1
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McClain MS, Boeglin WE, Algood HMS, Brash AR. Fatty acids of Helicobacter pylori lipoproteins CagT and Lpp20. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0047024. [PMID: 38501821 PMCID: PMC11064636 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00470-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are post-translationally modified by the addition of acyl chains that anchor the protein to bacterial membranes. This modification includes two ester-linked and one amide-linked acyl chain on lipoproteins from Gram-negative bacteria. Helicobacter pylori lipoproteins have important functions in pathogenesis (including delivering the CagA oncoprotein to mammalian cells) and are recognized by host innate and adaptive immune systems. The number and variety of acyl chains on lipoproteins impact the innate immune response through Toll-like receptor 2. The acyl chains added to lipoproteins are derived from membrane phospholipids. H. pylori membrane phospholipids have previously been shown to consist primarily of C14:0 and C19:0 cyclopropane-containing acyl chains. However, the acyl composition of H. pylori lipoproteins has not been determined. In this study, we characterized the acyl composition of two representative H. pylori lipoproteins, Lpp20 and CagT. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from both purified lipoproteins and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For comparison, we also analyzed H. pylori phospholipids. Consistent with previous studies, we observed that the H. pylori phospholipids contain primarily C14:0 and C19:0 cyclopropane-containing fatty acids. In contrast, both the ester-linked and amide-linked fatty acids found in H. pylori lipoproteins were observed to be almost exclusively C16:0 and C18:0. A discrepancy between the acyl composition of membrane phospholipids and lipoproteins as reported here for H. pylori has been previously reported in other bacteria including Borrelia and Brucella. We discuss possible mechanisms.IMPORTANCEColonization of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori is an important risk factor in the development of gastric cancer, the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. H. pylori persists in the stomach despite an immune response against the bacteria. Recognition of lipoproteins by TLR2 contributes to the innate immune response to H. pylori. However, the role of H. pylori lipoproteins in bacterial persistence is poorly understood. As the host response to lipoproteins depends on the acyl chain content, defining the acyl composition of H. pylori lipoproteins is an important step in characterizing how lipoproteins contribute to persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. McClain
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William E. Boeglin
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alan R. Brash
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Kopelyanskiy D, Desponds C, Prevel F, Rossi M, Migliorini R, Snäkä T, Eren RO, Claudinot S, Lye LF, Pasparakis M, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Leishmania guyanensis suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase provoked by its viral endosymbiont. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:944819. [PMID: 36034693 PMCID: PMC9416488 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.944819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is essential to the production of nitric oxide (NO), an efficient effector molecule against intracellular human pathogens such as Leishmania protozoan parasites. Some strains of Leishmania are known to bear a viral endosymbiont termed Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). Recognition of LRV1 by the innate immune sensor Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) leads to conditions worsening the disease severity in mice. This process is governed by type I interferon (type I IFNs) arising downstream of TLR3 stimulation and favoring the formation of secondary metastatic lesions. The formation of these lesions is mediated by the inflammatory cytokine IL-17A and occurs in the absence, or low level of, protective cytokine IFN-γ. Here, we described that the presence of LRV1 led to the initial expression of iNOS and low production of NO that failed to control infection. We subsequently showed that LRV1-triggered type I IFN was essential but insufficient to induce robust iNOS induction, which requires strong activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Leishmania guyanensis carrying LRV1 (LgyLRV1+) parasites mitigated strong iNOS production by limiting NF-kB activation via the induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), also known as A20. Moreover, our data suggested that production of LRV1-induced iNOS could be correlated with parasite dissemination and metastasis via elevated secretion of IL-17A in the draining lymph nodes. Our findings support an additional strategy by which LRV1-bearing Leishmania guyanensis evaded killing by nitric oxide and suggest that low levels of LRV1-induced NO might contribute to parasite metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Romain Migliorini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Snäkä
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Remzi Onur Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Lon-Fye Lye
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Fasel,
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3
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Liu W, Jiang P, Yang K, Song Q, Yuan F, Liu Z, Gao T, Zhou D, Guo R, Li C, Sun P, Tian Y. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Infection Activates the NOD1 Signaling Pathway to Modulate Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:927840. [PMID: 35873172 PMCID: PMC9304885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.927840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a highly contagious pathogen causing porcine enzootic pneumonia, which elicits prolonged inflammatory response modulated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Although significant advances have been achieved in understanding the Toll-Like receptors that recognize M. hyopneumoniae, the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in M. hyopneumoniae infected cells remains poorly understood. This study revealed that M. hyopneumoniae activates the NOD1-RIP2 pathway and is co-localized with host NOD1 during infection. siRNA knockdown of NOD1 significantly impaired the TRIF and MYD88 pathway and blocked the activation of TNF-α. In contrast, NOD1 overexpression significantly suppressed M. hyopneumoniae proliferation. Furthermore, we for the first time investigated the interaction between M. hyopneumoniae mhp390 and NOD1 receptor, and the results suggested that mhp390 and NOD1 are possibly involved in the recognition of M. hyopneumoniae. These findings may improve our understanding of the interaction between PRRs and M. hyopneumoniae and the function of NOD1 in host defense against M. hyopneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiqi Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Tian, ; Pei Sun,
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yongxiang Tian, ; Pei Sun,
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4
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Mao L, Liu C, Liu JY, Jin ZL, Jin Z, Xue RY, Feng R, Li GC, Deng Y, Cheng H, Zou QM, Li HB. Novel Synthetic Lipopeptides as Potential Mucosal Adjuvants Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 rRBD-Induced Immune Response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833418. [PMID: 35356002 PMCID: PMC8959576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As TLR2 agonists, several lipopeptides had been proved to be candidate vaccine adjuvants. In our previous study, lipopeptides mimicking N-terminal structures of the bacterial lipoproteins were also able to promote antigen-specific immune response. However, the structure-activity relationship of lipopeptides as TLR2 agonists is still unclear. Here, 23 synthetic lipopeptides with the same lipid moiety but different peptide sequences were synthesized, and their TLR2 activities in vitro and mucosal adjuvant effects to OVA were evaluated. LP1-14, LP1-30, LP1-34 and LP2-2 exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicity and stronger TLR2 activity compared with Pam2CSK4, the latter being one of the most potent TLR2 agonists. LP1-34 and LP2-2 assisted OVA to induce more profound specific IgG in sera or sIgA in BALF than Pam2CSK4. Furthermore, the possibility of LP1-34, LP2-2 and Pam2CSK4 as the mucosal adjuvant for the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD (rRBD) was investigated. Intranasally immunized with rRBD plus either the novel lipopeptide or Pam2CSK4 significantly increased the levels of specific serum and respiratory mucosal IgG and IgA, while rRBD alone failed to induce specific immune response due to its low immunogenicity. The novel lipopeptides, especially LP2-2, significantly increased levels of rRBD-induced SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody in sera, BALF and nasal wash. Finally, Support vector machine (SVM) results suggested that charged residues in lipopeptides might be beneficial to the agonist activity, while lipophilic residues might adversely affect the agonistic activity. Figuring out the relationship between peptide sequence in the lipopeptide and its TLR2 activity may lay the foundation for the rational design of novel lipopeptide adjuvant for COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zi-Li Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruo-Yi Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rang Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Chen M, Deng H, Zhao Y, Miao X, Gu H, Bi Y, Zhu Y, Guo Y, Shi S, Xu J, Zhao D, Liu F. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Modulates Pulmonary Inflammation and TNF-α Release Mediated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824027. [PMID: 35372108 PMCID: PMC8968444 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the roles that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play in lung inflammation mediated by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). Methods The changes in TLRs and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in peripheral blood of children with M. pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) were monitored, and the interactions of signaling molecules regulating TNF-α release in A549 cells and neutrophils after M. pneumoniae stimulation were investigated. In TLR2 knockout (TLR2-/-) mice, the levels of TNF-α in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood after mycoplasma infection and the pathological changes in the lung tissue of mice were detected. Results TNF-α levels in peripheral blood of children with MPP were higher than those in non-infected children, and children with refractory MPP had the highest levels of TNF-α and TLR2. TNF-α secretion and TLR2, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and phospho-p65(p-p65) levels were increased in stimulated cells. TNF-α secretion was suppressed upon siRNA-mediated TLR2 silencing. Pharmacological inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and MyD88 effectively reduced TNF-α expression. Compared with wild-type mice, the TNF-α in serum and BALF decreased, and lung pro-inflammatory response was partially suppressed in TLR2-/- mice. Conclusion We concluded that TLR2 regulates M. pneumoniae-mediated lung inflammation and TNF-α release through the TLR2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueqing Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Wuxi Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuang Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejing Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Deyu Zhao, ; Feng Liu,
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Deyu Zhao, ; Feng Liu,
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6
