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Candida parapsilosis Colony Morphotype Forecasts Biofilm Formation of Clinical Isolates. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010033. [PMID: 33430377 PMCID: PMC7827155 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is a frequent cause of fungal bloodstream infections, especially in critically ill neonates or immunocompromised patients. Due to the formation of biofilms, the use of indwelling catheters and other medical devices increases the risk of infection and complicates treatment, as cells embedded in biofilms display reduced drug susceptibility. Therefore, biofilm formation may be a significant clinical parameter, guiding downstream therapeutic choices. Here, we phenotypically characterized 120 selected isolates out of a prospective collection of 215 clinical C. parapsilosis isolates, determining biofilm formation, major emerging colony morphotype, and antifungal drug susceptibility of the isolates and their biofilms. In our isolate set, increased biofilm formation capacity was independent of body site of isolation and not predictable using standard or modified European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) drug susceptibility testing protocols. In contrast, biofilm formation was strongly correlated with the appearance of non-smooth colony morphotypes and invasiveness into agar plates. Our data suggest that the observation of non-smooth colony morphotypes in cultures of C. parapsilosis may help as an indicator to consider the initiation of anti-biofilm-active therapy, such as the switch from azole- to echinocandin- or polyene-based strategies, especially in case of infections by potent biofilm-forming strains.
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2
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Gómez-Molero E, Willis JR, Dudakova A, Carreté L, Weig M, Groß U, Gácser A, Gabaldón T, Bader O. Phenotypic Variability in a Coinfection With Three Independent Candida parapsilosis Lineages. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1994. [PMID: 32983018 PMCID: PMC7481391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis has gained significant importance over the past decades as one of the principal causes of fungal bloodstream infections. Isolates of C. parapsilosis are known to be able to switch between several different colony morphologies in vitro, which are correlated with different cell shapes, altered cell surface properties, and thus different capacities to form biofilms on indwelling medical devices. In a set of six clinical specimens from a single surgery patient yielding stable smooth- as well as crepe-morphology isolates, we investigated the differences between five of them on a phenotypic and genomic level. In contrast to the initial assumption that they were switched forms of a clonal strain, karyotyping and genome sequencing showed that the patient was colonized by at least three distinct linages. Statistical analysis placed these groups distantly across the population of C. parapsilosis. Interestingly the single blood culture isolate was of smooth morphology and matched with an isolate from the patient’s nose of similar morphology. Strong variation between the isolates was seen in adhesin-encoding genes, where repeat regions showed significant variation in length and repeat-numbers, most strikingly in HWP1 of the smooth isolates. Although no differences in drug susceptibility were evident, the high phylogenetic distance separating the individual strains highlights the need for testing of multiple colonies in routine practice. The absence of biofilm formation in the blood stream isolate indicates a lack of respective adhesins in the cell wall, in turn pointing toward lack of adhesion as a positively contributing factor for dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Gómez-Molero
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jesse R Willis
- Comparative Genomics Group, CRG-Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Dudakova
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laia Carreté
- Comparative Genomics Group, CRG-Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Weig
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Lendület Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Comparative Genomics Group, CRG-Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Neji S, Hadrich I, Ilahi A, Trabelsi H, Chelly H, Mahfoudh N, Cheikhrouhou F, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Molecular Genotyping of Candida parapsilosis Species Complex. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:765-775. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Madhavan P, Jamal F, Pei CP, Othman F, Karunanidhi A, Ng KP. Comparative Study of the Effects of Fluconazole and Voriconazole on Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida rugosa Biofilms. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:499-511. [PMID: 29380188 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Infections by non-albicans Candida species are a life-threatening condition, and formation of biofilms can lead to treatment failure in a clinical setting. This study was aimed to demonstrate the in vitro antibiofilm activity of fluconazole (FLU) and voriconazole (VOR) against C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. rugosa with diverse antifungal susceptibilities to FLU and VOR. The antibiofilm activities of FLU and VOR in the form of suspension as well as pre-coatings were assessed by XTT [2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] reduction assay. Morphological and intracellular changes exerted by the antifungal drugs on Candida cells were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results of the antibiofilm activities showed that FLU drug suspension was capable of killing C. parapsilosis and C. rugosa at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 4× MIC FLU and 256× MIC FLU, respectively. While VOR MICs ranging from 2× to 32× were capable of killing the biofilms of all Candida spp tested. The antibiofilm activities of pre-coated FLU were able to kill the biofilms at ¼× MIC FLU and ½× MIC FLU for C. parapsilosis and C. rugosa strains, respectively. While pre-coated VOR was able to kill the biofilms, all three Candida sp at ½× MIC VOR. SEM and TEM examinations showed that FLU and VOR treatments exerted significant impact on Candida cell with various degrees of morphological changes. In conclusion, a fourfold reduction in MIC50 of FLU and VOR towards ATCC strains of C. glabrata, C. rugosa and C. rugosa clinical strain was observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Farida Jamal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Chong Pei Pei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Othman
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Arunkumar Karunanidhi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zanni PCMD, Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Negri M, Nakamura SS, Donatti L, Svidzinski TIE, Consolaro MEL. Virulence factors and genetic variability of vaginal Candida albicans isolates from HIV-infected women in the post-highly active antiretroviral era. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e44. [PMID: 28793015 PMCID: PMC5626220 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in HIV-infected (HIV+) women is a serious public
health problem. However, little is known about the virulence mechanisms of vaginal
Candida albicans from HIV+ women in the post-highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Here, we report a comparative analysis of the
expression of key virulence factors and genetic variability of 26 vaginal C.
albicans strains isolated from HIV+ women undergoing HAART and 18 from
HIV-uninfected (HIV-) women. In general, we observed that C.
