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Fan C, Eedara BB, Sinha S, Uddin MKM, Doyle C, Banu S, Das SC. Triple combination dry powder formulation of pretomanid, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Pharm 2024; 654:123984. [PMID: 38461874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Both latent and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) have been causing significant concern worldwide. A novel drug, pretomanid (PA-824), has shown a potent bactericidal effect against both active and latent forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) and a synergistic effect when combined with pyrazinamide and moxifloxacin. This study aimed to develop triple combination spray dried inhalable formulations composed of antitubercular drugs, pretomanid, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide (1:2:8 w/w/w), alone (PaMP) and in combination with an aerosolization enhancer, L-leucine (20 % w/w, PaMPL). The formulation PaMPL consisted of hollow, spherical, dimpled particles (<5 μm) and showed good aerosolization behaviour with a fine particle fraction of 70 %. Solid-state characterization of formulations with and without L-leucine confirmed the amorphous nature of moxifloxacin and pretomanid and the crystalline nature of pyrazinamide with polymorphic transformation after the spray drying process. Further, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis revealed the predominant surface composition of L-leucine on PaMPL dry powder particles. The dose-response cytotoxicity results showed pyrazinamide and moxifloxacin were non-toxic in both A549 and Calu-3 cell lines up to 150 µg/mL. However, the cell viability gradually decreased to 50 % when the pretomanid concentration increased to 150 µg/mL. The in vitro efficacy studies demonstrated that the triple combination formulation had more prominent antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 µg/mL against the MTb H37Rv strain as compared to individual drugs. In conclusion, the triple combination of pretomanid, moxifloxacin, and pyrazinamide as an inhalable dry powder formulation will potentially improve treatment efficacy with fewer systemic side effects in patients suffering from latent and multidrug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Fan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Basanth Babu Eedara
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Transpire Bio Inc., 2945 W Corporate Lakes Blvd Suite A, Weston, FL 33331, USA
| | - Shubhra Sinha
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Mohammad Khaja Mafij Uddin
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Colin Doyle
- The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Shyamal C Das
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 18 Frederick St, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Kerda M, Šlechta P, Jand'ourek O, Konečná K, Hatoková P, Paterová P, Zitko J. N-Pyrazinylhydroxybenzamides as biologically active compounds: a hit-expansion study and antimicrobial evaluation. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1791-1806. [PMID: 37877255 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of novel antimicrobial drugs is an essential part of combatting the uprising of antimicrobial resistance. Proper hit-to-lead development is crucially needed. Methods & results: We present a hit-expansion study of N-pyrazinyl- and N-pyridyl-hydroxybenzamides with a comprehensive determination of structure-activity relationships. The antimicrobial screening revealed high selectivity to staphylococci along with antimycobacterial activity with the best value of 6.25 μg/ml against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. We proved an inhibition of proteosynthesis and a membrane depolarization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Our results are a good starting point for further development of new antimicrobial compounds, where the next step would be tuning the potential between relatively nonspecific membrane depolarization effect and specific inhibition of proteosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kerda
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šlechta
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Jand'ourek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Konečná
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Paulina Hatoková
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Paterová
- University Hospital Hradec Králové, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zitko
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
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Hegde PV, Aragaw WW, Cole MS, Jachak G, Ragunathan P, Sharma S, Harikishore A, Grüber G, Dick T, Aldrich CC. Structure activity relationship of pyrazinoic acid analogs as potential antimycobacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 74:117046. [PMID: 36228522 PMCID: PMC10551889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of infectious disease-related mortality and morbidity. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a critical component of the first-line TB treatment regimen because of its sterilizing activity against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but its mechanism of action has remained enigmatic. PZA is a prodrug converted by pyrazinamidase encoded by pncA within Mtb to the active moiety, pyrazinoic acid (POA) and PZA resistance is caused by loss-of-function mutations to pyrazinamidase. We have recently shown that POA induces targeted protein degradation of the enzyme PanD, a crucial component of the coenzyme A biosynthetic pathway essential in Mtb. Based on the newly identified mechanism of action of POA, along with the crystal structure of PanD bound to POA, we designed several POA analogs using structure for interpretation to improve potency and overcome PZA resistance. We prepared and tested ring and carboxylic acid bioisosteres as well as 3, 5, 6 substitutions on the ring to study the structure activity relationships of the POA scaffold. All the analogs were evaluated for their whole cell antimycobacterial activity, and a few representative molecules were evaluated for their binding affinity, towards PanD, through isothermal titration calorimetry. We report that analogs with ring and carboxylic acid bioisosteres did not significantly enhance the antimicrobial activity, whereas the alkylamino-group substitutions at the 3 and 5 position of POA were found to be up to 5 to 10-fold more potent than POA. Further development and mechanistic analysis of these analogs may lead to a next generation POA analog for treating TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja V Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wassihun W Aragaw
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Malcolm S Cole
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gorakhnath Jachak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA; Departmentof Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Alghamdi S, Asif M. Pyrazinamide Analogs Designed for Rational Drug Designing Strategies against Resistant Tuberculosis. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bendre AD, Peters PJ, Kumar J. Tuberculosis: Past, present and future of the treatment and drug discovery research. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100037. [PMID: 34909667 PMCID: PMC8663960 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite decades of research driving advancements in drug development and discovery against TB, it still leads among the causes of deaths due to infectious diseases. We are yet to develop an effective treatment course or a vaccine that could help us eradicate TB. Some key issues being prolonged treatment courses, inadequate drug intake, and the high dropout rate of patients during the treatment course. Hence, we require drugs that could accelerate the elimination of bacteria, shortening the treatment duration. It is high time we evaluate the probable lacunas in research holding us back in coming up with a treatment regime and/or a vaccine that would help control TB spread. Years of dedicated and focused research provide us with a lead molecule that goes through several tests, trials, and modifications to transform into a ‘drug’. The transformation from lead molecule to ‘drug’ is governed by several factors determining its success or failure. In the present review, we have discussed drugs that are part of the currently approved treatment regimen, their limitations, vaccine candidates under trials, and current issues in research that need to be addressed. While we are waiting for the path-breaking treatment for TB, these factors should be considered during the ongoing quest for novel yet effective anti-tubercular. If these issues are addressed, we could hope to develop a more effective treatment that would cure multi/extremely drug-resistant TB and help us meet the WHO's targets for controlling the global TB pandemic within the prescribed timeline. Despite numerous drugs and vaccines undergoing clinical trials, we have not been able to control TB. Majority of articles list the advancements in the TB drug-discovery; here we review the limitations of existing treatments. Brief description of aspects to be considered for the development of one but effective drug/preventive vaccine. A glance at pediatric tuberculosis: the most neglected area of TB research which requires dedicated research efforts. A concise narrative for research aspects to be re-evaluated by both academia and pharmaceutical R&D teams.
