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Maboni G, Prakash N, Moreira MAS. Review of methods for detection and characterization of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in aquatic organisms. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:299-311. [PMID: 37606184 PMCID: PMC11110783 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231194619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is an emerging and often lethal disease of aquatic organisms caused by several non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species. Early diagnosis of mycobacteriosis in aquaculture and aquatic settings is critical; however, clinical diagnoses and laboratory detection are challenging, and the available literature is scarce. In an attempt to fill the gap, here we review the most relevant approaches to detect and characterize mycobacteria in clinical specimens of aquatic organisms. Emphasis is given to recent advances in molecular methods used to differentiate NTM species spanning from targeted gene sequencing to next-generation sequencing. Further, given that there are major gaps in our understanding of the prevalence of the different NTM species, partially because of their distinct requirements for in vitro growth, we also reviewed the most relevant NTM species reported to cause disease in aquatic organisms and their specific in vitro growth conditions. We also highlight that traditional bacterial culture continues to be relevant for NTM identification, particularly in non-automated laboratories. However, for NTM species discrimination, a high level of accuracy can be achieved with MALDI-TOF MS and molecular approaches, especially targeted gene sequencing applied from clinical specimens or from pure NTM isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazieli Maboni
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Niharika Prakash
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Aparecida S. Moreira
- Department of Veterinary, Bacterial Diseases Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Komine T, Ihara H, Inohana M, Kwok JC, Shimizu A, Terasawa T, Miyazaki A, Srivorakul S, Iwao H, Harada S, Yoshida M, Hoshino Y, Kurata O, Fukano H, Wada S. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease associated with Mycobacterium montefiorense in salamanders. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1248288. [PMID: 37954664 PMCID: PMC10637390 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1248288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mycobacterium montefiorense is one of the causes of non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in moray eels and salamanders. Although M. montefiorense infection could be a threat to salamanders, little information is available regarding this pathogen and associated infection. This study aimed to provide fundamental information regarding M. montefiorense and its infection in salamanders. Methods Nine M. montefiorense strains isolated from three species of salamanders, namely, Japanese black salamander (Hynobius nigrescens), Hakuba salamander (H. hidamontanus), and Tohoku hynobiid salamander (H. lichenatus), between 2010 and 2018, were characterized based on phenotypic and genetic examination. We also pathologically observed salamanders infected with the M. montefiorense strains, including Hakuba salamanders and Tohoku hynobiid salamanders. Results The microbiological and chemical characteristics of the M. montefiorense salamander and an eel strain (reference strain) matched. Susceptibility testing for antimicrobials suggested that clarithromycin may be effective. Regarding disinfectants, phtharal, peracetic acid, glutaral, sodium hypochlorite, and benzalkonium chloride may be effective. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the strains isolated from salamanders in 2014 and 2018 were genetically closely related, which could indicate an outbreak. The main gross findings in infected salamanders include skin ulcerative lesions or nodules in the enlarged liver. Microscopically, multifocal to coalescent granulomatous lesions composed of massive macrophages containing numerous acid-fast bacilli were prominently observed in the liver. Conclusion This study contributes to our understanding of the genetic diversity and phenotypic characteristics of M. montefiorense, as well as the pathology of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Komine
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyogo Ihara
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Inohana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jennifer Caroline Kwok
- Retinal Disease Studies Facility, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Akane Shimizu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsumugi Terasawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saralee Srivorakul
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Mitsunori Yoshida
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hoshino
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kurata
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanako Fukano
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinpei Wada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Phillips Savage ACN, Blake L, Suepaul R, McHugh O, Rodgers R, Thomas C, Oura C, Soto E. Piscine mycobacteriosis in the ornamental fish trade in Trinidad and Tobago. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:547-560. [PMID: 35000204 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The freshwater ornamental fish trade represents a major contributor to the livelihoods of many producers in Trinidad and Tobago, with stocks destined for local, regional and international markets. A review of clinical cases presented to the Aquatic Animal Health Unit at the University of the West Indies, School of Veterinary Medicine for the period September 2010 to December 2012 suggested that piscine mycobacteriosis may be widespread throughout the local ornamental fish industry. Thus, to determine the prevalence of mycobacteriosis in ornamental fish sold in pet stores, a total of 122 specimens were sourced from 24 retail suppliers across Trinidad. Fish were killed and internal organs were examined for lesions suggestive of granulomas. All wet-mount slides were acid-fast stained, regardless of the presence or absence of observed granuloma-like lesions. Histological analysis was performed on one randomly selected whole specimen from each facility. Mycobacterium sp. was identified using real-time PCR detecting the 16S rRNA gene in tissue samples. Associations between parasitism, facility biosecurity and presence of positive animals were determined. The prevalence of Mycobacterium sp. infection was 61 ± 7% (74/122), with positive specimens being acquired from 54.2% (13/24) of facilities examined. Further, 100% of facilities did not employ optimum biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayanna Carla N Phillips Savage
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Lemar Blake
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rod Suepaul
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - O'Shane McHugh
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ray Rodgers
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Calvern Thomas
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Christopher Oura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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4
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Gibson J, Baird T, Pandey S, Tolson C, Coulter C, Eather G, Thomson R. The clinical significance of Mycobacterium triplex. Respir Med 2019; 159:105808. [PMID: 31731086 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2019.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mycobacterium triplex is a slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and is a rare cause of human disease. The pathogenicity, natural history and spectrum of disease is unknown. The aim of this study was to review the clinical features, outcomes and drug susceptibility testing (DST) of all M. triplex isolates in Queensland, Australia to guide management of this rare NTM infection in the future. METHODS This retrospective study included all patients who isolated M. triplex in Queensland, Australia from the 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2016. Clinical information was obtained from medical records to determine the clinical significance of isolates, natural history of disease and treatment outcomes. DST was performed on 15 isolates. RESULTS Forty-three patients (21 male) had positive cultures for M. triplex. Thirty-nine patients had isolates from pulmonary specimens and 17 (43.6%) met the American Thoracic Society criteria for NTM lung disease. Six patients with pulmonary infection received antimicrobial therapy with 5 patients demonstrating treatment success. Four patients had localised extrapulmonary disease and were cured with surgical management ± antimicrobial therapy. DST suggests 93% of isolates are susceptible to macrolides. CONCLUSION This is the largest case series of M. triplex isolates and confirms it is a rare human pathogen. Extrapulmonary disease responded well to surgical management. Treatment of M. triplex pulmonary disease is challenging, and the optimal antimicrobial regimen is unknown. However, the DST data suggests macrolide resistance is rare and macrolides should be included in treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Gibson
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Metro South Clinical Tuberculosis Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Tim Baird
- Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sushil Pandey
- Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory (QMRL), Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carla Tolson
- Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory (QMRL), Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chris Coulter
- Metro South Clinical Tuberculosis Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory (QMRL), Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Eather
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Metro South Clinical Tuberculosis Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel Thomson
- Metro South Clinical Tuberculosis Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Shirata M, Tamaru A, Marumo S, Fukui M. Mycobacterium triplex pulmonary disease in an immunocompetent host: A case report and literature review. IDCases 2019; 18:e00648. [PMID: 31720222 PMCID: PMC6838927 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The report describes a rare case of pulmonary disease due to M. triplex. The pulmonary lesion was discovered as an incidental finding on chest X-ray. The organism was identified by housekeeping gene sequencing analysis. The patient had a history of tuberculosis & non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. The patient was treated with antimicrobials and the lesion was cured.