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Hu DN, Zhang R, Iacob CE, Yao S, Yang SF, Chan CC, Rosen RB. Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 agonist fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide increases expression and secretion of CXCL1 and CXCL2 by uveal melanocytes. Exp Eye Res 2022; 216:108943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Fischer J, Gresnigt MS, Werz O, Hube B, Garscha U. Candida albicans-induced leukotriene biosynthesis in neutrophils is restricted to the hyphal morphology. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21820. [PMID: 34569657 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100516rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in circulation playing a key role in acute inflammation during microbial infections. Phagocytosis, one of the crucial defence mechanisms of neutrophils against pathogens, is amplified by chemotactic leukotriene (LT)B4 , which is biosynthesized via 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). However, extensive liberation of LTB4 can be destructive by over-intensifying the inflammatory process. While enzymatic biosynthesis of LTB4 is well characterized, less is known about molecular mechanisms that activate 5-LOX and lead to LTB4 formation during host-pathogen interactions. Here, we investigated the ability of the common opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans to induce LTB4 formation in neutrophils, and elucidated pathogen-mediated drivers and cellular processes that activate this pathway. We revealed that C. albicans-induced LTB4 biosynthesis requires both the morphological transition from yeast cells to hyphae and the expression of hyphae-associated genes, as exclusively viable hyphae or yeast-locked mutant cells expressing hyphae-associated genes stimulated 5-LOX by [Ca2+ ]i mobilization and p38 MAPK activation. LTB4 biosynthesis was orchestrated by synergistic activation of dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2, and corresponding signaling via SYK and MYD88, respectively. Conclusively, we report hyphae-specific induction of LTB4 biosynthesis in human neutrophils. This highlights an expanding role of neutrophils during inflammatory processes in the response to C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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8
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Parra-Izquierdo I, Lakshmanan HHS, Melrose AR, Pang J, Zheng TJ, Jordan KR, Reitsma SE, McCarty OJT, Aslan JE. The Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand Pam2CSK4 Activates Platelet Nuclear Factor-κB and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Signaling to Promote Platelet-Endothelial Cell Interactions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729951. [PMID: 34527000 PMCID: PMC8435771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating platelets establish a variety of immunological programs and orchestrate inflammatory responses at the endothelium. Platelets express the innate immunity family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). While TLR2/TLR1 ligands are known to activate platelets, the effects of TLR2/TLR6 ligands on platelet function remain unclear. Here, we aim to determine whether the TLR2/TLR6 agonists Pam2CSK4 and FSL-1 activate human platelets. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and platelets were co-cultured to analyze the role of platelet TLR2/TLR6 on inflammation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Pam2CSK4, but not FSL-1, induced platelet granule secretion and integrin αIIbβ3 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, Pam2CSK4 promoted platelet aggregation and increased platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces. Mechanistic studies with blocking antibodies and pharmacologic inhibitors demonstrated that the TLR2/Nuclear factor-κB axis, Bruton’s-tyrosine kinase, and a secondary ADP feedback loop are involved in Pam2CSK4-induced platelet functional responses. Interestingly, Pam2CSK4 showed cooperation with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling to enhance platelet activation. Finally, the presence of platelets increased inflammatory responses in HUVECs treated with Pam2CSK4, and platelets challenged with Pam2CSK4 showed increased adhesion to HUVECs under static and physiologically relevant flow conditions. Herein, we define a functional role for platelet TLR2-mediated signaling, which may represent a druggable target to dampen excessive platelet activation in thrombo-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Parra-Izquierdo
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hari Hara Sudhan Lakshmanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alexander R Melrose
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tony J Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kelley R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Stéphanie E Reitsma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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9
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Abstract
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The development of
lipopeptides (lipidated peptides) for vaccines
is discussed, including their role as antigens and/or adjuvants. Distinct
classes of lipopeptide architectures are covered including simple
linear and ligated constructs and lipid core peptides. The design,
synthesis, and immunological responses of the important class of glycerol-based
Toll-like receptor agonist lipopeptides such as Pam3CSK4, which contains three palmitoyl chains and a CSK4 hexapeptide sequence, and many derivatives of this model immunogenic
compound are also reviewed. Self-assembled lipopeptide structures
including spherical and worm-like micelles that have been shown to
act as vaccine agents are also described. The work discussed includes
examples of lipopeptides developed with model antigens, as well as
for immunotherapies to treat many infectious diseases including malaria,
influenza, hepatitis, COVID-19, and many others, as well as cancer
immunotherapies. Some of these have proceeded to clinical development.
The research discussed highlights the huge potential of, and diversity
of roles for, lipopeptides in contemporary and future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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10
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Maes D, Boyen F, Devriendt B, Kuhnert P, Summerfield A, Haesebrouck F. Perspectives for improvement of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:67. [PMID: 33964969 PMCID: PMC8106180 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is one of the primary agents involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex, economically one of the most important diseases in pigs worldwide. The pathogen adheres to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, causes damage to the mucosal clearance system, modulates the immune system and renders the animal more susceptible to other respiratory infections. The pathogenesis is very complex and not yet fully understood. Cell-mediated and likely also mucosal humoral responses are considered important for protection, although infected animals are not able to rapidly clear the pathogen from the respiratory tract. Vaccination is frequently practiced worldwide to control M. hyopneumoniae infections and the associated performance losses, animal welfare issues, and treatment costs. Commercial vaccines are mostly bacterins that are administered intramuscularly. However, the commercial vaccines provide only partial protection, they do not prevent infection and have a limited effect on transmission. Therefore, there is a need for novel vaccines that confer a better protection. The present paper gives a short overview of the pathogenesis and immune responses following M. hyopneumoniae infection, outlines the major limitations of the commercial vaccines and reviews the different experimental M. hyopneumoniae vaccines that have been developed and tested in mice and pigs. Most experimental subunit, DNA and vector vaccines are based on the P97 adhesin or other factors that are important for pathogen survival and pathogenesis. Other studies focused on bacterins combined with novel adjuvants. Very few efforts have been directed towards the development of attenuated vaccines, although such vaccines may have great potential. As cell-mediated and likely also humoral mucosal responses are important for protection, new vaccines should aim to target these arms of the immune response. The selection of proper antigens, administration route and type of adjuvant and carrier molecule is essential for success. Also practical aspects, such as cost of the vaccine, ease of production, transport and administration, and possible combination with vaccines against other porcine pathogens, are important. Possible avenues for further research to develop better vaccines and to achieve a more sustainable control of M. hyopneumoniae infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Filip Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Kaur A, Kaushik D, Piplani S, Mehta SK, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. TLR2 Agonistic Small Molecules: Detailed Structure-Activity Relationship, Applications, and Future Prospects. J Med Chem 2020; 64:233-278. [PMID: 33346636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in microbial species. Among the various TLRs, TLR2 has a special place due to its ability to sense the widest repertoire of PAMPs owing to its heterodimerization with either TLR1 or TLR6, broadening its ligand diversity against pathogens. Various scaffolds are reported to activate TLR2, which include naturally occurring lipoproteins, synthetic lipopeptides, and small heterocyclic molecules. We described a detailed SAR in TLR2 agonistic scaffolds and also covered the design and chemistry for the conjugation of TLR2 agonists to antigens, carbohydrates, polymers, and fluorophores. The approaches involved in delivery of TLR2 agonists such as lipidation of antigen, conjugation to polymers, phosphonic acids, and other linkers to achieve surface adsorption, liposomal formulation, and encapsulating nanoparticles are elaborated. The crystal structure analysis and computational modeling are also included with the structural features that facilitate TLR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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12
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Mycoplasmas-Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091351. [PMID: 32899663 PMCID: PMC7565387 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes. Located everywhere in nature, they are widespread as parasites of humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. They usually exhibiting organ and tissue specificity. Mycoplasmas belong to the class named Mollicutes (mollis = soft and cutis = skin, in Latin), and their small size and absence of a cell wall contribute to distinguish them from other bacteria. Mycoplasma species are found both outside the cells as membrane surface parasites and inside the cells, where they become intracellular residents as "silent parasites". In humans, some Mycoplasma species are found as commensal inhabitants, while others have a significant impact on the cellular metabolism and physiology. Mollicutes lack typical bacterial PAMPs (e.g., lipoteichoic acid, flagellin, and some lipopolysaccharides) and consequently the exact molecular mechanisms of Mycoplasmas' recognition by the cells of the immune system is the subjects of several researches for its pathogenic implications. It is well known that several strains of Mycoplasma suppress the transcriptional activity of p53, resulting in reduced apoptosis of damaged cells. In addition, some Mycoplasmas were reported to have oncogenic potential since they demonstrated not just accumulation of abnormalities but also phenotypic changes of the cells. Aim of this review is to provide an update of the current literature that implicates Mycoplasmas in triggering inflammation and altering critical cellular pathways, thus providing a better insight into potential mechanisms of cellular transformation.
