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Yamada D, Kojima Y, Hosoya A, Suzuki M, Watabe T, Inoue T, Tsugawa N, Asakawa T, Yonemoto Y, Onizawa M, Nemoto Y, Oshima S, Shimonaka M, Kuba K, Ishida J, Fukamizu A, Penninger JM, Watanabe M, Okamoto R, Nagaishi T. Apelin expression is downregulated in T cells in a murine model of chronic colitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 647:72-79. [PMID: 36731336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Apelin (APL), an endogenous ligand for APJ, has been reported to be upregulated in a murine model of acute colitis induced by sodium dextran sulfate, as well as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in humans. However, the mechanisms and functions of APL/APJ axis in the pathogenesis of IBD are unclear. We herein analyzed CD4+ T cells to determine the functions of APL in a murine model of chronic colitis induced in Rag deficient mice (Rag-/-). In colonic tissues of wild-type mice (WT), we found that APL was expressed especially in the lamina propria lymphocytes, where CD4+ T cells are dominant, rather than the epithelial cells. Unexpectedly, the APL expression was rather downregulated in the colonic tissue of the chronic colitis group compared to the control groups (Rag-/- before colitis induction and WT). The APL expression was downregulated when naïve T cells were differentiated into effecter T cells. A lack of APL resulted in decreased naïve T cells and increased effecter T cells in secondary lymphoid organs. A synthetic APL peptide, [Pyr1]-APL-13, increased IL-10 and decreased IFN-γ productions by effecter T cells. Administration of [Pyr1]-APL-13 improved survival rate in association with lessened colitis severity and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This is the first report showing immunological function of APL specifically on T cells, and these results indicate that APL/APJ axis may be a novel therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yudai Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Hosoya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Watabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Tsugawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Asakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yonemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Onizawa
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keiji Kuba
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Ishida
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Bio Center, Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagaishi
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chen Z, Luo X, Liu M, Jiang J, Li Y, Huang Z, Wang L, Cao J, He L, Huang S, Hu H, Li L, Chen L. Elabela-apelin-12, 17, 36/APJ system promotes platelet aggregation and thrombosis via activating the PANX1-P2X7 signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:586-605. [PMID: 36855998 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The elabela-apelin/angiotensin domain type 1 receptor-associated protein (APJ) system is an important regulator in certain thrombosis-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cerebral infarction. Our previous reports have revealed that apelin exacerbates atherosclerotic lesions. However, the relationship between the elabela-apelin/APJ system and platelet aggregation and atherothrombosis is unclear. The results of the present study demonstrate that elabela and other endogenous ligands such as apelin-12, -17, and -36 induce platelet aggregation and thrombosis by activating the pannexin1(PANX1)-P2X7 signaling pathway. Interestingly, the diuretic, spironolactone, a novel PANX1 inhibitor, alleviated elabela- and apelin isoforms-induced platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Significantly, two potential antithrombotic drugs were screened out by targeting APJ receptors, including the anti-HIV ancillary drug cobicistat and the traditional Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin A. Both cobicistat and Schisandrin A abolished the effects of elabela and apelin isoforms on platelet aggregation, thrombosis, and cerebral infarction. In addition, cobicistat significantly attenuated thrombosis in a ponatinib-induced zebrafish trunk model. Overall, the elabela-apelin/APJ axis mediated platelet aggregation and thrombosis via the PANX1-P2X7 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Blocking the APJ receptor with cobicistat/Schisandrin A or inhibiting PANX1 with spironolactone may provide novel therapeutic strategies against thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xuling Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Meiqing Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jinyong Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yao Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiangang Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lu He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shifang Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haoliang Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Changde Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedicine, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of tumor microenvironment responsive drug research, Hengyang Medical School, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Yang Y, Chen M, Qiu Y, Li X, Huang Y, Zhang W. The Apelin/APLNR system modulates tumor immune response by reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Gene X 2022; 834:146564. [PMID: 35598689 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of the Apelin receptor (APLNR), a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, which is widely distributed in human tissue. The Apelin/APLNR system is involved in regulating several physiological and pathological processes. The Apelin expression is increased in a variety of cancer and the Apelin/APLNR system could regulate the development of tumors through mediating autophagy, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and other biological processes to regulate tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The Apelin/APLNR system also participates in immune response and immune regulation through PI3K-Akt, ERK-MAPK, and other signal pathways. The latest research points out that there is a negative regulatory relationship between APLNR and immune checkpoint PD-L1. In this review, we outline the significance of the Apelin/APLNR signaling pathway in tumorigenesis and its immune regulation. These endeavors provide new insights into the translational application of Apelin/APLNR in cancer and may contribute to the promotion of more effective treatments for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Meilin Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Yanbing Qiu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Yumei Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410013, PR China.