Mycobacterium triplex (M. triplex) is a bacterial species that can cause severe pulmonary diseases. Despite its clinical importance, only a few cases of M. triplex infection have been reported. Here, we present a rare case of pulmonary disease due to M. triplex in an immunocompetent patient who showed abnormal findings on chest X-ray and computed tomography scans. In this patient, the bacterium was identified by DNA sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA and hsp65 genes. The patient was successfully treated with the appropriate antimicrobial agents. To put this case into the context of the current literature, we also reviewed other case reports of M. triplex infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shirata
- Respiratory Disease Center, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, 2-4-20 Ohgimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Aki Tamaru
- Division of Microbiology, Bacteriology Section, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Satoshi Marumo
- Respiratory Disease Center, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, 2-4-20 Ohgimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Motonari Fukui
- Respiratory Disease Center, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, 2-4-20 Ohgimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
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Nouioui I, Carro L, García-López M, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Woyke T, Kyrpides NC, Pukall R, Klenk HP, Goodfellow M, Göker M. Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2007. [PMID: 30186281 PMCID: PMC6113628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of phylogenetic taxonomic procedures led to improvements in the classification of bacteria assigned to the phylum Actinobacteria but even so there remains a need to further clarify relationships within a taxon that encompasses organisms of agricultural, biotechnological, clinical, and ecological importance. Classification of the morphologically diverse bacteria belonging to this large phylum based on a limited number of features has proved to be difficult, not least when taxonomic decisions rested heavily on interpretation of poorly resolved 16S rRNA gene trees. Here, draft genome sequences of a large collection of actinobacterial type strains were used to infer phylogenetic trees from genome-scale data using principles drawn from phylogenetic systematics. The majority of taxa were found to be monophyletic but several orders, families, and genera, as well as many species and a few subspecies were shown to be in need of revision leading to proposals for the recognition of 2 orders, 10 families, and 17 genera, as well as the transfer of over 100 species to other genera. In addition, emended descriptions are given for many species mainly involving the addition of data on genome size and DNA G+C content, the former can be considered to be a valuable taxonomic marker in actinobacterial systematics. Many of the incongruities detected when the results of the present study were compared with existing classifications had been recognized from 16S rRNA gene trees though whole-genome phylogenies proved to be much better resolved. The few significant incongruities found between 16S/23S rRNA and whole genome trees underline the pitfalls inherent in phylogenies based upon single gene sequences. Similarly good congruence was found between the discontinuous distribution of phenotypic properties and taxa delineated in the phylogenetic trees though diverse non-monophyletic taxa appeared to be based on the use of plesiomorphic character states as diagnostic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Nouioui
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lorena Carro
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marina García-López
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan P. Meier-Kolthoff
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Woyke
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Nikos C. Kyrpides
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Rüdiger Pukall
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Goodfellow
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Göker
- Department of Microorganisms, Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Four slowly growing mycobacteria isolates were isolated from the respiratory tract and soft tissue biopsies collected in four unrelated patients in Iran. Conventional phenotypic tests indicated that these four isolates were identical to Mycobacterium lentiflavum while 16S rRNA gene sequencing yielded a unique sequence separated from that of M. lentiflavum. One representative strain AFP-003T was characterized as comprising a 6,121,237-bp chromosome (66.24% guanosine-cytosine content) encoding for 5,758 protein-coding genes, 50 tRNA and one complete rRNA operon. A total of 2,876 proteins were found to be associated with the mobilome, including 195 phage proteins. A total of 1,235 proteins were found to be associated with virulence and 96 with toxin/antitoxin systems. The genome of AFP-003T has the genetic potential to produce secondary metabolites, with 39 genes found to be associated with polyketide synthases and non-ribosomal peptide syntases and 11 genes encoding for bacteriocins. Two regions encoding putative prophages and three OriC regions separated by the dnaA gene were predicted. Strain AFP-003T genome exhibits 86% average nucleotide identity with Mycobacterium genavense genome. Genetic and genomic data indicate that strain AFP-003T is representative of a novel Mycobacterium species that we named Mycobacterium ahvazicum, the nineteenth species of the expanding Mycobacterium simiae complex.
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Matsuda S, Suzuki S, Morimoto K, Aono A, Nishio K, Asakura T, Sasaki Y, Namkoong H, Nishimura T, Ogata H, Hasegawa N, Kurashima A, Ishii M, Tatsumi K, Mitarai S, Goto H. Mycobacterium triplex pulmonary disease with acquired macrolide resistance in immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:671-672. [PMID: 29309938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuda
- Respiratory Disease Centre, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Suzuki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Morimoto
- Respiratory Disease Centre, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Clinical Research, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - A Aono
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Nishio
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Municipal Ida Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - T Asakura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Sasaki
- Respiratory Disease Centre, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Namkoong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nishimura
- Health Centre, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ogata
- Respiratory Disease Centre, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Hasegawa
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Kurashima
- Respiratory Disease Centre, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Ishii
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - S Mitarai
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Goto
- Respiratory Disease Centre, Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo, Japan
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Steffani-Vallejo JL, Brunck ME, Acosta-Cruz EY, Montiel R, Barona-Gómez F. Genomic insights into Mycobacterium simiae human colonization. Stand Genomic Sci 2018; 13:1. [PMID: 29340007 PMCID: PMC5759803 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-017-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium simiae (Karassova V, Weissfeiler J, Kraszanay E, Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung 12:275-82, 1965) is a slow-growing nontuberculous Mycobacterium species found in environmental niches, and recently evidenced as an opportunistic Human pathogen. We report here the genome of a clinical isolate of M. simiae (MsiGto) obtained from a patient in Guanajuato, Mexico. With a size of 6,684,413 bp, the genomic sequence of strain MsiGto is the largest of the three M. simiae genomes reported to date. Gene prediction revealed 6409 CDSs in total, including 6354 protein-coding genes and 52 RNA genes. Comparative genomic analysis identified shared features between strain MsiGto and the other two reported M. simiae genomes, as well as unique genes. Our data reveals that M. simiae MsiGto harbors virulence-related genes, such as arcD, ESAT-6, and those belonging to the antigen 85 complex and mce clusters, which may explain its successful transition to the human host. We expect the genome information of strain MsiGto will provide a better understanding of infective mechanisms and virulence of this emergent pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Steffani-Vallejo
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Marion E. Brunck
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Erika Y. Acosta-Cruz
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
- Paleogenomics Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
- Present address: Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Rafael Montiel
- Paleogenomics Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
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10
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Phillips ACN, Suepaul R, Soto E. Ocular localization of mycobacterial lesions in tank-reared juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1799-1804. [PMID: 28745814 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe clinical mycobacteriosis with consistent ocular lesion localization was diagnosed in a population of 800 juvenile tank-reared Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) which experienced a sudden increase in mortality approximately 5 months after arriving into Trinidad and Tobago from Florida, USA. Moderate daily mortality (15-20 animals per day) persisted for just over 1 month. Moribund fish displayed circling behaviour and had an open-mouth gape upon death. Fish consistently presented with bilateral exophthalmia, corneal cloudiness and hyphema. Non-branching acid-fast rods were detected in aqueous humour touch preparations. Histological analysis revealed severe bilateral intra-ocular granulomatous responses in all specimens. Mycobacterium sp. was identified using a real-time PCR assay detecting the RNA polymerase β-subunit (rpoB) gene in different tissue samples. Specimens did not present with characteristic granulomatous responses usually seen in viscera. To the best of our knowledge, this represents only the third documentation of piscine mycobacterial infection presenting with only localized ocular lesions, and the second documented case of mycobacteriosis in cobia. It is, however, the first documentation of an ocular presentation of mycobacteriosis in a marine species and is the first documentation of such a presentation in cobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C N Phillips
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - R Suepaul
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
| | - E Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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First detection of Mycobacterium triplex in Latin America. Int J Mycobacteriol 2015; 5:89-91. [PMID: 26927996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we describe the first isolation of Mycobacterium triplex in Latin America. This species causes infections in humans, with very few reports from around the world. We isolated two sputum specimens of a patient with a 6-year history of human immunodeficiency and tuberculosis treatment failure. All tests used confirmed M. triplex and the patient responded well to drug therapy for 18months.
