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Niinikoski V, Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, Holubova J, Masin J, Sebo P, He Q. Alterations in the expression of Bordetella pertussis antigens in relation to the use of acellular pertussis vaccine in Finland. Vaccine 2025; 58:127279. [PMID: 40383080 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2025] [Revised: 05/12/2025] [Accepted: 05/14/2025] [Indexed: 05/20/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bordetella pertussis isolates which do not express some of acellular pertussis vaccine (aPv) antigens, e.g. pertactin (PRN), have been increasingly reported in countries using aPvs. In Finland, primary pertussis vaccination with whole-cell vaccine was replaced by aPv containing pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) in 2005 and then by aPv containing PT, FHA, and PRN in 2009. We aimed to study alterations in the expression of FHA, PRN, and PT, three antigens included in aPvs and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) not included in current aPvs, among Finnish isolates collected during 1991-2020. METHODS Of 904 isolates collected by the Finnish Reference Laboratory for Pertussis during 1991-2020, 302 were randomly included. An adapted, monoclonal antibody based, antigen expression ELISA, including the culture of B. pertussis in Stainer-Scholte medium, was performed to quantify the expression of ACT, FHA, PRN, and PT of each isolate. ACT activity was also measured for 16 isolates. Arbitrary units were used for comparing levels of each antigen expression of isolates grouped in every five years. FINDINGS Following the implementation of aPv in 2005, B. pertussis isolates exhibited a 1.75-fold increase for FHA (p < 0.001) and a 1.5-fold increase for ACT (p < 0.0041) expression until 2020. No FHA or ACT deficient isolates were detected. As the number of PRN deficient isolates has significantly increased with the time, the amount of PRN produced by the positive isolates has also started to decrease, especially after the use of aPv containing PRN. During this period, fluctuations in PT expression were observed. INTERPRETATION The study demonstrated that in response to aPv-induced selection pressure, different types of selection of B. pertussis has occurred. For FHA and ACT, a steady increase in their production is observed, whereas the frequency of PRN deficient isolates is increased with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vili Niinikoski
- Finnish Reference Laboratory for Pertussis and Diphtheria, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Finnish Reference Laboratory for Pertussis and Diphtheria, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; InFLAMES flagship center, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Finnish Reference Laboratory for Pertussis and Diphtheria, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; InFLAMES flagship center, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Jana Holubova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Masin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Sebo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Qiushui He
- Finnish Reference Laboratory for Pertussis and Diphtheria, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; InFLAMES flagship center, University of Turku, Finland.
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Espinosa-Vinals C, Holubova J, Stanek O, Osicka R, Masin J, Arellano Herencia FE, Sebo P. Intranasal application of a bifunctional pertactin-RTX fusion antigen elicits protection of mouse airway mucosa against Bordetella pertussis colonization. mSphere 2025; 10:e0095924. [PMID: 40162794 PMCID: PMC12039270 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00959-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT, AC-Hly, or CyaA) plays a key role in airway infections by Bordetella pertussis and ablates the oxidative burst and opsonophagocytic capacity of sentinel phagocytes. CyaA fragments eliciting toxin-neutralizing antibodies are considered prime antigen candidates for improved acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines but their contribution to aP-mediated protection against B. pertussis infection awaits demonstration. We explored whether hybrid antigens inducing simultaneously CyaA-neutralizing and anti-Prn opsonizing antibody responses can enhance aP-elicited protection of mouse airways from infection. Fusion to the N-terminus of an RTX908 antigen derived from CyaA enabled an accelerated folding of the pertactin passenger domain (rPrn) in function of calcium loading of the RTX908 moiety and conferred on the rPrn-RTX908 fusion antigen a superior capacity to induce functional anti-Prn IgG antibodies. The rPrn-RTX908 fusion antigen also elicited CyaA neutralizing anti-RTX antibodies that relieved the toxin-imposed inhibition of oxidative burst and opsonophagocytic uptake of B. pertussis bacteria by HL-60 cells exposed to physiological concentrations of the CyaA toxin. Intranasal immunization of mice with the rPrn-RTX908 antigen admixed into a PT and FHA-based aP vaccine elicited specific sIgA responses in mucosal secretions (saliva) and conferred a significantly enhanced protection of mouse lung and nose mucosa against B. pertussis infection, yielding a significantly accelerated clearance of bacteria from the infected lungs within a single day from infection. These results demonstrate the added value of anti-CyaA antibodies elicited by intranasal application of the rPrn-RTX908 fusion antigen in the protection of the airway against B. pertussis infection. IMPORTANCE Despite high vaccine coverage, unexpectedly massive whooping cough outbreaks are currently resurging in the most developed countries using the acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine. Accelerated development of improved aP vaccines, conferring a more complete and longer-lasting protection of the airway from Bordetella pertussis infection, is sorely needed. The highly immunosuppressive RTX adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) was proposed as a prime antigen candidate for inclusion into improved aP vaccines. We show here that a soluble RTX-derived antigen fused to the major opsonizing antibody target pertactin (rPrn-RTX908 hybrid) elicits opsonizing and toxin-neutralizing antibody responses that relieve the CyaA-imposed block of bactericidal opsonophagocytic uptake capacities of sentinel phagocytes. Intranasal immunization with the rPrn-RTX908 hybrid antigen then enables a significantly accelerated clearance of B. pertussis bacteria from mouse lungs and superior protection of mouse nasal mucosa from bacterial infection. These results unravel the added value of RTX antigen inclusion into the next generation of aP vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bordetella pertussis/immunology
- Bordetella pertussis/genetics
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/immunology
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/genetics
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/administration & dosage
- Mice
- Whooping Cough/prevention & control
- Whooping Cough/immunology
- Whooping Cough/microbiology
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/immunology
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/genetics
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Pertussis Vaccine/immunology
- Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage
- Pertussis Vaccine/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Female
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Espinosa-Vinals
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Holubova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Stanek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Radim Osicka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Masin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Fresia Esther Arellano Herencia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Sebo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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3
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Mitchell AE, Scanlon KM, Flowers EM, Jordan CM, Tibbs EJ, Bukowski A, Gallop D, Carbonetti NH. Age-dependent natural killer cell and interferon γ deficits contribute to severe pertussis in infant mice. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1143-1153. [PMID: 38285898 PMCID: PMC11135619 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory infections are selectively injurious to infants, yet the etiology of age-associated susceptibility is unknown. One such bacterial pathogen is Bordetella pertussis. In adult mice, innate interferon γ (IFN-γ) is produced by natural killer (NK) cells and restricts infection to the respiratory tract. In contrast, infant pertussis resembles disease in NK cell- and IFN-γ-deficient adult mice that experience disseminated lethal infection. We hypothesized that infants exhibit age-associated deficits in NK cell frequency, maturation, and responsiveness to B. pertussis, associated with low IFN-γ levels. To delineate mechanisms behind age-dependent susceptibility, we compared infant and adult mouse models of infection. Infection in infant mice resulted in impaired upregulation of IFN-γ and substantial bacterial dissemination. B. pertussis-infected infant mice displayed fewer pulmonary NK cells than adult mice. Furthermore, the NK cells in the infant mouse lungs had an immature phenotype, and the infant lung showed no upregulation of the IFN-γ-inducing cytokine IL-12p70. Adoptive transfer of adult NK cells into infants, or treatment with exogenous IFN-γ, significantly reduced bacterial dissemination. These data indicate that the lack of NK cell-produced IFN-γ significantly contributes to infant fulminant pertussis and could be the basis for other pathogen-induced, age-dependent respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Karen M. Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Emily M. Flowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Cassandra M. Jordan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ellis J. Tibbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Alicia Bukowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Danisha Gallop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Nicholas H. Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Kweku D, Villalba MI, Willaert RG, Yantorno OM, Vela ME, Panorska AK, Kasas S. Machine learning method for the classification of the state of living organisms' oscillations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1348106. [PMID: 38515626 PMCID: PMC10955466 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1348106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization highlights the urgent need to address the global threat posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Efficient and rapid detection of bacterial response to antibiotics and their virulence state is crucial for the effective treatment of bacterial infections. However, current methods for investigating bacterial antibiotic response and metabolic state are time-consuming and lack accuracy. To address these limitations, we propose a novel method for classifying bacterial virulence based on statistical analysis of nanomotion recordings. We demonstrated the method by classifying living Bordetella pertussis bacteria in the virulent or avirulence phase, and dead bacteria, based on their cellular nanomotion signal. Our method offers significant advantages over current approaches, as it is faster and more accurate. Additionally, its versatility allows for the analysis of cellular nanomotion in various applications beyond bacterial virulence classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kweku
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Maria I. Villalba
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL BioNanotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Switzerland
| | - Ronnie G. Willaert
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL BioNanotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Switzerland
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels, Alliance Research Group VUB-UGhent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Osvaldo M. Yantorno
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata—CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Vela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata—CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anna K. Panorska
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sandor Kasas
- Laboratory of Biological Electron Microscopy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL BioNanotechnology and NanoMedicine (NANO), Brussels, Switzerland
- Centre Universitaire Romand de Médecine Légale, Unité facultaire d’anatomie et de morphologie (UFAM), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Miguelena Chamorro B, De Luca K, Swaminathan G, Longet S, Mundt E, Paul S. Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella pertussis: Similarities and Differences in Infection, Immuno-Modulation, and Vaccine Considerations. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0016422. [PMID: 37306571 PMCID: PMC10512794 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00164-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica belong to the genus Bordetella, which comprises 14 other species. B. pertussis is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. B. bronchiseptica is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both Bordetella can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in B. bronchiseptica infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, B. pertussis pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of B. bronchiseptica because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each Bordetella are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate Bordetella. In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Karelle De Luca