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13
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Liu Y, Yan B, Wang Z, Zhu H, Yin X, Wang K, Wang M, Zhao W. Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Immunological Studies of MUC1-Based Antitumor Vaccines Adjuvanted with R- and S-FSL-1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1371-1376. [PMID: 32676142 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast stimulating lipopeptide 1 (FSL-1) is the ligand of TLR2 and TLR6 and can be used as the vaccine adjuvant to prepare antitumor vaccines. However, FSL-1 is a stereoisomeric mixture that contains the R stereoisomer and S stereoisomer, and it is still unclear which stereoisomer has better adjuvant activities. In this work, we designed and synthesized MUC1-based antitumor vaccines adjuvanted with the stereoisomers R-FSL-1 and S-FSL-1, which were synthesized from the stereoisomeric building blocks R-Fmoc-Pam2Cys-OH and S-Fmoc-Pam2Cys-OH, respectively. Immunological evaluation indicated that both R-FSL-1 and S-FSL-1 can be used as adjuvants for the construction of MUC1-based antitumor vaccines, with R-FSL-1 showing a better adjuvant effect than S-FSL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
| | - Bocheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
| | - Haomiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
| | - Xiaona Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
| | - Menglei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research and KLMDASR of Tianjin, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300353, P. R. China
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14
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Effects of Mycoplasmas on the Host Cell Signaling Pathways. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040308. [PMID: 32331465 PMCID: PMC7238135 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms. Reduced sizes of their genomes put constraints on the ability of these bacteria to live autonomously and make them highly dependent on the nutrients produced by host cells. Importantly, at the organism level, mycoplasmal infections may cause pathological changes to the host, including cancer and severe immunological reactions. At the molecular level, mycoplasmas often activate the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) inflammatory response and concomitantly inhibit the p53-mediated response, which normally triggers the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, mycoplasmal infections may be considered as cancer-associated factors. At the same time, mycoplasmas through their membrane lipoproteins (LAMPs) along with lipoprotein derivatives (lipopeptide MALP-2, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2) are able to modulate anti-inflammatory responses via nuclear translocation and activation of Nrf2 (the nuclear factor-E2-related anti-inflammatory transcription factor 2). Thus, interactions between mycoplasmas and host cells are multifaceted and depend on the cellular context. In this review, we summarize the current information on the role of mycoplasmas in affecting the host’s intracellular signaling mediated by the interactions between transcriptional factors p53, Nrf2, and NF-κB. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathologic processes associated with reprogramming eukaryotic cells that arise during the mycoplasma-host cell interaction should facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat oncogenic and inflammatory processes.
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15
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Blötz C, Singh N, Dumke R, Stülke J. Characterization of an Immunoglobulin Binding Protein (IbpM) From Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:685. [PMID: 32373096 PMCID: PMC7176901 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria evolved many ways to invade, colonize and survive in the host tissue. Such complex infection strategies of other bacteria are not present in the cell-wall less Mycoplasmas. Due to their strongly reduced genomes, these bacteria have only a minimal metabolism. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pathogenic bacterium using its virulence repertoire very efficiently, infecting the human lung. M. pneumoniae can cause a variety of conditions including fever, inflammation, atypical pneumoniae, and even death. Due to its strongly reduced metabolism, M. pneumoniae is dependent on nutrients from the host and aims to persist as long as possible, resulting in chronic diseases. Mycoplasmas evolved strategies to subvert the host immune system which involve proteins fending off immunoglobulins (Igs). In this study, we investigated the role of MPN400 as the putative factor responsible for Ig-binding and host immune evasion. MPN400 is a cell-surface localized protein which binds strongly to human IgG, IgA, and IgM. We therefore named the protein MPN400 immunoglobulin binding protein of Mycoplasma (IbpM). A strain devoid of IbpM is slightly compromised in cytotoxicity. Taken together, our study indicates that M. pneumoniae uses a refined mechanism for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Blötz
- Department of General Microbiology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neil Singh
- Department of General Microbiology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roger Dumke
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department of General Microbiology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Kiripolsky J, Romano RA, Kasperek EM, Yu G, Kramer JM. Activation of Myd88-Dependent TLRs Mediates Local and Systemic Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2963. [PMID: 31993047 PMCID: PMC6964703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important mediators of chronic inflammation in numerous autoimmune diseases, although the role of these receptors in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) remains incompletely understood. Previous studies in our laboratory established Myd88 as a crucial mediator of pSS, although the disease-relevant ligands and the upstream signaling events that culminate in Myd88 activation have yet to be established. The objective of this study was to identify specific Myd88-dependent TLR-related pathways that are dysregulated both locally and systemically in a mouse model of pSS [NOD.B10Sn-H2b/J (NOD.B10)]. We performed RNA-sequencing on spleens derived from NOD.B10 mice. We then harvested salivary tissue and spleens from Myd88-sufficient and deficient C57BL/10 (BL/10) and NOD.B10 mice and performed flow cytometry to determine expression of Myd88-dependent TLRs. We cultured splenocytes with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists and measured production of inflammatory mediators by ELISA. Next, we evaluated spontaneous and TLR4-mediated inflammatory cytokine secretion in NOD.B10 salivary tissue. Finally, we assessed spontaneous Myd88-dependent cytokine secretion by NOD.B10 salivary cells. We identified dysregulation of numerous TLR-related networks in pSS splenocytes, particularly those employed by TLR2 and TLR4. We found upregulation of TLRs in both the splenic and salivary tissue from pSS mice. In NOD.B10 splenic tissue, robust expression of B cell TLR1 and TLR2 required Myd88. Splenocytes from NOD.B10 mice were hyper-responsive to TLR2 ligation and the endogenous molecule decorin modulated inflammation via TLR4. Finally, we observed spontaneous secretion of numerous inflammatory cytokines and this was enhanced following TLR4 ligation in female NOD.B10 salivary tissue as compared to males. The spontaneous production of salivary IL-6, MCP-1 and TNFα required Myd88 in pSS salivary tissue. Thus, our data demonstrate that Myd88-dependent TLR pathways contribute to the inflammatory landscape in pSS, and inhibition of such will likely have therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kiripolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eileen M Kasperek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Guan Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jill M Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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17
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Transcriptome sequencing analysis of porcine MDM response to FSL-1 stimulation. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103830. [PMID: 31689475 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma infection can cause many diseases in pigs, resulting in great economic losses in pork production. Innate immune responses are thought to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of mycoplasma disease. However, the molecular events involved in immune responses remain to be determined. Hence, the object of this study was to use RNA-Seq to investigate the gene expression profiles of the innate immune response mediated by FSL-1 in pig monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The results revealed that 1442 genes were differentially expressed in the FSL-1 group compared with the control groups, of which 777 genes were upregulated and 665 genes were downregulated. KEGG pathway analysis showed that the upregulated genes were mainly involved in innate immune-related pathways including the TNF signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. The downregulated genes were only involved in the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Our results showed that FSL-1 stimulation activated the TLR2 signaling pathway and resulted in diverse inflammatory responses. FSL-1 induced the transcription of numerous protein-coding genes involved in a complex network of innate immune-related pathways. We speculate that TNF, IL1B, IL6, NFKB1, NFKBIA, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL4 and CCL5 were the most likely hub genes that play important roles in the above pathways. This study identified the differentially expressed genes and their related signaling pathways, contributing to the comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions during mycoplasma infection and providing a reference model for further studies.