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12
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Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium triplex DSM 44626. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/3/e00499-14. [PMID: 24874681 PMCID: PMC4038886 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00499-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We announce the draft genome sequence of
Mycobacterium triplex
strain DSM 44626, a nontuberculosis species responsible for opportunistic infections. The genome described here is composed of 6,382,840 bp, with a G+C content of 66.57%, and contains 5,988 protein-coding genes and 81 RNA genes.
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13
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Caruso G, Angotti R, Molinaro F, Benicchi E, Cerchia E, Messina M. Cervical Lymphadenitis by Mycobacterium triplex in an Immunocompetent Child: Case Report and Review. Indian J Microbiol 2014; 53:241-4. [PMID: 24426116 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium triplex was first described in 1996. This nontuberculous Mycobacterium causes a severe pulmonary disease in immunocompromised patients but it can involve also healthy patients. A literature search was made on the PubMed database and it produced only few cases of children with cervical lymphadenitis due to this Mycobacterium Triplex. We are describing a case of M. triplex cervical lymphadenitis in an immunocompetent child.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Caruso
- ENT Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - R Angotti
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Policlinico "Le Scotte" Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - F Molinaro
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Policlinico "Le Scotte" Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Benicchi
- ENT Unit, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Cerchia
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Policlinico "Le Scotte" Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M Messina
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Policlinico "Le Scotte" Viale Bracci 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
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14
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Sassi M, Robert C, Raoult D, Drancourt M. Non-contiguous genome sequence of Mycobacterium simiae strain DSM 44165(T.). Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:306-17. [PMID: 23991261 PMCID: PMC3746425 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.3707349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium simiae is a non-tuberculosis mycobacterium causing pulmonary infections in both immunocompetent and imunocompromized patients. We announce the draft genome sequence of M. simiae DSM 44165T. The 5,782,968-bp long genome with 65.15% GC content (one chromosome, no plasmid) contains 5,727 open reading frames (33% with unknown function and 11 ORFs sizing more than 5000 -bp), three rRNA operons, 52 tRNA, one 66-bp tmRNA matching with tmRNA tags from Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium africanum and 389 DNA repetitive sequences. Comparing ORFs and size distribution between M. simiae and five other Mycobacterium species M. simiae clustered with M. abscessus and M. smegmatis. A 40-kb prophage was predicted in addition to two prophage-like elements, 7-kb and 18-kb in size, but no mycobacteriophage was seen after the observation of 106M. simiae cells. Fifteen putative CRISPRs were found. Three genes were predicted to encode resistance to aminoglycosides, betalactams and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B. A total of 163 CAZYmes were annotated. M. simiae contains ESX-1 to ESX-5 genes encoding for a type-VII secretion system. Availability of the genome sequence may help depict the unique properties of this environmental, opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sassi
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Faculté de médecine, Marseille, France
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15
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Shukla S, Sharma R, Shukla SK. Detection and identification of globally distributed mycobacterial fish pathogens in some ornamental fish in India. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 58:429-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-013-0225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Tortoli E. Epidemiology of cervico-facial pediatric lymphadenitis as a result of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Int J Mycobacteriol 2012; 1:165-9. [PMID: 26785617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical lymphadenitis as a result of nontuberculous mycobacteria, otherwise known as scrofula, is a disease occurring almost exclusively in immunocompetent young children. The most frequent mycobacterial species responsible is Mycobacterium avium, but a large number of other species may also be involved. The epidemiology of such disease is revised here, and the impact of different species as causative agents of adenitis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tortoli
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, San Gabriele Building, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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17
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Tortoli E, Böttger EC, Fabio A, Falsen E, Gitti Z, Grottola A, Klenk HP, Mannino R, Mariottini A, Messinò M, Pecorari M, Rumpianesi F. Mycobacterium europaeum sp. nov., a scotochromogenic species related to the Mycobacterium simiae complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 61:1606-1611. [PMID: 20693362 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.025601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four strains isolated in the last 15 years were revealed to be identical in their 16S rRNA gene sequences to MCRO19, the sequence of which was deposited in GenBank in 1995. In a polyphasic analysis including phenotypic and genotypic features, the five strains (including MCRO19), which had been isolated in four European countries, turned out to represent a unique taxonomic entity. They are scotochromogenic slow growers and are genetically related to the group that included Mycobacterium simiae and 15 other species. The novel species Mycobacterium europaeum sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these five strains. Strain FI-95228(T) ( = DSM 45397(T) = CCUG 58464(T)) was chosen as the type strain. In addition, a thorough revision of the phenotypic and genotypic characters of the species related to M. simiae was conducted which leads us to suggest the denomination of the 'Mycobacterium simiae complex' for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tortoli
- Regional Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Erik C Böttger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Fabio
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Enevold Falsen
- Culture Collection University of Göteborg, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Zoe Gitti
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Mycobacteriology Department, University Hospital of Crete, Herakleon, Greece
| | - Antonella Grottola
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Roberta Mannino
- Regional Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Massimino Messinò
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Monica Pecorari
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Rumpianesi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
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18
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Lee HK, Lee SA, Lee IK, Yu HK, Park YG, Hyun JW, Kim K, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Mycobacterium paraseoulense sp. nov., a slowly growing, scotochromogenic species related genetically to Mycobacterium seoulense. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 60:439-443. [PMID: 19654367 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.012054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously unidentified, slowly growing, scotochromogenic Mycobacterium species, represented by strain 31118(T), was discovered during hsp65 sequence-based reidentification of Korean clinical isolates that had been previously identified as Mycobacterium scrofulaceum by conventional biochemical tests. Although the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 31118(T) was identical to that of the recently described Mycobacterium seoulense, phylogenetic analyses based on three independent alternative targets (rpoB, hsp65 and the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer) showed that it was closely related to M. seoulense but was a distinct phylogenetic entity. Furthermore, the phenetic characteristics of this strain were more similar to those of M. scrofulaceum than to those of M. seoulense. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that this strain represents a novel mycobacterium species, for which the name Mycobacterium paraseoulense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 31118(T) (=DSM 45000(T) =KCTC 19145(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ki Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung-Ae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Yu
- Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Korean National Tuberculosis Association, Seoul 137-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gil Park
- Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, Korean National Tuberculosis Association, Seoul 137-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Hyun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Cheju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chung Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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19
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Jacobs JM, Stine CB, Baya AM, Kent ML. A review of mycobacteriosis in marine fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2009; 32:119-130. [PMID: 19261041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.01016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis is a serious and often lethal disease of fish, affecting a wide range of species globally both in culture and wild settings. Caused by several species of the genus Mycobacterium, the disease has received considerable attention in recent years because of the discovery of new species in piscine hosts, epizootics in wild fisheries, and the ability of a few species to infect humans. The impact of this disease in aquaculture and the aquaria trade has been well reported and there is currently no widely accepted cure other than depopulation and facility disinfection. However, the impact on wild fisheries is poorly understood and may relate to species-specific interactions (host-pathogen) and possibly environmental stressors. In this review, much of what is known about mycobacteriosis in marine fish is summarized with particular attention to an epizootic in striped bass, Morone saxatilis, (Walbaum), in Chesapeake Bay, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Jacobs
- NOAA/NOS/NCCOS Cooperative Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654, USA.