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Key Words
- BCG, Bacille Calmette-Guérin
- BDQ, Bedaquiline
- BSL, Biosafety level
- CDC, Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Drug discovery
- Drug resistance
- EMB, Ethambutol
- ESX, ESAT-6 secretion system
- ETC, Electron transport chain
- ETH, Ethionamide
- FAS-1, Fatty acid synthase 1
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- INH, Isoniazid
- LPZ, Lansoprazole
- MDR, Multidrug-resistant
- Mtb, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- POA, pyrazinoic acid
- PZA, Pyrazinamide
- RD, the region of differences
- RIF, Rifampicin
- T7SS, Type 7 secretion system
- TB treatment
- TB, Tuberculosis
- TST, Tuberculin skin test
- Tuberculosis
- WHO, World health organization
- XDR, Extremely drug-resistant
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya D Bendre
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University, Maharashtra, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Peter J Peters
- The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Janesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University, Maharashtra, Pune, 411007, India
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Structure-Aware Mycobacterium tuberculosis Functional Annotation Uncloaks Resistance, Metabolic, and Virulence Genes. mSystems 2021; 6:e0067321. [PMID: 34726489 PMCID: PMC8562490 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00673-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and timely functional genome annotation is essential for translating basic pathogen research into clinically impactful advances. Here, through literature curation and structure-function inference, we systematically update the functional genome annotation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulent type strain H37Rv. First, we systematically curated annotations for 589 genes from 662 publications, including 282 gene products absent from leading databases. Second, we modeled 1,711 underannotated proteins and developed a semiautomated pipeline that captured shared function between 400 protein models and structural matches of known function on Protein Data Bank, including drug efflux proteins, metabolic enzymes, and virulence factors. In aggregate, these structure- and literature-derived annotations update 940/1,725 underannotated H37Rv genes and generate hundreds of functional hypotheses. Retrospectively applying the annotation to a recent whole-genome transposon mutant screen provided missing function for 48% (13/27) of underannotated genes altering antibiotic efficacy and 33% (23/69) required for persistence during mouse tuberculosis (TB) infection. Prospective application of the protein models enabled us to functionally interpret novel laboratory generated pyrazinamide (PZA)-resistant mutants of unknown function, which implicated the emerging coenzyme A depletion model of PZA action in the mutants’ PZA resistance. Our findings demonstrate the functional insight gained by integrating structural modeling and systematic literature curation, even for widely studied microorganisms. Functional annotations and protein structure models are available at https://tuberculosis.sdsu.edu/H37Rv in human- and machine-readable formats. IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary causative agent of tuberculosis, kills more humans than any other infectious bacterium. Yet 40% of its genome is functionally uncharacterized, leaving much about the genetic basis of its resistance to antibiotics, capacity to withstand host immunity, and basic metabolism yet undiscovered. Irregular literature curation for functional annotation contributes to this gap. We systematically curated functions from literature and structural similarity for over half of poorly characterized genes, expanding the functionally annotated Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome. Applying this updated annotation to recent in vivo functional screens added functional information to dozens of clinically pertinent proteins described as having unknown function. Integrating the annotations with a prospective functional screen identified new mutants resistant to a first-line TB drug, supporting an emerging hypothesis for its mode of action. These improvements in functional interpretation of clinically informative studies underscore the translational value of this functional knowledge. Structure-derived annotations identify hundreds of high-confidence candidates for mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and basic metabolism and other functions key in clinical and basic tuberculosis research. More broadly, they provide a systematic framework for improving prokaryotic reference annotations.
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Activity of Pyrazinamide against Mycobacterium tuberculosis at Neutral pH in PZA-S1 Minimal Medium. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080909. [PMID: 34438959 PMCID: PMC8388709 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility testing of tuberculosis (TB) drugs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis is essential for the rapid detection of strains resistant to the drugs, providing the patient with effective treatment, and preventing the spread of drug-resistant TB strains. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is one of the first-line agents used for the treatment of TB. However, current phenotypic PZA susceptibility testing is unreliable due to its performance in acidic pH conditions. The aims of this study were to develop minimal media to determine the activity of PZA at a neutral pH at 37 °C to avoid problems caused by an acidic pH, which is currently used in PZA susceptibility tests, and to identify PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis in media with reproducibility and accuracy. Different minimal media were used to determine the activity of PZA using the broth microdilution method with M. tuberculosis H37Ra as the reference strain. The PZA-S1 minimal medium was proposed as the most suitable medium. PZA inhibited the growth of M. tuberculosis in PZA-S1 at a neutral pH of 6.8, which is the optimal pH for M. tuberculosis growth. Moreover, PZA showed activity at a neutral pH on a PZA-S1 agar plate when using the disk diffusion method. PZA-resistant M. tuberculosis could be identified at a neutral pH in PZA-S1 minimal medium. This study establishes valuable information regarding the testing of PZA’s susceptibility in relation to M. tuberculosis at a neutral pH of 6.8 with reliability and accuracy in clinical settings.
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Pyrazinamide Susceptibility Is Driven by Activation of the SigE-Dependent Cell Envelope Stress Response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2021; 13:e0043921. [PMID: 35100871 PMCID: PMC8805019 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00439-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) plays a crucial role in first-line tuberculosis drug therapy. Unlike other antimicrobial agents, PZA is active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis only at low pH. The basis for this conditional drug susceptibility remains undefined. In this study, we utilized a genome-wide approach to interrogate potentiation of PZA action. We found that mutations in numerous genes involved in central metabolism as well as cell envelope maintenance and stress response are associated with PZA resistance. Further, we demonstrate that constitutive activation of the cell envelope stress response can drive PZA susceptibility independent of environmental pH. Consequently, exposure to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors, such as beta-lactams and d-cycloserine, potentiate PZA action through triggering this response. These findings illuminate a regulatory mechanism for conditional PZA susceptibility and reveal new avenues for enhancing potency of this important drug through targeting activation of the cell envelope stress response. IMPORTANCE For decades, pyrazinamide has served as a cornerstone of tuberculosis therapy. Unlike any other antitubercular drug, pyrazinamide requires an acidic environment to exert its action. Despite its importance, the driver of this conditional susceptibility has remained unknown. In this study, a genome-wide approach revealed that pyrazinamide action is governed by the cell envelope stress response. This observation was validated by orthologous approaches that demonstrate that a central player of this response, SigE, is both necessary and sufficient for potentiation of pyrazinamide action. Moreover, constitutive activation of this response through deletion of the anti-sigma factor gene rseA or exposure of bacilli to drugs that target the cell wall was found to potently drive pyrazinamide susceptibility independent of environmental pH. These findings force a paradigm shift in our understanding of pyrazinamide action and open new avenues for improving diagnostic and therapeutic tools for tuberculosis.