albicans from HIV+ women receiving HAART showed lower expression of
virulence factors compared with C. albicans from HIV- women, except
for the proteinase activity which is highly expressed. The results in HIV-women
further suggest that virulence factors appear to be expressed in response to the
yeast stress, in the presence of an adequate immune response. Furthermore, the RAPD
results showed a high heterogeneity among isolates from both groups of women. These
findings in HIV+ women using HAART will help to improve the monitoring of vaginal
yeast infections and the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Cristina Mastellaro Delvas Zanni
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Melyssa Negri
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Sayuri Nakamura
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Donatti
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Edilaine Lopes Consolaro
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Laboratório de Citologia Clínica, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Mohammadi R, Badiee P, Badali H, Abastabar M, Safa AH, Hadipour M, Yazdani H, Heshmat F. Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to identify Candida species, related to onychomycosis. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:95. [PMID: 26015921 PMCID: PMC4434489 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.156659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Onychomycosis is one of the most common clinical forms of fungal infections due to both filamentous fungi and yeasts. The genus of Candida is one of the most prominent causes of onychomycosis in all around the world. Although Candida albicans is still the most frequent cause of nail infections, use of broad-spectrum antifungal agents has led to a shift in the etiology of C. albicans to non-albicans species. The aim of the present study is rapid and precise identification of candida species isolated from nail infection by using of PCR-RFLP technique. Materials and Methods: A total of 360 clinical yeast strains were collected from nail infections in Iran. Genomic DNA was extracted using FTA; cards. ITS1-5.8SrDNA-ITS2 region was amplified using universal primers and subsequently products were digested with the restriction enzyme MspI. For identification of newly described species (C. parapsilosis complex), the SADH gene was amplified, followed by digestion with Nla III restriction enzyme. Results: Candida albicans was the most commonly isolated species (41.1%), followed by C. parapsilosis (21.4%), C. tropicalis (12.8%), C. kefyr (9.4%), C. krusei (5.5%), C. orthopsilosis (4.1%), C. glabrata (2.8%), C. guilliermondii (1.4%), C. rugosa (0.8%), and C. lusitaniae (0.5%). Patients in the age groups of 51-60 and 81-90 years had the highest and lowest distribution of positive specimens, respectively. Conclusion: Rapid and precise identification of Candida species from clinical specimens lead to appropriate therapeutic plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parisa Badiee
- Prof. Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini Safa
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Hadipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajar Yazdani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnaz Heshmat
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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7
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Marcos-Zambrano LJ, Escribano P, Bouza E, Guinea J. Aplicación de las técnicas de tipificación molecular al estudio de brotes hospitalarios de candidemia. Rev Iberoam Micol 2014; 31:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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8
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Bonfim-Mendonça PDS, Fiorini A, Shinobu-Mesquita CS, Baeza LC, Fernandez MA, Svidzinski TIE. Molecular typing of Candida albicans isolates from hospitalized patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 55:385-91. [PMID: 24213190 PMCID: PMC4105085 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652013000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Introduction: The majority of nosocomial fungal infections are caused
by Candida spp. where C. albicans is the species
most commonly identified. Molecular methods are important tools for assessing the
origin of the yeasts isolated in hospitals. Methods: This is a study on the genetic profifiles of 39 nosocomial
clinical isolates of C. albicans using two typing methods: random
amplifified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite, two different primers for
each technique were used. Results: RAPD provided 10 and 11 different profiles with values for
SAB of 0.84 ± 0.126 and 0.88 ± 0.08 for primers M2 and P4, respectively.
Microsatellite using two markers, CDC3 and HIS3, allowed the observation of six
and seven different alleles, respectively, with combined discriminatory power of
0.91. Conclusions: Although genetic variability is clear, it was possible
to identify high similarity, suggesting a common origin for at least a part of
isolates. It is important to emphasize that common origin was proven from yeasts
isolated from colonization (urine, catheter or endotracheal secretions) and blood
culture from the same patient, indicating that the candidemia must have started
from a site of colonization. The combination of RAPD and microsatellite provides a
quick and efficient analysis for investigation of similarity among nosocomial
isolates of C. albicans.
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9
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Characterization of biofilm formation and the role of BCR1 in clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 13:438-51. [PMID: 24297446 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00181-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In Candida parapsilosis, biofilm formation is considered to be a major virulence factor. Previously, we determined the ability of 33 clinical isolates causing bloodstream infection to form biofilms and identified three distinct groups of biofilm-forming strains (negative, low, and high). Here, we establish two different biofilm structures among strains forming large amounts of biofilm in which strains with complex spider-like structures formed robust biofilms on different surface materials with increased resistance to fluconazole. Surprisingly, the transcription factor Bcr1, required for biofilm formation in Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis, has an essential role only in strains with low capacity for biofilm formation. Although BCR1 leads to the formation of more and longer pseudohyphae, it was not required for initial adhesion and formation of mature biofilms in strains with a high level of biofilm formation. Furthermore, an additional phenotype affected by BCR1 was the switch in colony morphology from rough to crepe, but only in strains forming high levels of biofilm. All bcr1Δ/Δ mutants showed increased proteolytic activity and increased susceptibility to the antimicrobial peptides protamine and RP-1 compared to corresponding wild-type and complemented strains. Taken together, our results demonstrate that biofilm formation in clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis is both dependent and independent of BCR1, but even in strains which showed a BCR1-independent biofilm phenotype, BCR1 has alternative physiological functions.
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Connolly LA, Riccombeni A, Grózer Z, Holland LM, Lynch DB, Andes DR, Gácser A, Butler G. The APSES transcription factor Efg1 is a global regulator that controls morphogenesis and biofilm formation in Candida parapsilosis. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:36-53. [PMID: 23895281 PMCID: PMC3912905 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efg1 (a member of the APSES family) is an important regulator of hyphal growth and of the white-to-opaque transition in Candida albicans and very closely related species. We show that in Candida parapsilosis Efg1 is a major regulator of a different morphological switch at the colony level, from a concentric to smooth morphology. The rate of switching is at least 20-fold increased in an efg1 knockout relative to wild type. Efg1 deletion strains also have reduced biofilm formation, attenuated virulence in an insect model, and increased sensitivity to SDS and caspofungin. Biofilm reduction is more dramatic in in vitro than in in vivo models. An Efg1 paralogue (Efh1) is restricted to Candida species, and does not regulate concentric-smooth phenotype switching, biofilm formation or stress response. We used ChIP-seq to identify the Efg1 regulon. A total of 931 promoter regions bound by Efg1 are highly enriched for transcription factors and regulatory proteins. Efg1 also binds to its own promoter, and negatively regulates its expression. Efg1 targets are enriched in binding sites for 93 additional transcription factors, including Ndt80. Our analysis suggests that Efg1 has an ancient role as regulator of development in fungi, and is central to several regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona A Connolly
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science Conway Institute, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Riccombeni
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science Conway Institute, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Zsuzsana Grózer
- Department of Microbiology, University of SzegedH-6726, Szeged Kozep fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Linda M Holland
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science Conway Institute, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Denise B Lynch
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science Conway Institute, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David R Andes
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of SzegedH-6726, Szeged Kozep fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Geraldine Butler
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science Conway Institute, University College DublinBelfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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11