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Egbert Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Global Innovation, Saint-Priest, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI – Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Lyon, France
- CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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6
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Fullen AR, Gutierrez-Ferman JL, Rayner RE, Kim SH, Chen P, Dubey P, Wozniak DJ, Peeples ME, Cormet-Boyaka E, Deora R. Architecture and matrix assembly determinants of Bordetella pertussis biofilms on primary human airway epithelium. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011193. [PMID: 36821596 PMCID: PMC9990917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, whooping cough or pertussis caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) is described as an acute disease with severe symptoms. However, many individuals who contract pertussis are either asymptomatic or show very mild symptoms and yet can serve as carriers and sources of bacterial transmission. Biofilms are an important survival mechanism for bacteria in human infections and disease. However, bacterial determinants that drive biofilm formation in humans are ill-defined. In the current study, we show that Bp infection of well-differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells leads to formation of bacterial aggregates, clusters, and highly structured biofilms which are colocalized with cilia. These findings mimic observations from pathological analyses of tissues from pertussis patients. Distinct arrangements (mono-, bi-, and tri-partite) of the polysaccharide Bps, extracellular DNA, and bacterial cells were visualized, suggesting complex heterogeneity in bacteria-matrix interactions. Analyses of mutant biofilms revealed positive roles in matrix production, cell cluster formation, and biofilm maturity for three critical Bp virulence factors: Bps, filamentous hemagglutinin, and adenylate cyclase toxin. Adherence assays identified Bps as a new Bp adhesin for primary human airway cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate the multi-factorial nature of the biofilm extracellular matrix and biofilm development process under conditions mimicking the human respiratory tract and highlight the importance of model systems resembling the natural host environment to investigate pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra R. Fullen
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Gutierrez-Ferman
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rachael E. Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sun Hee Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Phylip Chen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Purnima Dubey
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rajendar Deora
- The Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Blockade of the Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Synergizes with Opsonizing Antibodies to Protect Mice against Bordetella pertussis. mBio 2022; 13:e0152722. [PMID: 35920558 PMCID: PMC9426472 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01527-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella produces an array of virulence factors, including the adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), which is essential, immunogenic in humans, and highly conserved. Despite mediating immune-evasive functions as a leukotoxin, ACT’s potential role as a protective antigen is unclear. To better understand the contributions of humoral anti-ACT immunity, we evaluated protection against Bordetella pertussis by antibodies binding structurally defined ACT epitopes in a mouse pneumonia model. An ACT-neutralizing antibody, but not a nonneutralizing antibody or an isotype control, significantly increased mouse survival after lethal challenge with B. pertussis. When modified to impair Fc effector functions, the neutralizing antibody retained protective capabilities, indicating that protection was mediated by the blockade of the interactions of ACT with its αMβ2 integrin receptor. After infection with a lower bacterial dose, ACT neutralization synergistically reduced lung bacterial colonization levels when combined with an opsonic antibody binding the surface antigen pertactin. Notably, protection was significantly enhanced when antibodies were administered intranasally as opposed to systemically, indicating that local immune responses are key to antibody-mediated protection against ACT and pertactin. These data reconcile previous conflicting reports to indicate that neutralizing anti-ACT antibodies support the phagocytosis of opsonized B. pertussis and thereby contribute to pertussis protection in vivo.
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Klimova N, Holubova J, Streparola G, Tomala J, Brazdilova L, Stanek O, Bumba L, Sebo P. Pertussis toxin suppresses dendritic cell-mediated delivery of B. pertussis into lung-draining lymph nodes. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010577. [PMID: 35666769 PMCID: PMC9216613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (ACT) and the pertussis (PT) toxins of Bordetella pertussis exert potent immunomodulatory activities that synergize to suppress host defense in the course of whooping cough pathogenesis. We compared the mouse lung infection capacities of B. pertussis (Bp) mutants (Bp AC− or Bp PT–) producing enzymatically inactive toxoids and confirm that ACT action is required for maximal bacterial proliferation in the first days of infection, whereas PT action is crucial for persistence of B. pertussis in mouse lungs. Despite accelerated and near complete clearance from the lungs by day 14 of infection, the PT− bacteria accumulated within the lymphoid tissue of lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (mLNs). In contrast, the wild type or AC− bacteria colonized the lungs but did not enter into mLNs. Lung infection by the PT− mutant triggered an early arrival of migratory conventional dendritic cells with associated bacteria into mLNs, where the PT− bacteria entered the T cell-rich paracortex of mLNs by day 5 and proliferated in clusters within the B-cell zone (cortex) of mLNs by day 14, being eventually phagocytosed by infiltrating neutrophils. Finally, only infection by the PT− bacteria triggered an early production of anti-B. pertussis serum IgG antibodies already within 14 days of infection. These results reveal that action of the pertussis toxin blocks DC-mediated delivery of B. pertussis bacteria into mLNs and prevents bacterial colonization of mLNs, thus hampering early adaptive immune response to B. pertussis infection. Of the three classical Bordetella species causing respiratory infections in mammals, only the human-specialized whooping cough agent B. pertussis produces the pertussis toxin (PT) as its major virulence factor. Human pertussis is an acute respiratory illness and the pleiotropic activities of pertussis toxin account for the characteristic systemic manifestations of the disease, such as hyperleukocytosis, histamine sensitization, hyperinsulinemia, or inflammatory lung pathology. We found that PT activity inhibits the migration of infected dendritic cells from the lungs into the draining mediastinal lymph nodes (mLNs). This prevents mLN infection by bacteria evading from migratory cells and delivery of bacterial antigens into mLNs. As a result, the induction of adaptive serum antibody responses to infection is delayed. We thus propose that PT action serves to create a time window for proliferation of B. pertussis on airway mucosa to facilitate transmission of the pathogen among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Klimova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Holubova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gaia Streparola
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Prague, Czech Republic
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Tomala
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Brazdilova
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Bumba
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (LB); (PS)
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences,Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (LB); (PS)
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9
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González Bullón D, Uribe KB, Amuategi J, Martín C, Ostolaza H. Cholesterol stimulates the lytic activity of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin on lipid membranes by promoting toxin oligomerization and formation of pores with a greater effective size. FEBS J 2021; 288:6795-6814. [PMID: 34216517 PMCID: PMC9290974 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several toxins acting on animal cells present different, but specific, interactions with cholesterol. Bordetella pertussis infects the human respiratory tract and causes whooping cough, a highly contagious and resurgent disease. Its virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) plays an important role in the course of infection. ACT is a pore‐forming cytolysin belonging to the Repeats in ToXin (RTX) family of leukotoxins/hemolysins and is capable of permeabilizing several cell types and lipid vesicles. Previously, we observed that in the presence of cholesterol ACT induces greater liposome permeabilization. Similarly, recent reports also implicate cholesterol in the cytotoxicity of an increasing number of pore‐forming RTX toxins. However, the mechanistic details by which this sterol promotes the lytic activity of ACT or of these other RTX toxins remain largely unexplored and poorly understood. Here, we have applied a combination of biophysical techniques to dissect the role of cholesterol in pore formation by ACT. Our results indicate that cholesterol enhances the lytic potency of ACT by promoting toxin oligomerization, a step which is indispensable for ACT to accomplish membrane permeabilization and cell lysis. Since our experimental design eliminates the possibility that this cholesterol effect derives from toxin accumulation due to lateral lipid phase segregation, we hypothesize that cholesterol facilitates lytic pore formation, by favoring a toxin conformation more prone to protein–protein interactions and oligomerization. Our data shed light on the complex relationship between lipid membranes and protein toxins acting on these membranes. Coupling cholesterol binding, increased oligomerization and increased lytic activity is likely pertinent for other RTX cytolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González Bullón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jone Amuategi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - César Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Helena Ostolaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biofisika Institute, (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Preferential modification of CyaA-hemolysin by CyaC-acyltransferase through the catalytic Ser 30-His 33 dyad in esterolysis of palmitoyl-donor substrate devoid of acyl carrier proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 694:108615. [PMID: 33011179 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the ~130-kDa CyaA-hemolysin domain (CyaA-Hly) from Bordetella pertussis co-expressed with CyaC-acyltransferase in Escherichia coli was acylated at Lys983 and thus activated its hemolytic activity. Here, attempts were made to provide greater insights into such toxin activation via fatty-acyl modification by CyaC-acyltransferase. Non-acylated CyaA-Hly (NA/CyaA-Hly) and CyaC were separately expressed in E. coli and subsequently purified by FPLC to near homogeneity. When effects of acyl-chain length were comparatively evaluated through CyaC-esterolysis using various p-nitrophenyl (pNP) derivatives, Michaelis-Menten steady-state kinetic parameters (KM and kcat) of CyaC-acyltransferase revealed a marked preference for myristoyl (C14:0) and palmitoyl (C16:0) substrates of which catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM) were roughly the same (~1.5 × 103 s-1mM-1). However, pNP-palmitate (pNPP) gave the highest hemolytic activity of NA/CyaA-Hly after being acylated in vitro with a range of acyl-donor substrates. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed such CyaC-mediated palmitoylation of CyaA-Hly occurring at Lys983, denoting no requirement of an acyl carrier protein (ACP). A homology-based CyaC structure inferred a role of a potential catalytic dyad of conserved Ser30 and His33 residues in substrate esterolysis. CyaC-ligand binding analysis via molecular docking corroborated high-affinity binding of palmitate with its carboxyl group oriented toward such a dyad. Ala-substitutions of each residue (S30A or H33A) caused a drastic decrease in kcat/KM of CyaC toward pNPP, and hence its catalytic malfunction through palmitoylation-dependent activation of NA/CyaA-Hly. Altogether, our present data evidently provide such preferential palmitoylation of CyaA-Hly by CyaC-acyltransferase through the enzyme Ser30-His33 nucleophile-activation dyad in esterolysis of palmitoyl-donor substrate, particularly devoid of a natural acyl-ACP donor.