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20
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Pourahmad F, Cervellione F, Thompson KD, Taggart JB, Adams A, Richards RH. Mycobacterium stomatepiae sp. nov., a slowly growing, non-chromogenic species isolated from fish. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 58:2821-7. [PMID: 19060066 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.2008/001164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Slowly growing, non-chromogenic mycobacteria were isolated from striped barombi mbo cichlids (Stomatepia mariae) maintained at the London Zoo Aquarium, UK. The isolates could be differentiated from other slowly growing, non-pigmented mycobacteria by a combination of phenotypic features including their inability to grow at 37 degrees C, positive tests for heat-stable catalase, tellurite reduction and arylsulfatase activity, and the absence of urease activity, Tween 80 hydrolysis, nitrate reductase, iron uptake and semiquantitative catalase. The almost full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence, together with partial sequences from the 65 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp65) and the beta-subunit of the bacterial RNA polymerase (rpoB) genes and the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region were identical for all three novel strains, but distinct from those of all known mycobacterial species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the novel isolates within the slowly growing mycobacteria group in close proximity to Mycobacterium florentinum. Based on genotypic and phenotypic findings, it is proposed that these isolates represent a novel species of the genus Mycobacterium, for which the name Mycobacterium stomatepiae sp. nov. is proposed with strain T11(T) (=DSM 45059(T)=CIP 109275(T)=NCIMB 14252(T)) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Pourahmad
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
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21
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Multiphasic approach reveals genetic diversity of environmental and patient isolates of Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium phocaicum associated with an outbreak of bacteremias at a Texas hospital. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:2480-7. [PMID: 18310417 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02476-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Between March and May 2006, a Texas hospital identified five Mycobacterium mucogenicum bloodstream infections among hospitalized oncology patients using fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of mycolic acids. Isolates from blood cultures were compared to 16 isolates from environmental sites or water associated with this ward. These isolates were further characterized by hsp65, 16S rRNA, and rpoB gene sequencing, hsp65 PCR restriction analysis, and molecular typing methods, including repetitive element PCR, random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of large restriction fragments. Three of five patient isolates were confirmed as M. mucogenicum and were in a single cluster as determined by all identification and typing methods. The remaining two patient isolates were identified as different strains of Mycobacterium phocaicum by rpoB sequence analysis. One of these matched an environmental isolate from a swab of a hand shower in the patient's room, while none of the clinical isolates of M. mucogenicum matched environmental strains. Among the other 15 environmental isolates, 11 were identified as M. mucogenicum and 4 as M. phocaicum strains, all of which were unrelated by typing methods. Although the 16S rRNA gene sequences matched for all 14 M. mucogenicum isolates, there were two each of the hsp65 and rpoB sequevars, seven PCR typing patterns, and 12 PFGE patterns. Among the seven M. phocaicum isolates were three 16S rRNA sequevars, two hsp65 sequevars, two rpoB sequevars, six PCR typing patterns, and six PFGE patterns. This outbreak represents the first case of catheter-associated bacteremia caused by M. phocaicum and the first report of clinical isolates from a U.S. hospital. The investigation highlights important differences in the available typing methods for mycobacteria and demonstrates the genetic diversity of these organisms even within narrow confines of time and space.
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22
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Benninghoff MG, Todd WU, Tucakovic M. INITIAL CASE REPORT OF MYCOBACTERIUM TRIPLEX ISOLATED FROM A PATIENT WITH COAL WORKERS PNEUMOCONIOSIS. Chest 2007. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.132.4_meetingabstracts.676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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23
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Mun HS, Kim HJ, Oh EJ, Kim H, Bai GH, Yu HK, Park YG, Cha CY, Kook YH, Kim BJ. Mycobacterium seoulense sp. nov., a slowly growing scotochromogenic species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:594-599. [PMID: 17329791 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously undescribed, slowly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacterium was isolated from a patient with symptomatic pulmonary infection during hsp65 sequence-based identification of Korean clinical isolates. Phenetic characteristics of this strain were generally similar to those of Mycobacterium nebraskense and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. However, some phenetic characteristics differentiated it from these two species. Its 16S rRNA gene sequences were unique and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the organism in the slowly growing Mycobacterium group close to M. nebraskense and M. scrofulaceum. Its unique mycolic acid profiles and the results of phylogenetic analysis based on two independent alternative chronometer molecules, hsp65 and rpoB, confirmed the taxonomic status of this strain as representing a novel species. These data support the conclusion that this strain represents a novel mycobacterial species, for which the name Mycobacterium seoulense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain 03-19(T) (=DSM 44998(T)=KCTC 19146(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Suk Mun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Gil-Han Bai
- The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, The Korean National Tuberculosis Association, Seoul 137-140, Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Yu
- The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, The Korean National Tuberculosis Association, Seoul 137-140, Korea
| | - Young-Gil Park
- The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis, The Korean National Tuberculosis Association, Seoul 137-140, Korea
| | - Chang-Yong Cha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Yoon-Hoh Kook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute and Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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24
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Travis EK, Junge RE, Terrell SP. Infection withMycobacterium simiaecomplex in four captive Micronesian kingfishers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 230:1524-9. [PMID: 17504049 DOI: 10.2460/javma.230.10.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION 4 captive adult Micronesian kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina) at 3 zoologic institutions were examined routinely or because of dyspnea or lethargy. CLINICAL FINDINGS All birds had marked hepatomegaly. Two birds had dyspnea caused by compression of air sacs by the enlarged liver, and 1 bird had generalized weakness and lethargy. Three birds had distended coelomic cavities, and 3 birds were thin or had lost weight. There were no consistent abnormalities in blood analytes. Results of most ancillary diagnostic tests such as acid-fast staining of cloacal or fecal swab specimens and culture of feces for acid-fast bacteria were negative. Results of examination of hepatic biopsy specimens in 2 of 4 birds were suggestive of mycobacteriosis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME 3 birds died or were euthanized soon after diagnosis. One kingfisher was isolated and monitored for 4 months without treatment and died during anesthesia for disease monitoring. Postmortem histologic examination revealed histiocytic hepatitis and acid-fast bacteria in all 4 birds. Bacteriologic culture of liver specimens yielded Mycobacterium simiae complex in all 4 birds. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Infection with M simiae complex should be considered in ill Micronesian kingfishers, and further monitoring is warranted to determine whether this is an emerging pathogen in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Travis
- Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Government Dr, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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25
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Poort MJ, Whipps CM, Watral VG, Font WF, Kent ML. Molecular characterization of a Mycobacterium species in non-native poeciliids in Hawaii using DNA sequences. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:181-5. [PMID: 16533304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Poort
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Fish Disease Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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26
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Butler WR, Floyd MM, Brown JM, Toney SR, Daneshvar MI, Cooksey RC, Carr J, Steigerwalt AG, Charles N. Novel mycolic acid-containing bacteria in the family Segniliparaceae fam. nov., including the genus Segniliparus gen. nov., with descriptions of Segniliparus rotundus sp. nov. and Segniliparus rugosus sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:1615-1624. [PMID: 16014491 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four strains of novel, rapidly growing, acid–alcohol-fast-staining bacteria were characterized with a polyphasic approach. Isolates were received by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from domestic health department laboratories for reference testing as unidentifiable, clinical mycobacteria. Bacteria were rod-shaped and produced non-pigmented (white to beige), non-photochromogenic, smooth or wrinkled-rough colonies on Middlebrook 7H10 and 7H11 media at 33 °C. The smooth and wrinkled colony forms were representative of two species with 68·0 and 72·0 mol% DNA G+C content. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and mycolic acids. Species were characterized by cellular fatty acids of C10 : 0, C14 : 0, C16 : 1ω9t, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and 10-methyl C18 : 0 (tuberculostearic acid). HPLC analysis of mycolic acids produced a novel late-emerging, genus-specific mycolate pattern. TLC analysis demonstrated a novel α
+-mycolate. Species were 98·9 % similar by comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences; however, the DNA–DNA association was <28 %. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated an association with Rhodococcus equi, although a DNA–DNA relatedness value of 2 % did not support a close relationship. PCR analysis of a proposed, selected actinomycete-specific 439 bp fragment of the 65 kDa heat-shock protein was negative for three of the four isolates. The creation of Segniliparaceae fam. nov. is proposed to encompass the genus Segniliparus gen. nov., including two novel species, the type species Segniliparus rotundus sp. nov. and Segniliparus rugosus sp. nov., with the respective type strains CDC 1076T (=ATCC BAA-972T=CIP 108378T) and CDC 945T (=ATCC BAA-974T=CIP 108380T).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Butler