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Li K, Yang Z, Gu J, Luo M, Deng J, Chen Y. Characterization of pncA Mutations and Prediction of PZA Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates From Chongqing, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:594171. [PMID: 33505367 PMCID: PMC7832174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.594171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is widely used to treat drug-sensitive or multidrug resistance tuberculosis. However, conventional PZA susceptibility tests of clinical isolates are rather difficult because of the requirement of acid pH. Since resistance to pyrazinamide is primary mediated by mutation of pncA, an alternative way of PZA susceptibility test is to analyze the pyrazinamidase activities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. Therefore, a database containing the full spectrum of pncA mutations along with pyrazinamidase activities will be beneficial. To characterize mutations of pncA in M. tuberculosis from Chongqing, China, the pncA gene was sequenced and analyzed in 465 clinical isolates. A total of 124 types of mutations were identified in 424 drug-resistant isolates, while no mutation was identified in the 31 pan-susceptible isolates. Ninety-four of the 124 mutations had previously been reported, and 30 new mutations were identified. Based on reported literatures, 294 isolates could be predicted resistant to pyrazinamide. Furthermore, pyrazinamidase activities of the 30 new mutations were tested using the Escherichia coli pncA gene knockout strain. The results showed that 24 of these new mutations (28 isolates) led to loss of pyrazinamidase activity and six (8 isolates) of them did not. Taken together, 322 isolates with pncA mutations could be predicted to be PZA resistant among the 424 drug-resistant isolates tested. Analysis of pncA mutations and their effects on pyrazinamidase activity will not only enrich our knowledge of comprehensive pncA mutations related with PZA resistance but also facilitate rapid molecular diagnosis of pyrazinamide resistance in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Central Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongping Yang
- Central Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Central Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Central Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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Jelińska A, Zając M, Dadej A, Tomczak S, Geszke-Moritz M, Muszalska-Kolos I. Tuberculosis - Present Medication and Therapeutic Prospects. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:630-656. [PMID: 30457045 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181120100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) has been present in the history of human civilization since time immemorial and has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease. It is still considered one of the ten most common epidemiologic causes of death in the world. As a transmissible disease, it is initiated by rod-shaped (bacillus) mycobacteria. The management of tuberculosis became possible owing to several discoveries beginning in 1882 with the isolation of the TB bacillus by Robert Koch. The diagnosis of TB was enabled by finding a staining method for TB bacteria identification (1883). It was soon realized that a large-scale policy for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis was necessary, which resulted in the foundation of International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (1902). An antituberculosis vaccine was developed in 1921 and has been in therapeutic use since then. TB treatment regimens have changed over the decades and the latest recommendations are known as Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS, WHO 1993). METHODS A search of bibliographic databases was performed for peer-reviewed research literature. A focused review question and inclusion criteria were applied. Standard tools were used to assess the quality of retrieved papers. RESULTS A total of 112 papers were included comprising original publications and reviews. The paper overviews anti-TB drugs according to their mechanism of action. The chemical structure, metabolism and unwanted effects of such drugs have been discussed. The most recent treatment regimens and new drugs, including those in clinical trials, are also presented. CONCLUSION Despite a 22% decrease in the tuberculosis fatality rate observed between 2000 and 2015, the disease remains one of the ten prime causes of death worldwide. Increasing bacterial resistance and expensive, prolonged therapies are the main reasons for efforts to find effective drugs or antituberculosis regimens, especially to cure multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jelińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Zając
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adrianna Dadej
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Szymon Tomczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Geszke-Moritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Muszalska-Kolos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Grunwaldzka Str. 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
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Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a cornerstone antimicrobial drug used exclusively for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Due to its ability to shorten drug therapy by 3 months and reduce disease relapse rates, PZA is considered an irreplaceable component of standard first-line short-course therapy for drug-susceptible TB and second-line treatment regimens for multidrug-resistant TB. Despite over 60 years of research on PZA and its crucial role in current and future TB treatment regimens, the mode of action of this unique drug remains unclear. Defining the mode of action for PZA will open new avenues for rational design of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TB. In this review, we discuss the four prevailing models for PZA action, recent developments in modulation of PZA susceptibility and resistance, and outlooks for future research and drug development.
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Novel pyrazine based anti-tubercular agents: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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The molecular basis of pyrazinamide activity on Mycobacterium tuberculosis PanD. Nat Commun 2020; 11:339. [PMID: 31953389 PMCID: PMC6969166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide has been a mainstay in the multidrug regimens used to treat tuberculosis. It is active against the persistent, non-replicating mycobacteria responsible for the protracted therapy required to cure tuberculosis. Pyrazinamide is a pro-drug that is converted into pyrazinoic acid (POA) by pyrazinamidase, however, the exact target of the drug has been difficult to determine. Here we show the enzyme PanD binds POA in its active site in a manner consistent with competitive inhibition. The active site is not directly accessible to the inhibitor, suggesting the protein must undergo a conformational change to bind the inhibitor. This is consistent with the slow binding kinetics we determined for POA. Drug-resistant mutations cluster near loops that lay on top of the active site. These resistant mutants show reduced affinity and residence time of POA consistent with a model where resistance occurs by destabilizing the closed conformation of the active site. The important tuberculosis drug pyrazinamide (PZA) is converted to its active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Here the authors identify the pantothenate biosynthesis pathway enzyme aspartate decarboxylase (PanD) as the target of PZA and determine the POA bound Mtb PanD crystal structure.
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Singh A, Gupta AK, Singh S. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Role of Nanoparticles Against Multi-drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Gopal P, Grüber G, Dartois V, Dick T. Pharmacological and Molecular Mechanisms Behind the Sterilizing Activity of Pyrazinamide. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:930-940. [PMID: 31704175 PMCID: PMC6884696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion of pyrazinamide (PZA) in the tuberculosis (TB) drug regimen during the 1970s enabled a reduction in treatment duration from 12 to 6 months. PZA has this remarkable effect in patients despite displaying poor potency against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in vitro. The pharmacological basis for the in vivo sterilizing activity of the drug has remained obscure and its bacterial target controversial. Recently it was shown that PZA penetrates necrotic caseous TB lung lesions and kills nongrowing, drug-tolerant bacilli. Furthermore, it was uncovered that PZA inhibits bacterial Coenzyme A biosynthesis. It may block this pathway by triggering degradation of its target, aspartate decarboxylase. The elucidation of the pharmacological and molecular mechanisms of PZA provides the basis for the rational discovery of the next-generation PZA with improved in vitro potency while maintaining attractive pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gopal
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore; Current address: MSD Translational Medicine Research Centre, Merck Research Laboratories, 8 Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138665, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street Building 102, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 340 Kingsland Street Building 102, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Republic of Singapore
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16
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Magwira CA, Aneck-Hahn N, Taylor MB. Fate, occurrence and potential adverse effects of antimicrobials used for treatment of tuberculosis in the aquatic environment in South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112990. [PMID: 31401522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of tonnes of anti-tubercular and other anti-microbial compounds for the control of the tuberculosis epidemic and other opportunistic diseases associated with human immunodeficiency virus presents tuberculosis-endemic countries such as South Africa, with a problem regarding the occurrence and fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment. The majority of these compounds are not readily degradable and could persist in the aquatic environment with potential detrimental effect on the aquatic microbiota ecosystem, development and dissemination of anti-microbial resistance as well as chronic toxicity in humans due to long-term exposure. This review summarises and discusses the occurrence, fate and potential adverse effects of the commonly administered anti-tubercular compounds in the aquatic environment in tuberculosis-endemic countries and South Africa in particular. It further attempts to identify information gaps in the literature regarding anti-tubercular compounds in the environment that needs further investigation so that their risk can be comprehensively assessed and impact mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff Abdul Magwira
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Natalie Aneck-Hahn
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maureen Beatrice Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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17