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11
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Szymkowicz L, Wilson DJ, James DA. Development of a targeted nanoLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of residual toxins from Bordetella pertussis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 188:113395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Lesne E, Cavell BE, Freire-Martin I, Persaud R, Alexander F, Taylor S, Matheson M, van Els CACM, Gorringe A. Acellular Pertussis Vaccines Induce Anti-pertactin Bactericidal Antibodies Which Drives the Emergence of Pertactin-Negative Strains. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2108. [PMID: 32983069 PMCID: PMC7481377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high vaccination coverage, Bordetella pertussis the causative agent of whooping cough is still a health concern worldwide. A resurgence of pertussis cases has been reported, particularly in countries using acellular vaccines with waning immunity and pathogen adaptation thought to be responsible. A better understanding of protective immune responses is needed for the development of improved vaccines. In our study, B. pertussis strain B1917 variants presenting a single gene deletion were generated to analyze the role of vaccine components or candidate vaccine antigens as targets for bactericidal antibodies generated after acellular vaccination or natural infection. Our results show that acellular vaccination generates bactericidal antibodies that are only directed against pertactin. Serum bactericidal assay performed with convalescent samples show that disease induces bactericidal antibodies against Prn but against other antigen(s) as well. Four candidate vaccine antigens (CyaA, Vag8, BrkA, and TcfA) have been studied but were not targets for complement-mediated bactericidal antibodies after natural infection. We confirm that Vag8 and BrkA are involved in complement resistance and would be targeted by blocking antibodies. Our study suggests that the emergence and the widespread circulation of Prn-deficient strains is driven by acellular vaccination and the generation of bactericidal antibodies targeting Prn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lesne
- Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ruby Persaud
- Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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13
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Lucas R, Hadizamani Y, Gonzales J, Gorshkov B, Bodmer T, Berthiaume Y, Moehrlen U, Lode H, Huwer H, Hudel M, Mraheil MA, Toque HAF, Chakraborty T, Hamacher J. Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040223. [PMID: 32252376 PMCID: PMC7232160 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxins play a key role in the pathogenesis of lung disease. Based on their structural and functional properties, they employ various strategies to modulate lung barrier function and to impair host defense in order to promote infection. Although in general, these toxins target common cellular signaling pathways and host compartments, toxin- and cell-specific effects have also been reported. Toxins can affect resident pulmonary cells involved in alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and barrier function through impairing vectorial Na+ transport and through cytoskeletal collapse, as such, destroying cell-cell adhesions. The resulting loss of alveolar-capillary barrier integrity and fluid clearance capacity will induce capillary leak and foster edema formation, which will in turn impair gas exchange and endanger the survival of the host. Toxins modulate or neutralize protective host cell mechanisms of both the innate and adaptive immunity response during chronic infection. In particular, toxins can either recruit or kill central players of the lung's innate immune responses to pathogenic attacks, i.e., alveolar macrophages (AMs) and neutrophils. Pulmonary disorders resulting from these toxin actions include, e.g., acute lung injury (ALI), the acute respiratory syndrome (ARDS), and severe pneumonia. When acute infection converts to persistence, i.e., colonization and chronic infection, lung diseases, such as bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF) can arise. The aim of this review is to discuss the impact of bacterial toxins in the lungs and the resulting outcomes for pathogenesis, their roles in promoting bacterial dissemination, and bacterial survival in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Lucas
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (J.H.); Tel.: +41-31-300-35-00 (J.H.)
| | - Yalda Hadizamani
- Lungen-und Atmungsstiftung, Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Pneumology, Clinic for General Internal Medicine, Lindenhofspital Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joyce Gonzales
- Department of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Boris Gorshkov
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Thomas Bodmer
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstr. 37 CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland;
| | - Yves Berthiaume
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital, Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zürch, Switzerland;
| | - Hartmut Lode
- Insitut für klinische Pharmakologie, Charité, Universitätsklinikum Berlin, Reichsstrasse 2, D-14052 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Hanno Huwer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Voelklingen Heart Center, 66333 Voelklingen/Saar, Germany;
| | - Martina Hudel
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Haroldo Alfredo Flores Toque
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Justus-Liebig-University, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.H.); (M.A.M.); (T.C.)
| | - Jürg Hamacher
- Lungen-und Atmungsstiftung, Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Pneumology, Clinic for General Internal Medicine, Lindenhofspital Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Medical Clinic V-Pneumology, Allergology, Intensive Care Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, University Medical Centre of the Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (J.H.); Tel.: +41-31-300-35-00 (J.H.)
