP, Millán-Lou MI, Martín C, Garmendia J, Bengoechea JA. Klebsiella pneumoniaesurvives within macrophages by avoiding delivery to lysosomes. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:1537-60. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cano
- Laboratory Infection and Immunity; Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB); Bunyola Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
| | - Catalina March
- Laboratory Infection and Immunity; Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB); Bunyola Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
| | - Jose Luis Insua
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Enrique Llobet
- Laboratory Infection and Immunity; Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB); Bunyola Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa); Palma Spain
| | - David Moranta
- Laboratory Infection and Immunity; Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB); Bunyola Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa); Palma Spain
| | - Verónica Regueiro
- Laboratory Infection and Immunity; Fundació d'Investigació Sanitària de les Illes Balears (FISIB); Bunyola Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària de Palma (IdISPa); Palma Spain
| | - Gerard P. Brennan
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
| | - Maria Isabel Millán-Lou
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Carlos Martín
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública; Universidad de Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Junkal Garmendia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES); Bunyola Spain
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; CSIC - Universidad Pública de Navarra-Gobierno de Navarra; Mutilva Spain
| | - José A. Bengoechea
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); Madrid Spain
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36
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Kopf M, Schneider C, Nobs SP. The development and function of lung-resident macrophages and dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:36-44. [PMID: 25521683 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gas exchange is the vital function of the lungs. It occurs in the alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium surrounding the alveoli, separated only by a fused basement membrane 0.2-0.5 μm in thickness. This tenuous barrier is exposed to dangerous or innocuous particles, toxins, allergens and infectious agents inhaled with the air or carried in the blood. The lung immune system has evolved to ward off pathogens and restrain inflammation-mediated damage to maintain gas exchange. Lung-resident macrophages and dendritic cells are located in close proximity to the epithelial surface of the respiratory system and the capillaries to sample and examine the air-borne and blood-borne material. In communication with alveolar epithelial cells, they set the threshold and the quality of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel P Nobs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Mina MJ, Brown LAS, Klugman KP. Dynamics of Increasing IFN-γ Exposure on Murine MH-S Cell-Line Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:474-9. [PMID: 25713979 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous investigations have demonstrated that activation with the type II interferon, IFN-γ, downregulates alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. While these studies have shown clear effects at discrete time points, the kinetics of the macrophage response to IFN-γ over time, with respect to pneumococcal phagocytosis, have not been shown. Here, we describe these kinetics in the murine MH-S AM cell-line, a well-established model useful for investigations of AM phenotype and function. We measure binding and internalizing rates of S. pneumoniae following exposure to increasing durations of physiologic levels of IFN-γ. When MH-S murine alveolar macrophage (mAM) were exposed to IFN-γ for increasing durations of time, from 0 to 6 days before inoculation with the type II S. pneumoniae, D39, exposure for 6 h transiently reduced bacterial binding by 50%, which was temporarily restored at 2 and 3 days of exposure. Bacterial internalization was also reduced shortly following initial exposure, however, internalization continued to fall to less than 5% that of IFN-γ naïve controls after 6 days of exposure. These data may help explain otherwise contradictory reports from the literature regarding timing between infections and reductions in macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mina
- 1 Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
- 2 Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lou Ann S Brown
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Keith P Klugman
- 2 Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia
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38
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Importance of bacterial replication and alveolar macrophage-independent clearance mechanisms during early lung infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1181-9. [PMID: 25583525 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02788-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of alveolar macrophages for host immunity during early Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection is well established, the contribution and relative importance of other innate immunity mechanisms and of bacterial factors are less clear. We have used a murine model of S. pneumoniae early lung infection with wild-type, unencapsulated, and para-amino benzoic acid auxotroph mutant TIGR4 strains to assess the effects of inoculum size, bacterial replication, capsule, and alveolar macrophage-dependent and -independent clearance mechanisms on bacterial persistence within the lungs. Alveolar macrophage-dependent and -independent (calculated indirectly) clearance half-lives and bacterial replication doubling times were estimated using a mathematical model. In this model, after infection with a high-dose inoculum of encapsulated S. pneumoniae, alveolar macrophage-independent clearance mechanisms were dominant, with a clearance half-life of 24 min compared to 135 min for alveolar macrophage-dependent clearance. In addition, after a high-dose inoculum, successful lung infection required rapid bacterial replication, with an estimated S. pneumoniae doubling time of 16 min. The capsule had wide effects on early lung clearance mechanisms, with reduced half-lives of 14 min for alveolar macrophage-independent and 31 min for alveolar macrophage-dependent clearance of unencapsulated bacteria. In contrast, with a lower-dose inoculum, the bacterial doubling time increased to 56 min and the S. pneumoniae alveolar macrophage-dependent clearance half-life improved to 42 min and was largely unaffected by the capsule. These data demonstrate the large effects of bacterial factors (inoculum size, the capsule, and rapid replication) and alveolar macrophage-independent clearance mechanisms during early lung infection with S. pneumoniae.
