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Huete SG, Benaroudj N. The Arsenal of Leptospira Species against Oxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1273. [PMID: 37372003 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are byproducts of oxygen metabolism produced by virtually all organisms living in an oxic environment. ROS are also produced by phagocytic cells in response to microorganism invasion. These highly reactive molecules can damage cellular constituents (proteins, DNA, and lipids) and exhibit antimicrobial activities when present in sufficient amount. Consequently, microorganisms have evolved defense mechanisms to counteract ROS-induced oxidative damage. Leptospira are diderm bacteria form the Spirochaetes phylum. This genus is diverse, encompassing both free-living non-pathogenic bacteria as well as pathogenic species responsible for leptospirosis, a widespread zoonotic disease. All leptospires are exposed to ROS in the environment, but only pathogenic species are well-equipped to sustain the oxidative stress encountered inside their hosts during infection. Importantly, this ability plays a pivotal role in Leptospira virulence. In this review, we describe the ROS encountered by Leptospira in their different ecological niches and outline the repertoire of defense mechanisms identified so far in these bacteria to scavenge deadly ROS. We also review the mechanisms controlling the expression of these antioxidants systems and recent advances in understanding the contribution of Peroxide Stress Regulators in Leptospira adaptation to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Huete
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Spirochètes, CNRS UMR 6047, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Benaroudj
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biologie des Spirochètes, CNRS UMR 6047, F-75015 Paris, France
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Zhang Y, Guo Q, Fang X, Yuan M, Hu W, Liang X, Liu J, Yang Y, Fang C. Destroying glutathione peroxidase improves the oxidative stress resistance and pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1122623. [PMID: 37032864 PMCID: PMC10073551 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glutathione peroxidase is abundant in eukaryotes as an important antioxidant enzyme. However, prokaryotic glutathione peroxidase has not been thoroughly studied. Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is capable of causing listeriosis in animals as well as humans. Despite the fact that L. monocytogenes encodes a putative glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px (encoded by lmo0983)), the functions of the enzyme are still unknown. Here we revealed the unusual roles of L. monocytogenes GSH-Px in bacterial antioxidants and pathogenicity. Methods L. monocytogenes Lm850658 was taken as the parental strain to construct the gsh-px deletion strain and related complement strain. The effect of the gsh-px gene on the resistance of L. monocytogenes to oxidative stress was determined by measuring the concentrations of glutathione and assaying the stress survival rates under different oxidative conditions. In addition, the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes was determined by cellular adhesion and invasion assays and mice virulence tests, and the expression of virulence factors was determined by Western blot. Results Deficiency of GSH-Px not only increased glutathione concentrations in L. monocytogenes but also enhanced its resistance to oxidative stress when exposed to copper and iron ions. In addition, the absence of gsh-px significantly improved the adhesion and invasion efficiency of L. monocytogenes to Caco-2 cells. More importantly, L. monocytogenes lacking GSH-Px could colonize and proliferate more efficiently in mice livers and spleens, enhancing the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes by increasing the expression of virulence factors like InlA, InlB, and LLO. Discussion Taken together, we confirmed that GSH-Px of L. monocytogenes has a counter-intuitive effect on the antioxidant capacity and pathogenicity.
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Wasselin V, Budin-Verneuil A, Rincé I, Léger L, Boukerb AM, Hartke A, Benachour A, Riboulet-Bisson E. The enigmatic physiological roles of AhpCF, Gpx, Npr and Kat in peroxide stress response of Enterococcus faecium. Res Microbiol 2022; 173:103982. [PMID: 35931249 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the physiological roles of the primary peroxide scavenging activities of Enterococcus faecium AUS0004 strain were analysed. This healthcare-associated pathogen harbours genes encoding putative NADH peroxidase (Npr), alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpCF), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and manganese-dependent catalase (Mn-Kat). Gene expression analyses showed that npr and kat genes are especially and significantly induced in cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH), which suggested an important function of these enzymes to protect E. faecium against peroxide stress. Mutants affected in one or several predicted anti-oxidative activities mentioned above showed that neither the peroxidases nor the catalase are implicated in the defence against peroxide challenges. However, our investigations allowed us to show that Npr is responsible for the degradation of approximately 45% of metabolically derived H2O2 which avoids accumulation of the peroxide to lethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wasselin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Aurélie Budin-Verneuil
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Isabelle Rincé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Loïc Léger
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Normandie Univ, LMSM EA4312-Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - Axel Hartke
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Abdellah Benachour
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Eliette Riboulet-Bisson
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
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Genomic and physiological insights into the lifestyle of Bifidobacterium species from water kefir. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1627-1637. [PMID: 32266422 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Water kefir is a fermented beverage employing a natural microbial consortium, which harbours bifidobacteria, namely Bifidobacterium aquikefiri and Bifidobacterium tibiigranuli. However, little information is available on their metabolic properties or role in the consortium. In this study, we combined genomic and physiologic investigations to predict and characterize the properties of these organisms and their possible role in the consortium. When comparing the genomes of these psychrotrophic organisms with that of the three selected mesophilic probiotic Bifidobacterium strains, we could find 143 genes shared by the 3 known isolates of bifidobacteria from water kefir that do not occur in the probiotic strains. These include genes involved in acid and oxygen tolerance. In addition, their genomically predicted carbohydrate usage and transport suggest adaptation to sucrose and other plant-related sugars. Furthermore, they proved prototrophic for all amino acids in vitro, which enables them to cope with the strong amino acid limitation in water kefir.