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18
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Mellal K, Omri S, Mulumba M, Tahiri H, Fortin C, Dorion MF, Pham H, Garcia Ramos Y, Zhang J, Pundir S, Joyal JS, Bouchard JF, Sennlaub F, Febbraio M, Hardy P, Gravel SP, Marleau S, Lubell WD, Chemtob S, Ong H. Immunometabolic modulation of retinal inflammation by CD36 ligand. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12903. [PMID: 31501473 PMCID: PMC6733801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49472-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In subretinal inflammation, activated mononuclear phagocytes (MP) play a key role in the progression of retinopathies. Little is known about the mechanism involved in the loss of photoreceptors leading to vision impairment. Studying retinal damage induced by photo-oxidative stress, we observed that cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)-deficient mice featured less subretinal MP accumulation and attenuated photoreceptor degeneration. Moreover, treatment with a CD36-selective azapeptide ligand (MPE-001) reduced subretinal activated MP accumulation in wild type mice and preserved photoreceptor layers and function as assessed by electroretinography in a CD36-dependent manner. The azapeptide modulated the transcriptome of subretinal activated MP by reducing pro-inflammatory markers. In isolated MP, MPE-001 induced dissociation of the CD36-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) oligomeric complex, decreasing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. In addition, MPE-001 caused an aerobic metabolic shift in activated MP, involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation, which in turn mitigated inflammation. Accordingly, PPAR-γ inhibition blocked the cytoprotective effect of MPE-001 on photoreceptor apoptosis elicited by activated MP. By altering activated MP metabolism, MPE-001 decreased immune responses to alleviate subsequent inflammation-dependent neuronal injury characteristic of various vision-threatening retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Mellal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Canada.,Mperia Therapeutics, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Houda Tahiri
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Carl Fortin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Hung Pham
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sheetal Pundir
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bouchard
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Optometry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Universités, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Maria Febbraio
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Pierre Hardy
- Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Sylvie Marleau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Canada. .,Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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19
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Rudicell RS, Garinot M, Kanekiyo M, Kamp HD, Swanson K, Chou TH, Dai S, Bedel O, Simard D, Gillespie RA, Yang K, Reardon M, Avila LZ, Besev M, Dhal PK, Dharanipragada R, Zheng L, Duan X, Dinapoli J, Vogel TU, Kleanthous H, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Haensler J, Wei CJ, Nabel GJ. Comparison of adjuvants to optimize influenza neutralizing antibody responses. Vaccine 2019; 37:6208-6220. [PMID: 31493950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines represent a positive intervention to limit the spread of the virus and protect public health. Yet continual influenza evolution and its ability to evade immunity pose a constant threat. For these reasons, vaccines with improved potency and breadth of protection remain an important need. We previously developed a next-generation influenza vaccine that displays the trimeric influenza hemagglutinin (HA) on a ferritin nanoparticle (NP) to optimize its presentation. Similar to other vaccines, HA-nanoparticle vaccine efficacy is increased by the inclusion of adjuvants during immunization. To identify the optimal adjuvants to enhance influenza immunity, we systematically analyzed TLR agonists for their ability to elicit immune responses. HA-NPs were compatible with nearly all adjuvants tested, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 agonists, squalene oil-in-water mixtures, and STING agonists. In addition, we chemically conjugated TLR7/8 and TLR9 ligands directly to the HA-ferritin nanoparticle. These TLR agonist-conjugated nanoparticles induced stronger antibody responses than nanoparticles alone, which allowed the use of a 5000-fold-lower dose of adjuvant than traditional admixtures. One candidate, the oil-in-water adjuvant AF03, was also tested in non-human primates and showed strong induction of neutralizing responses against both matched and heterologous H1N1 viruses. These data suggest that AF03, along with certain TLR agonists, enhance strong neutralizing antibody responses following influenza vaccination and may improve the breadth, potency, and ultimately vaccine protection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Li M, Wang Z, Yan B, Yin X, Zhao Y, Yu F, Meng M, Liu Y, Zhao W. Design of a MUC1-based tricomponent vaccine adjuvanted with FSL-1 for cancer immunotherapy. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:2073-2077. [PMID: 32133105 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MUC1 is an attractive target for cancer vaccines as a result of its over-expression and aberrant glycosylation pattern on many tumor cells. However, the low immunogenicity of MUC1 and immune tolerance have limited its application. Herein, we designed MUC1-based tricomponent antitumor vaccines adjuvanted with fibroblast stimulating lipopeptide 1 (FSL-1). Immunological results indicate that the glycosylated tricomponent vaccine candidate has elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses. The induced antibodies could effectively bind to MCF-7. Furthermore, the vaccine exhibited an obvious reduction in tumour burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Bocheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Xiaona Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Life Sciences , Nankai University , Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road , Tianjin , 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Meng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Yonghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology , College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin , 300350 , P. R. China . ;
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21
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Wijayadikusumah AR, Zeng W, McQuilten HA, Wong CY, Jackson DC, Chua BY. Geometry of a TLR2-Agonist-Based Adjuvant Can Affect the Resulting Antigen-Specific Immune Response. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2037-2047. [PMID: 30924661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of otherwise nonimmunogenic antigens to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) has proven to be an effective means of improving immunogenicity. For this purpose, we have used a branched cationic lipopeptide, R4Pam2Cys, which is an agonist for TLR2 and enables electrostatic association with antigen for this purpose. Here, we compare the immunological properties of ovalbumin formulated with different geometrical configurations of R4Pam2Cys. Our results demonstrate that notwithstanding the presence of the same adjuvant, branched forms of R4Pam2Cys are more effective at inducing immune responses than are linear geometries. CD8+ T-cell-mediated responses are particularly improved, resulting in significantly higher levels of antigen-specific cytokine secretion and cytolysis of antigen-bearing target cells in vivo. The results correlate with the ability of branched R4Pam2Cys conformations to encourage higher levels of DC maturation and facilitate superior antigen uptake, leading to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. These differences are not attributable to particle size because both branched and linear lipopeptides associate with antigen-forming complexes of similar size, but rather the ability of branched lipopeptides to induce more efficient TLR2-mediated cell signaling. Branched lipopeptides are also more resistant to trypsin-mediated proteolysis, suggesting greater stability than their linear counterparts. The branched lipopeptide facilitates presentation of antigen more efficiently to CD8+ T cells, resulting in rapid cell division and upregulation of early cell surface activation markers. These results as well as cognate recognition of Pam2Cys by TLR2 indicate that the adjuvant's efficiency is also dependent on its geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acep R Wijayadikusumah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,Research and Development Division , PT. Bio Farma (Persero) , 28 Pasteur Street , Bandung , West Java 40161 , Indonesia
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Hayley A McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Chinn Yi Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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22
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Borchsenius SN, Daks A, Fedorova O, Chernova O, Barlev NA. Effects of mycoplasma infection on the host organism response via p53/NF‐κB signaling. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:171-180. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Olga Chernova
- Kazan Scientific Center Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory “Omics Technology”, Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan Russia
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
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23
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Weiss E, Ziegler S, Fliesser M, Schmitt AL, Hünniger K, Kurzai O, Morton CO, Einsele H, Loeffler J. First Insights in NK-DC Cross-Talk and the Importance of Soluble Factors During Infection With Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:288. [PMID: 30177958 PMCID: PMC6110135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is an infectious disease caused by the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus that mainly affects immunocompromised hosts. To investigate immune cell cross-talk during infection with A. fumigatus, we co-cultured natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DC) after stimulation with whole fungal structures, components of the fungal cell wall, fungal lysate or ligands for distinct fungal receptors. Both cell types showed activation after stimulation with fungal components and were able to transfer activation signals to the counterpart not stimulated cell type. Interestingly, DCs recognized a broader spectrum of fungal components and thereby initiated NK cell activation when those did not recognize fungal structures. These experiments highlighted the supportive function of DCs in NK cell activation. Furthermore, we focused on soluble DC mediated NK cell activation and showed that DCs stimulated with the TLR2/Dectin-1 ligand zymosan could maximally stimulate the expression of CD69 on NK cells. Thus, we investigated the influence of both receptors for zymosan, Dectin-1 and TLR2, which are highly expressed on DCs but show only minimal expression on NK cells. Specific focus was laid on the question whether Dectin-1 or TLR2 signaling in DCs is important for the secretion of soluble factors leading to NK cell activation. Our results show that Dectin-1 and TLR2 are negligible for NK cell activation. We conclude that besides Dectin-1 and TLR2 other receptors on DCs are able to compensate for the missing signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ziegler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Fliesser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Mycology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Mycology, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian University, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, WÜ4i, Wuerzburg, Germany