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Mancl JM, Suarez C, Liang WG, Kovar DR, Tang WJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme Y directly bundles actin filaments. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3506-3517. [PMID: 32019868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to inject cytotoxic effector proteins into host cells. The promiscuous nucleotidyl cyclase, exoenzyme Y (ExoY), is one of the most common effectors found in clinical P. aeruginosa isolates. Recent studies have revealed that the nucleotidyl cyclase activity of ExoY is stimulated by actin filaments (F-actin) and that ExoY alters actin cytoskeleton dynamics in vitro, via an unknown mechanism. The actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in numerous key biological processes and is targeted by many pathogens to gain competitive advantages. We utilized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, bulk actin assays, and EM to investigate how ExoY impacts actin dynamics. We found that ExoY can directly bundle actin filaments with high affinity, comparable with eukaryotic F-actin-bundling proteins, such as fimbrin. Of note, ExoY enzymatic activity was not required for F-actin bundling. Bundling is known to require multiple actin-binding sites, yet small-angle X-ray scattering experiments revealed that ExoY is a monomer in solution, and previous data suggested that ExoY possesses only one actin-binding site. We therefore hypothesized that ExoY oligomerizes in response to F-actin binding and have used the ExoY structure to construct a dimer-based structural model for the ExoY-F-actin complex. Subsequent mutational analyses suggested that the ExoY oligomerization interface plays a crucial role in mediating F-actin bundling. Our results indicate that ExoY represents a new class of actin-binding proteins that modulate the actin cytoskeleton both directly, via F-actin bundling, and indirectly, via actin-activated nucleotidyl cyclase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Mancl
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Cristian Suarez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Wenguang G Liang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Wei-Jen Tang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
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15
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16
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Gestal MC, Howard LK, Dewan K, Johnson HM, Barbier M, Bryant C, Soumana IH, Rivera I, Linz B, Blas-Machado U, Harvill ET. Enhancement of immune response against Bordetella spp. by disrupting immunomodulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20261. [PMID: 31889098 PMCID: PMC6937331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens must evade clearance by the host immune system and the study of how they do this has revealed myriad complex strategies and mechanisms. Classical bordetellae are very closely related subspecies that are known to modulate adaptive immunity in a variety of ways, permitting them to either persist for life or repeatedly infect the same host. Exploring the hypothesis that exposure to immune cells would cause bordetellae to induce expression of important immunomodulatory mechanisms, we identified a putative regulator of an immunomodulatory pathway. The deletion of btrS in B. bronchiseptica did not affect colonization or initial growth in the respiratory tract of mice, its natural host, but did increase activation of the inflammasome pathway, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. The mutant lacking btrS recruited many more B and T cells into the lungs, where they rapidly formed highly organized and distinctive Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) not induced by any wild type Bordetella species, and a much more rapid and strong antibody response than observed with any of these species. Immunity induced by the mutant was measurably more robust in all respiratory organs, providing completely sterilizing immunity that protected against challenge infections for many months. Moreover, the mutant induced sterilizing immunity against infection with other classical bordetellae, including B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, something the current vaccines do not provide. These findings reveal profound immunomodulation by bordetellae and demonstrate that by disrupting it much more robust protective immunity can be generated, providing a pathway to greatly improve vaccines and preventive treatments against these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
| | - Laura K Howard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kalyan Dewan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Clare Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Illiassou Hamidou Soumana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Israel Rivera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Blas-Machado
- Department of Pathology, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
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17
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Subissi L, Rodeghiero C, Martini H, Litzroth A, Huygen K, Leroux-Roels G, Piérard D, Desombere I. Assessment of IgA anti-PT and IgG anti-ACT reflex testing to improve Bordetella pertussis serodiagnosis in recently vaccinated subjects. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:645.e1-645.e8. [PMID: 31610300 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Quantifying IgG antibodies to pertussis toxin (PT) is the most specific and sensitive method for the serodiagnosis of a Bordetella pertussis infection. Since PT is a component of acellular pertussis vaccines, anti-PT IgG is also induced by vaccination, precluding pertussis serodiagnosis based exclusively on anti-PT IgG in recently vaccinated subjects. Here, we aim to identify additional B. pertussis-specific serological markers that can discriminate between infection and recent vaccination. METHODS The clinical usefulness of measuring IgA directed to the vaccine antigen PT and IgG directed to non-vaccine antigens (Fim2/3, LPS, ACT, CatACT) was evaluated in nine well characterized subject groups, aged 10-89 years (n = 390). Serum anti-PT IgG levels (>125 IU/mL) served as an indicator for a recent B. pertussis infection. Comparing symptomatic pertussis-infected subjects (n = 140) with recently vaccinated, non-infected subjects (n = 100) revealed the optimal cut-off, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for each single parameter. RESULTS For pertussis diagnosis in recently vaccinated subjects, the measurement of anti-PT IgA (cut-off 15 IU/mL) and anti-ACT IgG (cut-off 15 U/mL) resulted in accuracies of 95% (91.5-97.1) and 87.5% (82.7-91.1), sensitivities of 92.9% (87.4-96.0) and 83.6% (76.5-88.8) and specificities of 98% (93.0-99.4) and 93% (86.3-96.6), respectively. Comparing anti-PT IgA levels between the youngest (10-19 years, n = 38) and oldest (70-89 years, n = 17) age groups revealed an age-dependent increase in antibody levels in pertussis-infected subjects (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Reflex testing of anti-PT IgA and anti-ACT IgG improves pertussis serodiagnosis in recently vaccinated symptomatic subjects with elevated anti-PT IgG levels. Furthermore, both markers can discriminate between vaccination and recent infection in pertussis serosurveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Subissi
- National Reference Centre (NRC) for Bordetella pertussis, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium; European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Rodeghiero
- National Reference Centre (NRC) for Bordetella pertussis, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Martini
- National Reference Centre (NRC) for Bordetella pertussis, Universitair Ziekenhuis, Brussel, Belgium
| | - A Litzroth
- Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Huygen
- National Reference Centre (NRC) for Bordetella pertussis, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - D Piérard
- National Reference Centre (NRC) for Bordetella pertussis, Universitair Ziekenhuis, Brussel, Belgium
| | - I Desombere
- National Reference Centre (NRC) for Bordetella pertussis, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Intranasal acellular pertussis vaccine provides mucosal immunity and protects mice from Bordetella pertussis. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:40. [PMID: 31602318 PMCID: PMC6776550 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current acellular pertussis vaccines fall short of optimal protection against the human respiratory pathogen Bordetella pertussis resulting in increased incidence of a previously controlled vaccine- preventable disease. Natural infection is known to induce a protective mucosal immunity. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to use acellular pertussis vaccines to recapitulate these mucosal immune responses. We utilized a murine immunization and challenge model to characterize the efficacy of intranasal immunization (IN) with DTaP vaccine or DTaP vaccine supplemented with curdlan, a known Th1/Th17 promoting adjuvant. Protection from IN delivered DTaP was compared to protection mediated by intraperitoneal injection of DTaP and whole-cell pertussis vaccines. We tracked fluorescently labeled DTaP after immunization and detected that DTaP localized preferentially in the lungs while DTaP with curdlan was predominantly in the nasal turbinates. IN immunization with DTaP, with or without curdlan adjuvant, resulted in anti-B. pertussis and anti-pertussis toxin IgG titers at the same level as intraperitoneally administered DTaP. IN immunization was able to protect against B. pertussis challenge and we observed decreased pulmonary pro-inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil infiltrates in the lung, and bacterial burden in the upper and lower respiratory tract at day 3 post challenge. Furthermore, IN immunization with DTaP triggered mucosal immune responses such as production of B. pertussis-specific IgA, and increased IL-17A. Together, the induction of a mucosal immune response and humoral antibody-mediated protection associated with an IN administered DTaP and curdlan adjuvant warrant further exploration as a pertussis vaccine candidate formulation.
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19
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Scanlon K, Skerry C, Carbonetti N. Role of Major Toxin Virulence Factors in Pertussis Infection and Disease Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1183:35-51. [PMID: 31376138 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis produces several toxins that affect host-pathogen interactions. Of these, the major toxins that contribute to pertussis infection and disease are pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin and tracheal cytotoxin. Pertussis toxin is a multi-subunit protein toxin that inhibits host G protein-coupled receptor signaling, causing a wide array of effects on the host. Adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin is a single polypeptide, containing an adenylate cyclase enzymatic domain coupled to a hemolysin domain, that primarily targets phagocytic cells to inhibit their antibacterial activities. Tracheal cytotoxin is a fragment of peptidoglycan released by B. pertussis that elicits damaging inflammatory responses in host cells. This chapter describes these three virulence factors of B. pertussis, summarizing background information and focusing on the role of each toxin in infection and disease pathogenesis, as well as their role in pertussis vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ciaran Skerry
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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20
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Cauchi S, Locht C. Non-specific Effects of Live Attenuated Pertussis Vaccine Against Heterologous Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2872. [PMID: 30581436 PMCID: PMC6292865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is the agent of pertussis, also referred to as whooping cough, a disease that remains an important public health issue. Vaccine-induced immunity to pertussis wanes over time. In industrialized countries, high vaccine coverage has not prevented infection and transmission of B. pertussis, leading to periodic outbreaks in people of all ages. The consequence is the formation of a large source for transmission to children, who show the highest susceptibility of developing severe whooping cough and mortality. With the aim of providing protection against both disease and infection, a live attenuated pertussis vaccine, in which three toxins have been genetically inactivated or removed, is now in clinical development. This vaccine, named BPZE1, offers strong protection in mice and non-human primates. It has completed a phase I clinical trial in which safety, transient colonization of the human airway and immunogenicity could be demonstrated. In mice, BPZE1 was also found to protect against inflammation resulting from heterologous airway infections, including those caused by other Bordetella species, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. Furthermore, the heterologous protection conferred by BPZE1 was also observed for non-infectious inflammatory diseases, such as allergic asthma, as well as for inflammatory disorders outside of the respiratory tract, such as contact dermatitis. Current studies focus on the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects associated with nasal BPZE1 administration. Given the increasing importance of inflammatory disorders, novel preventive and therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Therefore, live vaccines, such as BPZE1, may offer attractive solutions. It is now essential to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action before translating these biological findings into new healthcare solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Cauchi
- Univ. Lille, U1019, UMR 8204, CIIL-Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Univ. Lille, U1019, UMR 8204, CIIL-Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.,CNRS UMR8204, Lille, France.,Inserm U1019, Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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Tian Y, da Silva Antunes R, Sidney J, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Grifoni A, Dhanda SK, Paul S, Peters B, Weiskopf D, Sette A. A Review on T Cell Epitopes Identified Using Prediction and Cell-Mediated Immune Models for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bordetella pertussis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2778. [PMID: 30555469 PMCID: PMC6281829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we summarize work from our as well as other groups related to the characterization of bacterial T cell epitopes, with a specific focus on two important pathogens, namely, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB), and Bordetella pertussis (BP), the bacterium that causes whooping cough. Both bacteria and their associated diseases are of large societal significance. Although vaccines exist for both pathogens, their efficacy is incomplete. It is widely thought that defects and/or alteration in T cell compartments are associated with limited vaccine effectiveness. As discussed below, a full genome-wide map was performed in the case of Mtb. For BP, our focus has thus far been on the antigens contained in the acellular vaccine; a full genome-wide screen is in the planning stage. Nevertheless, the sum-total of the results in the two different bacterial systems allows us to exemplify approaches and techniques that we believe are generally applicable to the mapping and characterization of human immune responses to bacterial pathogens. Finally, we add, as a disclaimer, that this review by design is focused on the work produced by our laboratory as an illustration of approaches to the study of T cell responses to Mtb and BP, and is not meant to be comprehensive, nor to detract from the excellent work performed by many other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sinu Paul