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Minasyan H. Sepsis: mechanisms of bacterial injury to the patient. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2019; 27:19. [PMID: 30764843 PMCID: PMC6376788 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-019-0596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteremia the majority of bacterial species are killed by oxidation on the surface of erythrocytes and digested by local phagocytes in the liver and the spleen. Sepsis-causing bacteria overcome this mechanism of human innate immunity by versatile respiration, production of antioxidant enzymes, hemolysins, exo- and endotoxins, exopolymers and other factors that suppress host defense and provide bacterial survival. Entering the bloodstream in different forms (planktonic, encapsulated, L-form, biofilm fragments), they cause different types of sepsis (fulminant, acute, subacute, chronic, etc.). Sepsis treatment includes antibacterial therapy, support of host vital functions and restore of homeostasis. A bacterium killing is only one of numerous aspects of antibacterial therapy. The latter should inhibit the production of bacterial antioxidant enzymes and hemolysins, neutralize bacterial toxins, modulate bacterial respiration, increase host tolerance to bacterial products, facilitate host bactericidal mechanism and disperse bacterial capsule and biofilm.
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Liu G, Liu X, Xu H, Liu X, Zhou H, Huang Z, Gan J, Chen H, Lan L, Yang CG. Structural Insights into the Redox-Sensing Mechanism of MarR-Type Regulator AbfR. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1598-1608. [PMID: 28086264 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a master redox-sensing MarR-family transcriptional regulator, AbfR participates in oxidative stress responses and virulence regulations in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Here, we present structural insights into the DNA-binding mechanism of AbfR in different oxidation states by determining the X-ray crystal structures of a reduced-AbfR/DNA complex, an overoxidized (Cys13-SO2H and Cys13-SO3H) AbfR/DNA, and 2-disulfide cross-linked AbfR dimer. Together with biochemical analyses, our results suggest that the redox regulation of AbfR-sensing displays two novel features: (i) the reversible disulfide modification, but not the irreversible overoxidation, significantly abolishes the DNA-binding ability of the AbfR repressor; (ii) either 1-disulfide cross-linked or 2-disulfide cross-linked AbfR dimer is biologically significant. The overoxidized species of AbfR, resembling the reduced AbfR in conformation and retaining the DNA-binding ability, does not exist in biologically significant concentrations, however. The 1-disulfide cross-linked modification endows AbfR with significantly weakened capability for DNA-binding. The 2-disulfide cross-linked AbfR adopts a very "open" conformation that is incompatible with DNA-binding. Overall, the concise oxidation chemistry of the redox-active cysteine allows AbfR to sense and respond to oxidative stress correctly and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijie Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongjiao Xu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xichun Liu
- Coordination Chemistry Institute and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jianhua Gan
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Coordination Chemistry Institute and State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, China
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Beyene GT, Balasingham SV, Frye SA, Namouchi A, Homberset H, Kalayou S, Riaz T, Tønjum T. Characterization of the Neisseria meningitidis Helicase RecG. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164588. [PMID: 27736945 PMCID: PMC5063381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a Gram-negative oral commensal that opportunistically can cause septicaemia and/or meningitis. Here, we overexpressed, purified and characterized the Nm DNA repair/recombination helicase RecG (RecGNm) and examined its role during genotoxic stress. RecGNm possessed ATP-dependent DNA binding and unwinding activities in vitro on a variety of DNA model substrates including a Holliday junction (HJ). Database searching of the Nm genomes identified 49 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the recGNm including 37 non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs), and 7 of the nsSNPs were located in the codons for conserved active site residues of RecGNm. A transient reduction in transformation of DNA was observed in the Nm ΔrecG strain as compared to the wildtype. The gene encoding recGNm also contained an unusually high number of the DNA uptake sequence (DUS) that facilitate transformation in neisserial species. The differentially abundant protein profiles of the Nm wildtype and ΔrecG strains suggest that expression of RecGNm might be linked to expression of other proteins involved in DNA repair, recombination and replication, pilus biogenesis, glycan biosynthesis and ribosomal activity. This might explain the growth defect that was observed in the Nm ΔrecG null mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan A. Frye
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital (Rikshospitalet), Oslo, Norway
| | - Amine Namouchi
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital (Rikshospitalet), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Shewit Kalayou