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Cole J, Aberdein J, Jubrail J, Dockrell DH. The role of macrophages in the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: mechanisms and contrasts. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 65:125-202. [PMID: 25476766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of innate immune responses against bacteria. The Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus express a range of virulence factors, which challenge macrophages' immune competence. We review how macrophages respond to this challenge. Macrophages employ a range of strategies to phagocytose and kill each pathogen. When the macrophages capacity to clear bacteria is overwhelmed macrophages play important roles in orchestrating the inflammatory response through pattern recognition receptor-mediated responses. Macrophages also ensure the inflammatory response is tightly constrained, to avoid tissue damage, and play an important role in downregulating the inflammatory response once initial bacterial replication is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Cole
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jody Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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40
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Pneumolysin activates macrophage lysosomal membrane permeabilization and executes apoptosis by distinct mechanisms without membrane pore formation. mBio 2014; 5:e01710-14. [PMID: 25293758 PMCID: PMC4196231 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01710-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae is complemented by induction of macrophage apoptosis. Here, we show that the toxin pneumolysin (PLY) contributes both to lysosomal/phagolysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), an upstream event programing susceptibility to apoptosis, and to apoptosis execution via a mitochondrial pathway, through distinct mechanisms. PLY is necessary but not sufficient for the maximal induction of LMP and apoptosis. PLY's ability to induce both LMP and apoptosis is independent of its ability to form cytolytic pores and requires only the first three domains of PLY. LMP involves TLR (Toll-like receptor) but not NLRP3/ASC (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [Nod]-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing protein 3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) signaling and is part of a PLY-dependent but phagocytosis-independent host response that includes the production of cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). LMP involves progressive and selective permeability to 40-kDa but not to 250-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran, as PLY accumulates in the cytoplasm. In contrast, the PLY-dependent execution of apoptosis requires phagocytosis and is part of a host response to intracellular bacteria that also includes NO generation. In cells challenged with PLY-deficient bacteria, reconstitution of LMP using the lysomotrophic detergent LeuLeuOMe favored cell necrosis whereas PLY reconstituted apoptosis. The results suggest that PLY contributes to macrophage activation and cytokine production but also engages LMP. Following bacterial phagocytosis, PLY triggers apoptosis and prevents macrophage necrosis as a component of a broad-based antimicrobial strategy. This illustrates how a key virulence factor can become the focus of a multilayered and coordinated innate response by macrophages, optimizing pathogen clearance and limiting inflammation. Importance: Streptococcus pneumoniae, the commonest cause of bacterial pneumonia, expresses the toxin pneumolysin, which can make holes in cell surfaces, causing tissue damage. Macrophages, resident immune cells essential for responses to bacteria in tissues, activate a program of cell suicide called apoptosis, maximizing bacterial clearance and limiting harmful inflammation. We examined pneumolysin's role in activating this response. We demonstrate that pneumolysin did not directly form holes in cells to trigger apoptosis and show that pneumolysin has two distinct roles which require only part of the molecule. Pneumolysin and other bacterial factors released by bacteria that have not been eaten by macrophages activate macrophages to release inflammatory factors but also make the cell compartment containing ingested bacteria leaky. Once inside the cell, pneumolysin ensures that the bacteria activate macrophage apoptosis, rather than necrosis, enhancing bacterial killing and limiting inflammation. This dual response to pneumolysin is critical for an effective immune response to S. pneumoniae.