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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22
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Nagarajan D, Nagarajan T, Roy N, Kulkarni O, Ravichandran S, Mishra M, Chakravortty D, Chandra N. Computational antimicrobial peptide design and evaluation against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of bacteria. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3492-3509. [PMID: 29259134 PMCID: PMC5846155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.805499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for new therapeutics to combat multidrug- and carbapenem-resistant bacterial pathogens. This challenge prompted us to use a long short-term memory (LSTM) language model to understand the underlying grammar, i.e. the arrangement and frequencies of amino acid residues, in known antimicrobial peptide sequences. According to the output of our LSTM network, we synthesized 10 peptides and tested them against known bacterial pathogens. All of these peptides displayed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, validating our LSTM-based peptide design approach. Our two most effective antimicrobial peptides displayed activity against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci strains. High activity against extended-spectrum β-lactamase, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and carbapenem-resistant strains was also observed. Our peptides selectively interacted with and disrupted bacterial cell membranes and caused secondary gene-regulatory effects. Initial structural characterization revealed that our most effective peptide appeared to be well folded. We conclude that our LSTM-based peptide design approach appears to have correctly deciphered the underlying grammar of antimicrobial peptide sequences, as demonstrated by the experimentally observed efficacy of our designed peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, and
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore 560012, India
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23
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Villalobo A, Ishida H, Vogel HJ, Berchtold MW. Calmodulin as a protein linker and a regulator of adaptor/scaffold proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1865:507-521. [PMID: 29247668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a universal regulator for a huge number of proteins in all eukaryotic cells. Best known is its function as a calcium-dependent modulator of the activity of enzymes, such as protein kinases and phosphatases, as well as other signaling proteins including membrane receptors, channels and structural proteins. However, less well known is the fact that CaM can also function as a Ca2+-dependent adaptor protein, either by bridging between different domains of the same protein or by linking two identical or different target proteins together. These activities are possible due to the fact that CaM contains two independently-folded Ca2+ binding lobes that are able to interact differentially and to some degree separately with targets proteins. In addition, CaM can interact with and regulates several proteins that function exclusively as adaptors. This review provides an overview over our present knowledge concerning the structural and functional aspects of the role of CaM as an adaptor protein and as a regulator of known adaptor/scaffold proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Villalobo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 13 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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24
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Darrah R, Bonfield T, LiPuma JJ, Litman P, Hodges CA, Jacono F, Drumm M. Cystic Fibrosis Mice Develop Spontaneous Chronic Bordetella Airway Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3. [PMID: 30283824 PMCID: PMC6166652 DOI: 10.16966/2470-3176.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary disease and infection is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Though Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is most commonly found in the airways of individuals with CF, there is increasing appreciation for the diversity of the CF microbiome, including other taxa such as Bordetella. Here we describe the identification and impact of Bordetella pseudohinzii infection in CF mice, which previously have not been thought to develop spontaneous airway infections. We determined that CF mice are more susceptible to the B. pseudohinzii infections, and less able to resolve the infection than non-CF mice. Moreover, in both CF and non-CF mice, B. pseudohinzii infections lead to markedly reduced respiratory rates and a CF-specific immune response. These results establish the CF mouse model as an important tool for the study of CF-relevant infection and highlight the potential contribution of Bordetella to CF clinical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Darrah
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - T Bonfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - J J LiPuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - P Litman
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - C A Hodges
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA
| | - F Jacono
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and Louis Stokes VA Cleveland Medical Center, USA
| | - M Drumm
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio, USA
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25
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Fatal Pertussis in the Neonatal Mouse Model Is Associated with Pertussis Toxin-Mediated Pathology beyond the Airways. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00355-17. [PMID: 28784932 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00355-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In infants, Bordetella pertussis can cause severe disease, manifested as pronounced leukocytosis, pulmonary hypertension, and even death. The exact cause of death remains unknown, and no effective therapies for treating fulminant pertussis exist. In this study, a neonatal mouse model of critical pertussis is characterized, and a central role for pertussis toxin (PT) is described. PT promoted colonization, leukocytosis, T cell phenotypic changes, systemic pathology, and death in neonatal but not adult mice. Surprisingly, PT inhibited lung inflammatory pathology in neonates, a result which contrasts dramatically with observed PT-promoted pathology in adult mice. Infection with a PT-deficient strain induced severe pulmonary inflammation but not mortality in neonatal mice, suggesting that death in these mice was not associated with impaired lung function. Dissemination of infection beyond the lungs was also detected in neonatal mice, which may contribute to the observed systemic effects of PT. We propose that it is the systemic activity of pertussis toxin and not pulmonary pathology that promotes mortality in critical pertussis. In addition, we observed transmission of infection between neonatal mice, the first report of B. pertussis transmission in mice. This model will be a valuable tool to investigate causes of pertussis pathogenesis and identify potential therapies for critical pertussis.
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Abstract
The secretion of proteins that damage host tissue is well established as integral to the infectious processes of many bacterial pathogens. However, recent advances in our understanding of the activity of toxins suggest that the attributes we have assigned to them from early in vitro experimentation have misled us into thinking of them as merely destructive tools. Here, we will discuss the multifarious ways in which toxins contribute to the lifestyle of bacteria and, by considering their activity from an evolutionary perspective, demonstrate how this extends far beyond their ability to destroy host tissue.
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27
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Barbier M, Boehm DT, Sen-Kilic E, Bonnin C, Pinheiro T, Hoffman C, Gray M, Hewlett E, Damron FH. Modulation of Pertussis and Adenylate Cyclase Toxins by Sigma Factor RpoE in Bordetella pertussis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00565-16. [PMID: 27849178 PMCID: PMC5203664 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00565-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a human pathogen that can infect the respiratory tract and cause the disease known as whooping cough. B. pertussis uses pertussis toxin (PT) and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) to kill and modulate host cells to allow the pathogen to survive and persist. B. pertussis encodes many uncharacterized transcription factors, and very little is known about their functions. RpoE is a sigma factor which, in other bacteria, responds to oxidative, heat, and other environmental stresses. RseA is a negative regulator of RpoE that sequesters the sigma factor to regulate gene expression based on conditions. In B. pertussis, deletion of the rseA gene results in high transcriptional activity of RpoE and large amounts of secretion of ACT. By comparing parental B. pertussis to an rseA gene deletion mutant (PM18), we sought to characterize the roles of RpoE in virulence and determine the regulon of genes controlled by RpoE. Despite high expression of ACT, the rseA mutant strain did not infect the murine airway as efficiently as the parental strain and PM18 was killed more readily when inside phagocytes. RNA sequencing analysis was performed and 263 genes were differentially regulated by RpoE, and surprisingly, the rseA mutant strain where RpoE activity was elevated expressed very little pertussis toxin. Western blots and proteomic analysis corroborated the inverse relationship of PT to ACT expression in the high-RpoE-activity rseA deletion strain. Our data suggest that RpoE can modulate PT and ACT expression indirectly through unidentified mechanisms in response to conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Dylan T Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Emel Sen-Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Claire Bonnin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Theo Pinheiro
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Casey Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mary Gray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erik Hewlett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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28
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Plaut RD, Scanlon KM, Taylor M, Teter K, Carbonetti NH. Intracellular disassembly and activity of pertussis toxin require interaction with ATP. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw065. [PMID: 27369899 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The active subunit (S1) of pertussis toxin (PT), a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, ADP-ribosylates Gi proteins in the mammalian cell cytosol to inhibit GPCR signaling. The intracellular pathway of PT includes endocytosis and retrograde transport to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Subsequent translocation of S1 to the cytosol is presumably preceded by dissociation from the holotoxin. In vitro, such dissociation is stimulated by interaction of PT with ATP. To investigate the role of this interaction in cellular events, we engineered a form of PT (PTDM) with changes to two amino acids involved in the interaction with ATP. PTDM was reduced in (1) binding to ATP, (2) dissociability by interaction with ATP, (3) in vitro enzymatic activity and (4) cellular ADP-ribosylation activity. In cells treated with PTDM carrying target sequences for organelle-specific modifications, normal transport to the TGN and ER occurred, but N-glycosylation patterns of the S1 and S4 subunits were consistent with an inability of PTDM to dissociate in the ER. These results indicate a requirement for interaction with ATP for PT dissociation in the ER and cellular activity. They also indicate that the retrograde transport route is the cellular intoxication pathway for PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger D Plaut
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Karen M Scanlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael Taylor
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Nicholas H Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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29
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Kehrl JH. The impact of RGS and other G-protein regulatory proteins on Gαi-mediated signaling in immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:40-52. [PMID: 27071343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte chemoattractant receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Signaling downstream of these receptors directs the localization, positioning and homeostatic trafficking of leukocytes; as well as their recruitment to, and their retention at, inflammatory sites. Ligand induced changes in the molecular conformation of chemoattractant receptors results in the engagement of heterotrimeric G-proteins, which promotes α subunits to undergo GTP/GDP exchange. This results in the functional release of βγ subunits from the heterotrimers, thereby activating downstream effector molecules, which initiate leukocyte polarization, gradient sensing, and directional migration. Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylates Gαi subunits and prevents chemoattractant receptors from triggering Gαi nucleotide exchange. The use of pertussis toxin revealed the essential importance of Gαi subunit nucleotide exchange for chemoattractant receptor signaling. More recent studies have identified a range of regulatory mechanisms that target these receptors and their associated heterotrimeric G-proteins, thereby helping to control the magnitude, kinetics, and duration of signaling. A failure in these regulatory pathways can lead to impaired receptor signaling and immunopathology. The analysis of mice with targeted deletions of Gαi isoforms as well as some of these G-protein regulatory proteins is providing insights into their roles in chemoattractant receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States.