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Banerjee S, Baidya SK, Ghosh B, Adhikari N, Jha T. The first report on predictive comparative ligand-based multi-QSAR modeling analysis of 4-pyrimidinone and 2-pyridinone based APJ inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01923j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The APJ system participates in several major disorders including cancer. A multi-QSAR modeling study on some APJ inhibitors was performed for the first time. Some potential molecules were also designed based on the QSAR study conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvankar Banerjee
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sandip Kumar Baidya
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shamirpet, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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APLN/APLNR Signaling Controls Key Pathological Parameters of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153899. [PMID: 34359800 PMCID: PMC8345670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The neurovascular peptide Apelin and its receptor APLNR are upregulated during glioblastoma pathology. Here we summarize their role in the brain tumor microenvironment composed of neurons, astrocytes, and the vascular and immune systems. Targeting APLN/APLNR signaling promises to unfold multimodal actions in future GBM therapy, acting as an anti-angiogenic and an anti-invasive treatment, and offering the possibility to reduce neurological symptoms and increase overall survival simultaneously. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. GBM-expansion depends on a dense vascular network and, coherently, GBMs are highly angiogenic. However, new intratumoral blood vessels are often aberrant with consequences for blood-flow and vascular barrier function. Hence, the delivery of chemotherapeutics into GBM can be compromised. Furthermore, leaky vessels support edema-formation, which can result in severe neurological deficits. The secreted signaling peptide Apelin (APLN) plays an important role in the formation of GBM blood vessels. Both APLN and the Apelin receptor (APLNR) are upregulated in GBM cells and control tumor cell invasiveness. Here we summarize the current evidence on the role of APLN/APLNR signaling during brain tumor pathology. We show that targeting APLN/APLNR can induce anti-angiogenic effects in GBM and simultaneously blunt GBM cell infiltration. In addition, we discuss how manipulation of APLN/APLNR signaling in GBM leads to the normalization of tumor vessels and thereby supports chemotherapy, reduces edema, and improves anti-tumorigenic immune reactions. Hence, therapeutic targeting of APLN/APLNR signaling offers an interesting option to address different pathological hallmarks of GBM.