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24
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Saeki A, Sugiyama M, Hasebe A, Suzuki T, Shibata K. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages by mycoplasmal lipoproteins and lipopeptides. Mol Oral Microbiol 2018; 33:300-311. [PMID: 29682880 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular sensor consisting of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC), and procaspase-1, plays critical roles in host defense against microbial pathogens by inducing production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells activated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) to induce production of IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18. The IL-1β production-inducing activities of these mycoplasmas toward BMMs from Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficient mice were significantly attenuated compared with those from C57BL/6 mice (B6BMMs). This result suggests the possibility that their lipoproteins as TLR2 agonists are involved in the activity. Lipoproteins of M. salivarium and M. pneumoniae (MsLP and MpLP), and the M. salivarium-derived lipopeptide FSL-1 induced IL-1β production by B6BMMs, but not by BMMs from caspase-1-, NLRP3- or ASC-deficient mice. The activities of MsLP and MpLP were not downregulated by the proteinase K treatment, suggesting that the active sites are their N-terminal lipopeptide moieties. B6BMMs internalized the mycoplasmal N-terminal lipopeptide FSL-1 at least 30 min after incubation, FSL-1-containing endosomes started to fuse with the lysosomes around 2 hours, and then FSL-1 translocated into the cytosol from LAMP-1+ endosomes. The artificial delivery of FSL-1 into the cytosol of B6BMMs drastically enhanced the IL-1β production-inducing activity. FSL-1 as well as the representative NLRP3 inflammasome activator nigericin induced the NLRP3/ASC speck, but FSL-1 located in a compartment different from the NLRP3/ASC speck.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saeki
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Sugiyama
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - A Hasebe
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Shibata
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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25
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Caplan IF, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling and Current Approaches for Therapeutic Modulation in Synucleinopathies. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:417. [PMID: 29780321 PMCID: PMC5945810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated as both beneficial and detrimental to health. Integral to this process are microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS. Microglia express a wide variety of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, that detect changes in the neural environment. The activation of microglia and the subsequent proinflammatory response has become increasingly relevant to synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. Within these diseases there is evidence of the accumulation of endogenous α-synuclein that stimulates an inflammatory response from microglia via the Toll-like receptors. There have been recent developments in both new and old pharmacological agents designed to target microglia and curtail the inflammatory environment. This review will aim to delineate the process of microglia-mediated inflammation and new therapeutic avenues to manage the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Caplan
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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26
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Akazawa T, Ohashi T, Wijewardana V, Sugiura K, Inoue N. Development of a vaccine based on bacteria-mimicking tumor cells coated with novel engineered toll-like receptor 2 ligands. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1319-1329. [PMID: 29575556 PMCID: PMC5980365 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For a successful tumor vaccine, it is necessary to develop effective immuno-adjuvants and identify specific tumor antigens. Tumor cells obtained from surgical or biopsy tissues are a good source of tumor antigens but, unlike bacteria, they do not induce strong immune responses. Here, we designed 2 novel lipopeptides that coat tumor cell surfaces and mimic bacterial components. Tumor cells coated with these lipopeptides (called bacteria-mimicking tumor cells [BMTC]) were prepared and their efficacy as a tumor vaccine examined. Natural bacterial lipopeptides act as ligands for toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and activate dendritic cells (DC). To increase the affinity of the developed lipopeptides for the negatively charged plasma membrane, a cationic polypeptide was connected to Pam2Cys (P2C), which is the basic structure of the TLR2 ligand. This increased the non-specific binding affinity of the peptides for the cell surface. Two such lipopeptides, P2CSK11 (containing 1 serine and 11 lysine residues) and P2CSR11 (containing 1 serine and 11 arginine residues) bound to irradiated tumor cells via the long cationic polypeptides more efficiently than the natural lipopeptide MALP2 (P2C-GNNDESNISFKEK) or a synthetic lipopeptide P2CSK4 (a short cationic polypeptide containing 1 serine and 4 lysines). BMTC coated with P2CSR11 or P2CSK11 were efficiently phagocytosed by DC and induced antigen cross-presentation in vitro. They also induced effective tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell responses and inhibited tumor growth in in vivo mouse models. P2CSR11 activated DC but induced less inflammation-inducing cytokines/interferons than other lipopeptides. Thus, P2CSR11 is a strong candidate antigen-specific immuno-adjuvant, with few adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akazawa
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Ohashi
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kikuya Sugiura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Inoue
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
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27
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Sahasrabudhe NM, Beukema M, Tian L, Troost B, Scholte J, Bruininx E, Bruggeman G, van den Berg M, Scheurink A, Schols HA, Faas MM, de Vos P. Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:383. [PMID: 29545800 PMCID: PMC5839092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary carbohydrate fibers are known to prevent immunological diseases common in Western countries such as allergy and asthma but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Until now beneficial effects of dietary fibers are mainly attributed to fermentation products of the fibers such as anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Here, we found and present a new mechanism by which dietary fibers can be anti-inflammatory: a commonly consumed fiber, pectin, blocks innate immune receptors. We show that pectin binds and inhibits, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and specifically inhibits the proinflammatory TLR2-TLR1 pathway while the tolerogenic TLR2-TLR6 pathway remains unaltered. This effect is most pronounced with pectins having a low degree of methyl esterification (DM). Low-DM pectin interacts with TLR2 through electrostatic forces between non-esterified galacturonic acids on the pectin and positive charges on the TLR2 ectodomain, as confirmed by testing pectin binding on mutated TLR2. The anti-inflammatory effect of low-DM pectins was first studied in human dendritic cells and mouse macrophages in vitro and was subsequently tested in vivo in TLR2-dependent ileitis in a mouse model. In these mice, ileitis was prevented by pectin administration. Protective effects were shown to be TLR2-TLR1 dependent and independent of the SCFAs produced by the gut microbiota. These data suggest that low-DM pectins as a source of dietary fiber can reduce inflammation through direct interaction with TLR2-TLR1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha M. Sahasrabudhe
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Berit Troost
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Scholte
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Neuroendocrinology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik Bruininx
- Agrifirm Innovation Center, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anton Scheurink
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Neuroendocrinology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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28
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Suspected Mycoplasma Contamination in the Study "Toll-Like Receptor 2 Recognizes Orientia tsutsugamushi and Increases Susceptibility to Murine Experimental Scrub Typhus". Infect Immun 2017; 85:85/9/e00269-17. [PMID: 28821640 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00269-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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29
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Interaction of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 with Human Dendritic Cells: Interleukin-23-Inducing Mycoplasmal Lipoproteins and Inflammasome Activation of the Cell. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00213-17. [PMID: 28559291 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00213-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis lacks a cell wall, and lipoproteins anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane are in direct contact with the host components. A Triton X-114 extract of M. hominis enriched with lipoproteins was shown to stimulate the production of interleukin-23 (IL-23) by human dendritic cells (hDCs). The inflammasome activation of the host cell has never been reported upon M. hominis infection. We studied here the interaction between M. hominis PG21 and hDCs by analyzing both the inflammation-inducing mycoplasmal lipoproteins and the inflammasome activation of the host cell. IL-23-inducing lipoproteins were determined using a sequential extraction strategy with two nondenaturing detergents, Sarkosyl and Triton X-114, followed by SDS-PAGE separation and mass spectrometry identification. The activation of the hDC inflammasome was assessed using PCR array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We defined a list of 24 lipoproteins that could induce the secretion of IL-23 by hDCs, 5 with a molecular mass between 20 and 35 kDa and 19 with a molecular mass between 40 and 100 kDa. Among them, lipoprotein MHO_4720 was identified as potentially bioactive, and a synthetic lipopeptide corresponding to the N-terminal part of the lipoprotein was subsequently shown to induce IL-23 release by hDCs. Regarding the hDC innate immune response, inflammasome activation with caspase-dependent production of IL-1β was observed. After 24 h of coincubation of hDCs with M. hominis, downregulation of the NLRP3-encoding gene and of the adaptor PYCARD-encoding gene was noticed. Overall, this study provides insight into both protagonists of the interaction of M. hominis and hDCs.IMPORTANCEMycoplasma hominis is a human urogenital pathogen involved in gynecologic and opportunistic infections. M. hominis lacks a cell wall, and its membrane contains many lipoproteins that are anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. In the present study, we focused on the interaction between M. hominis and human dendritic cells and examined both sides of the interaction, the mycoplasmal lipoproteins involved in the activation of the host cell and the immune response of the cell. On the mycoplasmal side, we showed for the first time that M. hominis lipoproteins with high molecular mass were potentially bioactive. On the cell side, we reported an activation of the inflammasome, which is involved in the innate immune response.