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30
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do Vale A, Cabanes D, Sousa S. Bacterial Toxins as Pathogen Weapons Against Phagocytes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:42. [PMID: 26870008 PMCID: PMC4734073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxins are virulence factors that manipulate host cell functions and take over the control of vital processes of living organisms to favor microbial infection. Some toxins directly target innate immune cells, thereby annihilating a major branch of the host immune response. In this review we will focus on bacterial toxins that act from the extracellular milieu and hinder the function of macrophages and neutrophils. In particular, we will concentrate on toxins from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that manipulate cell signaling or induce cell death by either imposing direct damage to the host cells cytoplasmic membrane or enzymatically modifying key eukaryotic targets. Outcomes regarding pathogen dissemination, host damage and disease progression will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana do Vale
- Host Interaction and Response, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Group of Fish Immunology and Vaccinology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- Host Interaction and Response, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Sousa
- Host Interaction and Response, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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31
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Cattelan N, Dubey P, Arnal L, Yantorno OM, Deora R. Bordetella biofilms: a lifestyle leading to persistent infections. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv108. [PMID: 26586694 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella bronchiseptica and B. pertussis are Gram-negative bacteria that cause respiratory diseases in animals and humans. The current incidence of whooping cough or pertussis caused by B. pertussis has reached levels not observed since the 1950s. Although pertussis is traditionally known as an acute childhood disease, it has recently resurged in vaccinated adolescents and adults. These individuals often become silent carriers, facilitating bacterial circulation and transmission. Similarly, vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals continue to be carriers of B. bronchiseptica and shed bacteria resulting in disease outbreaks. The persistence mechanisms of these bacteria remain poorly characterized. It has been proposed that adoption of a biofilm lifestyle allows persistent colonization of the mammalian respiratory tract. The history of Bordetella biofilm research is only a decade long and there is no single review article that has exclusively focused on this area. We systematically discuss the role of Bordetella factors in biofilm development in vitro and in the mouse respiratory tract. We further outline the implications of biofilms to bacterial persistence and transmission in humans and for the design of new acellular pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Cattelan
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Purnima Dubey
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Laura Arnal
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Osvaldo M Yantorno
- Microbial Biofilm Laboratory, CINDEFI-CONICET-CCT La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Rajendar Deora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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32
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Eby JC, Hoffman CL, Gonyar LA, Hewlett EL. Review of the neutrophil response to Bordetella pertussis infection. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv081. [PMID: 26432818 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature and timing of the neutrophil response to infection with Bordetella pertussis is influenced by multiple virulence factors expressed by the bacterium. After inoculation of the host airway, the recruitment of neutrophils signaled by B. pertussis lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is suppressed by pertussis toxin (PTX). Over the next week, the combined activities of PTX, LOS and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) result in production of cytokines that generate an IL-17 response, promoting neutrophil recruitment which peaks at 10-14 days after inoculation in mice. Arriving at the site of infection, neutrophils encounter the powerful local inhibitory activity of ACT, in conjunction with filamentous hemagglutinin. With the help of antibodies, neutrophils contribute to clearance of B. pertussis, but only after 28-35 days in a naïve mouse. Studies of the lasting, antigen-specific IL-17 response to infection in mice and baboons has led to progress in vaccine development and understanding of pathogenesis. Questions remain about the mediators that coordinate neutrophil recruitment and the mechanisms by which neutrophils overcome B. pertussis virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Eby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Casandra L Hoffman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Laura A Gonyar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Erik L Hewlett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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33
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Carbonetti NH. Contribution of pertussis toxin to the pathogenesis of pertussis disease. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv073. [PMID: 26394801 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a multisubunit protein toxin secreted by Bordetella pertussis, the bacterial agent of the disease pertussis or whooping cough. PT in detoxified form is a component of all licensed acellular pertussis vaccines, since it is considered to be an important virulence factor for this pathogen. PT inhibits G protein-coupled receptor signaling through Gi proteins in mammalian cells, an activity that has led to its widespread use as a cell biology tool. But how does this activity of PT contribute to pertussis, including the severe respiratory symptoms of this disease? In this minireview, the contribution of PT to the pathogenesis of pertussis disease will be considered based on evidence from both human infections and animal model studies. Although definitive proof of the role of PT in humans is lacking, substantial evidence supports the idea that PT is a major contributor to pertussis pathology, including the severe respiratory symptoms associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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34
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Coutte L, Locht C. Investigating pertussis toxin and its impact on vaccination. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:241-54. [PMID: 25689536 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, remains a major global health problem. Each year around 40 million of pertussis cases resulting in 200,000-400,000 annual deaths occur worldwide. Pertussis toxin is a major virulence factor of B. pertussis. Murine studies have shown its importance in bacterial colonization and in immunomodulation to evade innate or adaptive immunity. The toxin is composed of an A protomer expressing ADP-ribosyltransferase activity and a B oligomer, responsible for toxin binding to target cells. The toxin is also a major protective antigen in all currently available vaccines. However, vaccine escape mutants with altered toxin expression have recently been isolated in countries with high vaccination coverage illustrating the need for improved pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Coutte
- Center for Infection & Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, rue du Prof. Calmette, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
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35
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Hoo R, Lam JH, Huot L, Pant A, Li R, Hot D, Alonso S. Evidence for a role of the polysaccharide capsule transport proteins in pertussis pathogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115243. [PMID: 25501560 PMCID: PMC4264864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide (PS) capsules are important virulence determinants for many bacterial pathogens. Bordetella pertussis, the agent of whooping cough, produces a surface associated microcapsule but its role in pertussis pathogenesis remained unknown. Here we showed that the B. pertussis capsule locus is expressed in vivo in murine lungs and that absence of the membrane-associated protein KpsT, involved in the transport of the PS polymers across the envelope, but not the surface-exposed PS capsule itself, affects drastically B. pertussis colonization efficacy in mice. Microarray analysis revealed that absence of KpsT in B. pertussis resulted in global down-regulation of gene expression including key virulence genes regulated by BvgA/S, the master two-component system. Using a BvgS phase-locked mutant, we demonstrated a functional link between KpsT and BvgA/S-mediated signal transduction. Whereas pull-down assays do not support physical interaction between BvgS sensor and any of the capsule locus encoded proteins, absence of KpsT impaired BvgS oligomerization, necessary for BvgS function. Furthermore, complementation studies indicated that instead of KpsT alone, the entire PS capsule transport machinery spanning the cell envelope likely plays a role in BvgS-mediated signal transduction. Our work thus provides the first experimental evidence of a role for a virulence-repressed gene in pertussis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Hoo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Science #03-05, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jian Hang Lam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Science #03-05, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Ludovic Huot
- Transcriptomics and Applied Genomics, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), U1019, UMR8204, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59019 Lille, France,
| | - Aakanksha Pant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Science #03-05, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Science #03-05, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - David Hot
- Transcriptomics and Applied Genomics, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), U1019, UMR8204, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, F-59019 Lille, France,
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Science #03-05, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Wang X, Gray MC, Hewlett EL, Maynard JA. The Bordetella adenylate cyclase repeat-in-toxin (RTX) domain is immunodominant and elicits neutralizing antibodies. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3576-91. [PMID: 25505186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.585281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is a multifunctional virulence factor secreted by Bordetella species. Upon interaction of its C-terminal hemolysin moiety with the cell surface receptor αMβ2 integrin, the N-terminal cyclase domain translocates into the host cell cytosol where it rapidly generates supraphysiological cAMP concentrations, which inhibit host cell anti-bacterial activities. Although ACT has been shown to induce protective immunity in mice, it is not included in any current acellular pertussis vaccines due to protein stability issues and a poor understanding of its role as a protective antigen. Here, we aimed to determine whether any single domain could recapitulate the antibody responses induced by the holo-toxin and to characterize the dominant neutralizing antibody response. We first immunized mice with ACT and screened antibody phage display libraries for binding to purified ACT. The vast majority of unique antibodies identified bound the C-terminal repeat-in-toxin (RTX) domain. Representative antibodies binding two nonoverlapping, neutralizing epitopes in the RTX domain prevented ACT association with J774A.1 macrophages and soluble αMβ2 integrin, suggesting that these antibodies inhibit the ACT-receptor interaction. Sera from mice immunized with the RTX domain showed similar neutralizing activity as ACT-immunized mice, indicating that this domain induced an antibody response similar to that induced by ACT. These data demonstrate that RTX can elicit neutralizing antibodies and suggest it may present an alternative to ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary C Gray
- Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Erik L Hewlett
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Deparment of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Deparment of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