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Islam S, Moni MA, Urmi UL, Tanaka A, Hoshino H. C-C Chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) acts as coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus-2. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:6012867. [PMID: 33253374 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most of the typical chemokine receptors (CKRs) have been identified as coreceptors for a variety of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs and SIVs). This study evaluated CCRL2 to examine if it was an HIV/SIV coreceptor. METHODS The Human glioma cell line, NP-2, is normally resistant to infection by HIV and SIV. The cell was transduced with amplified cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) as a receptor and CCR5, CXCR4 and CCRL2 as coreceptor candidates to produce NP-2/CD4/coreceptor cells (). The cells were infected with multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1.0. Infected cells were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) in syncytia were quantified by Giemsa staining. Proviral DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity was measured. RESULTS IFA detected viral antigens of the primary isolates, HIV-1HAN2 and HIV-2MIR in infected NP-2/CD4/CCRL2 cells, indicated CCRL2 as a functional coreceptor. IFA results were confirmed by the detection of proviral DNA and measurement of RT-activity in the spent cell supernatants. Additionally, MGC was detected in HIV-2MIR-infected NP-2/CD4/CCCRL2 cells. HIV-2MIR were found more potent users of CCRL2 than HIV-1HAN2. Moreover, GWAS studies, gene ontology and cell signaling pathways of the HIV-associated genes show interaction of CCRL2 with HIV/SIV envelope protein. CONCLUSIONS In vitro experiments showed CCRL2 to function as a newly identified coreceptor for primary HIV-2 isolates conveniently. The findings contribute additional insights into HIV/SIV transmission and pathogenesis. However, its in vivo relevance still needs to be evaluated. Confirming in vivo relevance, ligands of CCRL2 can be investigated as potential targets for HIV entry-inhibitor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salequl Islam
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University (JU), Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Japan
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Apelin Receptor Signaling During Mesoderm Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32648246 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The Apelin receptor (Aplnr) is a G-protein coupled receptor which has a wide body distribution and various physiological roles including homeostasis, angiogenesis, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine function. Apelin and Elabela are two peptide components of the Aplnr signaling and are cleaved to give different isoforms which are active in different tissues and organisms.Aplnr signaling is related to several pathologies including obesity, heart disases and cancer in the adult body. However, the developmental role in mammalian embryogenesis is crucial for migration of early cardiac progenitors and cardiac function. Aplnr and peptide components have a role in proliferation, differentiation and movement of endodermal precursors. Although expression of Aplnr signaling is observed in endodermal lineages, the main function is the control of mesoderm cell movement and cardiac development. Mutant of the Aplnr signaling components results in the malformations, defects and lethality mainly due to the deformed heart function. This developmental role share similarity with the cardiovascular functions in the adult body.Determination of Aplnr signaling and underlying mechanisms during mammalian development might enable understanding of regulatory molecular mechanisms which not only control embryonic development process but also control tissue function and disease pathology in the adult body.
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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Samri A, Charpentier C, Diallo MS, Bertine M, Even S, Morin V, Oudin A, Parizot C, Collin G, Hosmalin A, Cheynier R, Thiébaut R, Matheron S, Collin F, Zoorob R, Brun-Vézinet F, Autran B. Limited HIV-2 reservoirs in central-memory CD4 T-cells associated to CXCR6 co-receptor expression in attenuated HIV-2 infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007758. [PMID: 31095640 PMCID: PMC6541300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The low pathogenicity and replicative potential of HIV-2 are still poorly understood. We investigated whether HIV-2 reservoirs might follow the peculiar distribution reported in models of attenuated HIV-1/SIV infections, i.e. limited infection of central-memory CD4 T lymphocytes (TCM). Antiretroviral-naive HIV-2 infected individuals from the ANRS-CO5 (12 non-progressors, 2 progressors) were prospectively included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sorted into monocytes and resting CD4 T-cell subsets (naive [TN], central- [TCM], transitional- [TTM] and effector-memory [TEM]). Reactivation of HIV-2 was tested in 30-day cultures of CD8-depleted PBMCs. HIV-2 DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. Cell surface markers, co-receptors and restriction factors were analyzed by flow-cytometry and multiplex transcriptomic study. HIV-2 DNA was undetectable in monocytes from all individuals and was quantifiable in TTM from 4 individuals (median: 2.25 log10 copies/106 cells [IQR: 1.99–2.94]) but in TCM from only 1 individual (1.75 log10 copies/106 cells). HIV-2 DNA levels in PBMCs (median: 1.94 log10 copies/106 PBMC [IQR = 1.53–2.13]) positively correlated with those in TTM (r = 0.66, p = 0.01) but not TCM. HIV-2 reactivation was observed in the cells from only 3 individuals. The CCR5 co-receptor was distributed similarly in cell populations from individuals