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tahira Riaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Tønjum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital (Rikshospitalet), Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Gardiner M, Thomas T, Egan S. A glutathione peroxidase (GpoA) plays a role in the pathogenicity of Nautella italica strain R11 towards the red alga Delisea pulchra. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv021. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Schoen C, Kischkies L, Elias J, Ampattu BJ. Metabolism and virulence in Neisseria meningitidis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:114. [PMID: 25191646 PMCID: PMC4138514 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A longstanding question in infection biology addresses the genetic basis for invasive behavior in commensal pathogens. A prime example for such a pathogen is Neisseria meningitidis. On the one hand it is a harmless commensal bacterium exquisitely adapted to humans, and on the other hand it sometimes behaves like a ferocious pathogen causing potentially lethal disease such as sepsis and acute bacterial meningitis. Despite the lack of a classical repertoire of virulence genes in N. meningitidis separating commensal from invasive strains, molecular epidemiology suggests that carriage and invasive strains belong to genetically distinct populations. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that metabolic adaptation enables meningococci to exploit host resources, supporting the concept of nutritional virulence as a crucial determinant of invasive capability. Here, we discuss the contribution of core metabolic pathways in the context of colonization and invasion with special emphasis on results from genome-wide surveys. The metabolism of lactate, the oxidative stress response, and, in particular, glutathione metabolism as well as the denitrification pathway provide examples of how meningococcal metabolism is intimately linked to pathogenesis. We further discuss evidence from genome-wide approaches regarding potential metabolic differences between strains from hyperinvasive and carriage lineages and present new data assessing in vitro growth differences of strains from these two populations. We hypothesize that strains from carriage and hyperinvasive lineages differ in the expression of regulatory genes involved particularly in stress responses and amino acid metabolism under infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schoen
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Research Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Kischkies
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Elias
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae (NRZMHi), University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Biju Joseph Ampattu
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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Liu X, Sun X, Wu Y, Xie C, Zhang W, Wang D, Chen X, Qu D, Gan J, Chen H, Jiang H, Lan L, Yang CG. Oxidation-sensing regulator AbfR regulates oxidative stress responses, bacterial aggregation, and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:3739-52. [PMID: 23271738 PMCID: PMC3567629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.426205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a notorious human pathogen that is the major cause of infections related to implanted medical devices. Although redox regulation involving reactive oxygen species is now recognized as a critical component of bacterial signaling and regulation, the mechanism by which S. epidermidis senses and responds to oxidative stress remains largely unknown. Here, we report a new oxidation-sensing regulator, AbfR (aggregation and biofilm formation regulator) in S. epidermidis. An environment of oxidative stress mediated by H(2)O(2) or cumene hydroperoxide markedly up-regulates the expression of abfR gene. Similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa OspR, AbfR is negatively autoregulated and dissociates from promoter DNA in the presence of oxidants. In vivo and in vitro analyses indicate that Cys-13 and Cys-116 are the key functional residues to form an intersubunit disulfide bond upon oxidation in AbfR. We further show that deletion of abfR leads to a significant induction in H(2)O(2) or cumene hydroperoxide resistance, enhanced bacterial aggregation, and reduced biofilm formation. These effects are mediated by derepression of SERP2195 and gpxA-2 that lie immediately downstream of the abfR gene in the same operon. Thus, oxidative stress likely acts as a signal to modulate S. epidermidis key virulence properties through AbfR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxu Sun
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youcong Wu
- the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cen Xie
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenru Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan Wang
- the Coordination Chemistry Institute and the State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China, and
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Di Qu
- the Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianhua Gan
- the School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Chen
- the Coordination Chemistry Institute and the State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China, and
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, , To whom correspondence may be addressed. Tel.: 86-21-50803109; Fax: 86-21-50807088; E-mail:
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, , To whom correspondence may be addressed. Tel.: 86-21-50806029; Fax: 86-21-50807088; E-mail:
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Mishra S, Imlay J. Why do bacteria use so many enzymes to scavenge hydrogen peroxide? Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 525:145-60. [PMID: 22609271 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is continuously formed by the autoxidation of redox enzymes in aerobic cells, and it also enters from the environment, where it can be generated both by chemical processes and by the deliberate actions of competing organisms. Because H(2)O(2) is acutely toxic, bacteria elaborate scavenging enzymes to keep its intracellular concentration at nanomolar levels. Mutants that lack such enzymes grow poorly, suffer from high rates of mutagenesis, or even die. In order to understand how bacteria cope with oxidative stress, it is important to identify the key enzymes involved in H(2)O(2) degradation. Catalases and NADH peroxidase (Ahp) are primary scavengers in many bacteria, and their activities and physiological impacts have been unambiguously demonstrated through phenotypic analysis and through direct measurements of H(2)O(2) clearance in vivo. Yet a wide variety of additional enzymes have been proposed to serve similar roles: thiol peroxidase, bacterioferritin comigratory protein, glutathione peroxidase, cytochrome c peroxidase, and rubrerythrins. Each of these enzymes can degrade H(2)O(2) in vitro, but their contributions in vivo remain unclear. In this review we examine the genetic, genomic, regulatory, and biochemical evidence that each of these is a bonafide scavenger of H(2)O(2) in the cell. We also consider possible reasons that bacteria might require multiple enzymes to catalyze this process, including differences in substrate specificity, compartmentalization, cofactor requirements, kinetic optima, and enzyme stability. It is hoped that the resolution of these issues will lead to an understanding of stress resistance that is more accurate and perceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Mishra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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A snapshot of a pathogenic bacterium mid-evolution: Neisseria meningitidis is becoming a nitric oxide-tolerant aerobe. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 39:1890-4. [PMID: 22103546 DOI: 10.1042/bst20110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Neisseria genus typically display the ability to carry out denitrification of nitrite to nitrous oxide as an alternative to oxygen respiration when oxygen is depleted. The key enzymes nitrite and nitric oxide reductase are found across the Neisseria genus. Within Neisseria meningitidis, however, a number of research groups have found that a significant proportion of strains lack a functional nitrite reductase. It appears that N. meningitidis is on an evolutionary trajectory towards loss of the capacity to reduce nitrite. In the present paper, I propose that N. meningitidis is evolving to become a nitric oxide-tolerant aerobe in order to occupy an oxygen-rich niche close to host tissue (and hence oxygen perfusion). Other features of the genomic and functional specialization of N. meningitidis, such as possession of a polysaccharide capsule and various acquired reactive oxygen species-resistance mechanisms, support this proposition. The importance of oxygen availability more generally is discussed with reference to recent findings with other mucosal pathogens.
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Talà A, Monaco C, Nagorska K, Exley RM, Corbett A, Zychlinsky A, Alifano P, Tang CM. Glutamate utilization promotes meningococcal survival in vivo through avoidance of the neutrophil oxidative burst. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1330-42. [PMID: 21777301 PMCID: PMC3755445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes (PMNs) are a critical part of innate immune defence against bacterial pathogens, and only a limited subset of microbes can escape killing by these phagocytic cells. Here we show that Neisseria meningitidis, a leading cause of septicaemia and meningitis, can avoid killing by PMNs and this is dependent on the ability of the bacterium to acquire L-glutamate through its GltT uptake system. We demonstrate that the uptake of available L-glutamate promotes N. meningitidis evasion of PMN reactive oxygen species produced by the oxidative burst. In the meningococcus, L-glutamate is converted to glutathione, a key molecule for maintaining intracellular redox potential, which protects the bacterium from reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. We show that this mechanism contributes to the ability of N. meningitidis to cause bacteraemia, a critical step in the disease process during infections caused by this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelfia Talà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Caterina Monaco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Krzysztofa Nagorska
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, England, UK
| | - Rachel M. Exley
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, England, UK
| | - Anne Corbett
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, England, UK
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pietro Alifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via Provinciale Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Christoph M. Tang
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, England, UK