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Hegerle N, Guiso N. Antibody-mediated inhibition of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase-haemolysin-induced macrophage cytotoxicity is influenced by variations in the bacterial population. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:962-969. [PMID: 24554758 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.074690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Whooping cough is a vaccine-preventable disease presenting with epidemic cycles linked to natural and/or vaccine-driven evolution of the aetiological agent of the disease, Bordetella pertussis. Adenylate cyclase-haemolysin (AC-Hly) is a major toxin produced by this pathogen, which mediates macrophage apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. While current acellular pertussis vaccine (APV) formulations do not include AC-Hly, they all contain pertussis toxin and can comprise filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), which interacts with AC-Hly, and pertactin (PRN), which has been hypothesized also to interact with AC-Hly. We aimed to study the capacity of specific antibodies to inhibit the in vitro B. pertussis AC-Hly-mediated cytotoxicity of J774A.1 murine macrophages in a background of a changing bacterial population. We demonstrate that: (i) clinical isolates of different types or PRN phenotype are all cytotoxic and lethal in the mouse model of respiratory infection; (ii) lack of PRN production does not impact AC-Hly-related phenotypes; (iii) anti-AC-Hly antibodies inhibit cell lysis whatever the phenotype of the isolate, while anti-PRN antibodies significantly inhibit cell lysis provided the isolate produces this antigen, which might be relevant in vivo for APV-induced immunity; and (iv) anti-FHA antibodies only inhibit lysis induced by isolates collected in 2012, maybe indicating specific characteristics of epidemic lineages of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hegerle
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS-URA3012, Paris, France.,Prevention and Molecular Therapies of Human Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - N Guiso
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS-URA3012, Paris, France.,Prevention and Molecular Therapies of Human Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Poolman JT, Hallander HO. Acellular pertussis vaccines and the role of pertactin and fimbriae. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:47-56. [PMID: 17280478 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of acellular pertussis (Pa) vaccines in countries with a low uptake of whole-cell pertussis (Pw) vaccines has led to a dramatic reduction in pertussis disease. Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa) vaccines have also ensured continued high level disease protection in these countries following the shift from Pw- to Pa-containing vaccines, and allowed pertussis booster programs to be implemented. Vaccines containing between one and five components have been licensed and implemented. Those with three or more components consisting of filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertussis toxin (PT) and pertactin (PRN) are considered to be more effective than one/two-component Pa vaccines that contain only PT or both PT and FHA. Changes in circulating Bordetella pertussis strains may impact vaccine efficacy and, thus, incidence and transmission of pertussis and deserve to be followed carefully. To date, vaccine-induced shifts among fimbriae (FIM) are reported and this could impact the efficacy of FIM-containing vaccines. Currently, FIM3 appears to be dominant in most European countries, Canada and Australia. Data obtained from a DTPa5 vaccine containing FIM2 and FIM3 have indicated a shift towards an increase in FIM3-expressing B. pertussis clinical breakthrough cases when compared with control vaccine. By contrast, relatively minor PT and PRN sequence polymorphisms have been identified without demonstrable association with vaccination programs. Adsorption of PRN to aluminum salt appears critical for optimal protective capacity in murine pertussis lung challenge. In addition, clinical studies have shown anti-PRN antibody levels to be higher when PRN is adsorbed at a 8-microg dosage versus non-adsorbed PRN at a 3-microg dosage. The available data, therefore, demonstrate that appropriately formulated acellular vaccines containing PT and PRN are the preferred option for pertussis immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Poolman
- Head of Bacterial Vaccines, R&D Bacterial Vaccine Program, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium.
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Abstract
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative pathogen causing the human respiratory disease called pertussis or whooping cough. Here we examined the role of the RNA chaperone Hfq in B. pertussis virulence. Hfq mediates interactions between small regulatory RNAs and their mRNA targets and thus plays an important role in posttranscriptional regulation of many cellular processes in bacteria, including production of virulence factors. We characterized an hfq deletion mutant (Δhfq) of B. pertussis 18323 and show that the Δhfq strain produces decreased amounts of the adenylate cyclase toxin that plays a central role in B. pertussis virulence. Production of pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin was affected to a lesser extent. In vitro, the ability of the Δhfq strain to survive within macrophages was significantly reduced compared to that of the wild-type (wt) strain. The virulence of the Δhfq strain in the mouse respiratory model of infection was attenuated, with its capacity to colonize mouse lungs being strongly reduced and its 50% lethal dose value being increased by one order of magnitude over that of the wt strain. In mixed-infection experiments, the Δhfq strain was then clearly outcompeted by the wt strain. This requirement for Hfq suggests involvement of small noncoding RNA regulation in B. pertussis virulence.
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The virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis: talented modulators of host immune response. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:445-57. [PMID: 23955529 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 40 million whooping cough cases and between 200,000 and 400,000 pertussis-linked deaths are recorded each year. Although several types of vaccines are licensed and widely used, Bordetella pertussis continues to circulate in populations with high vaccine coverage of infants and children due to the waning of protection induced by the vaccination. B. pertussis typically expresses a wide array of virulence factors which promote bacterial adhesion and invasion by altering the local environment, including pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, and the lipooligosaccharide. The virulence factors of B. pertussis also possess immunomodulatory properties, exerted through their enzymatic and receptor-binding activities. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects are mediated, that can subvert host innate and adaptive immunity and favor the onset of a long-term infection. This review describes the capacities of B. pertussis virulence factors to modulate host immune responses and the mechanisms employed, which have been the subject of extensive research in the recent years, both in murine and human experimental systems. Knowledge of these mechanisms is gaining increasing importance, since it could provide in the near future the basis for the identification of therapeutic agents for modulating the immune system as well as novel molecular targets to treat pertussis.
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Alfaro J, Grau M, Serrano M, Checa AI, Criado LM, Moreno E, Paz-Artal E, Mellado M, Serrano A. Blockade of endothelial G(i) protein enhances early engraftment in intraportal cell transplant to mouse liver. Cell Transplant 2013; 21:1383-96. [PMID: 22525519 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited availability of liver donors and recent progress in cell therapy technologies has centered interest on cell transplantation as a therapeutic alternative to orthotopic liver transplant for restoring liver function. Following transplant by intraportal perfusion, the main obstacle to cell integration in the parenchyma is the endothelial barrier. Transplanted cells form emboli in the portal branches, inducing ischemia and reperfusion injury, which cause disruption of endothelial impermeability and activate the immune system. Approximately 95% of transplanted cells fail to implant and die within hours by anoikis or are destroyed by the host immune system. Intravascular perfusion of Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTx) blocks endothelial G(i) proteins and acts as a reversible inducer of actin cytoskeleton reorganization, leading to interruption of cell confluence in vitro and increased vascular permeability in vivo. PTx treatment of the murine portal vascular tree 2 h before intraportal perfusion of embryonic stem cells facilitated rapid cell engraftment. By 2 h postperfusion, the number of implanted cells in treated mice was more than fivefold greater than in untreated controls, a difference that was maintained to at least 30 days posttransplant. We conclude that prior to cell transplant, PTx blockade of the G(i) protein pathway in liver endothelium promotes rapid, efficient cell implantation in liver parenchyma, and blocks chemokine receptor signaling, an essential step in early activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Alfaro
- Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Immunology Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Uribe KB, Etxebarria A, Martín C, Ostolaza H. Calpain-Mediated Processing of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Generates a Cytosolic Soluble Catalytically Active N-Terminal Domain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67648. [PMID: 23840759 PMCID: PMC3694075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis, the whooping cough pathogen, secretes several virulence factors among which adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is essential for establishment of the disease in the respiratory tract. ACT weakens host defenses by suppressing important bactericidal activities of the phagocytic cells. Up to now, it was believed that cell intoxication by ACT was a consequence of the accumulation of abnormally high levels of cAMP, generated exclusively beneath the host plasma membrane by the toxin N-terminal catalytic adenylate cyclase (AC) domain, upon its direct translocation across the lipid bilayer. Here we show that host calpain, a calcium-dependent Cys-protease, is activated into the phagocytes by a toxin-triggered calcium rise, resulting in the proteolytic cleavage of the toxin N-terminal domain that releases a catalytically active "soluble AC". The calpain-mediated ACT processing allows trafficking of the "soluble AC" domain into subcellular organella. At least two strategic advantages arise from this singular toxin cleavage, enhancing the specificity of action, and simultaneously preventing an indiscriminate activation of cAMP effectors throughout the cell. The present study provides novel insights into the toxin mechanism of action, as the calpain-mediated toxin processing would confer ACT the capacity for a space- and time-coordinated production of different cAMP "pools", which would play different roles in the cell pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepa B Uribe
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
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Quantification of the adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis in vitro and during respiratory infection. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1390-8. [PMID: 23429530 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00110-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough results from infection of the respiratory tract with Bordetella pertussis, and the secreted adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is essential for the bacterium to establish infection. Despite extensive study of the mechanism of ACT cytotoxicity and its effects over a range of concentrations in vitro, ACT has not been observed or quantified in vivo, and thus the concentration of ACT at the site of infection is unknown. The recently developed baboon model of infection mimics the prolonged cough and transmissibility of pertussis, and we hypothesized that measurement of ACT in nasopharyngeal washes (NPW) from baboons, combined with human and in vitro data, would provide an estimate of the ACT concentration in the airway during infection. NPW contained up to ≈ 10(8) CFU/ml B. pertussis and 1 to 5 ng/ml ACT at the peak of infection. Nasal aspirate specimens from two human infants with pertussis contained bacterial concentrations similar to those in the baboons, with 12 to 20 ng/ml ACT. When ≈ 10(8) CFU/ml of a laboratory strain of B. pertussis was cultured in vitro, ACT production was detected in 60 min and reached a plateau of ≈ 60 ng/ml in 6 h. Furthermore, when bacteria were brought into close proximity to target cells by centrifugation, intoxication was increased 4-fold. Collectively, these data suggest that at the bacterium-target cell interface during infection of the respiratory tract, the concentration of ACT can exceed 100 ng/ml, providing a reference point for future studies of ACT and pertussis pathogenesis.