and donors. TCM had a lower expression of CXCR6 transcripts (p = 0.002) than TTM confirmed by FACS analysis, and a higher expression of TRIM5 transcripts (p = 0.004). Thus the low HIV-2 reservoirs differ from HIV-1 reservoirs by the lack of monocytic infection and a limited infection of TCM associated to a lower expression of a potential alternative HIV-2 co-receptor, CXCR6 and a higher expression of a restriction factor, TRIM5. These findings shed new light on the low pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection suggesting mechanisms close to those reported in other models of attenuated HIV/SIV infection models. HIV-2 induces a still poorly understood attenuated infection compared to HIV-1. We investigated whether this infection might follow peculiarities associated with other models of attenuated HIV-1/SIV infection, i.e. a limited infection of a key subset of memory CD4 T lymphocytes, the central-memory ones (TCM). Thus we studied the infection rates in peripheral blood cells from 14 untreated HIV-2 infected individuals from the ANRS-CO5 HIV-2 cohort, and found; 1) a lack of infection of monocytes, 2) extremely low infection in central-memory CD4+ T lymphocytes while HIV-2 predominated in the transitional-memory cells, 3) a poor replicative capacity of HIV-2 in individuals cells. We then investigated the cellular expression of a hundred-host genes potentially involved in HIV-2 control. We found in individuals’ TCM cells, compared to TTM ones, a lower expression of CXCR6, a potentially alternative co-receptor of HIV-2 but not of HIV-1, and a higher expression of TRIM5α, a restriction factor to which HIV-2 is more sensitive than HIV-1. Altogether our findings shed new light on the low pathogenicity of HIV-2 suggesting mechanisms close to those reported in other models of attenuated HIV/SIV infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Samri
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mariama Sadjo Diallo
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Even
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Morin
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Oudin
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Collin
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Hosmalin
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, INRIA SISTM, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, HUPNVS, Paris, France
| | - Fideline Collin
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, INRIA SISTM, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rima Zoorob
- Sorbonne-Université, Inserm 1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm 1135, Centre d’immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (FBV); (BA)
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10
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Wetzel KS, Elliott STC, Collman RG. SIV Coreceptor Specificity in Natural and Non-Natural Host Infection: Implications for Cell Targeting and Differential Outcomes from Infection. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:41-51. [PMID: 29173179 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666171124121805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic HIV-1 infection of humans and SIVmac infection of macaques are the result of zoonotic transfer of primate immunodeficiency viruses from their natural hosts into non-natural host species. Natural host infections do not result in pathogenesis despite high levels of virus replication, and evidence suggests that differences in anatomical location and specific subsets of CD4+ T cells infected may underlie distinct outcomes from infection. The coreceptor CCR5 has long been considered the sole pathway for SIV entry and the key determinant of CD4+ cell targeting, but it has also been known that natural hosts express exceedingly low levels of CCR5 despite maintaining high levels of virus replication. This review details emerging data indicating that in multiple natural host species, CCR5 is dispensable for SIV infection ex vivo and/or in vivo and, contrary to the established dogma, alternative coreceptors, particularly CXCR6, play a central role in infection and cell targeting. Infections of non-natural hosts, however, are characterized by CCR5-exclusive entry. These findings suggest that alternative coreceptor-mediated cell targeting in natural hosts, combined with low CCR5 expression, may direct the virus to distinct populations of cells that are dispensable for immune homeostasis, particularly extralymphoid and more differentiated CD4+ T cells. In contrast, CCR5-mediated entry in non-natural hosts results in targeting of CD4+ T cells that are located in lymphoid tissues, critical for immune homeostasis, or necessary for gut barrier integrity. Thus, fundamental differences in viral entry coreceptor use may be central determinants of infection outcome. These findings redefine the normal SIV/host relationship in natural host species, shed new light on key features linked to zoonotic immunodeficiency virus transfer, and highlight important questions regarding how and why this coreceptor bottleneck occurs and the coevolutionary equilibrium is lost following cross-species transfer that results in AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Wetzel
- Department of Medicine and Penn Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah T C Elliott