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41
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Effect of nonheme iron-containing ferritin Dpr in the stress response and virulence of pneumococci. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3939-47. [PMID: 25001605 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01829-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product of metabolism and provides a competitive advantage against cocolonizing bacteria. As pneumococci do not produce catalase or an inducible regulator of hydrogen peroxide, the mechanism of resistance to hydrogen peroxide is unclear. A gene responsible for resistance to hydrogen peroxide and iron in other streptococci is that encoding nonheme iron-containing ferritin, dpr, but previous attempts to study this gene in pneumococcus by generating a dpr mutant were unsuccessful. In the current study, we found that dpr is in an operon with the downstream genes dhfr and clpX. We generated a dpr deletion mutant which displayed normal early-log-phase and mid-log-phase growth in bacteriologic medium but survived less well at stationary phase; the addition of catalase partially rescued the growth defect. We showed that the dpr mutant is significantly more sensitive to pH, heat, iron concentration, and oxidative stress due to hydrogen peroxide. Using a mouse model of colonization, we also showed that the dpr mutant displays a reduced ability to colonize and is more rapidly cleared from the nasopharynx. Our results thus suggest that Dpr is important for pneumococcal resistance to stress and for nasopharyngeal colonization.
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Collins AM, Rylance J, Wootton DG, Wright AD, Wright AKA, Fullerton DG, Gordon SB. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for research; obtaining adequate sample yield. J Vis Exp 2014:4345. [PMID: 24686157 PMCID: PMC4157694 DOI: 10.3791/4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a research technique for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using manual hand held suction in order to remove nonadherent cells and lung lining fluid from the mucosal surface. In research environments, BAL allows sampling of innate (lung macrophage), cellular (B- and T- cells), and humoral (immunoglobulin) responses within the lung. BAL is internationally accepted for research purposes and since 1999 the technique has been performed in > 1,000 subjects in the UK and Malawi by our group. Our technique uses gentle hand-held suction of instilled fluid; this is designed to maximize BAL volume returned and apply minimum shear force on ciliated epithelia in order to preserve the structure and function of cells within the BAL fluid and to preserve viability to facilitate the growth of cells in ex vivo culture. The research technique therefore uses a larger volume instillate (typically in the order of 200 ml) and employs manual suction to reduce cell damage. Patients are given local anesthetic, offered conscious sedation (midazolam), and tolerate the procedure well with minimal side effects. Verbal and written subject information improves tolerance and written informed consent is mandatory. Safety of the subject is paramount. Subjects are carefully selected using clear inclusion and exclusion criteria. This protocol includes a description of the potential risks, and the steps taken to mitigate them, a list of contraindications, pre- and post-procedure checks, as well as precise bronchoscopy and laboratory techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Collins
- Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, National Institute for Health Research; Respiratory Infection Group, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust;
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
| | - Daniel G Wootton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool
| | - Angela D Wright
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Comprehensive Local Research Network, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust
| | - Adam K A Wright
- Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, National Institute for Health Research; Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
| | - Duncan G Fullerton
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; Department of Respiratory Research, University Hospital Aintree
| | - Stephen B Gordon
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
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A mathematical model of intrahost pneumococcal pneumonia infection dynamics in murine strains. J Theor Biol 2014; 353:44-54. [PMID: 24594373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The seriousness of pneumococcal pneumonia in mouse models has been shown to depend both on bacterial serotype and murine strain. We here present a simple ordinary differential equation model of the intrahost immune response to bacterial pneumonia that is capable of capturing diverse experimentally determined responses of various murine strains. We discuss the main causes of such differences while accounting for the uncertainty in the estimation of model parameters. We model the bacterial population in both the lungs and blood, the cellular death caused by the infection, and the activation and immigration of phagocytes to the infected tissue. The ensemble model suggests that inter-strain differences in response to streptococcus pneumonia inoculation reside in the strength of nonspecific immune response and the rate of extrapulmonary phagocytosis.