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30
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Bi J, Koivisto L, Pang A, Li M, Jiang G, Aurora S, Wang Z, Owen GR, Dai J, Shen Y, Grenier D, Haapasalo M, Häkkinen L, Larjava H. Suppression of αvβ6 Integrin Expression by Polymicrobial Oral Biofilms in Gingival Epithelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4411. [PMID: 28667248 PMCID: PMC5493688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases manifest by the formation of deep pockets between the gingiva and teeth where multispecies bacterial biofilms flourish, causing inflammation and bone loss. Epithelial cell receptor αvβ6 integrin that regulates inflammation by activating the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β1, is highly expressed in healthy junctional epithelium that connects the gingiva to the tooth enamel. However, its expression is attenuated in human periodontal disease. Moreover, Itgb6−/− mice display increased periodontal inflammation compared to wild-type mice. We hypothesized that bacterial biofilms present in the periodontal pockets suppress αvβ6 integrin levels in periodontal disease and that this change aggravates inflammation. To this end, we generated three-week-old multi-species oral biofilms in vitro and treated cultured gingival epithelial cells (GECs) with their extracts. The biofilm extracts caused suppression of β6 integrin expression and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β and -6. Furthermore, GECs with β6 integrin siRNA knockdown showed increased interleukin-1β expression, indicating that αvβ6 integrin-deficiency is associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine responsiveness. FSL-1, a synthetic bacterial lipopeptide, also suppressed β6 integrin expression in GECs. Therefore, biofilm components, including lipopeptides, may downregulate αvβ6 integrin expression in the pocket epithelium and thus promote epithelial cell-driven pro-inflammatory response in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Bi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Leeni Koivisto
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Aihui Pang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Li
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoqiao Jiang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Saljae Aurora
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Gethin R Owen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ya Shen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lari Häkkinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hannu Larjava
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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31
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Mitterreiter JG, Ouwendijk WJD, van Velzen M, van Nierop GP, Osterhaus ADME, Verjans GMGM. Satellite glial cells in human trigeminal ganglia have a broad expression of functional Toll-like receptors. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1181-1187. [PMID: 28508449 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) orchestrate immune responses to a wide variety of danger- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Compared to the central nervous system (CNS), expression profile and function of TLRs in the human peripheral nervous system (PNS) are ill-defined. We analyzed TLR expression of satellite glial cells (SGCs) and microglia, glial cells predominantly involved in local immune responses in ganglia of the human PNS and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) of the CNS, respectively. Ex vivo flow cytometry analysis of cell suspensions obtained from human cadaveric trigeminal ganglia (TG) and NAWM showed that both SGCs and microglia expressed TLR1-5, TLR7, and TLR9, although expression levels varied between these cell types. Immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of TLR1-TLR4 and TLR9 by SGCs in situ. Stimulation of TG- and NAWM-derived cell suspensions with ligands of TLR1-TLR6, but not TLR7 and TLR9, induced interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion. We identified CD45LOW CD14POS SGCs and microglia, but not CD45HIGH leukocytes and CD45NEG cells as the main source of IL-6 and TNF-α upon stimulation with TLR3 and TLR5 ligands. In conclusion, human TG-resident SGCs express a broad panel of functional TLRs, suggesting their role in initiating and orchestrating inflammation to pathogens in human sensory ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna G Mitterreiter
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Monique van Velzen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert P van Nierop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Battin C, Hennig A, Mayrhofer P, Kunert R, Zlabinger GJ, Steinberger P, Paster W. A human monocytic NF-κB fluorescent reporter cell line for detection of microbial contaminants in biological samples. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178220. [PMID: 28542462 PMCID: PMC5443541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of pathogens by innate immune cells is essential for the initiation of appropriate immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are highly sensitive for various structurally and evolutionary conserved molecules derived from microbes have a prominent role in this process. TLR engagement results in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, which induces the expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. The exquisite sensitivity of TLR signalling can be exploited for the detection of bacteria and microbial contaminants in tissue cultures and in protein preparations. Here we describe a cellular reporter system for the detection of TLR ligands in biological samples. The well-characterized human monocytic THP-1 cell line was chosen as host for an NF-ᴋB-inducible enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene. We studied the sensitivity of the resultant reporter cells for a variety of microbial components and observed a strong reactivity towards TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 ligands. Mycoplasma lipoproteins are potent TLR2/6 agonists and we demonstrate that our reporter cells can be used as reliable and robust detection system for mycoplasma contaminations in cell cultures. In addition, a TLR4-sensitive subline of our reporters was engineered, and probed with recombinant proteins expressed in different host systems. Bacterially expressed but not mammalian expressed proteins induced strong reporter activity. We also tested proteins expressed in an E. coli strain engineered to lack TLR4 agonists. Such preparations also induced reporter activation in THP-1 cells highlighting the importance of testing recombinant protein preparations for microbial contaminations beyond endotoxins. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of monocytic reporter cells for high-throughput screening for microbial contaminations in diverse biological samples, including tissue culture supernatants and recombinant protein preparations. Fluorescent reporter assays can be measured on standard flow cytometers and in contrast to established detection methods, like luciferase-based systems or Limulus Amebocyte Lysate tests, they do not require costly reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Hennig
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J. Zlabinger
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PS); (WP), (WP)
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PS); (WP), (WP)
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Epistatic effect of TLR-1, -6 and -10 polymorphisms on organic dust-mediated cytokine response. Genes Immun 2017; 18:67-74. [PMID: 28123183 PMCID: PMC5407948 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to organic dust from agricultural environments is associated
with inflammatory respiratory conditions. The putative causal agents in organic
dust include viral, microbial and fungal components, which are recognized by the
family of toll-like receptors and drive host innate and adaptive responses. Our
aim in this study was to determine whether responsiveness to organic dust among
agricultural workers was dependent on polymorphisms in the
TLR10-TLR1-TLR6 gene cluster. We stimulated whole blood
from 509 agricultural workers with organic dust, triacyl lipopeptide
N-palmitoyl-S-dipalmitoylglyceryl Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (Pam3CSK4) and the
diacyl- lipopeptide peptidoglycan. Several of the tagging polymorphisms and
haplotypes conferred hyper-responsiveness to organic dust with an increase in
IL-6 (p < 0.005), but not TNF-α, secretion. We conclude that
genetic variation in the TLR10-TLR1-TLR6 gene cluster mediates
responsiveness to organic dust, but indicates different signaling pathways for
IL-6 and TNF-α. These studies provide new insight into the role of the
TLR10-TLR1-TLR6 gene cluster and the innate immune response
to organic dust.