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Moris DV, Melhem MSC, Martins MA, Souza LR, Kacew S, Szeszs MW, Carvalho LR, Pimenta-Rodrigues MV, Berghs HAM, Mendes RP. Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates collected from oral cavities of HIV-infected individuals. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1758-1765. [PMID: 22956748 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.045112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, few data are available on the prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates from HIV-infected individuals. The C. parapsilosis complex comprises three species, C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. metapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis. Fifteen of 318 Candida isolates were identified as members of the C. parapsilosis complex by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The prevalence of C. parapsilosis complex isolates was 4.7 %, 2.2 % being identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and 2.5 % as C. metapsilosis, while no C. orthopsilosis was isolated. This is believed to be the first study that has identified isolates of C. metapsilosis obtained from the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals. Antifungal susceptibility tests indicated that all the isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B (AMB), fluconazole (FLC), ketoconazole (KTC), itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VRC) and caspofungin (CASPO). Although isolates of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and C. metapsilosis were susceptible to FLC, isolates of C. metapsilosis showed a tendency for higher MICs (≥1.0 µg ml(-1)). Based upon the frequency of candidiasis and the fact that certain isolates of the C. parapsilosis complex respond differently to FLC therapy, our data may be of therapeutic relevance with respect to susceptibility and potential resistance to specific antifungal agents. Our data suggest that C. metapsilosis can be a human commensal; its importance as a pathogen has yet to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Moris
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | | | - L R Souza
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - S Kacew
- Institute for Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M W Szeszs
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L R Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - M V Pimenta-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | - R P Mendes
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais e Diagnóstico por Imagem, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
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12
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Reiss E, Lasker BA, Lott TJ, Bendel CM, Kaufman DA, Hazen KC, Wade KC, McGowan KL, Lockhart SR. Genotyping of Candida parapsilosis from three neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) using a panel of five multilocus microsatellite markers: broad genetic diversity and a cluster of related strains in one NICU. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1654-60. [PMID: 22771359 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis (CP) (n = 40) isolated from an unselected patient population in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of three US hospitals were collected over periods of 3.5-9 years. Two previously published microsatellite markers and three additional trinucleotide markers were used to produce multiplex genotypes, which revealed broad strain diversity among the NICU isolates with a combined index of discrimination (D) = 0.997. A cluster of eight related CP strains from four infants in a single NICU was observed. An extended collection of 24 CP isolates from the general population of that hospital showed that the cluster of NICU isolates was related to three isolates from general hospital patients. This microsatellite marker set is suitable to investigate clusters of colonizing and infecting strains of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errol Reiss
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
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13
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Pulcrano G, Roscetto E, Iula VD, Panellis D, Rossano F, Catania MR. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and microsatellite markers to evaluate Candida parapsilosis transmission in neonatal intensive care units. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2919-28. [PMID: 22644055 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on outbreaks of Candida showed an increased incidence of bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) caused by C. parapsilosis species, highlighting the need for the proper identification and epidemiology of these species. Several systems are available for molecular epidemiological and taxonomic studies of fungal infections: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) represents the gold standard for typing, but is also one of the most lengthy and expensive, while simple sequence repeats (SSRs) is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and is, therefore, faster. Only recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been used to identify and type microorganisms involved in nosocomial outbreaks. In our study, 19 strains of C. parapsilosis isolated from the blood cultures of neonates admitted to the University Hospital Federico II were genotyped by the amplification of eight SSR markers and by MALDI-TOF MS. Electrophoretic and spectrometric profile results were compared in order to identify similarities among the isolates and to study microevolutionary changes in the C. parapsilosis population. The discriminatory power and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrograms generated were compared in order to evaluate the correlation of the groups established by the analysis of the clusters by both methods. Both methods were rapid and effective in highlighting identical strains and studying microevolutionary changes in the population. Our study evidenced that mass spectroscopy is a useful technique not only for the identification but also for monitoring the spread of strains, which is critical to control nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pulcrano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology Luigi Califano, Medicine School, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Spreghini E, Orlando F, Tavanti A, Senesi S, Giannini D, Manso E, Barchiesi F. In vitro and in vivo effects of echinocandins against Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2195-202. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Azeredo J. Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosisandCandida tropicalis: biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:288-305. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Kubesová A, Šalplachta J, Horká M, Růžička F, Šlais K. Candida “Psilosis” – electromigration techniques and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for phenotypical discrimination. Analyst 2012; 137:1937-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15931g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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da Costa KRC, Ferreira JC, Lavrador MAS, Baruffi MD, Candido RC. Virulence attributes and genetic variability of oral Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis isolates. Mycoses 2011; 55:e97-e105. [PMID: 22035510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The wide spectrum of candidiasis and its clinical importance encourage the research with the purpose of clarifying the mechanisms of pathogenicity and identification of virulence factors of Candida sp. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the adhesion capacity, protease activity and genotypic diversity of oral C. albicans and C. tropicalis isolates. The adhesion ability to the extracellular matrix glycoproteins laminin and fibronectin was evaluated using the ELISA technique. The research of proteases was carried out in agar plate containing bovine albumin and through a quantitative method in buffer solution containing haemoglobin. Intra and interspecies polymorphisms was verified through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. All C. albicans and C. tropicalis isolates binded to immobilised laminin and fibronectin. Ca33 and Ct13 isolates had relative adhesion index significantly higher than the other isolates for both glycoproteins (P < 0.001). Protease activity was observed in all isolates of C. albicans using either the semi-quantitative or quantitative assay. The protease activity of C. tropicalis was better detected through the quantitative assay. The genotypic diversity by RAPD revealed a heterogeneous population in both species. Nevertheless, C. tropicalis presented higher genetic variability than C. albicans strains.
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A novel ascosporogenous yeast species, Zygosaccharomyces siamensis, and the sugar tolerant yeasts associated with raw honey collected in Thailand. FUNGAL DIVERS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-011-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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de Toro M, Torres M, Maite R, Aznar J. Characterization of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:418-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Molecular epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis in Taiwan. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 68:284-92. [PMID: 20851551 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis was recently reclassified into 3 closely related species, C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis. Variation in susceptibility characteristics and prevalence of the 3 genomic species could have therapeutic and epidemiologic implications. The aim of this study is to characterize the genetic and antifungal susceptibility profiles of 97 C. parapsilosis isolates from 71 patients. Among the 71 nonduplicate isolates, 85.9% (61/71) were identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 5.6% (4/71) as C. metapsilosis, and 8.5% (6/71) as C. orthopsilosis species based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The delineation of these 3 species is concordant with that achieved by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of BssHII restriction fragments at 75% similarity. Antifungal susceptibility tests showed that most isolates were susceptible to flucytosine, azoles, amphotericin B, and echinocandins, whereas 3 C. metapsilosis isolates from 1 patient showed resistance and susceptible-dose dependence to fluconazole. The C. metapsilosis isolates exhibited significantly higher MIC values to both fluconazole and voriconazole than those of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and C. orthopsilosis. On the other hand, the C. metapsilosis isolates showed significantly lower MIC values on 24 h to caspofungin than those of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and C. orthopsilosis. For micafungin, the isolates of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto had significantly higher MIC values on 24 h than those of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis. Compared to Candida albicans, mutations from proline to alanine were identified on the hot spot 1 of Fks1 in all these C. parapsilosis sensu lato isolates regardless of their MIC levels. Some of the C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis isolates expressed the isoleucine to valine substitution on the hot spot 2 region. However, the amino acid variations in these isolates did not correlate to their MIC values of echinocandin.