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Margaret M Floyd
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - June M Brown
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R Toney
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maryam I Daneshvar
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert C Cooksey
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Janice Carr
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arnold G Steigerwalt
- Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadege Charles
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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27
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Rhodes MW, Kator H, McNabb A, Deshayes C, Reyrat JM, Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace R, Trott KA, Parker JM, Lifland B, Osterhout G, Kaattari I, Reece K, Vogelbein W, Ottinger CA. Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii sp. nov., a slowly growing chromogenic species isolated from Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:1139-1147. [PMID: 15879246 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A group of slowly growing photochromogenic mycobacteria was isolated from Chesapeake Bay striped bass (Morone saxatilis) during an epizootic of mycobacteriosis. Growth characteristics, acid-fastness and 16S rRNA gene sequencing results were consistent with those of the genus Mycobacterium. Biochemical reactions, growth characteristics and mycolic acid profiles (HPLC) resembled those of Mycobacterium shottsii, a non-pigmented mycobacterium also isolated during the same epizootic. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes, the gene encoding the exported repeated protein (erp) and the gene encoding the 65 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp65) and restriction enzyme analysis of the hsp65 gene demonstrated that this group of isolates is unique. Insertion sequences associated with Mycobacterium ulcerans, IS2404 and IS2606, were detected by PCR. These isolates could be differentiated from other slowly growing pigmented mycobacteria by their inability to grow at 37 °C, production of niacin and urease, absence of nitrate reductase, negative Tween 80 hydrolysis and resistance to isoniazid (1 μg ml−1), p-nitrobenzoic acid, thiacetazone and thiophene-2-carboxylic hydrazide. On the basis of this polyphasic study, it is proposed that these isolates represent a novel species, Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii sp. nov. The type strain, L15T, has been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as ATCC BAA-883T and the National Collection of Type Cultures (UK) as NCTC 13318T.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Bass/microbiology
- Chaperonin 60
- Chaperonins/genetics
- DNA Transposable Elements
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- Genes, rRNA
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycobacterium/classification
- Mycobacterium/isolation & purification
- Mycobacterium/physiology
- Mycolic Acids/analysis
- Mycolic Acids/isolation & purification
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Virginia
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha W Rhodes
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Howard Kator
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Alan McNabb
- Laboratory Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver BC, Canada V5Z 4R4
| | - Caroline Deshayes
- Avenir Group, Inserm U570, Avenir Group, Faculté de Médecine Necker-Enfants Malades, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Marc Reyrat
- Avenir Group, Inserm U570, Avenir Group, Faculté de Médecine Necker-Enfants Malades, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | - Richard Wallace
- Mycobacteria/Nocardia Laboratory, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Kristin A Trott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John M Parker
- Office of Laboratory Animal Care, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Barry Lifland
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Ilsa Kaattari
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Kimberly Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Wolfgang Vogelbein
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Christopher A Ottinger
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
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28
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Tortoli E, Rindi L, Goh KS, Katila ML, Mariottini A, Mattei R, Mazzarelli G, Suomalainen S, Torkko P, Rastogi N. Mycobacterium florentinum sp. nov., isolated from humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:1101-1106. [PMID: 15879240 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight mycobacterial strains isolated during an 11 year period from the sputum of independent patients with various pulmonary disorders and, in one case, from a lymph node of a young girl, were found to present identical features. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics revealed that the most closely related species to these test isolates were Mycobacterium triplex and Mycobacterium lentiflavum. However, the lipids of the cell wall of the test isolates differed from those of the latter species by TLC and presented unique profiles by both GC and HPLC. Genotypic analysis showed that they had unique 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and could be differentiated from all other mycobacterial strains by PCR restriction analysis of hsp65. The strains presented high resistance to antimycobacterial drugs. The name Mycobacterium florentinum sp. nov. is proposed for this taxon, with strain FI-93171T (=DSM 44852T=CIP 108409T) as the type strain.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Cell Wall/chemistry
- Chaperonin 60
- Chaperonins/genetics
- Child
- Chromatography, Gas
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial
- Feces/microbiology
- Female
- Genes, rRNA
- Humans
- Lipids/analysis
- Lipids/isolation & purification
- Lymph Nodes/microbiology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycobacterium/classification
- Mycobacterium/cytology
- Mycobacterium/isolation & purification
- Mycobacterium/physiology
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sputum/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tortoli
- Regional Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, Careggi Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Rindi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Medical Biotechnologies, Infectivology and Epidemiology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Khye S Goh
- Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, 97165 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Marja L Katila
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alessandro Mariottini
- Genetics and Cytogenetics Unit, Careggi Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Regional Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, Careggi Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Romano Mattei
- Clinical Laboratory, Campo di Marte Hospital, 55100 Lucca, Italy
| | - Gianna Mazzarelli
- Microbiological and Virological Serum-immunology Laboratory, Careggi Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Regional Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Microbiology and Virology Laboratory, Careggi Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sini Suomalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Torkko
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, National Public Health Institute, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nalin Rastogi
- Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe, 97165 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
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29
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Fanti F, Tortoli E, Hall L, Roberts GD, Kroppenstedt RM, Dodi I, Conti S, Polonelli L, Chezzi C. Mycobacterium parmense sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 54:1123-1127. [PMID: 15280280 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and identification of a novel, slow-growing, scotochromogenic, mycobacterial species is reported. A strain, designated MUP 1182T, was isolated from a cervical lymph node of a 3-year-old child. MUP 1182T is alcohol- and acid-fast, with a lipid pattern that is consistent with those of species that belong to the genus Mycobacterium. It grows slowly at 25-37 degrees C, but does not grow at 42 degrees C. The isolate was revealed to be biochemically distinct from previously described mycobacterial species: it has urease and Tween hydrolysis activities and lacks nitrate reductase, 3-day arylsulfatase and beta-glucosidase activities. Comparative 16S rDNA sequencing showed that isolate MUP 1182T represents a novel, slow-growing species that is related closely to Mycobacterium lentiflavum and Mycobacterium simiae. On the basis of these findings, the name Mycobacterium parmense sp. nov. is proposed, with MUP 1182T (=CIP 107385T=DSM 44553T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Fanti
- Sezione di Microbiologia, Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina di Laboratorio, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Tortoli
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia e Virologia, Ospedale di Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Leslie Hall
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Glenn D Roberts
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Reiner M Kroppenstedt
- Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Icilio Dodi
- Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Reparto di Pediatria e Oncoematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Conti
- Sezione di Microbiologia, Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina di Laboratorio, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Luciano Polonelli
- Sezione di Microbiologia, Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina di Laboratorio, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Sezione di Microbiologia, Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina di Laboratorio, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
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30
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Piersimoni C, Zitti P, Mazzarelli G, Mariottini A, Nista D, Zallocco D. Mycobacterium triplex pulmonary disease in immunocompetent host. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:1859-62. [PMID: 15504279 PMCID: PMC3323268 DOI: 10.3201/eid1010.040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium triplex, a recently described, potentially pathogenic species, caused disease primarily in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of pulmonary infection due to this mycobacterium in an immunocompetent patient and review the characteristics of two other cases. In our experience, Mycobacterium triplex pulmonary infection is unresponsive to antimycobacterial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Piersimoni
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, United Hospitals, I-60020 Ancona, Italy.