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Pizzuto M, Gangloff M, Scherman D, Gay NJ, Escriou V, Ruysschaert JM, Lonez C. Toll-like receptor 2 promiscuity is responsible for the immunostimulatory activity of nucleic acid nanocarriers. J Control Release 2016; 247:182-193. [PMID: 28040465 PMCID: PMC5312493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolyamines (LPAs) are cationic lipids; they interact spontaneously with nucleic acids to form lipoplexes used for gene delivery. The main hurdle to using lipoplexes in gene therapy lies in their immunostimulatory properties, so far attributed to the nucleic acid cargo, while cationic lipids were considered as inert to the immune system. Here we demonstrate for the first time that di-C18 LPAs trigger pro-inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation, and this whether they are bound to nucleic acids or not. Molecular docking experiments suggest potential TLR2 binding modes reminiscent of bacterial lipopeptide sensing. The di-C18 LPAs share the ability of burying their lipid chains in the hydrophobic cavity of TLR2 and, in some cases, TLR1, at the vicinity of the dimerization interface; the cationic headgroups form multiple hydrogen bonds, thus crosslinking TLRs into functional complexes. Unravelling the molecular basis of TLR1 and TLR6-driven heterodimerization upon LPA binding underlines the highly collaborative and promiscuous ligand binding mechanism. The prevalence of non-specific main chain-mediated interactions demonstrates that potentially any saturated LPA currently used or proposed as transfection agent is likely to activate TLR2 during transfection. Hence our study emphasizes the urgent need to test the inflammatory properties of transfection agents and proposes the use of docking analysis as a preliminary screening tool for the synthesis of new non-immunostimulatory nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Pizzuto
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel Scherman
- CNRS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UTCBS U 1022, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité University, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France; Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, UTCBS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Virginie Escriou
- CNRS, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), UMR 8258, F-75006 Paris, France; INSERM, UTCBS U 1022, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité University, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France; Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, UTCBS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Ruysschaert
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Lonez
- Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Soni B, Mandlik V, Bejugam PR, Singh S. Molecular clock calibrations and substitution rates as a theoretical framework for systems approaches in TLRs: A perspective for drug targeting in leishmaniasis. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Swanepoel T, Sabbar M, Baartman TL, Laburn HP, Mitchell D, Dukhan T, Harden LM. Simulated acute central Mycoplasma infections in rats induce fever, anorexia, body mass stunting and lethargy but spare memory. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:294-304. [PMID: 27180133 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the documented post-infectious neurological complications of a central nervous system (CNS) Mycoplasma infection in humans, very few studies have investigated the acute inflammatory responses and sickness behaviours induced by CNS Mycoplasma infections. We therefore determined the effect of acute central administration of fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL-1), derived from Mycoplasma salivarium, and FAM-20 from a more pathogenic species, namely Mycoplasma pneumoniae, on behavioural and inflammatory responses in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats had radiotransmitters implanted, intra-abdominally, to measure body temperature and cage activity continuously. After recovery from surgery, rats were conditioned in a fear conditioning task and then immediately received an intra-cisterna magna (i.c.m.) injection of either: (1) FSL-1 (10 or 100μg/5μl) or its vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline, 5μl), or (2) FAM-20 (10 or 100μg/5μl) or its vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide, 5μl). Body mass and food intake were measured daily. Memory was assessed seven days after injection using fear conditioning tests. A single, i.c.m. injection of either FSL-1 or FAM-20 induced profound, dose-dependent fever, anorexia, lethargy and body mass stunting in rats. Moreover, rats that received an i.c.m. injection of 100μg/5μl FAM-20 had a significant increase in the concentration of IL-1β in both the hypothalamus and the hippocampus for ~27h after injection. Seven days after FSL-1 or FAM-20 injection, when body mass of rats still was stunted, they maintained their memory for fear of the context and for fear of the tone, despite the increase in hippocampal IL-1β concentration after FAM-20 administration. Thus, acute simulated CNS Mycoplasma infections caused pronounced sickness responses and brain inflammation in rats, but spared fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Swanepoel
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Mariam Sabbar
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Tamzyn L Baartman
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Helen P Laburn
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Tanusha Dukhan
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Lois M Harden
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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Kaesler S, Skabytska Y, Chen KM, Kempf WE, Volz T, Köberle M, Wölbing F, Hein U, Hartung T, Kirschning C, Röcken M, Biedermann T. Staphylococcus aureus-derived lipoteichoic acid induces temporary T-cell paralysis independent of Toll-like receptor 2. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:780-790.e6. [PMID: 26949056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between microbes and surface organs, such as the skin, shapes a complex immune system with several checks and balances. The first-line defense is mediated by innate immune pathways leading to inflammation. In the second phase specific T cells invade the infected organ, amplifying inflammation and defense. Consecutively, termination of inflammation is crucial to avoid chronic inflammation triggered by microbes, such as in patients with atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate how the Staphylococcus aureus-derived cell-wall component lipoteichoic acid (LTA) governs the second phase of immune responses when high concentrations of LTA access T cells directly through disrupted skin. METHODS We analyzed the direct exposure of T cells to LTA in vitro. For in vivo analyses, we used fluorescein isothiocyanate contact hypersensitivity and ovalbumin-induced dermatitis as models for TH2-mediated cutaneous inflammation. RESULTS We observed that LTA potently suppressed T-lymphocyte activation in a Toll-like receptor 2-independent manner. LTA-exposed T cells did not proliferate and did not produce cytokines. Importantly, these T cells remained completely viable and were responsive to consecutive activation signals on subsequent removal of LTA. Thus LTA exposure resulted in temporary functional T-cell paralysis. In vivo experiments revealed that T-cell cytokine production and cutaneous recall responses were significantly suppressed by LTA. CONCLUSION We identified a new mechanism through which bacterial compounds directly but temporarily modulate adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kaesler
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuliya Skabytska
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Ko-Ming Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany; Derma Labor Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E Kempf
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Köberle
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Wölbing
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hein
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany; Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr, Tubingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Liu Y, Zhang W, He Q, Yu F, Song T, Liu T, Zhang Z, Zhou J, Wang PG, Zhao W. Fully synthetic self-adjuvanting MUC1-fibroblast stimulating lipopeptide 1 conjugates as potential cancer vaccines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10886-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized MUC1-fibroblast stimulating lipopeptide 1 conjugates as potential self-adjuvanting cancer vaccines using a linear solid phase peptide synthesis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Haihe Education Park
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
- P. R. China
| | - Qianqian He
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Tianbang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Haihe Education Park
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Haihe Education Park
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Beijing 100850
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Peng George Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Haihe Education Park
- Tianjin 300353
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research
- Nankai University
- Haihe Education Park
- Tianjin 300353
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Dowling JK, Dellacasagrande J. Toll-Like Receptors: Ligands, Cell-Based Models, and Readouts for Receptor Action. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1390:3-27. [PMID: 26803619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3335-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter details Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the tools available to study their biology in vitro. Key parameters to consider before exploring TLR action such as receptor localization, signaling pathways, nature of ligands and cellular expression are introduced. Cellular models (i.e., host cells and readouts) based on the use of cell lines, primary cells, or whole blood are presented. The use of modified TLRs to circumvent some technical problems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Dowling
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 27-31 Wright St., Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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An Overview of Pathogen Recognition Receptors for Innate Immunity in Dental Pulp. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:794143. [PMID: 26576076 PMCID: PMC4630409 DOI: 10.1155/2015/794143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of germ line-encoded receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activation of PRRs is crucial for the initiation of innate immunity, which plays a key role in first-line defense until more specific adaptive immunity is developed. PRRs differ in the signaling cascades and host responses activated by their engagement and in their tissue distribution. Currently identified PRR families are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs), and the AIM2-like receptor (ALR). The environment of the dental pulp is substantially different from that of other tissues of the body. Dental pulp resides in a low compliance root canal system that limits the expansion of pulpal tissues during inflammatory processes. An understanding of the PRRs in dental pulp is important for immunomodulation and hence for developing therapeutic targets in the field of endodontics. Here we comprehensively review recent finding on the PRRs and the mechanisms by which innate immunity is activated. We focus on the PRRs expressed on dental pulp and periapical tissues and their role in dental pulp inflammation.
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Ghosh C, Bishayi B. Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 interdependency in the erosive stage of Staphylococcus aureus induced septic arthritis mediated by IFN-γ and IL-6 – A possible involvement of IL-17 in the progression of the disease. Immunobiology 2015; 220:910-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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A novel inflammatory pathway mediating rapid hepcidin-independent hypoferremia. Blood 2015; 125:2265-75. [PMID: 25662334 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of iron metabolism and innate immunity are tightly interlinked. The acute phase response to infection and inflammation induces alterations in iron homeostasis that reduce iron supplies to pathogens. The iron hormone hepcidin is activated by such stimuli causing degradation of the iron exporter ferroportin and reduced iron release from macrophages, suggesting that hepcidin is the crucial effector of inflammatory hypoferremia. Here, we report the discovery of an acute inflammatory condition that is mediated by Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 (TLR2 and TLR6) and which induces hypoferremia in mice injected with TLR ligands. Stimulation of TLR2/TLR6 triggers profound decreases in ferroportin messenger RNA and protein expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages, liver, and spleen of mice without changing hepcidin expression. Furthermore, C326S ferroportin mutant mice with a disrupted hepcidin/ferroportin regulatory circuitry respond to injection of the TLR2/6 ligands FSL1 or PAM3CSK4 by ferroportin downregulation and a reduction of serum iron levels. Our findings challenge the prevailing role of hepcidin in hypoferremia and suggest that rapid hepcidin-independent ferroportin downregulation in the major sites of iron recycling may represent a first-line response to restrict iron access for numerous pathogens.