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Oliveira MT, Specian AFL, Andrade CG, França EJ, Furlaneto-Maia L, Furlaneto MC. Interaction of Candida parapsilosis isolates with human hair and nail surfaces revealed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Micron 2010; 41:604-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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New polymorphic microsatellite markers able to distinguish among Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1677-82. [PMID: 20220157 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02151-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the Candida species causing bloodstream infections, Candida parapsilosis is one of the most frequently isolated. The objective of the present work was the identification of new microsatellite loci able to distinguish among C. parapsilosis isolates. DNA sequences with trinucleotide repeats were selected from the C. parapsilosis genome database. PCR primer sets flanking the microsatellite repeats were designed and tested with 20 independent isolates. On the basis of the amplification efficiency, specificity, and observed polymorphism, four of the sequences were selected for strain typing. Two hundred thirty-three independent C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates were genotyped by using these markers. The polymorphic loci exhibited from 20 to 42 alleles and 39 to 92 genotypes. In a multiplex analysis, 192 genotypes were obtained and the combined discriminatory power of the four microsatellites was 0.99. Reproducibility was demonstrated by submission of subcultures of 4 isolates each, in triplicate, interspersed with unique numbers among a group of 30 isolates for blind testing. Comparison of the genotypes obtained by microsatellite analysis and those obtained by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and internal transcribed sequence grouping was performed and showed that the microsatellite method could distinguish individual isolates; none of the other methods could do that. Related species, C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis, were not confused with C. parapsilosis sensu stricto. These new microsatellites are a valuable tool for use for the differentiation of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strains, vital in epidemiology to answer questions of strain relatedness and determine pathways of transmission.
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Mirhendi H, Bruun B, Schønheyder HC, Christensen JJ, Fuursted K, Gahrn-Hansen B, Johansen HK, Nielsen L, Knudsen JD, Arendrup MC. Molecular screening for Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis among Danish Candida parapsilosis group blood culture isolates: proposal of a new RFLP profile for differentiation. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:414-420. [PMID: 20056771 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.017293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis are recently described species phenotypically indistinguishable from Candida parapsilosis . We evaluated phenotyping and molecular methods for the detection of these species among 79 unique blood culture isolates of the C. parapsilosis group obtained during the years 2004-2008. The isolates were screened by PCR amplification of the secondary alcohol dehydrogenase-encoding gene ( SADH) followed by digestion with the restriction enzyme Ban I, using C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. orthopsilosis ATCC 96139 and C. metapsilosis ATCC 96144 as controls. Isolates with RFLP patterns distinct from C. parapsilosis were characterized by sequence analysis of the ITS1-ITS2, 26S rRNA (D1/D2) and SADH regions. Restriction patterns for the 3 species with each of 610 restriction enzymes were predicted in silico using 12 available sequences. By PCR-RFLP of the SADH gene alone, four isolates (5.1 %) had a pattern identical to the C. orthopsilosis reference strain. Sequence analysis of SADH and ITS (internal transcribed spacer) regions identified two of these isolates as C. metapsilosis. These results were confirmed by creating a phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of SADH, ITS and 26S rRNA gene sequence regions. Optimal differentiation between C. parapsilosis, C. metapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis was predicted using digestion with NlaIII, producing discriminatory band sizes of: 131 and 505 bp; 74, 288 and 348 bp; and 131, 217 and 288 bp, respectively. This was confirmed using the reference strains and 79 clinical isolates. In conclusion, reliable discrimination was obtained by PCR-RFLP profile analysis of the SADH gene after digestion with NlaIII but not with BanI. C. metapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis are involved in a small but significant number of invasive infections in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mirhendi
- Mycology and Parasitology Unit, Statens Serum Institut,Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology,Faculty of Public Health and National Institute of Health Research, TehranUniversity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brita Bruun
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, HillerødHospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Henrik Carl Schønheyder
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg Hospital,Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Fuursted
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Skejby Hospital,Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bente Gahrn-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense UniversityHospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Krogh Johansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet,Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev UniversityHospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jenny Dahl Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre UniversityHospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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van Asbeck EC, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Candida parapsilosis: a review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, typing and antimicrobial susceptibility. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 35:283-309. [PMID: 19821642 DOI: 10.3109/10408410903213393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Candida parapsilosis family has emerged as a major opportunistic and nosocomial pathogen. It causes multifaceted pathology in immuno-compromised and normal hosts, notably low birth weight neonates. Its emergence may relate to an ability to colonize the skin, proliferate in glucose-containing solutions, and adhere to plastic. When clusters appear, determination of genetic relatedness among strains and identification of a common source are important. Its virulence appears associated with a capacity to produce biofilm and production of phospholipase and aspartyl protease. Further investigations of the host-pathogen interactions are needed. This review summarizes basic science, clinical and experimental information about C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline C van Asbeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA
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25
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Brillowska-Dabrowska A, Schön T, Pannanusorn S, Lönnbro N, Bernhoff L, Bonnedal J, Häggström J, Wistedt A, Fernandez V, Arendrup MC. A nosocomial outbreak of Candida parapsilosis in southern Sweden verified by genotyping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 41:135-42. [DOI: 10.1080/00365540802585301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Van Asbeck EC, Clemons KV, Markham AN, Stevens DA, The Candida Parapsilosis Global Epi. Molecular epidemiology of the global and temporal diversity of Candida parapsilosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 40:827-34. [DOI: 10.1080/00365540802144133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline C. Van Asbeck
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
- Eijkman-Winkler Institute for Medical and Clinical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California, Stanford, USA
| | - Karl V. Clemons
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California, Stanford, USA
| | - Angela N. Markham
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California, Stanford, USA
| | - David A. Stevens
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, and California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, California, Stanford, USA
| | - The Candida Parapsilosis Global Epi
- , Candida parapsilosis global epidemiology group: Anna Maria Tortorano and Maria Anna Viviani, Universita degli Studi – IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, Milano, Italy Lena Klingspor, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Eli Lefler, Elisha Hospital, Haifa, Israel Javier Pemán, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Gloria Gonzales, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico; Claudia M. L. Maffei, Medical School of
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Prevalence, distribution, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of Candida parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis in a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2392-7. [PMID: 19494078 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02379-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis, an emergent agent of nosocomial infections, was previously made up of a complex of three genetically distinct groups (groups I, II, and III). Recently, the C. parapsilosis groups have been renamed as distinct species: C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis. In Portugal, no data pertaining to the distribution and antifungal susceptibility of these Candida species are yet available. In the present report, we describe the incidence and distribution of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis among 175 clinical and environmental isolates previously identified by conventional methods as C. parapsilosis. We also evaluated the in vitro susceptibilities of the isolates to fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B, and two echinocandins, caspofungin and anidulafungin. Of the 175 isolates tested, 160 (91.4%) were identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 4 (2.3%) were identified as C. orthopsilosis, and 5 (2.9%) were identified as C. metapsilosis. Six isolates corresponded to species other than the C. parapsilosis group. Interestingly, all isolates from blood cultures corresponded to C. parapsilosis sensu stricto. Evaluation of the antifungal susceptibility profile showed that only nine (5.6%) C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strains were susceptible-dose dependent or resistant to fluconazole, and a single strain displayed a multiazole-resistant phenotype; two (1.3%) C. parapsilosis sensu stricto strains were amphotericin B resistant. All C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis isolates were susceptible to azoles and amphotericin B. A high number of strains were nonsusceptible to the echinocandins (caspofungin and anidulafungin).