- Department of Medicine and Penn Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine and Penn Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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A Coreceptor-Mimetic Peptide Enhances the Potency of V3-Glycan Antibodies. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01653-18. [PMID: 30541842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01653-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) target five major epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). The most potent bNAbs have median half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the nanomolar range, and the broadest bNAbs neutralize up to 98% of HIV-1 strains. The engineered HIV-1 entry inhibitor eCD4-Ig has greater breadth than bNAbs and similar potency. eCD4-Ig is markedly more potent than CD4-Ig due to its C-terminal coreceptor-mimetic peptide. Here we investigated whether the coreceptor-mimetic peptide mim6 improved the potency of bNAbs with different epitopes. We observed that when mim6 was appended to the C terminus of the heavy chains of bNAbs, this sulfopeptide improved the potency of all classes of bNAbs against HIV-1 isolates that are sensitive to neutralization by the sulfopeptide alone. However, mim6 did not significantly enhance neutralization of other isolates when appended to most classes of bNAbs, with one exception. Specifically, mim6 improved the potency of bNAbs of the V3-glycan class, including PGT121, PGT122, PGT128, and 10-1074, by an average of 2-fold for all HIV-1 isolates assayed. Despite this difference, 10-1074 does not induce exposure of the coreceptor-binding site, and addition of mim6 to 10-1074 did not promote shedding of the gp120 subunit of Env. Mixtures of 10-1074 and an Fc domain fused to mim6 neutralized less efficiently than a 10-1074/mim6 fusion, indicating that mim6 enhances the avidity of this fusion. Our data show that mim6 can consistently improve the potency of V3-glycan antibodies and suggest that these antibodies bind in an orientation that facilitates mim6 association with Env.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 requires both the cellular receptor CD4 and a tyrosine-sulfated coreceptor to infect its target cells. CD4-Ig is a fusion of the HIV-1-binding domains of CD4 with an antibody Fc domain. Previous studies have demonstrated that the potency of CD4-Ig is markedly increased by appending a coreceptor-mimetic sulfopeptide to its C terminus. We investigated whether this coreceptor-mimetic peptide improves the potency of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting five major epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). We observed that inclusion of the sulfopeptide dramatically improved the potency of all bNAb classes against isolates with more-open Env structures, typically those that utilize the coreceptor CXCR4. In contrast, the sulfopeptide improved only V3-glycan antibodies when neutralizing primary isolates, on average by 2-fold. These studies improve the potency of one class of bNAbs, show that coreceptor-mimetic sulfopeptides enhance neutralization through distinct mechanisms, and provide insight for the design of novel multispecific entry inhibitors.
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12
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eCD4-Ig Variants That More Potently Neutralize HIV-1. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02011-17. [PMID: 29593050 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02011-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry inhibitor eCD4-Ig is a fusion of CD4-Ig and a coreceptor-mimetic peptide. eCD4-Ig is markedly more potent than CD4-Ig, with neutralization efficiencies approaching those of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). However, unlike bNAbs, eCD4-Ig neutralized all HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates that it has been tested against, suggesting that it may be useful in clinical settings, where antibody escape is a concern. Here, we characterize three new eCD4-Ig variants, each with a different architecture and each utilizing D1.22, a stabilized form of CD4 domain 1. These variants were 10- to 20-fold more potent than our original eCD4-Ig variant, with a construct bearing four D1.22 domains (eD1.22-HL-Ig) exhibiting the greatest potency. However, this variant mediated less efficient antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity than eCD4-Ig itself or several other eCD4-Ig variants, including the smallest variant (eD1.22-Ig). A variant with the same architecture as the original eCD4-Ig (eD1.22-D2-Ig) showed modestly higher thermal stability and best prevented the promotion of infection of CCR5-positive, CD4-negative cells. All three variants, and eCD4-Ig itself, mediated more efficient shedding of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 than did CD4-Ig. Finally, we show that only three D1.22 mutations contributed to the potency of eD1.22-D2-Ig and that introduction of these changes into eCD4-Ig resulted in a variant 9-fold more potent than eCD4-Ig and 2-fold more potent than eD1.22-D2-Ig. These studies will assist in developing eCD4-Ig variants with properties optimized for prophylaxis, therapy, and cure applications.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 bNAbs have properties different from those of antiretroviral compounds. Specifically, antibodies can enlist immune effector cells to eliminate infected cells, whereas antiretroviral compounds simply interfere with various steps in the viral life cycle. Unfortunately, HIV-1 is adept at evading antibody recognition, limiting the utility of antibodies as a treatment for HIV-1 infection or as part of an effort to eradicate latently infected cells. eCD4-Ig is an antibody-like entry inhibitor that closely mimics HIV-1's obligate receptors. eCD4-Ig appears to be qualitatively different from antibodies, since it neutralizes all HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates. Here, we characterize three new structurally distinct eCD4-Ig variants and show that each excels in a key property useful to prevent, treat, or cure an HIV-1 infection. For example, one variant neutralized HIV-1 most efficiently, while others best enlisted natural killer cells to eliminate infected cells. These observations will help generate eCD4-Ig variants optimized for different clinical applications.