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Heo W, Kim SM, Eo SK, Rhim BY, Kim K. FSL-1, a Toll-like Receptor 2/6 Agonist, Induces Expression of Interleukin-1α in the Presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:475-80. [PMID: 25598661 PMCID: PMC4296036 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the question of whether cholesterol catabolite can influence expression of inflammatory cytokines via Toll-like receptors (TLR) in monocytic cells. Treatment of THP-1 monocytic cells with 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHChol) resulted in induction of gene transcription of TLR6 and elevated level of cell surface TLR6. Addition of FSL-1, a TLR6 agonist, to 27OHChol-treated cells resulted in transcription of the IL-1α gene and enhanced secretion of the corresponding gene product. However, cholesterol did not affect TLR6 expression, and addition of FSL-1 to cholesterol-treated cells did not induce expression of IL-1α. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we investigated molecular mechanisms underlying the expression of TLR6 and IL-1α. Treatment with Akt inhibitor IV or U0126 resulted in significantly attenuated expression of TLR6 and IL-1α induced by 27OHChol and 27OHChol plus FSL-1, respectively. In addition, treatment with LY294002, SB202190, or SP600125 resulted in significantly attenuated secretion of IL-1α. These results indicate that 27OHChol can induce inflammation by augmentation of TLR6-mediated production of IL-1α in monocytic cells via multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weon Heo
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, Korea
| | - Seong-Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 570-752, Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Rhim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, Korea
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Liou YF, Charoenkwan P, Srinivasulu Y, Vasylenko T, Lai SC, Lee HC, Chen YH, Huang HL, Ho SY. SCMHBP: prediction and analysis of heme binding proteins using propensity scores of dipeptides. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15 Suppl 16:S4. [PMID: 25522279 PMCID: PMC4290654 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-s16-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heme binding proteins (HBPs) are metalloproteins that contain a heme ligand (an iron-porphyrin complex) as the prosthetic group. Several computational methods have been proposed to predict heme binding residues and thereby to understand the interactions between heme and its host proteins. However, few in silico methods for identifying HBPs have been proposed. Results This work proposes a scoring card method (SCM) based method (named SCMHBP) for predicting and analyzing HBPs from sequences. A balanced dataset of 747 HBPs (selected using a Gene Ontology term GO:0020037) and 747 non-HBPs (selected from 91,414 putative non-HBPs) with an identity of 25% was firstly established. Consequently, a set of scores that quantified the propensity of amino acids and dipeptides to be HBPs is estimated using SCM to maximize the predictive accuracy of SCMHBP. Finally, the informative physicochemical properties of 20 amino acids are identified by utilizing the estimated propensity scores to be used to categorize HBPs. The training and mean test accuracies of SCMHBP applied to three independent test datasets are 85.90% and 71.57%, respectively. SCMHBP performs well relative to comparison with such methods as support vector machine (SVM), decision tree J48, and Bayes classifiers. The putative non-HBPs with high sequence propensity scores are potential HBPs, which can be further validated by experimental confirmation. The propensity scores of individual amino acids and dipeptides are examined to elucidate the interactions between heme and its host proteins. The following characteristics of HBPs are derived from the propensity scores: 1) aromatic side chains are important to the effectiveness of specific HBP functions; 2) a hydrophobic environment is important in the interaction between heme and binding sites; and 3) the whole HBP has low flexibility whereas the heme binding residues are relatively flexible. Conclusions SCMHBP yields knowledge that improves our understanding of HBPs rather than merely improves the prediction accuracy in predicting HBPs.
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Corilagin Protects Against HSV1 Encephalitis Through Inhibiting the TLR2 Signaling Pathways In Vivo and In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1547-1560. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Berghuis L, Abdelaziz KT, Bierworth J, Wyer L, Jacob G, Karrow NA, Sharif S, Clark ME, Caswell JL. Comparison of innate immune agonists for induction of tracheal antimicrobial peptide gene expression in tracheal epithelial cells of cattle. Vet Res 2014; 45:105. [PMID: 25304258 PMCID: PMC4200230 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease is a complex of bacterial and viral infections of economic and welfare importance to the beef industry. Although tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) has microbicidal activity against bacterial pathogens causing bovine respiratory disease, risk factors for bovine respiratory disease including BVDV and stress (glucocorticoids) have been shown to inhibit the induced expression of this gene. Lipopolysaccharide is known to stimulate TAP gene expression, but the maximum effect is only observed after 16 h of stimulation. The present study investigated other agonists of TAP gene expression in primary cultures of bovine tracheal epithelial cells. PCR analysis of unstimulated tracheal epithelial cells, tracheal tissue and lung tissue each showed mRNA expression for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1–10. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that Pam3CSK4 (an agonist of TLR1/2) and interleukin (IL)-17A significantly induced TAP gene expression in tracheal epithelial cells after only 4–8 h of stimulation. Flagellin (a TLR5 agonist), lipopolysaccharide and interferon-α also had stimulatory effects, but little or no response was found with class B CpG ODN 2007 (TLR9 agonist) or lipoteichoic acid (TLR2 agonist). The use of combined agonists had little or no enhancing effect above that of single agonists. Thus, Pam3CSK4, IL-17A and lipopolysaccharide rapidly and significantly induce TAP gene expression, suggesting that these stimulatory pathways may be of value for enhancing innate immunity in feedlot cattle at times of susceptibility to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Berghuis
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Khaled Taha Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada. .,Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Jodi Bierworth
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Leanna Wyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Gabriella Jacob
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Mary Ellen Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2 W1, Canada.
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Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 requires Mal and PI3K for efficient induction of heme oxygenase-1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103433. [PMID: 25077631 PMCID: PMC4117634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study is to investigate the mechanisms by which macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) induces heme oxygenase (HO)-1, a cytoprotective enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme, in human monocytes. METHODS Human monocytic THP-1 cells were cultured for transient transfection with plasmids and stimulation with MALP-2 for indicative time intervals. After incubation with MALP-2, cells were collected and disrupted, before being tested for promoter activity using luciferase assay. For analysis of proteins, immunoreactive bands were detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence Western blotting system, and the band intensity was measured by densitometryic analysis. For the detection of co-immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE was performed and the membranes were probed using respective antibodies. To investigate the cellular localization of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), cells underwent immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy, and were analyzed using electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS MALP-2-induced HO-1 expression and promoter activity were abrogated by transfection with dominant negative (DN) plasmids of TLR2 and TLR6, or their neutralizing antibodies. However, inhibition of MyD88 or transfection with the DN-MyD88 was insufficient to attenuate HO-1 expression. In contrast, mutation or silencing of MyD88 adapter-like (Mal) by DN-Mal or siRNA almost completely blocked HO-1 induction. Btk, c-Src and PI3K were also involved in MALP-2-induced HO-1 expression, as revealed by specific inhibitors LFM-A13, PP1 and LY294002, or by transfection with siRNA of c-Src. MALP-2-induced activation of PI3K was attenuated by transfection with DN mutant of Mal, and by pretreatment with LFM-A13 or PP1. Furthermore, MALP-2 stimulated the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to the nucleus and Nrf2 binding to the ARE site in the HO-1 promoter, which could also be inhibited by pretreatment with a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that MALP-2 required TLR2/6, Btk, Mal and c-Src to activate PI3K, which in turn initiated the activation of Nrf2 for efficient HO-1 induction.
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Duffy D, Rouilly V, Libri V, Hasan M, Beitz B, David M, Urrutia A, Bisiaux A, Labrie ST, Dubois A, Boneca IG, Delval C, Thomas S, Rogge L, Schmolz M, Quintana-Murci L, Albert ML. Functional analysis via standardized whole-blood stimulation systems defines the boundaries of a healthy immune response to complex stimuli. Immunity 2014; 40:436-50. [PMID: 24656047 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Standardization of immunophenotyping procedures has become a high priority. We have developed a suite of whole-blood, syringe-based assay systems that can be used to reproducibly assess induced innate or adaptive immune responses. By eliminating preanalytical errors associated with immune monitoring, we have defined the protein signatures induced by (1) medically relevant bacteria, fungi, and viruses; (2) agonists specific for defined host sensors; (3) clinically employed cytokines; and (4) activators of T cell immunity. Our results provide an initial assessment of healthy donor reference values for induced cytokines and chemokines and we report the failure to release interleukin-1α as a common immunological phenotype. The observed naturally occurring variation of the immune response may help to explain differential susceptibility to disease or response to therapeutic intervention. The implementation of a general solution for assessment of functional immune responses will help support harmonization of clinical studies and data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh Duffy
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U818, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Rouilly
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Center for Bioinformatics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Valentina Libri
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Milena Hasan
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Beitz
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mikael David
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alejandra Urrutia
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U818, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Bisiaux
- INSERM U818, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Annick Dubois
- Center for the Integration of Clinical Research, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ivo G Boneca
- Laboratory of Biology & Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM, Equipe Avenir, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Delval
- Center for the Integration of Clinical Research, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Thomas
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U818, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lars Rogge
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Manfred Schmolz
- Myriad Rules Based Medicine, Inc., 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Laboratory of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Department of Genomes & Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; CNRS URA3012, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Matthew L Albert
- Center for Human Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM U818, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; INSERM UMS20, 75015 Paris, France.
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Lonez C, Bessodes M, Scherman D, Vandenbranden M, Escriou V, Ruysschaert JM. Cationic lipid nanocarriers activate Toll-like receptor 2 and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:775-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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