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31
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Cooksey RC, de Waard JH, Yakrus MA, Rivera I, Chopite M, Toney SR, Morlock GP, Butler WR. Mycobacterium cosmeticum sp. nov., a novel rapidly growing species isolated from a cosmetic infection and from a nail salon. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:2385-2391. [PMID: 15545488 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four isolates of a rapidly growingMycobacteriumspecies had a mycolic acid pattern similar to that ofMycobacterium smegmatis, as determined by HPLC analyses. Three of the isolates were from footbath drains and a sink at a nail salon located in Atlanta, GA, USA; the fourth was obtained from a granulomatous subdermal lesion of a female patient in Venezuela who was undergoing mesotherapy. By random amplified polymorphic DNA electrophoresis and PFGE of large restriction fragments, the three isolates from the nail salon were shown to be the same strain but different from the strain from the patient in Venezuela. Polymorphisms in regions of therpoB,hsp65and 16S rRNA genes that were shown to be useful for species identification matched for the two strains but were different from those of otherMycobacteriumspecies. The 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the strains in a taxonomic group along withMycobacterium frederiksbergense,Mycobacterium hodleri,Mycobacterium diernhoferiandMycobacterium neoaurum. The strains produced a pale-yellow pigment when grown in the dark at the optimal temperature of 35 °C. Biochemical testing showed that the strains were positive for iron uptake, nitrate reduction and utilization ofd-mannitol,d-xylose, iso-myo-inositol,l-arabinose, citrate andd-trehalose. The strains were negative ford-sorbitol utilization and production of niacin and 3-day arylsulfatase, although arylsulfatase activity was observed after 14 days. The isolates grew on MacConkey agar without crystal violet but not on media containing 5 % (w/v) NaCl or at 45 °C. They were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, tobramycin, cefoxitin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole and imipenem. The nameMycobacterium cosmeticumsp. nov. is proposed for this novel species; two strains, LTA-388T(=ATCC BAA-878T=CIP 108170T) (the type strain) and 2003-11-06 (=ATCC BAA-879=CIP 108169) have been designated, respectively, for the strains of the patient in Venezuela and from the nail salon in Atlanta, GA, USA.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Beauty Culture
- Chaperonin 60
- Chaperonins/genetics
- Cosmetic Techniques
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics
- Female
- Genes, rRNA
- Humans
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Microinjections
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycobacterium/chemistry
- Mycobacterium/classification
- Mycobacterium/isolation & purification
- Mycobacterium/physiology
- Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology
- Mycolic Acids/analysis
- Mycolic Acids/isolation & purification
- Nails
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Phylogeny
- Pigments, Biological/biosynthesis
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/microbiology
- Temperature
- United States
- Venezuela
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Cooksey
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jacobus H de Waard
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Mitchell A Yakrus
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Ismar Rivera
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Marina Chopite
- Laboratorio de Tuberculosis, Instituto de Biomedicina, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Sean R Toney
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Glenn P Morlock
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - W Ray Butler
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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32
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Torvinen E, Suomalainen S, Lehtola MJ, Miettinen IT, Zacheus O, Paulin L, Katila ML, Martikainen PJ. Mycobacteria in water and loose deposits of drinking water distribution systems in Finland. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1973-81. [PMID: 15066787 PMCID: PMC383162 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.4.1973-1981.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drinking water distribution systems were analyzed for viable counts of mycobacteria by sampling water from waterworks and in different parts of the systems. In addition, loose deposits collected during mechanical cleaning of the main pipelines were similarly analyzed. The study covered 16 systems at eight localities in Finland. In an experimental study, mycobacterial colonization of biofilms on polyvinyl chloride tubes in a system was studied. The isolation frequency of mycobacteria increased from 35% at the waterworks to 80% in the system, and the number of mycobacteria in the positive samples increased from 15 to 140 CFU/liter, respectively. Mycobacteria were isolated from all 11 deposits with an accumulation time of tens of years and from all 4 deposits which had accumulated during a 1-year follow-up time. The numbers of mycobacteria were high in both old and young deposits (medians, 1.8 x 10(5) and 3.9 x 10(5) CFU/g [dry weight], respectively). Both water and deposit samples yielded the highest numbers of mycobacteria in the systems using surface water and applying ozonation as an intermediate treatment or posttreatment. The number and growth of mycobacteria in system waters correlated strongly with the concentration of assimilable organic carbon in the water leaving the waterworks. The densities of mycobacteria in the developing biofilms were highest at the distal sites of the systems. Over 90% of the mycobacteria isolated from water and deposits belonged to Mycobacterium lentiflavum, M. tusciae, M. gordonae, and a previously unclassified group of mycobacteria. Our results indicate that drinking water systems may be a source for recently discovered new mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eila Torvinen
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, National Public Health Institute, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
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33
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Herdman AV, Steele JCH. The new mycobacterial species—emerging or newly distinguished pathogens. Clin Lab Med 2004; 24:651-90, vi. [PMID: 15325060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diseases due to nontuberculous mycobacteria are increasing in frequency, especially in patients with compromised immunity. A number of "new" mycobacterial species have been described in the last decade, largely as the result of the use of new tools to identify previously unrecognized mycobacteria found in the environment and in clinical specimens. This article reviews many of these potentially pathogenic organisms, summarizing what is known regarding their phenotypic and genotypic characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility, and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne V Herdman
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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34
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Tortoli E. Clinical features of infections caused by new nontuberculous mycobacteria, part I. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Selvarangan R, Wu WK, Nguyen TT, Carlson LDC, Wallis CK, Stiglich SK, Chen YC, Jost KC, Prentice JL, Wallace RJ, Barrett SLR, Cookson BT, Coyle MB. Characterization of a novel group of mycobacteria and proposal of Mycobacterium sherrisii sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:52-9. [PMID: 14715731 PMCID: PMC321678 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.1.52-59.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the characterization of five isolates of Mycobacterium simiae-like organisms representing a novel group based on whole-cell fatty acid analysis and genotypic evaluation. Two of the five isolates in this study, W55 and W58, were previously considered to belong to M. simiae serotype 2. Analysis of cellular fatty acids by gas-liquid chromatography indicated a close clustering of this group, which was well differentiated from the other M. simiae-like species. Molecular characterization was performed by nucleic acid sequencing of the small subunit rRNA gene and the gene encoding the 65-kDa heat shock protein and genomic DNA hybridization. Sequence analysis of the entire 16S rRNA gene showed a unique sequence most closely related to those of M. triplex and M. simiae. The hsp65 partial gene sequence was identical for the five isolates, with 97% identity to the M. simiae type strain. However, qualitative whole genomic DNA hybridization analysis confirmed that this group is genetically distinct from M. simiae and M. triplex. Antimicrobial susceptibilities for this group resemble those of M. simiae and M. lentiflavum. We conclude that this group represents a unique Mycobacterium species for which we propose the name Mycobacterium sherrisii sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangaraj Selvarangan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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36
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Cousins DV, Bastida R, Cataldi A, Quse V, Redrobe S, Dow S, Duignan P, Murray A, Dupont C, Ahmed N, Collins DM, Butler WR, Dawson D, Rodríguez D, Loureiro J, Romano MI, Alito A, Zumarraga M, Bernardelli A. Tuberculosis in seals caused by a novel member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: Mycobacterium pinnipedii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1305-1314. [PMID: 13130011 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparison of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from seals (pinnipeds) in Australia, Argentina, Uruguay, Great Britain and New Zealand was undertaken to determine their relationships to each other and their taxonomic position within the complex. Isolates from 30 cases of tuberculosis in six species of pinniped and seven related isolates were compared to representative and standard strains of the M. tuberculosis complex. The seal isolates could be distinguished from other members of the M. tuberculosis complex, including the recently defined 'Mycobacterium canettii' and 'Mycobacterium caprae', on the basis of host preference and phenotypic and genetic tests. Pinnipeds appear to be the natural host for this 'seal bacillus', although the organism is also pathogenic in guinea pigs, rabbits, humans, Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) and, possibly, cattle. Infection caused by the seal bacillus is predominantly associated with granulomatous lesions in the peripheral lymph nodes, lungs, pleura, spleen and peritoneum. Cases of disseminated disease have been found. As with other members of the M. tuberculosis complex, aerosols are the most likely route of transmission. The name Mycobacterium pinnipedii sp. nov. is proposed for this novel member of the M. tuberculosis complex (the type strain is 6482(T)=ATCC BAA-688(T)=NCTC 13288(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby V Cousins