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Abstract
It is sometimes necessary to assess the genetic relatedness of isolates to identify the origin of an infection. In addition, evidence is accumulating that drug resistance can be associated with strains from a particular clade and that strains can exhibit anatomical specificity. It may, therefore, be valuable in the near future to screen for strains with a propensity for drug resistance. While a number of methods exist for genetically fingerprinting the infectious fungi, only a few provide the necessary resolution not only for distinguishing whether strains are highly related or unrelated, but also for grouping a strain in a particular clade. Here, we provide the procedures for performing the two methods that have proven most effective in the past 5 years: Southern blot hybridization of restriction fragments with complex probes and multilocus sequence typing (MLST).
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Tay ST, Na SL, Chong J. Molecular differentiation and antifungal susceptibilities of Candida parapsilosis isolated from patients with bloodstream infections. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:185-191. [PMID: 19141735 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.004242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic heterogeneity and antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida parapsilosis isolated from blood cultures of patients were investigated in this study. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis generated 5 unique profiles from 42 isolates. Based on the major DNA fragments of the RAPD profiles, the isolates were identified as RAPD type P1 (29 isolates), P2 (6 isolates), P3 (4 isolates), P4 (2 isolates) and P5 (1 isolate). Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene of the isolates identified RAPD type P1 as C. parapsilosis, P2 and P3 as Candida orthopsilosis, P4 as Candida metapsilosis, and P5 as Lodderomyces elongisporus. Nucleotide variations in ITS gene sequences of C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis were detected. Antifungal susceptibility testing using Etests showed that all isolates tested in this study were susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole. C. parapsilosis isolates exhibited higher MIC(50) values than those of C. orthopsilosis for all of the drugs tested in this study; however, no significant difference in the MICs for these two Candida species was observed. The fact that C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis were responsible for 23.8 and 4.8 % of the cases attributed to C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections, respectively, indicates the clinical relevance of these newly described yeasts. Further investigations of the ecological niche, mode of transmission and virulence of these species are thus essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiang Ling Na
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer Chong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Geographic distribution and antifungal susceptibility of the newly described species Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis in comparison to the closely related species Candida parapsilosis. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2659-64. [PMID: 18562582 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00803-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis are recently described species, having previously been grouped with the more prevalent species Candida parapsilosis. Current literature contains very little data pertaining to the distributions and antifungal susceptibilities of these Candida species. We determined the species and antifungal susceptibilities of 1,929 invasive clinical isolates from the ARTEMIS antifungal surveillance program collected between 2001 and 2006 and identified as C. parapsilosis using Vitek and conventional methods. Of the 1,929 isolates of presumed C. parapsilosis tested, 117 (6.1%) were identified as C. orthopsilosis and 34 (1.8%) as C. metapsilosis. The percentage of presumed C. parapsilosis isolates found to be C. orthopsilosis varied greatly by region, with the highest percentage (10.9%) from South America and the lowest (0.7%) from Africa. The MIC distributions of the C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis isolates were statistically significantly lower than those of C. parapsilosis for all drugs except fluconazole, for which they were significantly higher (P < 0.001 for all). No C. orthopsilosis or C. metapsilosis isolates were fluconazole resistant, and all were susceptible to caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin.
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Molecular epidemiology of Candida parapsilosis sepsis from outbreak investigations in neonatal intensive care units. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kocsubé S, Tóth M, Vágvölgyi C, Dóczi I, Pesti M, Pócsi I, Szabó J, Varga J. Occurrence and genetic variability of Candida parapsilosis sensu lato in Hungary. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:190-195. [PMID: 17244799 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and genetic variability of Candida parapsilosis isolates in two Hungarian hospitals, located in Debrecen and Pécs, were examined. Among the 209 Candida isolates examined, 20 were found to belong to C. parapsilosis sensu lato, based on morphological, physiological and molecular data. The frequency of occurrence of C. parapsilosis isolates (9.6%) was lower than that observed in Europe but higher than that observed previously in Hungary. The genetic variability of C. parapsilosis sensu lato isolates was also examined using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and sequence analysis of the intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene cluster. The genetic variability of the isolates was relatively high, as revealed by RAPD analysis. Two isolates were found to belong to the recently described Candida metapsilosis species (C. parapsilosis group III), based on ITS sequence data, RAPD analysis and phenotypic data. These two isolates could also be distinguished from C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates using a primer pair developed for the detection of C. parapsilosis group I isolates. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of C. metapsilosis from bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Szeged, PO Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Szeged, PO Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Szeged, PO Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilona Dóczi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, PO Box 427, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Pesti
- Department of General and Environmental Microbiology, University of Pécs, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, PO Box 63, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Szabó
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Debrecen, PO Box 63, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Varga
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Szeged, PO Box 533, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Manfredi M, McCullough MJ, Al-Karaawi ZM, Vescovi P, Porter SR. Analysis of the strain relatedness of oral Candida albicans in patients with diabetes mellitus using polymerase chain reaction-fingerprinting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 21:353-9. [PMID: 17064392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To increase our understanding of Candida pathogenicity, the identification of those strains most frequently associated with infections is of paramount importance. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are extremely effective in differentiating and determining reproducibility, they require minimum starting material and are rapid and simple to perform. In this study, the genetic relatedness of Candida albicans was assessed for two geographically different patient groups (London, UK and Parma, Italy) affected by diabetes mellitus. C. albicans samples from the oral cavities of non-diabetic healthy subjects were also examined by PCR fingerprinting to evaluate the possible genetic differences among endogenous strains in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. PCR fingerprinting, with subsequent phylogenetic analysis of C. albicans isolates from the diabetic patients from London and Italy and from the non-diabetic subjects, revealed that there were significant differences (P < 0.0001) between C. albicans isolates indicative of the distinct ecological niches that occur in the oral cavities of these patient cohorts. The most diverse group comprised the isolates from the diabetic patients in the UK, possibly reflecting the antifungal treatment that these patients had received. Further studies that include isolates from patient cohorts with systemic diseases other than diabetes mellitus, and from more diverse geographic localities are required to explain the relatedness of C. albicans isolates in the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Manfredi
- Oral Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Eastman Dental Institute, UCL, University of London, London, UK.