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13
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McKinnie SMK, Wang W, Fischer C, McDonald T, Kalin KR, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortes C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Synthetic Modification within the “RPRL” Region of Apelin Peptides: Impact on Cardiovascular Activity and Stability to Neprilysin and Plasma Degradation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6408-6427. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tyler McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kevin R. Kalin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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14
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Structural Basis for Apelin Control of the Human Apelin Receptor. Structure 2017; 25:858-866.e4. [PMID: 28528775 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Apelin receptor (APJR) is a key regulator of human cardiovascular function and is activated by two different endogenous peptide ligands, apelin and Elabela, each with different isoforms diversified by length and amino acid sequence. Here we report the 2.6-Å resolution crystal structure of human APJR in complex with a designed 17-amino-acid apelin mimetic peptide agonist. The structure reveals that the peptide agonist adopts a lactam constrained curved two-site ligand binding mode. Combined with mutation analysis and molecular dynamics simulations with apelin-13 binding to the wild-type APJR, this structure provides a mechanistic understanding of apelin recognition and binding specificity. Comparison of this structure with that of other peptide receptors suggests that endogenous peptide ligands with a high degree of conformational flexibility may bind and modulate the receptors via a similar two-site binding mechanism.
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15
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Directed Molecular Evolution of an Engineered Gammaretroviral Envelope Protein with Dual Receptor Use Shows Stable Maintenance of Both Receptor Specificities. J Virol 2016; 90:1647-56. [PMID: 26608314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02013-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have previously reported the construction of a murine leukemia virus-based replication-competent gammaretrovirus (SL3-AP) capable of utilizing the human G protein-coupled receptor APJ (hAPJ) as its entry receptor and its natural receptor, the murine Xpr1 receptor, with equal affinities. The apelin receptor has previously been shown to function as a coreceptor for HIV-1, and thus, adaptation of the viral vector to this receptor is of significant interest. Here, we report the molecular evolution of the SL3-AP envelope protein when the virus is cultured in cells harboring either the Xpr1 or the hAPJ receptor. Interestingly, the dual receptor affinity is maintained even after 10 passages in these cells. At the same time, the chimeric viral envelope protein evolves in a distinct pattern in the apelin cassette when passaged on D17 cells expressing hAPJ in three separate molecular evolution studies. This pattern reflects selection for reduced ligand-receptor interaction and is compatible with a model in which SL3-AP has evolved not to activate hAPJ receptor internalization. IMPORTANCE Few successful examples of engineered retargeting of a retroviral vector exist. The engineered SL3-AP envelope is capable of utilizing either the murine Xpr1 or the human APJ receptor for entry. In addition, SL3-AP is the first example of an engineered retrovirus retaining its dual tropism after several rounds of passaging on cells expressing only one of its receptors. We demonstrate that the virus evolves toward reduced ligand-receptor affinity, which sheds new light on virus adaptation. We provide indirect evidence that such reduced affinity leads to reduced receptor internalization and propose a novel model in which too rapid receptor internalization may decrease virus entry.