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Lamont EA, Baughn AD. Impact of the host environment on the antitubercular action of pyrazinamide. EBioMedicine 2019; 49:374-380. [PMID: 31669220 PMCID: PMC6945238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide remains the only drug in the tuberculosis pharmacopeia to drastically shorten first-line therapy from nine to six months. Due to its unparalleled ability to sterilize non-replicating bacilli and reduce relapse rates, PZA is expected to be irreplaceable in future therapies against tuberculosis. While the molecular target of PZA is unclear, recent pharmacokinetic studies using small animal models and patient samples have highlighted the importance of host metabolism and immune responses in PZA efficacy. Delineating which host factors are important for PZA action will be integral to the design of next-generation therapies to shorten current TB drug regimens as well as to overcome treatment limitations in some patients. In this review, we discuss evidence for influence of the host environment on PZA activity, targets for PZA mechanism of action, recent studies in PZA pharmacokinetics, PZA antagonism and synergy with other first-line anti-TB drugs, and implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Lamont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anthony D Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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18
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Khan MT, Malik SI, Ali S, Masood N, Nadeem T, Khan AS, Afzal MT. Pyrazinamide resistance and mutations in pncA among isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:116. [PMID: 30728001 PMCID: PMC6364397 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important component of first-line drugs because of its distinctive capability to kill subpopulations of persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The prodrug (PZA) is converted to its active form, pyrazinoic acid (POA) by MTB pncA-encoded pyrazinamidase (PZase). Mutation in pncA is the most common and primary cause of PZA resistance. The aim of the present study was to explore the molecular characterization of PZA resistance in a Pashtun-dominated region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Methods We performed drug susceptibility testing (DST) on 753 culture-positive isolates collected from the Provincial Tuberculosis Control Program Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using the BACTEC MGIT 960 PZA method. In addition, the pncA gene was sequenced in PZA-resistant isolates, and PZA susceptibility testing results were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of pncA gene mutations. Results A total of 69 isolates were PZA resistant (14.8%). Mutations were investigated in 69 resistant, 26 susceptible and one H37Rv isolates by sequencing. Thirty-six different mutations were identified in PZA-resistant isolates, with fifteen mutations, including 194_203delCCTCGTCGTG and 317_318delTC, that have not been reported in TBDRM and GMTV Databases and previous studies. Mutations Lys96Thr and Ser179Gly were found in the maximum number of isolates (n = 4 each). We did not detect mutations in sensitive isolates, except for the synonymous mutation 195C > T (Ser65Ser). The sensitivity and specificity of the pncA sequencing method were 79.31% (95% CI, 69.29 to 87.25%) and 86.67% (95% CI, 69.28 to 96.24%). Conclusion Mutations in the pncA gene in circulating isolates of geographically distinct regions, especially in high-burden countries, should be investigated for better control and management of drug-resistant TB. Molecular methods for the investigation of PZA resistance are better than DST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad Expressway, Kahuta Road, Zone-V, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shaukat Iqbal Malik
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad Expressway, Kahuta Road, Zone-V, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-E-Azam University Islamabad and Provincial Tuberculosis Reference, Laboratory Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nayyer Masood
- Department of Computer Science, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Nadeem
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Sheed Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University and Provincial Tuberculosis Control Laboratory Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tanvir Afzal
- Department of Computer Science, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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19
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Du Preez I, Loots DT. Novel insights into the pharmacometabonomics of first-line tuberculosis drugs relating to metabolism, mechanism of action and drug-resistance. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:466-481. [PMID: 30558443 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1559184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Du Preez
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University , Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University , Potchefstroom, South Africa
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20
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Junaid M, Khan MT, Malik SI, Wei DQ. Insights into the Mechanisms of the Pyrazinamide Resistance of Three Pyrazinamidase Mutants N11K, P69T, and D126N. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 59:498-508. [PMID: 30481017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to discover the mechanism of resistance offered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) toward the pyrazinamide (PZA) drug, an extensive molecular dynamics strategy was employed. PZA is a first-line prodrug that effectively cuts therapy time by 33% (from 9 to 6 months). Pyrazinamidase enzyme (PZase), encoded by the pncA gene, is responsible for the activation of prodrug PZA into pyrazinoic acid (POA). POA is toxic and potently inhibits the growth of latent Mtb even at low pH values. PZA resistance is caused by three genes pncA, rpsA, and panD. Among them, the pncA gene contributes 72-99% to the resistance. Hence, the present study focused on the novel mutations N11K, P69T, and D126N in the pncA gene. In the present study, the possible mechanism of these three mutations was studied through molecular dynamics simulation and docking techniques. Our in-depth analysis and results are in strong agreement with our experimental observation. The binding pocket analysis showed that mutations decrease the volume of the active site and hinder the correct orientation of PZA drug in the active site. Moreover, the Patchdock score was found to be low as compared to WT showing the disturbance of shape complementarity between PZase and PZA drug. These mutations were found to disturb the position of the Fe2+ ion. Among the mutations, D126N allosterically disturbed the position of the Fe2+ ion. MMGBSA analyses showed that these mutations decrease the binding affinity toward the PZA drug. In conclusion, mutations N11K, P69T, and D126N result in weak binding affinity with PZA and also cause significant structural deformations that lead to PZA resistance. This study provides useful information that mutations in other than active parts may also cause protein folding and ligand displacement effects, altering the biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai , Minhang District, China 200240
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai , Minhang District, China 200240.,Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences , Capital University of Science and Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan 44000
| | - Shaukat Iqbal Malik
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences , Capital University of Science and Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan 44000
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai , Minhang District, China 200240
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21
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Vasconcelos CI, Varela MT, Torrecilhas AC, Fernandes JPS. Pyrazinoates as antiparasitic agents against Trypanosoma cruzi. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800190. [PMID: 30298951 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a repurposing study of pyrazinoic acid (1) and methyl (2), ethyl (3) and 2-chloroethyl (4) ester derivatives with antimycobacterial activity, in assays against Trypanosoma cruzi. The compounds and benznidazole, the standard antitrypanosoma drug, were evaluated in concentrations ranging from 100 to 6.25 μg/mL. The results showed that compounds 2 and 3 (EC50 = 182 and 447 μM) significantly reduced the infection rate of the parasite into the mammalian cells at 100 μg/mL (p < 0.05) in a similar way to benznidazole. In addition, all the compounds also significantly reduced the number of intracellular parasites (compound 1 at 50 μg/mL, and compounds 2-4 at 100 μg/mL, p < 0.05) in comparison to the control. Compounds 1 and 2 were more effective than benznidazole at 50 μg/mL (p < 0.001). Moreover, compounds 1-4 did not show significant cytotoxicity against THP-1, J774, and HeLa cells (>1000 μM), indicating that they possess considerable selectivity against the parasites. This report represents the first study of such compounds against T. cruzi, indicating the potential of pyrazinoates as antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla I Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Marina T Varela
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Ana C Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - João P S Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
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22
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Zitko J, Mindlová A, Valášek O, Jand'ourek O, Paterová P, Janoušek J, Konečná K, Doležal M. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of N-pyrazinylbenzamides as Potential Antimycobacterial Agents. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092390. [PMID: 30231544 PMCID: PMC6225228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three series of N-(pyrazin-2-yl)benzamides were designed as retro-amide analogues of previously published N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamides with in vitro antimycobacterial activity. The synthesized retro-amides were evaluated for in vitro growth inhibiting activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb), three non-tuberculous mycobacterial strains (M. avium, M. kansasii, M. smegmatis) and selected bacterial and fungal strains of clinical importance. Regarding activity against Mtb, most N-pyrazinylbenzamides (retro-amides) possessed lower or no activity compared to the corresponding N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamides with the same substitution pattern. However, the active retro-amides tended to have lower HepG2 cytotoxicity and better selectivity. Derivatives with 5-chloro substitution on the pyrazine ring were generally more active compared to their 6-cloro positional isomers or non-chlorinated analogues. The best antimycobacterial activity against Mtb was found in N-(5-chloropyrazin-2-yl)benzamides with short alkyl (2h: R2 = Me; 2i: R2 = Et) in position 4 of the benzene ring (MIC = 6.25 and 3.13 µg/mL, respectively, with SI > 10). N-(5-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)benzamides with hydroxy substitution (2b: R2 = 2-OH; 2d: R2 = 4-OH) on the benzene ring or their acetylated synthetic precursors possessed the broadest spectrum of activity, being active in all three groups of mycobacterial, bacterial and fungal strains. The substantial differences in in silico calculated properties (hydrogen-bond pattern analysis, molecular electrostatic potential, HOMO and LUMO) can justify the differences in biological activities between N-pyrazinylbenzamides and N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zitko
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Alžběta Mindlová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Valášek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Jand'ourek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Paterová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, Sokolská 581, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Janoušek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Konečná
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Doležal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 500 05, Czech Republic.