- Australian Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Department of Agriculture Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Ricardo Bastida
- CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Casilla de Correo 43, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Angel Cataldi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, (1712) Castelar, Argentina
| | - Viviana Quse
- Fundación Mundo Marino, Avda Décima 157, (7105) San Clemente del Tuyú, Argentina
| | | | - Sue Dow
- Bristol Zoo Gardens, Bristol BS8 3HA, UK
| | - Padraig Duignan
- Pathobiology Group, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Alan Murray
- Pathobiology Group, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christine Dupont
- Pathobiology Group, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, India
| | - Des M Collins
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - W Ray Butler
- Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - David Dawson
- Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Queensland Health Pathology Services, Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Qld 4032, Australia
| | - Diego Rodríguez
- CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Casilla de Correo 43, (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Julio Loureiro
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, (1712) Castelar, Argentina
| | - Maria Isabel Romano
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, (1712) Castelar, Argentina
| | - A Alito
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, (1712) Castelar, Argentina
| | - M Zumarraga
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, (1712) Castelar, Argentina
| | - Amelia Bernardelli
- Departamento de Micobacterias, DILACOT, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Avda A Fleming 1653, (1640) Martínez, Argentina
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37
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Zeller V, Nardi AL, Truffot-Pernot C, Sougakoff W, Stankoff B, Katlama C, Bricaire F. Disseminated infection with a mycobacterium related to Mycobacterium triplex with central nervous system involvement associated with AIDS. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:2785-7. [PMID: 12791932 PMCID: PMC156493 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.6.2785-2787.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on a case of disseminated infection with central nervous system involvement due to an atypical mycobacterium related to Mycobacterium triplex in a severely immunodepressed human immunodeficiency virus-infected man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Zeller
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Fédération de Neurologie, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
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38
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Casal M. [What terms can be applied to mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis and M. leprae]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2003; 21:296-8. [PMID: 12809584 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(03)72944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A review of the terms used to name mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis and M. leprae was performed. A system using binomial nomenclature is defended. The author comments on the various names applied to mycobacteria over the history of medicine, from 1899 to the present, and the reasons why terms such as environmental mycobacteria or nontuberculous mycobacteria are incorrect and should not be used. In the case that a general name must be chosen for these mycobacteria, the term atypical mycobacteria is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Casal
- Centro de Referencia de Micobacterias. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Córdoba. España.
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39
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Levi MH, Bartell J, Gandolfo L, Smole SC, Costa SF, Weiss LM, Johnson LK, Osterhout G, Herbst LH. Characterization of Mycobacterium montefiorense sp. nov., a novel pathogenic Mycobacterium from moray eels that is related to Mycobacterium triplex. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:2147-52. [PMID: 12734264 PMCID: PMC154687 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.5.2147-2152.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of a novel Mycobacterium sp. isolated from granulomatous skin lesions of moray eels is reported. Analysis of the hsp65 gene, small-subunit rRNA gene, rRNA spacer region, and phenotypic characteristics demonstrate that this organism is distinct from its closest genetic match, Mycobacterium triplex, and it has been named M. montefiorense sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Levi
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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40
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Whipps CM, Watral VG, Kent ML. Characterization of a Mycobacterium sp. in rockfish, Sebastes alutus (Gilbert) and Sebastes reedi (Westrheim & Tsuyuki), using rDNA sequences. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2003; 26:241-245. [PMID: 12962232 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Whipps
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Fish Disease Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3404, USA
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41
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Tortoli E. Impact of genotypic studies on mycobacterial taxonomy: the new mycobacteria of the 1990s. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:319-54. [PMID: 12692101 PMCID: PMC153139 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.2.319-354.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of genetic techniques has greatly boosted taxonomic studies in recent years. Within the genus Mycobacterium, 42 new species have been detected since 1990, most of which were grown from clinical samples. Along with species for which relatively large numbers of strains have been reported, some of the new species of mycobacteria have been detected rarely or even only once. From the phenotypic point of view, among the new taxa, chromogens exceed nonchromogens while the numbers of slowly and rapidly growing species are equivalent. Whereas conventional identification tests were usually inconclusive, an important role was played by lipid analyses and in particular by high-performance liquid chromatography. Genotypic investigations based on sequencing of 16S rRNA gene have certainly made the most important contribution. The investigation of genetic relatedness led to the redistribution of the species previously included in the classically known categories of slow and rapid growers into new groupings. Within slow growers, the intermediate branch related to Mycobacterium simiae and the cluster of organisms related to Mycobacterium terrae have been differentiated; among rapid growers, the group of thermotolerant mycobacteria has emerged. The majority of species are resistant to isoniazid and, to a lesser extent, to rifampin. Many of the new species of mycobacteria are potentially pathogenic, and there are numerous reports of their involvement in diseases. Apart from disseminated and localized diseases in immunocompromised patients, the most frequent infections in immunocompetent people involve the lungs, skin, and, in children, cervical lymph nodes. The awareness of such new mycobacteria, far from being a merely speculative exercise, is therefore important for clinicians and microbiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tortoli
- Regional Reference Center for Mycobacteria, Microbiological and Virological Laboratory, Careggi Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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42
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Abstract
It is likely that the incidence of infection by environmental opportunistic mycobacteria will continue to rise. Part of the rise will be caused by the increased awareness of these microbes as human pathogens and improvements in methods of detection and culture. Clinicians and microbiologists will continue to be challenged by the introduction of new species to the already long list of mycobacterial opportunists (see Table 3). The incidence of infection will also rise because an increasing proportion of the population is aging or subject to some type of immunosuppression. A second reason for an increase in the incidence of environmental mycobacterial infection is that these microbes are everywhere. They are present in water, biofilms, soil, and aerosols. They are natural inhabitants of the human environment, especially drinking water distribution systems. Thus, it is likely that everyone is exposed on a daily basis. It is likely that certain human activities can lead to selection of mycobacteria. Important lessons have been taught by study of cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with exposure to metalworking fluid. First, the implicated metalworking fluids contained water, the likely source of the mycobacteria. Second, the metalworking fluids contain hydrocarbons (e.g., pine oils) and biocides (e.g., morpholine) both of which are substrates for the growth of mycobacteria [53,193]. Third, outbreak of disease followed disinfection of the metalworking fluid [136,137]. Although the metalworking fluid was contaminated with microorganisms, it was only after disinfection that symptoms developed in the workers. Because mycobacteria are resistant to disinfectants, it is likely that the recovery of the mycobacteria from the metalworking fluid [137] was caused by their selection. Disinfection may also contribute, in part, to the persistence of M avium and M intracellulare in drinking water distribution systems [33,89,240]. M avium and M intracellulare are many times more resistant to chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone than are other water-borne microorganisms [141,236]. Consequently, disinfection of drinking water results in selection of mycobacteria. In the absence of competitors, even the slowly growing mycobacteria can grow in the distribution system [33]. It is likely that hypersensitivity pneumonitis in lifeguards and therapy pool attendants [139] is caused by a similar scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Falkinham
- Department of Biology, Fralin Biotechnology Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0346, USA.