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Berenson CS, Kruzel RL, Eberhardt E, Sethi S. Phagocytic dysfunction of human alveolar macrophages and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:2036-45. [PMID: 23908477 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have fundamental impairment of phagocytosis for nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI). However, relative selectivity of dysfunctional phagocytosis among diverse respiratory pathogens: NTHI, Moraxella catarrhalis (MC), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), and nonbacterial particles, as well as the contribution of impaired phagocytosis to severity of COPD, has not been explored. METHODS Alveolar macrophages, obtained from nonsmokers (n = 20), COPD ex-smokers (n = 32), and COPD active smokers (n = 64), were incubated with labeled NTHI, MC, SP, and fluorescent microspheres. Phagocytosis was measured as intracellular percentages of each. RESULTS Alveolar macrophages of COPD ex-smokers and active smokers had impaired complement-independent phagocytosis of NTHI (P = .003) and MC (P = .0007) but not SP or microspheres. Nonetheless, complement-mediated phagocytosis was enhanced within each group only for SP. Defective phagocytosis was significantly greater for NTHI than for MC among COPD active smokers (P < .0001) and ex-smokers (P = .028). Moreover, severity of COPD (FEV1%predicted) correlated with impaired AM phagocytosis for NTHI (P = .0016) and MC (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS These studies delineate pathogen- and host-specific differences in defective alveolar macrophages phagocytosis of respiratory bacteria in COPD, further elucidating the immunologic basis for bacterial persistence in COPD and provide the first demonstration of association of impaired phagocytosis to severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Berenson
- Infectious Disease and Pulmonary Medicine Divisions, Department of Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, State University of New York at Buffalo School of Medicine
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Collins AM, Batrawy SE, Gordon SB, Ferreira DM. Increased IgG but normal IgA anti-pneumococcal protein antibodies in lung of HIV-infected adults. Vaccine 2013; 31:3469-72. [PMID: 23664995 PMCID: PMC3740234 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PspA and pneumolysin (Ply) are important protein vaccine candidates. HIV infection is associated with increased susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia and concomitantly high pneumococcal carriage rates. Pneumococcal exposure is immunizing at the mucosa in healthy adults and so we wished to determine if the increased pneumococcal exposure in HIV-infected adults would be associated with altered pneumococcal specific antibody responses. We measured serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA to PspA and Ply in HIV-infected and healthy age-matched adults. Naturally generated anti-Ply and anti-PspA IgG levels but not IgA were significantly increased in HIV-infected subjects in BAL independent of the hyperglobulinaemia commonly associated with HIV. There was therefore no evidence of a defect in mucosal responses to pneumococcal protein antigens among HIV-infected adults. With regard to future vaccination strategies, simply increasing mucosal anti-pneumococcal protein Ig levels, without addressing functional protective response, is not likely to be effective in preventing pneumococcal pneumonia in HIV-infected individuals.
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The alveolar microenvironment of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus does not modify alveolar macrophage interactions with Streptococcus pneumoniae. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:882-91. [PMID: 23576675 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00582-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that HIV infection results in activation of alveolar macrophages and that this might be associated with impaired defense against pneumococcus. We compared alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in 131 bronchoalveolar lavage samples from HIV-infected and healthy controls using inflammatory gene microarrays, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the pattern of macrophage activation associated with HIV infection and the effect of this activation on defense against pneumococcus. We used gamma interferon (IFN-γ) priming to mimic the cellular milieu in HIV-infected lungs. InnateDB and BioLayout 3D were used to analyze the interactions of the upregulated genes. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected adults showed increased gene expression and cytokine production in a classical pattern. Bronchoalveolar lavage from HIV-infected subjects showed excess CD8(+) lymphocytes with activated phenotype. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression was increased in macrophages from HIV-infected subjects, but function was similar between the groups; lung lavage fluid did not inhibit TLR function in transfected HeLa cells. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects showed normal binding and internalization of opsonized pneumococci, with or without IFN-γ priming. Alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects showed classical activation compared to that of healthy controls, but this does not alter macrophage interactions with pneumococci.