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23
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Amarnath Praphakar R, Jeyaraj M, Ahmed M, Suresh Kumar S, Rajan M. Silver nanoparticle functionalized CS-g-(CA-MA-PZA) carrier for sustainable anti-tuberculosis drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1627-1638. [PMID: 29981824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, drug functionalized biodegradable polymers have been appreciated to be imperative to fabricate multi-drug delivery nanosystems for sustainable drug release. In this work, amphiphilic chitosan-grafted-(cetyl alcohol-maleic anhydride-pyrazinamide) (CS-g-(CA-MA-PZA)) was synthesized by multi-step reactions. The incorporation of rifampicin (RF) and entrapment of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on CS-g-(CA-MA-PZA) polymer was carried out by dialysis technique. From the FT-IR experiment, the polymer modification, incorporation of drugs and the entrapment of Ag NPs on micelles were confirmed. The surface morphology of Ag NPs, polymeric system and drug loaded micelles was described by SEM, TEM and AFM techniques. In addition, the controlled release behaviour of CS-g-(CA-MA-PZA) micelles was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. In vitro cell viability, cell apoptosis and cellular uptake experiments shows that multi-drug delivery system could enhance the biocompatibility and higher the cytotoxicity effect on the cells. Since the prepared amphiphilic polymeric micelles exhibit spotty features and the system is a promising strategy for a novel candidate for immediate therapeutically effects for alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Amarnath Praphakar
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugaraj Jeyaraj
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 25, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukhtar Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subbiah Suresh Kumar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India.
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24
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Zitko J, Jand'ourek O, Paterová P, Navrátilová L, Kuneš J, Vinšová J, Doležal M. Design, synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of hybrid molecules combining pyrazinamide with a 4-phenylthiazol-2-amine scaffold. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:685-696. [PMID: 30108959 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00056e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid compounds based on a combination of the first-line antitubercular pyrazinamide (PZA) and a formerly identified antimycobacterial scaffold of 4-arylthiazol-2-amine were designed. Eighteen compounds were prepared, characterized and tested for in vitro growth inhibition activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. kansasii, M. avium and M. smegmatis by Microplate Alamar Blue Assay at neutral pH. Active compounds were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2). The most active 6-chloro-N-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl]pyrazine-2-carboxamide (9b) also had the broadest spectrum of activity and inhibited M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, and M. avium with MIC = 0.78 μg mL-1 (2.3 μM) and a selectivity index related to HepG2 cells of SI > 20. Structure-activity relationships within the series are discussed. Based on its structural similarity to known inhibitors and the results of a molecular docking study, we suggest mycobacterial beta-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase III (FabH) as a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zitko
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Heyrovského 1203 , Hradec Králové , 500 05 , Czech Republic .
| | - Ondřej Jand'ourek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Heyrovského 1203 , Hradec Králové , 500 05 , Czech Republic .
| | - Pavla Paterová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology , University Hospital , Sokolská 581 , Hradec Králové , 500 05 , Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Navrátilová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Heyrovského 1203 , Hradec Králové , 500 05 , Czech Republic .
| | - Jiří Kuneš
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Heyrovského 1203 , Hradec Králové , 500 05 , Czech Republic .
| | - Jarmila Vinšová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Heyrovského 1203 , Hradec Králové , 500 05 , Czech Republic .
| | - Martin Doležal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové , Charles University , Heyrovského 1203 , Hradec Králové , 500 05 , Czech Republic .
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25
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New Approaches and Therapeutic Options for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Dormant State. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 31:31/1/e00060-17. [PMID: 29187395 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00060-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We are far away from the days when tuberculosis (TB) accounted for 1 in 4 deaths during the 19th century. However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains are still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality by a single infectious disease, with 9.6 million cases and 1.5 million deaths reported. One-third of the world's population is estimated by the WHO to be infected with latent TB. During the last decade, several studies have aimed to define the characteristics of dormant bacteria in these latent infections. General features of the shift to a dormant state encompass several phenotypic changes that reduce metabolic activity. This low metabolic state is thought to increase the resistance of MTBC strains to host/environmental stresses, including antibiotic action. Once the stress ceases (e.g., interruption of treatment), dormant cells can reactivate and cause symptomatic disease again. Therefore, a proper understanding of dormancy could guide the rational development of new treatment regimens that target dormant cells, reducing later relapse. Here, we briefly summarize the latest data on the genetics involved in the regulation of dormancy and discuss new approaches to TB treatment.
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26
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Gopal P, Nartey W, Ragunathan P, Sarathy J, Kaya F, Yee M, Setzer C, Manimekalai MSS, Dartois V, Grüber G, Dick T. Pyrazinoic Acid Inhibits Mycobacterial Coenzyme A Biosynthesis by Binding to Aspartate Decarboxylase PanD. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:807-819. [PMID: 28991455 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we showed that a major in vitro and in vivo mechanism of resistance to pyrazinoic acid (POA), the bioactive component of the critical tuberculosis (TB) prodrug pyrazinamide (PZA), involves missense mutations in the aspartate decarboxylase PanD, an enzyme required for coenzyme A biosynthesis. What is the mechanism of action of POA? Upon demonstrating that treatment of M. bovis BCG with POA resulted in a depletion of intracellular coenzyme A and confirming that this POA-mediated depletion is prevented by either missense mutations in PanD or exogenous supplementation of pantothenate, we hypothesized that POA binds to PanD and that this binding blocks the biosynthetic pathway. Here, we confirm both hypotheses. First, metabolomic analyses showed that POA treatment resulted in a reduction of the concentrations of all coenzyme A precursors downstream of the PanD-mediated catalytic step. Second, using isothermal titration calorimetry, we established that POA, but not its prodrug PZA, binds to PanD. Binding was abolished for mutant PanD proteins. Taken together, these findings support a mechanism of action of POA in which the bioactive component of PZA inhibits coenzyme A biosynthesis via binding to aspartate decarboxylase PanD. Together with previous works, these results establish PanD as a genetically, metabolically, and biophysically validated target of PZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gopal
- Department of Microbiology
and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545
| | - Wilson Nartey
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798
| | - Jansy Sarathy
- Public
Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Firat Kaya
- Public
Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Michelle Yee
- Department of Microbiology
and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545
| | - Claudia Setzer
- Department of Microbiology
and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545
| | | | - Véronique Dartois
- Public
Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology
and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545
- Public
Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
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Mucaji P, Atanasov AG, Bak A, Kozik V, Sieron K, Olsen M, Pan W, Liu Y, Hu S, Lan J, Haider N, Musiol R, Vanco J, Diederich M, Ji S, Zitko J, Wang D, Agbaba D, Nikolic K, Oljacic S, Vucicevic J, Jezova D, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Tsopelas F, Giaginis C, Kowalska T, Sajewicz M, Silberring J, Mielczarek P, Smoluch M, Jendrzejewska I, Polanski J, Jampilek J. The Forty-Sixth Euro Congress on Drug Synthesis and Analysis: Snapshot †. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111848. [PMID: 29143778 PMCID: PMC6150335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 46th EuroCongress on Drug Synthesis and Analysis (ECDSA-2017) was arranged within the celebration of the 65th Anniversary of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia from 5-8 September 2017 to get together specialists in medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis, pharmaceutical analysis, screening of bioactive compounds, pharmacology and drug formulations; promote the exchange of scientific results, methods and ideas; and encourage cooperation between researchers from all over the world. The topic of the conference, "Drug Synthesis and Analysis," meant that the symposium welcomed all pharmacists and/or researchers (chemists, analysts, biologists) and students interested in scientific work dealing with investigations of biologically active compounds as potential drugs. The authors of this manuscript were plenary speakers and other participants of the symposium and members of their research teams. The following summary highlights the major points/topics of the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Mucaji
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrzej Bak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Violetta Kozik
- Department of Synthesis Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Sieron
- Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40752 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Mark Olsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Glendale, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
| | - Weidong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang 550014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang, 550014, China.
| | - Yazhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang 550014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang, 550014, China.
| | - Shengchao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang 550014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang, 550014, China.
| | - Junjie Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang 550014, China.