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16
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Morara S, Colangelo AM, Provini L. Microglia-Induced Maladaptive Plasticity Can Be Modulated by Neuropeptides In Vivo. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:135342. [PMID: 26273481 PMCID: PMC4529944 DOI: 10.1155/2015/135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-induced maladaptive plasticity is being recognized as a major cause of deleterious self-sustaining pathological processes that occur in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Microglia, the primary homeostatic guardian of the central nervous system, exert critical functions both during development, in neural circuit reshaping, and during adult life, in the brain physiological and pathological surveillance. This delicate critical role can be disrupted by neural, but also peripheral, noxious stimuli that can prime microglia to become overreactive to a second noxious stimulus or worsen underlying pathological processes. Among regulators of microglia, neuropeptides can play a major role. Their receptors are widely expressed in microglial cells and neuropeptide challenge can potently influence microglial activity in vitro. More relevantly, this regulator activity has been assessed also in vivo, in experimental models of brain diseases. Neuropeptide action in the central nervous system has been associated with beneficial effects in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathological experimental models. This review describes some of the mechanisms of the microglia maladaptive plasticity in vivo and how neuropeptide activity can represent a useful therapeutical target in a variety of human brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute (CNR), Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience “R. Levi-Montalcini”, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Department of BIOMETRA, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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17
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Aiamkitsumrit B, Sullivan NT, Nonnemacher MR, Pirrone V, Wigdahl B. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cellular Entry and Exit in the T Lymphocytic and Monocytic Compartments: Mechanisms and Target Opportunities During Viral Disease. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:257-311. [PMID: 26111588 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, a number of cell types throughout the body are infected, with the majority of cells representing CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Both types of cells express, to varying levels, the primary receptor molecule, CD4, as well as one or both of the coreceptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. Viral tropism is determined by both the coreceptor utilized for entry and the cell type infected. Although a single virus may have the capacity to infect both a CD4+ T cell and a cell of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, the mechanisms involved in both the entry of the virus into the cell and the viral egress from the cell during budding and viral release differ depending on the cell type. These host-virus interactions and processes can result in the differential targeting of different cell types by selected viral quasispecies and the overall amount of infectious virus released into the extracellular environment or by direct cell-to-cell spread of viral infectivity. This review covers the major steps of virus entry and egress with emphasis on the parts of the replication process that lead to differences in how the virus enters, replicates, and buds from different cellular compartments, such as CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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18
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Gardner MR, Kattenhorn LM, Kondur HR, von Schaewen M, Dorfman T, Chiang JJ, Haworth KG, Decker JM, Alpert MD, Bailey CC, Neale ES, Fellinger CH, Joshi VR, Fuchs SP, Martinez-Navio JM, Quinlan BD, Yao AY, Mouquet H, Gorman J, Zhang B, Poignard P, Nussenzweig MC, Burton DR, Kwong PD, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Gao G, Desrosiers RC, Evans DT, Hahn BH, Ploss A, Cannon PM, Seaman MS, Farzan M. AAV-expressed eCD4-Ig provides durable protection from multiple SHIV challenges. Nature 2015; 519:87-91. [PMID: 25707797 PMCID: PMC4352131 DOI: 10.1038/nature14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term in vivo expression of a broad and potent entry inhibitor could circumvent the need for a conventional vaccine for HIV-1. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors can stably express HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). However, even the best bNAbs neutralize 10-50% of HIV-1 isolates inefficiently (80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) > 5 μg ml(-1)), suggesting that high concentrations of these antibodies would be necessary to achieve general protection. Here we show that eCD4-Ig, a fusion of CD4-Ig with a small CCR5-mimetic sulfopeptide, binds avidly and cooperatively to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and is more potent than the best bNAbs (geometric mean half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) < 0.05 μg ml(-1)). Because eCD4-Ig binds only conserved regions of Env, it is also much broader than any bNAb. For example, eCD4-Ig efficiently neutralized 100% of a diverse panel of neutralization-resistant HIV-1, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus isolates, including a comprehensive set of isolates resistant to the CD4-binding site bNAbs VRC01, NIH45-46 and 3BNC117. Rhesus macaques inoculated with an AAV vector stably expressed 17-77 μg ml(-1) of fully functional rhesus eCD4-Ig for more than 40 weeks, and these macaques were protected from several infectious challenges with SHIV-AD8. Rhesus eCD4-Ig was also markedly less immunogenic than rhesus forms of four well-characterized bNAbs. Our data suggest that AAV-delivered eCD4-Ig can function like an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Gardner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Lisa M Kattenhorn