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Abstract
In order to determine the local epidemiology of candidemia, Candida strains isolated between 1994 and 2000 were identified to species level; antifungal resistance patterns and DNA fingerprints were analyzed. Identification of Candida strains (n: 140) was performed with germ tube test and carbohydrate assimilation reactions. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined using a commercial test for 5-flucytosine and the broth macrodilution method according to NCCLS for fluconazole and amphotericin B. Molecular relatedness was determined by restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA followed by probe hybridization. C. albicans (37.2%), C. parapsilosis (32.2%), and C. tropicalis (12.2%) comprised 114 (81.4%) of 140 isolates. Susceptibility tests did not reveal resistance to amphotericin B in any of the Candida isolates. Fluconazole resistance was detected in one isolate of C. krusei, and 5-flucytosine resistance in two C. tropicalis isolates and one C. albicans isolate. Significantly higher frequency of clusters with identical strains in C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis was detected compared to C. albicans. Pediatric wards are particularly important in the nosocomial transmission of non-albicans candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bakir
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Haydarpasa 81326, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sofair AN, Lyon GM, Huie-White S, Reiss E, Harrison LH, Sanza LT, Arthington-Skaggs BA, Fridkin SK. Epidemiology of Community‐Onset Candidemia in Connecticut and Maryland. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:32-9. [PMID: 16758415 DOI: 10.1086/504807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost one-third of patients with bloodstream infections with Candida species (candidemia) have onset of disease that occurs outside of the hospital or < or = 2 days after hospital admission (i.e., community-onset candidemia). We compared the characteristics of patients who developed candidemia by the timing of onset of infection. METHODS Incident episodes of candidemia were identified through active, population-based surveillance in Connecticut and in Baltimore and Baltimore County, Maryland, during 1 October 1998-30 September 2000. The molecular subtypes of a sample of 45 Candida parapsilosis isolates were evaluated using Southern blots hybridized with the complex probe Cp3-13. RESULTS Overall, 356 (31%) of the 1143 incident episodes of candidemia were classified as community-onset disease (occurring < or = 2 days after hospital admission), and 132 (37%) were caused by Candida albicans, 89 (25%) were caused by Candida glabrata, 57 (16%) were caused by C. parapsilosis, and 53 (15%) were caused by Candida tropicalis. Community-onset disease was less likely to be associated with concurrent immunosuppressive therapy, recent surgery, or use of a central venous catheter, compared with inpatient disease. Among patients with community-onset disease, the median time from blood culture to initiation of antifungal treatment was 2.7 days, the 30-day case-fatality rate was 26%, and 262 patients (75%) had been hospitalized at least once in the previous 3 months. Although there were few differences between patients with very recent hospitalization (in the previous 1 month), less recent hospitalization (previous 1-3 months), and no documented past hospitalization, C. parapsilosis was more frequently associated with community-onset disease as hospitalization became more distant. C. parapsilosis strains tended to be unique to the patient, with little similarity found between strain types, on the basis of epidemiologic classification of patients. CONCLUSION We report that community-onset candidemia is common and occurs in patients with extensive contact with the health care system. Disease caused by C. parapsilosis tends to involve unique strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre N Sofair
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Lasker BA, Butler G, Lott TJ. Molecular genotyping of Candida parapsilosis group I clinical isolates by analysis of polymorphic microsatellite markers. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:750-9. [PMID: 16517850 PMCID: PMC1393075 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.750-759.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis, a pathogenic yeast, is composed of three newly designated genomic species that are physiologically and morphologically indistinguishable. Nosocomial infections caused by group I C. parapsilosis are often associated with the breakdown of infection control practices and the contamination of medical devices, solutions, and indwelling catheters. Due to the low levels of nucleotide sequence variation that are observed, an investigation of the size polymorphisms in loci harboring microsatellite repeat sequences was applied for the typing of C. parapsilosis group I isolates. PCR primer sets that flank the microsatellite repeats for seven loci were designed. Following amplification by PCR, the size of each amplification product was determined automatically by capillary electrophoresis. A total of 42 C. parapsilosis group I isolates were typed by microsatellite analysis, and their profiles were compared to the hybridization profiles obtained by use of the Cp3-13 DNA probe. A high degree of discrimination (discriminatory power = 0.971) was observed by microsatellite analysis. The number of different alleles per locus ranged from 14 for locus B to 5 for locus C. Microsatellite analysis detected 30 different microsatellite genotypes, with 24 genotypes represented by a single isolate. Comparison of the genotypes obtained by microsatellite analysis and those obtained by analysis of the Cp3-13 hybridization profiles showed that they were similar, and these methods were able to identify related and unrelated isolates. Some discrepancies were observed between the methods and may be due to higher mutation rates and/or homoplasy by microsatellite markers. Identical results were observed between microsatellite analysis and Cp3-13 DNA hybridization profile analysis for C. parapsilosis isolates obtained from two patients, demonstrating the reproducibilities of the methods in vivo. Identical microsatellite profiles were observed for isolates displaying different phenotypic switching morphologies. Indistinguishable Cp3-13 DNA hybridization profiles were observed for six epidemiologically related isolates; however, only three of six primary isolates had identical microsatellite profiles. Size variation at a single locus was observed for three of six isolates obtained either after the outbreak period or from a different body site, suggesting the potential of the method to detect microevolutionary events. Interestingly, for most loci a single allele per strain was observed; in contrast, two alleles per locus were observed for some strains, and consistent with the findings for natural isolates, some isolates may be aneuploid. Due to the potential for high throughput, reproducibility, and discrimination, microsatellite analysis may provide a robust and efficient method for the genotyping of large numbers of C. parapsilosis group I isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Lasker
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Centers for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333.
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Logue ME, Wong S, Wolfe KH, Butler G. A genome sequence survey shows that the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis has a defective MTLa1 allele at its mating type locus. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 4:1009-17. [PMID: 15947193 PMCID: PMC1151992 DOI: 10.1128/ec.4.6.1009-1017.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is responsible for ca. 15% of Candida infections and is of particular concern in neonates and surgical intensive care patients. The related species Candida albicans has recently been shown to possess a functional mating pathway. To analyze the analogous pathway in C. parapsilosis, we carried out a genome sequence survey of the type strain. We identified ca. 3,900 genes, with an average amino acid identity of 59% with C. albicans. Of these, 23 are predicted to be predominantly involved in mating. We identified a genomic locus homologous to the MTLa mating type locus of C. albicans, but the C. parapsilosis type strain has at least two internal stop codons in the MTLa1 open reading frame, and two predicted introns are not spliced. These stop codons were present in MTLa1 of all eight C. parapsilosis isolates tested. Furthermore, we found that all isolates of C. parapsilosis tested appear to contain only the MTLa idiomorph at the presumptive mating locus, unlike C. albicans and C. dubliniensis. MTLalpha sequences are present but at a different chromosomal location. It is therefore likely that all (or at least the majority) of C. parapsilosis isolates have a mating pathway that is either defective or substantially different from that of C. albicans.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Candida/genetics
- Candida/pathogenicity
- Chromosomes, Fungal
- Codon, Terminator
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Fungal
- Genes, Mating Type, Fungal
- Genome, Fungal
- Introns
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Pseudogenes
- RNA Splicing
- Recombination, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Logue
- Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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38
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Sarvikivi E, Lyytikäinen O, Soll DR, Pujol C, Pfaller MA, Richardson M, Koukila-Kähkölä P, Luukkainen P, Saxén H. Emergence of fluconazole resistance in a Candida parapsilosis strain that caused infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2729-35. [PMID: 15956390 PMCID: PMC1151957 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.6.2729-2735.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is an increasing cause of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). It has been a persistent problem in the NICU of Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, since 1987. Fluconazole prophylaxis has been used to control the problem. The number of new infections has, however, increased markedly since September 2000. We assessed fluconazole consumption and occurrence of all Candida species in the NICU from 1991 to 2002. C. parapsilosis bloodstream isolates obtained in the NICU from 1990 to 2002 (n = 26) were genotyped and their fluconazole susceptibility was defined. A low rate of C. parapsilosis BSIs was correlated with high rates of consumption of fluconazole. No emergence of Candida species with primary resistance to fluconazole was detected. However, genotyping with a complex DNA fingerprinting probe revealed that a single strain of C. parapsilosis with decreasing susceptibility to fluconazole was responsible for cross-infections that caused BSIs in the NICU over a 12-year period. The emergence of fluconazole resistance in that strain was observed after more than 10 years of fluconazole prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Sarvikivi
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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39
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Abstract
Candida species are considered as the most important fungal human pathogens, causing a variety of clinical entities, ranging from superficial, cutaneous-mucosal to deep-seated and disseminated infections. A vast body of scientific literature, has been accumulated on these pathogens. A review of the literature and topics for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Segal
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel.