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, 3491 Baijin Road, Guiyang, 550014, China.
| | - Norbert Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Robert Musiol
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Jan Vanco
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Seungwon Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Jan Zitko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Danica Agbaba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Slavica Oljacic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelica Vucicevic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Daniela Jezova
- Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Anna Tsantili-Kakoulidou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Fotios Tsopelas
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece.
| | - Teresa Kowalska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Mieczyslaw Sajewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Przemyslaw Mielczarek
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marek Smoluch
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Izabela Jendrzejewska
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry, University of Silesia, Bankowa 12, 40006 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Jaroslaw Polanski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojarov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Drug development against tuberculosis: Past, present and future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 64:252-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Dillon NA, Peterson ND, Feaga HA, Keiler KC, Baughn AD. Anti-tubercular Activity of Pyrazinamide is Independent of trans-Translation and RpsA. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6135. [PMID: 28733601 PMCID: PMC5522395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a first line anti-tubercular drug for which the mechanism of action remains unresolved. Recently, it was proposed that the active form of PZA, pyrazinoic acid (POA), disrupts the ribosome rescue process of trans-translation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This model suggested that POA binds within the carboxy-terminal domain of ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA) and inhibits trans-translation leading to accumulation of stalled ribosomes. Here, we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis RpsA interacts with single stranded RNA, but not with POA. Further, we show that an rpsA polymorphism previously identified in a PZA resistant strain does not confer PZA resistance when reconstructed in a laboratory strain. Finally, by utilizing an in vitro trans-translation assay with purified M. tuberculosis ribosomes we find that an interfering oligonucleotide can inhibit trans-translation, yet POA does not inhibit trans-translation. Based on these findings, we conclude that the action of PZA is entirely independent of RpsA and trans-translation in M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Dillon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas D Peterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Heather A Feaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kenneth C Keiler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Anthony D Baughn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Nusrath Unissa A, Hanna LE. Molecular mechanisms of action, resistance, detection to the first-line anti tuberculosis drugs: Rifampicin and pyrazinamide in the post whole genome sequencing era. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 105:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Njire M, Wang N, Wang B, Tan Y, Cai X, Liu Y, Mugweru J, Guo J, Hameed HMA, Tan S, Liu J, Yew WW, Nuermberger E, Lamichhane G, Liu J, Zhang T. Pyrazinoic Acid Inhibits a Bifunctional Enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e00070-17. [PMID: 28438933 PMCID: PMC5487608 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00070-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA), an indispensable component of modern tuberculosis treatment, acts as a key sterilizing drug. While the mechanism of activation of this prodrug into pyrazinoic acid (POA) by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been extensively studied, not all molecular determinants that confer resistance to this mysterious drug have been identified. Here, we report how a new PZA resistance determinant, the Asp67Asn substitution in Rv2783, confers M. tuberculosis resistance to PZA. Expression of the mutant allele but not the wild-type allele in M. tuberculosis recapitulates the PZA resistance observed in clinical isolates. In addition to catalyzing the metabolism of RNA and single-stranded DNA, Rv2783 also metabolized ppGpp, an important signal transducer involved in the stringent response in bacteria. All catalytic activities of the wild-type Rv2783 but not the mutant were significantly inhibited by POA. These results, which indicate that Rv2783 is a target of PZA, provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of the sterilizing activity of this drug and a basis for improving the molecular diagnosis of PZA resistance and developing evolved PZA derivatives to enhance its antituberculosis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Njire
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bangxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoju Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingshan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julius Mugweru
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H M Adnan Hameed
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouyong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wing Wai Yew
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ranjith P, Al-Abdullah ES, Al-Omary FA, El-Emam AA, Anto P, Sheena MY, Armaković S, Armaković SJ, Zitko J, Dolezal M, Van Alsenoy C. FT-IR and FT-Raman characterization and investigation of reactive properties of N-(3-iodo-4-methylphenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide by molecular dynamics simulations and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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33
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Zhang Z, Ordonez AA, Smith-Jones P, Wang H, Gogarty KR, Daryaee F, Bambarger LE, Chang YS, Jain SK, Tonge PJ. The biodistribution of 5-[18F]fluoropyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice determined by positron emission tomography. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170871. [PMID: 28151985 PMCID: PMC5289470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
5-[18F]F-pyrazinamide (5-[18F]F-PZA), a radiotracer analog of the first-line tuberculosis drug pyrazinamide (PZA), was employed to determine the biodistribution of PZA using PET imaging and ex vivo analysis. 5-[18F]F-PZA was synthesized in 60 min using a halide exchange reaction. The overall decay-corrected yield of the reaction was 25% and average specific activity was 2.6 × 106 kBq (70 mCi)/μmol. The biodistribution of 5-[18F]F-PZA was examined in a pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis mouse model, where rapid distribution of the tracer to the lung, heart, liver, kidney, muscle, and brain was observed. The concentration of 5-[18F]F-PZA was not significantly different between infected and uninfected lung tissue. Biochemical and microbiological studies revealed substantial differences between 5-F-PZA and PZA. 5-F-PZA was not a substrate for pyrazinamidase, the bacterial enzyme that activates PZA, and the minimum inhibitory concentration for 5-F-PZA against M. tuberculosis was more than 100-fold higher than that for PZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Smith-Jones
- The Facility for Experimental Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kayla R. Gogarty
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Fereidoon Daryaee
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Bambarger
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yong S. Chang
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Center for Tuberculosis Research and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKJ); (PJT)
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry and Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKJ); (PJT)
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Long-Chain Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A Ligase FadD2 Mediates Intrinsic Pyrazinamide Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02130-16. [PMID: 27855077 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02130-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a first-line tuberculosis (TB) drug that has been in clinical use for 60 years yet still has an unresolved mechanism of action. Based upon the observation that the minimum concentration of PZA required to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is approximately 1,000-fold higher than that of other first-line drugs, we hypothesized that M. tuberculosis expresses factors that mediate intrinsic resistance to PZA. To identify genes associated with intrinsic PZA resistance, a library of transposon-mutagenized Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains was screened for strains showing hypersusceptibility to the active form of PZA, pyrazinoic acid (POA). Disruption of the long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA) ligase FadD2 enhanced POA susceptibility by 16-fold on agar medium, and the wild-type level of susceptibility was restored upon expression of fadD2 from an integrating mycobacterial vector. Consistent with the recent observation that POA perturbs mycobacterial CoA metabolism, the fadD2 mutant strain was more vulnerable to POA-mediated CoA depletion than the wild-type strain. Ectopic expression of the M. tuberculosis pyrazinamidase PncA, necessary for conversion of PZA to POA, in the fadD2 transposon insertion mutant conferred at least a 16-fold increase in PZA susceptibility under active growth conditions in liquid culture at neutral pH. Importantly, deletion of fadD2 in M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv also resulted in enhanced susceptibility to POA. These results indicate that FadD2 is associated with intrinsic PZA and POA resistance and provide a proof of concept for the target-based potentiation of PZA activity in M. tuberculosis.