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Arenas FA, Díaz WA, Leal CA, Pérez-Donoso JM, Imlay JA, Vásquez CC. The Escherichia coli btuE gene, encodes a glutathione peroxidase that is induced under oxidative stress conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:690-4. [PMID: 20621065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most aerobic organisms are exposed to oxidative stress. Looking for enzyme activities involved in the bacterial response to this kind of stress, we focused on the btuE-encoded Escherichia coli BtuE, an enzyme that shares homology with the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family. This work deals with the purification and characterization of the btuE gene product. Purified BtuE decomposes in vitro hydrogen peroxide in a glutathione-dependent manner. BtuE also utilizes preferentially thioredoxin A to decompose hydrogen peroxide as well as cumene-, tert-butyl-, and linoleic acid hydroperoxides, confirming that its active site confers non-specific peroxidase activity. These data suggest that the enzyme may have one or more organic hydroperoxide as its physiological substrate. The btuE gene was induced when cells were exposed to oxidative stress elicitors that included potassium tellurite, menadione and hydrogen peroxide, among others, suggesting that BtuE could participate in the E. coli response to reactive oxygen species. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a glutathione peroxidase in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Arenas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Carpenter EP, Corbett A, Thomson H, Adacha J, Jensen K, Bergeron J, Kasampalidis I, Exley R, Winterbotham M, Tang C, Baldwin GS, Freemont P. AP endonuclease paralogues with distinct activities in DNA repair and bacterial pathogenesis. EMBO J 2007; 26:1363-72. [PMID: 17318183 PMCID: PMC1817638 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a principal cause of DNA damage, and mechanisms to repair this damage are among the most highly conserved of biological processes. Oxidative stress is also used by phagocytes to attack bacterial pathogens in defence of the host. We have identified and characterised two apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease paralogues in the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. The presence of multiple versions of DNA repair enzymes in a single organism is usually thought to reflect redundancy in activities that are essential for cellular viability. We demonstrate here that these two AP endonuclease paralogues have distinct activities in DNA repair: one is a typical Neisserial AP endonuclease (NApe), whereas the other is a specialised 3'-phosphodiesterase Neisserial exonuclease (NExo). The lack of AP endonuclease activity of NExo is shown to be attributable to the presence of a histidine side chain, blocking the abasic ribose-binding site. Both enzymes are necessary for survival of N. meningitidis under oxidative stress and during bloodstream infection. The novel functional pairing of NExo and NApe is widespread among bacteria and appears to have evolved independently on several occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth P Carpenter
- Centre for Structural Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
| | - Anne Corbett
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hellen Thomson
- Centre for Structural Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
| | - Jolanta Adacha
- Centre for Structural Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
| | - Kirsten Jensen
- Centre for Structural Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
| | - Julien Bergeron
- Centre for Structural Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
| | - Ioannis Kasampalidis
- Centre for Structural Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
| | - Rachel Exley
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Winterbotham
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christoph Tang
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Tel.: +44 207 594 3072; E-mail:
| | - Geoff S Baldwin
- Centre for Structural Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Tel.: +44 207 594 5288; E-mail:
| | - Paul Freemont
- Centre for Structural Biology, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Centre for Structural Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Tel.: +44 207 594 3086; Fax: +44 207 594 3057; E-mail:
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16
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Bettegowda C, Huang X, Lin J, Cheong I, Kohli M, Szabo SA, Zhang X, Diaz LA, Velculescu VE, Parmigiani G, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Zhou S. The genome and transcriptomes of the anti-tumor agent Clostridium novyi-NT. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:1573-80. [PMID: 17115055 PMCID: PMC9338427 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriolytic anti-cancer therapies employ attenuated bacterial strains that selectively proliferate within tumors. Clostridium novyi-NT spores represent one of the most promising of these agents, as they generate potent anti-tumor effects in experimental animals. We have determined the 2.55-Mb genomic sequence of C. novyi-NT, identifying a new type of transposition and 139 genes that do not have homologs in other bacteria. The genomic sequence was used to facilitate the detection of transcripts expressed at various stages of the life cycle of this bacterium in vitro as well as in infections of tumors in vivo. Through this analysis, we found that C. novyi-NT spores contained mRNA and that the spore transcripts were distinct from those in vegetative forms of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Bettegowda
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics & Therapeutics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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17