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43
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McMullan R, Xu J, Kelly M, Stanley T, Moore JE, Millar BC, Wylie M, Goldsmith CE, Shepherd DRT. Mycobacterium triplex pulmonary infection in an immunocompetent patient. J Infect 2002; 44:263-4. [PMID: 12099735 DOI: 10.1053/jinf.2002.0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of a 47-year-old immunocompetent patient with clinical evidence of pulmonary mycobacterial disease which was found to be due to Mycobacterium triplex. This novel organism is an uncommon, emerging, pathogen for which few reports of clinical infection exist in the medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McMullan
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Belfast City Hospital, Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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44
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Brown-Elliott BA, Griffith DE, Wallace RJ. Newly described or emerging human species of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2002; 16:187-220. [PMID: 11917813 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5520(03)00052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The advent of molecular testing in the laboratory has brought about the recognition of multiple newly characterized mycobacterial species not previously recognizable with most standard techniques. Some of the species are nonpathogenic, but the majority may cause clinical disease. Each is likely to have its own biology, drug susceptibility pattern, and response to drug/surgical therapy. Thus, it is important to try to recognize these new species in the laboratory. A study of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of these new species also may help to elucidate the epidemiology and pathogenesis of these organisms. In addition, there are multiple emerging species of nontuberculous mycobacteria including M. ulcerans, M. haemophilum, M. xenopi, and M. malmoense. [table: see text] These species are being recognized increasingly as a cause of human disease and recovered within the laboratory. The clinician must learn about these new pathogens to recognize them clinically and assist the laboratory in their recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Brown-Elliott
- Mycobacteria/Nocardia Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, USA.
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45
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Butler WR, Guthertz LS. Mycolic acid analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography for identification of Mycobacterium species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:704-26, table of contents. [PMID: 11585782 PMCID: PMC88994 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.4.704-726.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the etiologic agent of tuberculosis and can be accurately detected by laboratories using commercial genetic tests. Nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) causing other mycobacterioses can be difficult to identify. The identification processes are confounded by an increasing diversity of newly characterized NTM species. The ubiquitous nature of NTM, combined with their potential to be opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised as well as nonimmunodeficient patients, further complicates the problem of their identification. Since clinical case management varies depending on the etiologic agent, laboratories must identify the species in a timely manner. However, only a few identification methods can detect the species diversity within the Mycobacterium genus. Over the last decade, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the mycolic acids has become an accepted method for identification of mycobacteria. In this review, we assess its development and usefulness as an identification technique for Mycobacterium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Butler
- Division of AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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46
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Hale YM, Pfyffer GE, Salfinger M. Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterial infections: new tools and lessons learned. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:834-46. [PMID: 11512089 DOI: 10.1086/322607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2000] [Revised: 03/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in the 21st century, tuberculosis continues to be a problem. Although the number of cases continues gradually to decrease in the United States, cases get more difficult to treat, specifically those that are multiple-drug resistant. Infection of one-third of the world's population ensures that tuberculosis will not disappear in the near future. In light of this, it will be useful to know the goals for the health care system and how these goals may be accomplished. Laboratory testing in the mycobacteriology field is experiencing more changes today than ever before. Determining what assays will be most useful to the clinician is a challenge, and acceptance of the new technology by the medical community an even greater one. Clinicians must use the best available resources to determine the most appropriate care for their patients and work together with the laboratory to ensure that the communication channels are open. This review focuses on current state-of-the-art resources useful for accurate and rapid laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Hale
- Bureau of Laboratories, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Herbst LH, Costa SF, Weiss LM, Johnson LK, Bartell J, Davis R, Walsh M, Levi M. Granulomatous skin lesions in moray eels caused by a novel Mycobacterium species related to Mycobacterium triplex. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4639-46. [PMID: 11402008 PMCID: PMC98541 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.7.4639-4646.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of granulomatous dermatitis was investigated in a captive population of moray eels. The affected eels had florid skin nodules concentrated around the head and trunk. Histopathological examination revealed extensive granulomatous inflammation within the dermis and subcutaneous fascial plane between the fat and axial musculature. Acid-fast rods were detected within the smallest lesions, which were presumably the ones that had developed earliest. Eventually, after several months of incubation at room temperature, a very slowly growing acid-fast organism was isolated. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified it as a Mycobacterium species closely related (0.59% divergence) to M. triplex, an SAV mycobacterium. Intradermal inoculation of healthy green moray eels with this organism reliably reproduced the lesion. Experimentally induced granulomatous dermatitis appeared within 2 weeks of inoculation and slowly but progressively expanded during the 2 months of the experiment. Live organisms were recovered from these lesions at all time points, fulfilling Koch's postulates for this bacterium. In a retrospective study of tissues collected between 1993 and 1999 from five spontaneous disease cases, acid-fast rods were consistently found within lesions, and a nested PCR for the rRNA gene also demonstrated the presence of mycobacteria within affected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Herbst
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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48
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Suomalainen S, Koukila-Kähkölä P, Brander E, Katila ML, Piilonen A, Paulin L, Mattson K. Pulmonary infection caused by an unusual, slowly growing nontuberculous Mycobacterium. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2668-71. [PMID: 11427591 PMCID: PMC88207 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.7.2668-2671.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium triplex, a recently described slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium, was isolated from a Finnish patient with pulmonary mycobacteriosis. The disease was successfully treated with antimycobacterial drugs. The strain isolated, which was similar to the type strain but differed slightly from the species description, was regarded as a variant of M. triplex sensu stricto. According to present knowledge this variant of the species has never been isolated before.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suomalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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49
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Niobe SN, Bebear CM, Clerc M, Pellegrin JL, Bebear C, Maugein J. Disseminated Mycobacterium lentiflavum infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2030-2. [PMID: 11326043 PMCID: PMC88078 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.5.2030-2032.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of Mycobacterium lentiflavum disseminated infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient. Conventional identification procedures failed to identify the mycobacterial strain, but sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene led to the species identification. Furthermore, we describe here the analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer sequence of M. lentiflavum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Niobe
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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50
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Hoff E, Sholtis M, Procop G, Sabella C, Goldfarb J, Wyllie R, Cunningham R, Stockman L, Hall G. Mycobacterium triplex infection in a liver transplant patient. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:2033-4. [PMID: 11326044 PMCID: PMC88079 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.5.2033-2034.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium triplex was first named in 1996 as an acid-fast bacillus with features that most resemble Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex but which possesses a distinct mycolic acid pattern as well as a distinctive 16S rRNA hypervariable region. It has been isolated from lymph node, sputum, and cerebrospinal fluid specimens, but to date only rare clinical cases of this organism have been reported in the literature. The following is a case report of M. triplex that was isolated from the pericardial and peritoneal fluid of a 13-year-old female liver transplant patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hoff
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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