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Gold B, Nathan C. Targeting Phenotypically Tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0031-2016. [PMID: 28233509 PMCID: PMC5367488 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0031-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While the immune system is credited with averting tuberculosis in billions of individuals exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the immune system is also culpable for tempering the ability of antibiotics to deliver swift and durable cure of disease. In individuals afflicted with tuberculosis, host immunity produces diverse microenvironmental niches that support suboptimal growth, or complete growth arrest, of M. tuberculosis. The physiological state of nonreplication in bacteria is associated with phenotypic drug tolerance. Many of these host microenvironments, when modeled in vitro by carbon starvation, complete nutrient starvation, stationary phase, acidic pH, reactive nitrogen intermediates, hypoxia, biofilms, and withholding streptomycin from the streptomycin-addicted strain SS18b, render M. tuberculosis profoundly tolerant to many of the antibiotics that are given to tuberculosis patients in clinical settings. Targeting nonreplicating persisters is anticipated to reduce the duration of antibiotic treatment and rate of posttreatment relapse. Some promising drugs to treat tuberculosis, such as rifampin and bedaquiline, only kill nonreplicating M. tuberculosisin vitro at concentrations far greater than their minimal inhibitory concentrations against replicating bacilli. There is an urgent demand to identify which of the currently used antibiotics, and which of the molecules in academic and corporate screening collections, have potent bactericidal action on nonreplicating M. tuberculosis. With this goal, we review methods of high-throughput screening to target nonreplicating M. tuberculosis and methods to progress candidate molecules. A classification based on structures and putative targets of molecules that have been reported to kill nonreplicating M. tuberculosis revealed a rich diversity in pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065
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Mikušová K, Ekins S. Learning from the past for TB drug discovery in the future. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:534-545. [PMID: 27717850 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis drug discovery has shifted in recent years from a primarily target-based approach to one that uses phenotypic high-throughput screens. As examples of this, through our EU-funded FP7 collaborations, New Medicines for Tuberculosis was target-based and our more-recent More Medicines for Tuberculosis project predominantly used phenotypic screening. From these projects we have examples of success (DprE1) and failure (PimA) going from drug to target and from target to drug, respectively. It is clear that we still have much to learn about the drug targets and the complex effects of the drugs on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We propose a more integrated approach that learns from earlier drug discovery efforts that could help to move drug discovery forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Mikušová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborative Drug Discovery, Inc., 1633 Bayshore Highway, Suite 342, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA; Collaborations in Chemistry, 5616 Hilltop Needmore Road, Fuquay Varina, NC 27526, USA.
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Gopal P, Yee M, Sarathy J, Low JL, Sarathy JP, Kaya F, Dartois V, Gengenbacher M, Dick T. Pyrazinamide Resistance Is Caused by Two Distinct Mechanisms: Prevention of Coenzyme A Depletion and Loss of Virulence Factor Synthesis. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:616-626. [PMID: 27759369 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a critical component of first- and second-line treatments of tuberculosis (TB), yet its mechanism of action largely remains an enigma. We carried out a genetic screen to isolate Mycobacterium bovis BCG mutants resistant to pyrazinoic acid (POA), the bioactive derivative of PZA, followed by whole genome sequencing of 26 POA resistant strains. Rather than finding mutations in the proposed candidate targets fatty acid synthase I and ribosomal protein S1, we found resistance conferring mutations in two pathways: missense mutations in aspartate decarboxylase panD, involved in the synthesis of the essential acyl carrier coenzyme A (CoA), and frameshift mutations in the vitro nonessential polyketide synthase genes mas and ppsA-E, involved in the synthesis of the virulence factor phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM). Probing for cross resistance to two structural analogs of POA, nicotinic acid and benzoic acid, showed that the analogs share the PDIM- but not the CoA-related mechanism of action with POA. We demonstrated that POA depletes CoA in wild-type bacteria, which is prevented by mutations in panD. Sequencing 10 POA-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv isolates confirmed the presence of at least 2 distinct mechanisms of resistance to the drug. The emergence of resistance through the loss of a virulence factor in vitro may explain the lack of clear molecular patterns in PZA-resistant clinical isolates, other than mutations in the prodrug-converting enzyme. The apparent interference of POA with virulence pathways may contribute to the drug's excellent in vivo efficacy compared to its modest in vitro potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gopal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michelle Yee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jickky Sarathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jian Liang Low
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jansy P. Sarathy
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Firat Kaya
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers—New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Njire M, Tan Y, Mugweru J, Wang C, Guo J, Yew W, Tan S, Zhang T. Pyrazinamide resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Review and update. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:63-71. [PMID: 26521205 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The global control and management of tuberculosis (TB) is faced with the formidable challenge of worsening scenarios of drug-resistant disease. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an indispensable first-line drug used for the treatment of TB. It plays a key role in reducing TB relapse rates, shortening the course of the disease treatment from 9-12 months to 6 months, and the treatment of patients infected with bacillary strains that are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Additionally, it is the only first-line anti-TB drug most likely to be maintained in all new regimens, which are aimed at reducing the treatment period of susceptible, multi-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB. It has a preferential sterilizing activity against non-replicating persister bacilli with low metabolism at acid pH in vitro or in vivo during active inflammation where other drugs may not act so well. PZA seem to have a non-specific cellular target and instead, exerts its anti-mycobacterial effect by disrupting the membrane energetics, the trans-translation process, acidification of the cytoplasm and perhaps coenzyme A synthesis, which is required for survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) persisters. Indeed, the emergence of MTB strains resistant to PZA represents an important clinical and public health problem. The essential role of PZA in TB treatment underlines the need for accurate and rapid detection of its resistance. This article presents an updated review of the molecular mechanisms of drug action and resistance in MTB against PZA, commenting on the several research gaps and proposed drug targets for PZA.
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Abstract
In this chapter we review the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance to the major first- and second-line antibiotics used to treat tuberculosis.
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Nusrath Unissa A, Hanna LE, Swaminathan S. A Note on Derivatives of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, and Pyrazinamide Showing Activity Against ResistantMycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:537-50. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ameeruddin Nusrath Unissa
- Centre for Biomedical Informatics; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis; Chennai Tamil Nadu 600 031 India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Scientist D; Division of Clinical Research; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis; Chennai Tamil Nadu 600 031 India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Director General; Indian Council of Medical Research; Ansari Nagar New Delhi 110 029 India
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Ahmadi A, Nazari R, Arjomandzadegan M, Zolfaghari MR, Vahidi V, Poolad T, Kahbazi M, Sadrnia M, Tousheh M, Rafiee P. Insights into Pyrazinamidase and DNA Gyrase Protein Structures in Resistant and Susceptible Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TANAFFOS 2016; 15:147-153. [PMID: 28210279 PMCID: PMC5304958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in pncA and gyrA genes cause pyrazinamide (PZA) and fluroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In the present study, structures of pyrazinamidase (PZase) and DNA gyrase proteins were studied in resistant and susceptible clinical isolates of MTB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty clinical isolates of MTB were used in this study. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of pncA and gyrA genes was accomplished on purified DNA. Sequence of the fragments was determined by an Applied BiosystemsTM apparatus. Bioinformatic analysis was performed by online software and three-dimensional (3D) structures of proteins was predicted using Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) Modeler software. RESULTS Amplified 744 and 194 bp fragments of pncA and gyrA genes, respectively were yielded suitable sequence results. Predicted 3D structures of proteins showed some differences between wild-type and mutant structures. Mutation in amino acid No.31 (T92C) caused an increase in distance from metal ion position to enzyme active site, but it was considered as a polymorphism. Docking results by MVD revealed a relationship in quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) amino acids in interaction with antibiotic. T92C mutation in PZase from non-polar aliphatic amino acid Ile (ATC) to polar aliphatic amino acid threonine (ACC) was a polymorphism. CONCLUSION Structural changes in two important proteins related to drug resistance were proven in clinical isolates of MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Ahmadi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University,, Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Nazari
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arjomandzadegan
- Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran,,Correspondence to: Arjomandzadegan M, Address: Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Department of Microbiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran, Email address:
| | | | - Vahideh Vahidi
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Toktam Poolad
- Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Manijeh Kahbazi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadrnia
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, I.R. of Iran
| | - Mojtaba Tousheh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pourya Rafiee
- Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Tuberculosis Drugs. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3323-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Systematic review of mutations in pyrazinamidase associated with pyrazinamide resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5267-77. [PMID: 26077261 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00204-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is an important first-line drug in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and of significant interest to the HIV-infected community due to the prevalence of TB-HIV coinfection in some regions of the world. The mechanism of resistance to PZA is unlike that of any other anti-TB drug. The gene pncA, encoding pyrazinamidase (PZase), is associated with resistance to PZA. However, because single mutations in PZase have a low prevalence, the individual sensitivities are low. Hundreds of distinct mutations in the enzyme have been associated with resistance, while some only appear in susceptible isolates. This makes interpretation of molecular testing difficult and often leads to the simplification that any PZase mutation causes resistance. This systematic review reports a comprehensive global list of mutations observed in PZase and its promoter region in clinical strains, their phenotypic association, their global frequencies and diversity, the method of phenotypic determination, their MIC values when given, and the method of MIC determination and assesses the strength of the association between mutations and phenotypic resistance to PZA. In this systematic review, we report global statistics for 641 mutations in 171 (of 187) codons from 2,760 resistant strains and 96 mutations from 3,329 susceptible strains reported in 61 studies. For diagnostics, individual mutations (or any subset) were not sufficiently sensitive. Assuming similar error profiles of the 5 phenotyping platforms included in this study, the entire enzyme and its promoter provide a combined estimated sensitivity of 83%. This review highlights the need for identification of an alternative mechanism(s) of resistance, at least for the unexplained 17% of cases.