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40
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Laffey SF, Butler G. Phenotype switching affects biofilm formation by Candida parapsilosis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:1073-1081. [PMID: 15817776 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Generation of biofilms by the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis is correlated closely with disease. The phenomenon of phenotype switching in 20 isolates of C. parapsilosis was examined and the relationship with biofilm development was investigated. Four stable and heritable phenotypes were identified--crepe, concentric, smooth and crater. Cells from crepe and concentric phenotypes are almost entirely pseudohyphal, whilst cells from smooth and crater phenotypes are mostly yeast-like. The pseudohyphae from concentric phenotypes are approximately 45 % wider than those from crepe cells. The cell size of the smooth phenotype is smaller than those of the other three phenotypes. On polystyrene surfaces, the concentric phenotype generates up to twofold more biofilm than the crepe and crater phenotypes. Smooth phenotypes generate the least biofilm. Concentric phenotypes also invade agar surfaces more than the crepe and crater phenotypes, whilst smooth phenotypes do not invade at all. The smooth phenotype, however, grows significantly faster than the others. The quorum-sensing molecule farnesol inhibits formation of biofilms by the crepe, concentric and crater phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean F Laffey
- Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Butler
- Department of Biochemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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41
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Tavanti A, Davidson AD, Gow NAR, Maiden MCJ, Odds FC. Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis spp. nov. to replace Candida parapsilosis groups II and III. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:284-92. [PMID: 15634984 PMCID: PMC540126 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.1.284-292.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new species, Candida orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis, are proposed to replace the existing designations of C. parapsilosis groups II and III, respectively. The species C. parapsilosis is retained for group I isolates. Attempts to construct a multilocus sequence typing scheme to differentiate individual strains of C. parapsilosis instead revealed fixed DNA sequence differences between pairs of subgroups in four genes: COX3, L1A1, SADH, and SYA1. PCR amplicons for sequencing were obtained for these four plus a further seven genes from 21 group I isolates. For nine group II isolates, PCR products were obtained from only 5 of the 11 genes, and for two group III isolates PCR products were obtained from a different set of 5 genes. Three of the PCR products from group II and III isolates differed in size from the group I products. Cluster analysis of sequence polymorphisms from COX3, SADH, and SYA1, which were common to the three groups, consistently separated the isolates into three distinct sets. All of these differences, together with DNA sequence similarities <90% in the ITS1 sequence, suggest the subgroups should be afforded species status. The near absence of DNA sequence variability among isolates of C. parapsilosis and relatively high levels of sequence variability among isolates of C. orthopsilosis suggest that the former species may have evolved very recently from the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Tavanti
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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42
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Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis spp. nov. to replace Candida parapsilosis groups II and III. J Clin Microbiol 2005. [PMID: 15634984 DOI: 10.1128/2fjcm.43.1.284-292.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new species, Candida orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis, are proposed to replace the existing designations of C. parapsilosis groups II and III, respectively. The species C. parapsilosis is retained for group I isolates. Attempts to construct a multilocus sequence typing scheme to differentiate individual strains of C. parapsilosis instead revealed fixed DNA sequence differences between pairs of subgroups in four genes: COX3, L1A1, SADH, and SYA1. PCR amplicons for sequencing were obtained for these four plus a further seven genes from 21 group I isolates. For nine group II isolates, PCR products were obtained from only 5 of the 11 genes, and for two group III isolates PCR products were obtained from a different set of 5 genes. Three of the PCR products from group II and III isolates differed in size from the group I products. Cluster analysis of sequence polymorphisms from COX3, SADH, and SYA1, which were common to the three groups, consistently separated the isolates into three distinct sets. All of these differences, together with DNA sequence similarities <90% in the ITS1 sequence, suggest the subgroups should be afforded species status. The near absence of DNA sequence variability among isolates of C. parapsilosis and relatively high levels of sequence variability among isolates of C. orthopsilosis suggest that the former species may have evolved very recently from the latter.
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43
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Song JW, Shin JH, Shint DH, Jung SI, Cho D, Kee SJ, Shin MG, Suh SP, Ryang DW. Differences in biofilm production by three genotypes ofCandida parapsilosisfrom clinical sources. Med Mycol 2005; 43:657-61. [PMID: 16396252 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500294915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three distinct genotypes of Candida parapsilosis (group I, II, and III) have been identified among clinical isolates but their clinical significance remains unclear. We investigated the distribution of C. parapsilosis genotypes in isolates from blood, all other sites from patients, and the hands of health care workers (HCWs), and we examined the relationship between genotype and biofilm positivity. The 53 bloodstream isolates and 38 of 39 HCW isolates were categorized as group I, whereas the 67 non-blood isolates taken from patients were distributed in groups I (n=43), II (n=13), and III (n=11). Biofilm positivity was observed in 77% (103 of 134) of group I isolates versus 0% (0 of 25) of non-group I (groups II and III) isolates (P < 0.01). There was no difference in biofilm production among group I isolates from blood (81%), other clinical specimens (72%), and the hands of HCWs (73%). This study has shown that biofilm production differs among three genotypes of C. parapsilosis isolates and that a majority of C. parapsilosis isolates from the bloodstream (100%), the hands of HCWs (97%), and all other sites from patients (64%) belong to group I, which has the ability to produce biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Won Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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44
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Clark TA, Slavinski SA, Morgan J, Lott T, Arthington-Skaggs BA, Brandt ME, Webb RM, Currier M, Flowers RH, Fridkin SK, Hajjeh RA. Epidemiologic and molecular characterization of an outbreak of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in a community hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4468-72. [PMID: 15472295 PMCID: PMC522355 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4468-4472.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is an important cause of bloodstream infections in the health care setting. We investigated a large C. parapsilosis outbreak occurring in a community hospital and conducted a case-control study to determine the risk factors for infection. We identified 22 cases of bloodstream infection with C. parapsilosis: 15 confirmed and 7 possible. The factors associated with an increased risk of infection included hospitalization in the intensive care unit (adjusted odds ratio, 16.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 148.1) and receipt of total parenteral nutrition (adjusted odds ratio, 9.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 98.1). Samples for surveillance cultures were obtained from health care worker hands, central venous catheter insertion sites, and medical devices. Twenty-six percent of the health care workers surveyed demonstrated hand colonization with C. parapsilosis, and one hand isolate was highly related to all case-patient isolates by tests with the DNA probe Cp3-13. Outbreak strain isolates also demonstrated reduced susceptibilities to fluconazole and voriconazole. This largest known reported outbreak of C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections in adults resulted from an interplay of host, environment, and pathogen factors. Recommendations for control measures focused on improving hand hygiene compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Clark
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Epidemiology Program Office, Division of Applied Public Health Training, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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45