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Bjur E, Eriksson-Ygberg S, Aslund F, Rhen M. Thioredoxin 1 promotes intracellular replication and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5140-51. [PMID: 16926406 PMCID: PMC1594827 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00449-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the cytoplasmic reductase and protein chaperone thioredoxin 1 on the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was evaluated by deleting the trxA, trxB, or trxC gene of the cellular thioredoxin system, the grxA or gshA gene of the glutathione/glutaredoxin system, or the dsbC gene coding for a thioredoxin-dependent periplasmic disulfide bond isomerase. Mutants were tested for tolerance to oxidative and nitric oxide donor substances in vitro, for invasion and intracellular replication in cultured epithelial and macrophage-like cells, and for virulence in BALB/c mice. In these experiments only the gshA mutant, which was defective in glutathione synthesis, exhibited sensitization to oxidative stress in vitro and a small decrease in virulence. In contrast, the trxA mutant did not exhibit any growth defects or decreased tolerance to oxidative or nitric oxide stress in vitro, yet there were pronounced decreases in intracellular replication and mouse virulence. Complementation analyses using defined catalytic variants of thioredoxin 1 showed that there is a direct correlation between the redox potential of thioredoxin 1 and restoration of intracellular replication of the trxA mutant. Attenuation of mouse virulence that was caused by a deficiency in thioredoxin 1 was restored by expression of wild-type thioredoxin 1 in trans but not by expression of a catalytically inactive variant. These results clearly imply that in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, the redox-active protein thioredoxin 1 promotes virulence, whereas in vitro tolerance to oxidative stress depends on production of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bjur
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 177 71 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Seib KL, Wu HJ, Kidd SP, Apicella MA, Jennings MP, McEwan AG. Defenses against oxidative stress in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a system tailored for a challenging environment. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:344-61. [PMID: 16760307 PMCID: PMC1489540 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a host-adapted pathogen that colonizes primarily the human genitourinary tract. This bacterium encounters reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species as a consequence of localized inflammatory responses in the urethra of males and endocervix of females and also of the activity of commensal lactobacilli in the vaginal flora. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of defense systems against oxidative stress in N. gonorrhoeae and shows that while some of its defenses have similarities to the paradigm established with Escherichia coli, there are also some key differences. These differences include the presence of a defense system against superoxide based on manganese ions and a glutathione-dependent system for defense against nitric oxide which is under the control of a novel MerR-like transcriptional regulator. An understanding of the defenses against oxidative stress in N. gonorrhoeae and their regulation may provide new insights into the ways in which this bacterium survives challenges from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and urogenital epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Seib
- The School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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19
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Atack JM, Kelly DJ. Structure, Mechanism and Physiological Roles of Bacterial Cytochrome c Peroxidases. Adv Microb Physiol 2006; 52:73-106. [PMID: 17027371 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(06)52002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome-c peroxidases (CCPs) are a widespread family of enzymes that catalyse the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water using haem co-factors. CCPs are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, but the enzymes in each group use a distinct mechanism for catalysis. Eukaryotic CCPs contain a single b-type haem co-factor. Conventional bacterial CCPs (bCCPs) are periplasmic enzymes that contain two covalently bound c-type haems. However, we have identified a sub-group of bCCPs by phylogenetic analysis that contains three haem-binding motifs. Although the structure and mechanism of several bacterial di-haem CCPs has been studied in detail and is well understood, the physiological role of these enzymes is often much less clear, especially in comparison to other peroxidatic enzymes such as catalase and alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase. In this review, the structure, mechanism and possible roles of bCCPs are examined in the context of their periplasmic location, the regulation of their synthesis by oxygen and their particular function in pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Atack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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20
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Abstract
Reactive (low pKa) cysteine residues in proteins are critical components in redox signaling. A particularly reactive and versatile reversibly oxidized form of cysteine, the sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH), has important roles as a catalytic center in enzymes and as a sensor of oxidative and nitrosative stress in enzymes and transcriptional regulators. Depending on environment, sometimes the sulfenic acid provides a metastable oxidized form, and other times it is a fleeting intermediate giving rise to more stable disulfide, sulfinic acid, or sulfenyl-amide forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA.