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Pertussis vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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45
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Pertussis toxin exacerbates and prolongs airway inflammatory responses during Bordetella pertussis infection. Infect Immun 2012; 80:4317-32. [PMID: 23027529 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00808-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout infection, pathogenic bacteria induce dramatic changes in host transcriptional repertoires. An understanding of how bacterial factors influence host reprogramming will provide insight into disease pathogenesis. In the human respiratory pathogen Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, pertussis toxin (PT) is a key virulence factor that promotes colonization, suppresses innate immune responses during early infection, and causes systemic disease symptoms. To determine the full extent of PT-associated gene regulation in the airways through the peak of infection, we measured global transcriptional profiles in the lungs of BALB/c mice infected with wild-type (WT) or PT-deficient (ΔPT) B. pertussis. ΔPT bacteria were inoculated at a dose equivalent to the WT dose and at a high dose (ΔPT(high)) to distinguish effects caused by higher bacterial loads achieved in WT infection from effects associated with PT. The results demonstrated that PT was associated with a significant upregulation of immune and inflammatory response genes as well as several other genes implicated in airway pathology. In contrast to the early, transient responses observed for ΔPT(high) infection, WT infection induced a prolonged expression of inflammatory genes and increased the extent and duration of lung histopathology. In addition, the administration of purified PT to ΔPT(high)-infected mice 1 day after bacterial inoculation exacerbated and prolonged inflammatory responses and airway pathology. These data indicate that PT not only is associated with exacerbated host airway responses during peak B. pertussis infection but also may inhibit host mechanisms of attenuating and resolving inflammation in the airways, suggesting possible links between PT and pertussis disease symptoms.
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Göttle M, Dove S, Seifert R. Bacillus anthracis edema factor substrate specificity: evidence for new modes of action. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:505-35. [PMID: 22852066 PMCID: PMC3407890 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the isolation of Bacillus anthracis exotoxins in the 1960s, the detrimental activity of edema factor (EF) was considered as adenylyl cyclase activity only. Yet the catalytic site of EF was recently shown to accomplish cyclization of cytidine 5'-triphosphate, uridine 5'-triphosphate and inosine 5'-triphosphate, in addition to adenosine 5'-triphosphate. This review discusses the broad EF substrate specificity and possible implications of intracellular accumulation of cyclic cytidine 3':5'-monophosphate, cyclic uridine 3':5'-monophosphate and cyclic inosine 3':5'-monophosphate on cellular functions vital for host defense. In particular, cAMP-independent mechanisms of action of EF on host cell signaling via protein kinase A, protein kinase G, phosphodiesterases and CNG channels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 6302 Woodruff Memorial Research Building, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-404-727-1678; Fax: +1-404-727-3157
| | - Stefan Dove
- Department of Medicinal/Pharmaceutical Chemistry II, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
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McDonough KA, Rodriguez A. The myriad roles of cyclic AMP in microbial pathogens: from signal to sword. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 10:27-38. [PMID: 22080930 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All organisms must sense and respond to their external environments, and this signal transduction often involves second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides. One such nucleotide is cyclic AMP, a universal second messenger that is used by diverse forms of life, including mammals, fungi, protozoa and bacteria. In this review, we discuss the many roles of cAMP in bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens and its contributions to microbial pathogenesis. These roles include the coordination of intracellular processes, such as virulence gene expression, with extracellular signals from the environment, and the manipulation of host immunity by increasing cAMP levels in host cells during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A McDonough
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, PO Box 22002, Albany, New York, New York 12201-2002, USA. kathleen.mcdonough@ wadsworth.org
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Worthington ZEV, Van Rooijen N, Carbonetti NH. Enhancement of Bordetella parapertussis infection by Bordetella pertussis in mixed infection of the respiratory tract. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 63:119-28. [PMID: 21707780 PMCID: PMC3170498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiological and pathogenic relationship between Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis, the two causes of whooping cough (pertussis), is unclear. We hypothesized that B. pertussis, due to its immunosuppressive activities, might enhance B. parapertussis infection when the two species were present in a coinfection of the respiratory tract. The dynamics of this relationship were examined using the mouse intranasal inoculation model. Infection of the mouse respiratory tract by B. parapertussis was not only enhanced by the presence of B. pertussis, but B. parapertussis significantly outcompeted B. pertussis in this model. Staggered inoculation of the two organisms revealed that the advantage for B. parapertussis is established at an early stage of infection. Coadministration of PT enhanced B. parapertussis single infection, but had no effect on mixed infections. Mixed infection with a PT-deficient B. pertussis strain did not enhance B. parapertussis infection. Interestingly, the depletion of airway macrophages reversed the competitive relationship between these two organisms, but the depletion of neutrophils had no effect on mixed infection or B. parapertussis infection. We conclude that B. pertussis, through the action of PT, can enhance a B. parapertussis infection, possibly by an inhibitory effect on innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë E. V. Worthington
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas H. Carbonetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201, USA
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de Gouw D, Diavatopoulos DA, Bootsma HJ, Hermans PW, Mooi FR. Pertussis: a matter of immune modulation. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 35:441-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Fedele G, Bianco M, Debrie AS, Locht C, Ausiello CM. Attenuated Bordetella pertussis vaccine candidate BPZE1 promotes human dendritic cell CCL21-induced migration and drives a Th1/Th17 response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5388-96. [PMID: 21430219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
New vaccines against pertussis are needed to evoke full protection and long-lasting immunological memory starting from the first administration in neonates--the major target of the life-threatening pertussis infection. A novel live attenuated Bordetella pertussis vaccine strain, BPZE1, has been developed by eliminating or detoxifying three important B. pertussis virulence factors: pertussis toxin, dermonecrotic toxin, and tracheal cytotoxin. We used a human preclinical ex vivo model based on monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) to evaluate BPZE1 immunogenicity. We studied the effects of BPZE1 on MDDC functions, focusing on the impact of Bordetella-primed dendritic cells in the regulation of Th and suppressor T cells (Ts). BPZE1 is able to activate human MDDCs and to promote the production of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines. Moreover, conversely to its parental wild-type counterpart BPSM, BPZE1-primed MDDCs very efficiently migrate in vitro in response to the lymphatic chemokine CCL21, due to the inactivation of pertussis toxin enzymatic activity. BPZE1-primed MDDCs drove a mixed Th1/Th17 polarization and also induced functional Ts. Experiments performed in a Transwell system showed that cell contact rather than the production of soluble factors was required for suppression activity. Overall, our findings support the potential of BPZE1 as a novel live attenuated pertussis vaccine, as BPZE1-challenged dendritic cells might migrate from the site of infection to the lymph nodes, prime Th cells, mount an adaptive immune response, and orchestrate Th1/Th17 and Ts responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Fedele
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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