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Muchnik L, Adawi A, Ohayon A, Dotan S, Malka I, Azriel S, Shagan M, Portnoi M, Kafka D, Nahmani H, Porgador A, Gershoni JM, Gershoni JM, Morrison DA, Mitchell A, Tal M, Ellis R, Dagan R, Nebenzahl YM. NADH oxidase functions as an adhesin in Streptococcus pneumoniae and elicits a protective immune response in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61128. [PMID: 23577197 PMCID: PMC3620118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial event in disease caused by S. pneumoniae is adhesion of the bacterium to respiratory epithelial cells, mediated by surface expressed molecules including cell-wall proteins. NADH oxidase (NOX), which reduces free oxygen to water in the cytoplasm, was identified in a non-lectin enriched pneumococcal cell-wall fraction. Recombinant NOX (rNOX) was screened with sera obtained longitudinally from children and demonstrated age-dependent immunogenicity. NOX ablation in S. pneumoniae significantly reduced bacterial adhesion to A549 epithelial cells in vitro and their virulence in the intranasal or intraperitoneal challenge models in mice, compared to the parental strain. Supplementation of Δnox WU2 with the nox gene restored its virulence. Saturation of A549 target cells with rNOX or neutralization of cell-wall residing NOX using anti-rNOX antiserum decreased adhesion to A549 cells. rNOX-binding phages inhibited bacterial adhesion. Moreover, peptides derived from the human proteins contactin 4, chondroitin 4 sulfotraferase and laminin5, homologous to the insert peptides in the neutralizing phages, inhibited bacterial adhesion to the A549 cells. Furthermore, rNOX immunization of mice elicited a protective immune response to intranasal or intraperitoneal S. pneumoniae challenge, whereas pneumococcal virulence was neutralized by anti-rNOX antiserum prior to intraperitoneal challenge. Our results suggest that in addition to its enzymatic activity, NOX contributes to S. pneumoniae virulence as a putative adhesin and thus peptides derived from its target molecules may be considered for the treatment of pneumococcal infections. Finally, rNOX elicited a protective immune response in both aerobic and anaerobic environments, which renders NOX a candidate for future pneumococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Muchnik
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Silverpil E, Wright AKA, Hansson M, Jirholt P, Henningsson L, Smith ME, Gordon SB, Iwakura Y, Gjertsson I, Glader P, Lindén A. Negative feedback on IL-23 exerted by IL-17A during pulmonary inflammation. Innate Immun 2013; 19:479-92. [PMID: 23295184 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912470470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now established that IL-17 has a broad pro-inflammatory potential in mammalian host defense, in inflammatory disease and in autoimmunity, whereas little is known about its anti-inflammatory potential and inhibitory feedback mechanisms. Here, we examined whether IL-17A can inhibit the extracellular release of IL-23 protein, the upstream regulator of IL-17A producing lymphocyte subsets, that is released from macrophages during pulmonary inflammation. We characterized the effect of IL-17A on IL-23 release in several models of pulmonary inflammation, evaluated the presence of IL-17 receptor A (RA) and C (RC) on human alveolar macrophages and assessed the role of the Rho family GTPase Rac1 as a mediator of the effect of IL-17A on the release of IL-23 protein. In a model of sepsis-induced pneumonia, intravenous exposure to Staphylococcus aureus caused higher IL-23 protein concentrations in cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from IL-17A knockout (KO) mice, compared with wild type (WT) control mice. In a model of Gram-negative airway infection, pre-treatment with a neutralizing anti-IL-17A Ab and subsequent intranasal (i.n.) exposure to LPS caused higher IL-23 and IL-17A protein concentrations in BAL samples compared with mice exposed to LPS, but pre-treated with an isotype control Ab. Moreover, i.n. exposure with IL-17A protein per se decreased IL- 23 protein concentrations in BAL samples. We detected IL-17RA and IL-17RC on human alveolar macrophages, and found that in vitro stimulation of these cells with IL-17A protein, after exposure to LPS, decreased IL-23 protein in conditioned medium, but not IL-23 p19 or p40 mRNA. This study indicates that IL-17A can partially inhibit the release of IL-23 protein during pulmonary inflammation, presumably by stimulating the here demonstrated receptor units IL-17RA and IL-17RC on alveolar macrophages. Hypothetically, the demonstrated mechanism may serve as negative feedback to protect from excessive IL-17A signaling and to control antibacterial host defense once it is activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Silverpil
- 1Lung Immunology Group, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wright AKA, Ferreira DM, Gritzfeld JF, Wright AD, Armitage K, Jambo KC, Bate E, El Batrawy S, Collins A, Gordon SB. Human nasal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae is immunising in the absence of carriage. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002622. [PMID: 22496648 PMCID: PMC3320601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious challenge of the human nasal mucosa elicits immune responses that determine the fate of the host-bacterial interaction; leading either to clearance, colonisation and/or disease. Persistent antigenic exposure from pneumococcal colonisation can induce both humoral and cellular defences that are protective against carriage and disease. We challenged healthy adults intra-nasally with live 23F or 6B Streptococcus pneumoniae in two sequential cohorts and collected nasal wash, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood before and 6 weeks after challenge. We hypothesised that both cohorts would successfully become colonised but this did not occur except for one volunteer. The effect of bacterial challenge without colonisation in healthy adults has not been previously assessed. We measured the antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in challenged but not colonised volunteers by ELISA and Flow Cytometry. Antigen-specific responses were seen in each compartment both before and after bacterial challenge for both cohorts. Antigen-specific IgG and IgA levels were significantly elevated in nasal wash 6 weeks after challenge compared to baseline. Immunoglobulin responses to pneumococci were directed towards various protein targets but not capsular polysaccharide. 