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21
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Brenot A, King KY, Janowiak B, Griffith O, Caparon MG. Contribution of glutathione peroxidase to the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes. Infect Immun 2004; 72:408-13. [PMID: 14688122 PMCID: PMC344014 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.408-413.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases are widespread among eukaryotic organisms and function as a major defense against hydrogen peroxide and organic peroxides. However, glutathione peroxidases are not well studied among prokaryotic organisms and have not previously been shown to promote bacterial virulence. Recently, a gene with homology to glutathione peroxidase was shown to contribute to the antioxidant defenses of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus). Since this bacterium causes numerous suppurative diseases that require it to thrive in highly inflamed tissue, it was of interest to determine if glutathione peroxidase is important for virulence. In this study, we report that GpoA glutathione peroxidase is the major glutathione peroxidase in S. pyogenes and is essential for S. pyogenes pathogenesis in several murine models that mimic different aspects of streptococcal suppurative disease. In contrast, glutathione peroxidase is not essential for virulence in a zebrafish model of streptococcal myositis, a disease characterized by the absence of an inflammatory cell infiltrate. Taken together, these data suggest that S. pyogenes requires glutathione peroxidase to adapt to oxidative stress that accompanies an inflammatory response, and the data provide the first demonstration of a role for glutathione peroxidase in bacterial virulence. The fact that genes encoding putative glutathione peroxidases are found in the genomes of many pathogenic bacterial species suggests that glutathione peroxidase may have a general role in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Brenot
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA
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22
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Takeda T, Miyao K, Tamoi M, Kanaboshi H, Miyasaka H, Shigeoka S. Molecular characterization of glutathione peroxidase-like protein in halotolerant Chlamydomonas sp. W80. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2003; 117:467-475. [PMID: 12675737 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding a glutathione peroxidase (GPX)-like protein was isolated from the cDNA library from halotolerant Chlamydomonas W80 (C. W80) by a simple screening method based on the bacterial expression system. The cDNA clone contained an open reading frame encoding a mature protein of 163 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 18 267 Da. No potential signal peptide was found. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA showed 40-63% and 37-46% homology to those of GPX-like proteins from higher plants and mammalian GPXs, respectively. The C. W80 GPX-like protein contained a normal cysteine residue instead of a selenocysteine at the catalytic site. However, it contained amino acid residues (glutamine and tryptophan) that are involved in three protein loops and are important for the catalytic activity in the mammalian GPX. Interestingly, the native and recombinant GPX-like proteins showed activities towards unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides, but not towards either H2O2 or phospholipid hydroperoxide. Transformed E. coli cells expressing the C. W80 GPX-like protein showed enhanced tolerance to 5% NaCl or 0.2 mM paraquat treatments. Accession number: The nucleotide sequence data reported have been submitted to the DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank nucleotide sequence databases with the following accession number AB009083.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takeda
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan Kansai Electric Power Company, Technical Research Centre, Nyakuoji 3-11-20, Amagasaki 661-0974, Japan
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23
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Vergauwen B, Pauwels F, Vaneechoutte M, Van Beeumen JJ. Exogenous glutathione completes the defense against oxidative stress in Haemophilus influenzae. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:1572-81. [PMID: 12591874 PMCID: PMC148052 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.5.1572-1581.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since they are equipped with several strategies by which they evade the antimicrobial defense of host macrophages, it is surprising that members of the genus Haemophilus appear to be deficient in common antioxidant systems that are well established to protect prokaryotes against oxidative stress. Among others, no genetic evidence for glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) (GSH) biosynthesis or for alkyl hydroperoxide reduction (e.g., the Ahp system characteristic or enteric bacteria) is apparent from the Haemophilus influenzae Rd genome sequence, suggesting that the organism relies on alternative systems to maintain redox homeostasis or to reduce small alkyl hydroperoxides. In this report we address this apparent paradox for the nontypeable H. influenzae type strain NCTC 8143. Instead of biosynthesis, we could show that this strain acquires GSH by importing the thiol tripeptide from the growth medium. Although such GSH accumulation had no effect on growth rates, the presence of cellular GSH protected against methylglyoxal, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), and S-nitrosoglutathione toxicity and regulated the activity of certain antioxidant enzymes. H. influenzae NCTC 8143 extracts were shown to contain GSH-dependent peroxidase activity with t-BuOOH as the peroxide substrate. The GSH-mediated protection against t-BuOOH stress is most probably catalyzed by the product of open reading frame HI0572 (Prx/Grx), which we isolated from a genomic DNA fragment that confers wild-type resistance to t-BuOOH toxicity in the Ahp-negative Escherichia coli strain TA4315 and that introduces GSH-dependent alkyl hydroperoxide reductase activity into naturally GSH peroxidase-negative E. coli. Finally, we demonstrated that cysteine is an essential amino acid for growth and that cystine, GSH, glutathione amide, and cysteinylglycine can be catabolized in order to complement cysteine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Vergauwen