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Servusova-Vanaskova B, Paterova P, Garaj V, Mandikova J, Kunes J, Naesens L, Jílek P, Dolezal M, Zitko J. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 6-Alkylamino-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:674-81. [PMID: 25676890 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This work presents synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of nineteen 6-alkylamino-N-phenylpyrazine-2-carboxamides. Antimycobacterial activity was determined against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, M. kansasii and two strains of M. avium. Generally, the antimycobacterial activity increased with prolongation of simple alkyl chain and culminated in compounds with heptylamino substitution (3e, 4e) with MIC = 5-10 μm against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. On the contrary, derivatives with modified alkyl chain (containing e.g. terminal methoxy or hydroxy group) as well as phenylalkylamino derivatives were mainly inactive. The most active compounds (with hexyl to octylamino substitution) were evaluated for their in vitro activity against drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and possessed activity comparable to that of the reference drug isoniazid. None of the tested compounds were active against M. avium. Some derivatives exhibited activity against Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (best MIC = 7.8 μm), while Gram-negative strains as well as tested fungal strains were completely unsusceptible. Active compounds were tested for in vitro toxicity on various cell lines and in most cases were non-toxic up to 100 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Servusova-Vanaskova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Paterova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Garaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, Bratislava, 832 32, Slovakia
| | - Jana Mandikova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kunes
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Petr Jílek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dolezal
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zitko
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové, 500 05, Czech Republic
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Yang J, Liu Y, Bi J, Cai Q, Liao X, Li W, Guo C, Zhang Q, Lin T, Zhao Y, Wang H, Liu J, Zhang X, Lin D. Structural basis for targeting the ribosomal protein S1 ofMycobacterium tuberculosisby pyrazinamide. Mol Microbiol 2015; 95:791-803. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yindi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Qixu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Xinli Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wenqian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Chenyun Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Tianwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102 China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON M5S1A8 Canada
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering; School of Life Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Donghai Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation; Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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Ganesh Kumar M, Thombare VJ, Bhaisare RD, Adak A, Gopi HN. Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Symmetrical Pyrazines from β-Keto γ-Amino Esters: A Mild Strategy for Self-Dimerization of Peptides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gopal P, Dick T. Reactive dirty fragments: implications for tuberculosis drug discovery. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 21:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pantothenate and pantetheine antagonize the antitubercular activity of pyrazinamide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7258-63. [PMID: 25246400 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04028-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a first-line tuberculosis drug that inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via an as yet undefined mechanism. An M. tuberculosis laboratory strain that was auxotrophic for pantothenate was found to be insensitive to PZA and to the active form, pyrazinoic acid (POA). To determine whether this phenotype was strain or condition specific, the effect of pantothenate supplementation on PZA activity was assessed using prototrophic strains of M. tuberculosis. It was found that pantothenate and other β-alanine-containing metabolites abolished PZA and POA susceptibility, suggesting that POA might selectively target pantothenate synthesis. However, when the pantothenate-auxotrophic strain was cultivated using a subantagonistic concentration of pantetheine in lieu of pantothenate, susceptibility to PZA and POA was restored. In addition, we found that β-alanine could not antagonize PZA and POA activity against the pantothenate-auxotrophic strain, indicating that the antagonism is specific to pantothenate. Moreover, pantothenate-mediated antagonism was observed for structurally related compounds, including n-propyl pyrazinoate, 5-chloropyrazinamide, and nicotinamide, but not for nicotinic acid or isoniazid. Taken together, these data demonstrate that while pantothenate can interfere with the action of PZA, pantothenate synthesis is not directly targeted by PZA. Our findings suggest that targeting of pantothenate synthesis has the potential to enhance PZA efficacy and possibly to restore PZA susceptibility in isolates with panD-linked resistance.
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Abstract
PZA is a unique anti-tuberculosis drug that plays a key role in shortening the TB therapy. PZA kills non-replicating persisters that other TB drugs fail to kill, and thus making it an essential drug for inclusion in any drug combinations for treating drug susceptible and drug-resistant TB such as MDR-TB. PZA acts differently from common antibiotics by inhibiting multiple targets such as energy production, trans-translation and perhaps pantothenate /coenzyme A required for persister survival. Resistance to PZA is mostly caused by mutations in the pncA gene encoding pyrazinamidase involved in conversion of the prodrug PZA to the active form POA. Mutations in the drug target RpsA are also found in some PZA-resistant strains. The recent finding that panD mutations are found in some PZA-resistant strains without pncA or rpsA mutations may suggest a third PZA resistance gene and a potential new target of PZA. Current phenotype based PZA susceptibility testing is not reliable due to false resistance, and sequencing of the pncA gene represents a more rapid, cost-effective and more reliable molecular test for PZA susceptibility testing and should be used for guiding improved treatment of MDR/XDR-TB. Finally, the story of PZA has important implications for not only TB therapy but also chemotherapy in general. PZA serves as a model prototype persister drug and hopefully a 'tipping point' that inspires new efforts at developing a new type of antibiotics or drugs that target non-replicating persisters for improved treatment of not only TB but also other persistent bacterial infections.
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New potentially active pyrazinamide derivatives synthesized under microwave conditions. Molecules 2014; 19:9318-38. [PMID: 24995919 PMCID: PMC6271988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19079318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 18 N-alkyl substituted 3-aminopyrazine-2-carboxamides was prepared in this work according to previously experimentally set and proven conditions using microwave assisted synthesis methodology. This approach for the aminodehalogenation reaction was chosen due to higher yields and shorter reaction times compared to organic reactions with conventional heating. Antimycobacterial, antibacterial, antifungal and photosynthetic electron transport (PET) inhibiting in vitro activities of these compounds were investigated. Experiments for the determination of lipophilicity were also performed. Only a small number of substances with alicyclic side chain showed activity against fungi which was the same or higher than standards and the biological efficacy of the compounds increased with rising lipophilicity. Nine pyrazinamide derivatives also inhibited PET in spinach chloroplasts and the IC50 values of these compounds varied in the range from 14.3 to 1590.0 μmol/L. The inhibitory activity was connected not only with the lipophilicity, but also with the presence of secondary amine fragment bounded to the pyrazine ring. Structure-activity relationships are discussed as well.
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