23F but not 6B challenge elevated IgG anti-PspA in BAL. Serum immunoglobulins did not increase in response to challenge. In neither challenge cohort was there any alteration in the frequencies of TNF, IL-17 or IFNγ producing CD4 T cells before or after challenge in BAL or blood. We show that simple, low dose mucosal exposure with pneumococci may immunise mucosal surfaces by augmenting anti-protein immunoglobulin responses; but not capsular or cellular responses. We hypothesise that mucosal exposure alone may not replicate the systemic immunising effect of experimental or natural carriage in humans. Exposure to respiratory pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a frequent event that can result in immediate clearance, nasal colonisation or disease for the host. Human and mouse studies have shown that natural colonisation is an immunising event. Colonisation is prevalent in children but rare in human adults (<10%), suggesting that despite high pneumococcal exposure adult mucosal defences are sufficient to prevent colonisation. We exposed healthy adults to pneumococci in the nose in order to achieve colonisation and mimic a natural colonisation event. In most volunteers, however, we were not able to obtain colonisation using this protocol. In exposed but not colonised volunteers we measured antibody and cellular responses in nose, lung and blood samples. The mucosal defences elicited during acute pneumococcal exposure are poorly described but these data will shed light on the mechanisms that prevent colonisation in healthy adults and inform future vaccine design. Live bacterial exposure increases specific antibody and innate responses at mucosal surfaces such as the nose and lung. Systemic responses were not increased. These data suggest that acute bacterial exposure per se augments mucosal but not systemic defences. Natural or experimental colonisation may be required for systemic immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam K. A. Wright
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela M. Ferreira
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna F. Gritzfeld
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angela D. Wright
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Armitage
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kondwani C. Jambo
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Emily Bate
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sherouk El Batrawy
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Collins
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Microbial Diseases, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B. Gordon
- Respiratory Infection Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Does linezolid modulate lung innate immunity in a murine model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia? Crit Care Med 2011; 39:1944-52. [PMID: 21532475 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31821bd79e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of mortality among nosocomial infections. Recent investigations suggest that linezolid is superior to vancomycin in achieving clinical cure in patients with nosocomial pneumonia. We hypothesized that linezolid may exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in vivo model of pneumonia. DESIGN Prospective interventional study. SETTING University affiliated laboratory. SUBJECTS BALB/c mice. INTERVENTIONS Three groups of BALB/c mice were inoculated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus American Type Culture Collection 33,591 to induce pneumonia. Each group (n = 6) underwent bronchoalveolar lavage at 24 hrs, 48 hrs, and 72 hrs after inoculation after treatment with vancomycin, linezolid, or no antibiotic. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-5 and interleukin-6 were quantified using cytometric bead array. Metalloproteinase-9 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gelatin zymography. Neutrophil apoptosis in bronchoalveolar lavage was assessed by annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D staining. Neutrophil activity was determined by myeloperoxidase enzyme activity. Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by linezolid- vs. vancomycin treated-alveolar macrophages was examined in vitro. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Infected mice had a significant reduction in lung bacterial titers compared with controls (p < .05) after treatment with linezolid or vancomycin. There was no difference in bronchoalveolar lavage levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-5 or interleukin-6 between vancomycin- and linezolid-treated groups. Both antimicrobials were comparable in modulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in bronchoalveolar lavage. Neutrophil apoptosis was comparable in both vancomycin- and linezolid-treated groups at all three time points. Vancomycin showed lower myeloperoxidase activity compared with linezolid in the first 24 hrs after inoculation (p = .03), but the difference was undetectable at 48 hrs and 72 hrs. Neither compound had an impact on the process of removal of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Linezolid did not display an advantage over vancomycin in modulating pulmonary innate immune response in a murine model of methicillin-resistant S. aureus pneumonia.
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