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Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, Clark TA, Pujol C, Chandra J, Hajjeh RA, Warnock DW, Soll DR, Ghannoum MA. Candida parapsilosis characterization in an outbreak setting. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:1074-81. [PMID: 15207060 PMCID: PMC3323144 DOI: 10.3201/eid1006.030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is an important non-albicans species which infects hospitalized patients. No studies have correlated outbreak infections of C. parapsilosis with multiple virulence factors. We used DNA fingerprinting to determine genetic variability among isolates from a C. parapsilosis outbreak and from our clinical database. We compared phenotypic markers of pathogenesis, including adherence, biofilm formation, and protein secretion (secretory aspartic protease [SAP] and phospholipase). Adherence was measured as colony counts on silicone elastomer disks immersed in agar. Biofilms formed on disks were quantified by dry weight. SAP expression was measured by hydrolysis of bovine albumin; a colorimetric assay was used to quantitate phospholipase. DNA fingerprinting indicated that the outbreak isolates were clonal and genetically distinct from our database. Biofilm expression by the outbreak clone was greater than that of sporadic isolates (p < 0.0005). Adherence and protein secretion did not correlate with strain pathogenicity. These results suggest that biofilm production plays a role in C. parapsilosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan M. Kuhn
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pranab K. Mukherjee
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas A. Clark
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jyotsna Chandra
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rana A. Hajjeh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David W. Warnock
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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46
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Gadea I, Cuenca-Estrella M, Prieto E, Diaz-Guerra TM, Garcia-Cia JI, Mellado E, Tomas JF, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. Genotyping and antifungal susceptibility profile of Dipodascus capitatus isolates causing disseminated infection in seven hematological patients of a tertiary hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1832-6. [PMID: 15071063 PMCID: PMC387620 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.4.1832-1836.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven cases of disseminated infection due to Dipodascus capitatus are reported. Infections occurred in a hematological unit of a tertiary hospital during a period of 5 years. Five cases were refractory to antifungal therapy. Antifungal susceptibility testing of seven isolates was performed, and strains were typed by PCR fingerprinting with the core sequence of phage M13 and by random amplification of polymorphic DNA with two primers, Ap12h and W-80A. A very short range of MICs of each antifungal agent was observed. The MICs of amphotericin B ranged between 0.50 and 2 microg/ml. Strains were susceptible in vitro to flucytosine and susceptible (dose-dependent) to fluconazole and itraconazole. Voriconazole exhibited an activity in vitro comparable to that of itraconazole. Typing techniques allowed seven additional isolates of D. capitatus neither geographically nor temporally related to be classified into two different genomic patterns. The genomic type of the seven strains from the hematological unit was identical regardless of typing technique utilized. It would indicate that the seven cases of disseminated infection could be related epidemiologically.
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47
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Fundyga RE, Kuykendall RJ, Lee-Yang W, Lott TJ. Evidence for aneuploidy and recombination in the human commensal yeast Candida parapsilosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2004; 4:37-43. [PMID: 15019588 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Revised: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of Candida parapsilosis, including representatives of the three major sub-species groups, were screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by sequencing five independent loci totaling 4kb per isolate. Group I isolates were highly conserved and in some cases, group I alleles were found in group II and III strains. Unique alleles were also associated with groups II and III, consistent with earlier observations of intergroup divergence. There was no heterozygosity in any strain, and a FACS analysis demonstrated that for all three groups nuclei are variant in size, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 x the size of other diploid yeast genomes. This suggests that natural isolates of C. parapsilosis are aneuploid, with some isolates being essentially haploid. Taken collectively with the observation of group I alleles within group II and III strains, we propose that some form of recombination is occurring between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Fundyga
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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48
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Rycovska A, Valach M, Tomaska L, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Nosek J. Linear versus circular mitochondrial genomes: intraspecies variability of mitochondrial genome architecture in Candida parapsilosis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:1571-1580. [PMID: 15133118 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The yeast species Candida parapsilosis, an opportunistic pathogen, exhibits genetic and genomic heterogeneity. To assess the polymorphism at the level of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the organization of the mitochondrial genome in strains belonging to the three variant groups of this species was investigated. Although these analyses revealed a group-specific restriction fragment pattern of mtDNA, strains belonging to different groups appear to have similar genes in the same gene order. An extensive survey of C. parapsilosis isolates uncovered surprising alterations in the molecular architecture of their mitochondrial genome. A screening strategy for strains harbouring mtDNA with rearranged architecture showed that nearly all strains from groups I and III possess linear mtDNA molecules terminating with arrays of tandem repeat units, while most of the group II strains have a circular mitochondrial genome. In addition, it was found that linear genophores in mitochondria of strains from different groups differ in the sequence of the mitochondrial telomeric repeat unit. The occurrence of altered forms of mtDNA among C. parapsilosis strains opens up the unique possibility to address questions concerning the evolutionary origin and replication strategy of linear and circular genomes in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rycovska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Matus Valach
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lubomir Tomaska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Jozef Nosek
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Paris XI, 91 405 Orsay, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Marais E, Stewart R, Dusé AG, Rosekilly IC, de Jong G, Aithma N. Candida parapsilosis detected in TPN using the BacT/Alert system and characterized by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. J Hosp Infect 2004; 56:291-6. [PMID: 15066740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis was detected in environmental swabs and batches of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) products after routine monitoring. The isolates were analysed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to determine clonality and establish the most likely source of contamination. Of 20 isolates analysed, 18 were indistinguishable clonally and were found to be associated with particular work stations. The application of regular testing using a system such as the BacT/Alert, and molecular studies for epidemiological analysis, is of benefit to producers of medical products such as TPN to ensure patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marais
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Health Laboratory Services and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, PO Box 2115, Houghton 2041, South Africa.
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Wieloch W, Sacharczuk M, Boguś MI, Jaszczak K. A study for minisatellitic markers of Conidiobolus coronatus’ pathogenicity to Galleria mellonella larvae. J Invertebr Pathol 2004; 85:63-9. [PMID: 15050834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A selected panel of 13 colonies of entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus representing 6 variants of pathogenicity to Galleria mellonella larvae (ranged from 100 to 10% of efficiency), derived from single spores, were tested for the presence of hypervariable loci in their genomes by hybridization with Jeffreys' human minisatellite probe 33.6. The probe produced informative fingerprints and revealed slight differences among colonies analyzed. Up to 20 variable bands per colony were recognized in the size range of 2-20 kb. The band sharing within groups with the same pathogenicity ranged from 0.966 to 0.800. The genetic distance between different variants ranged from 0.026 to 0.282. A few characteristic bands for high and low pathogenicity to the larvae were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Wieloch
- Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw, Poland.
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