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Protein Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis, the causative agent of meningococcal disease in humans, is likely to be exposed to nitrosative stress during natural colonization and disease. The genome of N. meningitidis includes the genes aniA and norB, predicted to encode nitrite reductase and nitric oxide (NO) reductase, respectively. These gene products should allow the bacterium to denitrify nitrite to nitrous oxide. We show that N. meningitidis can support growth microaerobically by the denitrification of nitrite via NO and that norB is required for anaerobic growth with nitrite. NorB and, to a lesser extent, the cycP gene product cytochrome c' are able to counteract toxicity due to exogenously added NO. Expression of these genes by N. meningitidis during colonization and disease may confer protection against exogenous or endogenous nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna F Anjum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN
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25
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King KY, Horenstein JA, Caparon MG. Aerotolerance and peroxide resistance in peroxidase and PerR mutants of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:5290-9. [PMID: 10986229 PMCID: PMC110969 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.19.5290-5299.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival in aerobic conditions is critical to the pathogenicity of many bacteria. To investigate the means of aerotolerance and resistance to oxidative stress in the catalase-negative organism Streptococcus pyogenes, we used a genomics-based approach to identify and inactivate homologues of two peroxidase genes, encoding alkyl hydroperoxidase (ahpC) and glutathione peroxidase (gpoA). Single and double mutants survived as well as the wild type under aerobic conditions. However, they were more susceptible than the wild type to growth suppression by paraquat and cumene hydroperoxide. In addition, we show that S. pyogenes demonstrates an inducible peroxide resistance response when treated with sublethal doses of peroxide. This resistance response was intact in ahpC and gpoA mutants but not in mutants lacking PerR, a repressor of several genes including ahpC and catalase (katA) in Bacillus subtilis. Because our data indicate that these peroxidase genes are not essential for aerotolerance or induced resistance to peroxide stress in S. pyogenes, genes for a novel mechanism of managing peroxide stress may be regulated by PerR in streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y King
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110-1093, USA
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26
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Klee SR, Nassif X, Kusecek B, Merker P, Beretti JL, Achtman M, Tinsley CR. Molecular and biological analysis of eight genetic islands that distinguish Neisseria meningitidis from the closely related pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2082-95. [PMID: 10722605 PMCID: PMC97389 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.2082-2095.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic species Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause dramatically different diseases despite strong relatedness at the genetic and biochemical levels. N. meningitidis can cross the blood-brain barrier to cause meningitis and has a propensity for toxic septicemia unlike N. gonorrhoeae. We previously used subtractive hybridization to identify DNA sequences which might encode functions specific to bacteremia and invasion of the meninges because they are specific to N. meningitidis and absent from N. gonorrhoeae. In this report we show that these sequences mark eight genetic islands that range in size from 1.8 to 40 kb and whose chromosomal location is constant. Five of these genetic islands were conserved within a representative set of strains and/or carried genes with homologies to known virulence factors in other species. These were deleted, and the mutants were tested for correlates of virulence in vitro and in vivo. This strategy identified one island, region 8, which is needed to induce bacteremia in an infant rat model of meningococcal infection. Region 8 encodes a putative siderophore receptor and a disulfide oxidoreductase. None of the deleted mutants was modified in its resistance to the bactericidal effect of serum. Neither were the mutant strains altered in their ability to interact with endothelial cells, suggesting that such interactions are not encoded by large genetic islands in N. meningitidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Klee
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Genetik, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Mongkolsuk S, Praituan W, Loprasert S, Fuangthong M, Chamnongpol S. Identification and characterization of a new organic hydroperoxide resistance (ohr) gene with a novel pattern of oxidative stress regulation from Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:2636-43. [PMID: 9573147 PMCID: PMC107214 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.10.2636-2643.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a new organic hydroperoxide resistance (ohr) gene from Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. This was done by complementation of an Escherichia coli alkyl hydroperoxide reductase mutant with an organic hydroperoxide-hypersensitive phenotype. ohr encodes a 14.5-kDa protein. Its amino acid sequence shows high homology with several proteins of unknown function. An ohr mutant was subsequently constructed, and it showed increased sensitivity to both growth-inhibitory and killing concentrations of organic hydroperoxides but not to either H2O2 or superoxide generators. No alterations in sensitivity to other oxidants or stresses were observed in the mutant. ohr had interesting expression patterns in response to low concentrations of oxidants. It was highly induced by organic hydroperoxides, weakly induced by H2O2, and not induced at all by a superoxide generator. The novel regulation pattern of ohr suggests the existence of a second organic hydroperoxide-inducible system that differs from the global peroxide regulator system, OxyR. Expression of ohr in various bacteria tested conferred increased resistance to tert-butyl hydroperoxide killing, but this was not so for wild-type Xanthomonas strains. The organic hydroperoxide hypersensitivity of ohr mutants could be fully complemented by expression of ohr or a combination of ahpC and ahpF and could be partially complemented by expression ahpC alone. The data suggested that Ohr was a new type of organic hydroperoxide detoxification protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mongkolsuk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
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