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA
| | - Hema R Kondur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Markus von Schaewen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Tatyana Dorfman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Jessica J Chiang
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA
| | - Kevin G Haworth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Julie M Decker
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Alpert
- 1] Department of Comparative Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA [2] Immunathon Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA
| | - Charles C Bailey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Ernest S Neale
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA
| | - Christoph H Fellinger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Vinita R Joshi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Sebastian P Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Jose M Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Brian D Quinlan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Annie Y Yao
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Pascal Poignard
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- 1] Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2] Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Incorporated, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Incorporated, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- 1] Department of Comparative Pathology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts 01772, USA [2] Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Paula M Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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19
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Chapman NA, Dupré DJ, Rainey JK. The apelin receptor: physiology, pathology, cell signalling, and ligand modulation of a peptide-activated class A GPCR. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:431-40. [PMID: 25275559 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The apelin receptor (AR or APJ) is a class A (rhodopsin-like) G-protein-coupled receptor with wide distribution throughout the human body. Activation of the AR by its cognate peptide ligand, apelin, induces diverse physiological effects including vasoconstriction and dilation, strengthening of heart muscle contractility, angiogenesis, and regulation of energy metabolism and fluid homeostasis. Recently, another endogenous peptidic activator of the AR, Toddler/ELABELA, was identified as having a crucial role in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic development. The AR is also implicated in pathologies including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, and cancer, making it a promising therapeutic target. Despite its established importance, the precise roles of AR signalling remain poorly understood. Moreover, little is known about the mechanisms of peptide-AR activation. Additional complexity arises from modulation of the AR by 2 endogenous peptide ligands, both with multiple bioactive isoforms of variable length and distribution. The various apelin and Toddler/ELABELA isoforms may also produce distinct cellular effects. Further complexity arises through formation of functionally distinct heterodimers between the AR and other G-protein-coupled receptors. This minireview outlines key (patho)physiological actions of the AR, addresses what is known about signal transduction downstream of AR activation, and concludes by discussing unique properties of the endogenous peptidic ligands of the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A Chapman
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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20
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Aiamkitsumrit B, Dampier W, Antell G, Rivera N, Martin-Garcia J, Pirrone V, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Bioinformatic analysis of HIV-1 entry and pathogenesis. Curr HIV Res 2014; 12:132-61. [PMID: 24862329 PMCID: PMC4382797 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x12666140526121746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with respect to co-receptor utilization has been shown to be relevant to HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease. The CCR5-utilizing (R5) virus has been shown to be important in the very early stages of transmission and highly prevalent during asymptomatic infection and chronic disease. In addition, the R5 virus has been proposed to be involved in neuroinvasion and central nervous system (CNS) disease. In contrast, the CXCR4-utilizing (X4) virus is more prevalent during the course of disease progression and concurrent with the loss of CD4(+) T cells. The dual-tropic virus is able to utilize both co-receptors (CXCR4 and CCR5) and has been thought to represent an intermediate transitional virus that possesses properties of both X4 and R5 viruses that can be encountered at many stages of disease. The use of computational tools and bioinformatic approaches in the prediction of HIV-1 co-receptor usage has been growing in importance with respect to understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease, developing diagnostic tools, and improving the efficacy of therapeutic strategies focused on blocking viral entry. Current strategies have enhanced the sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility relative to the prediction of co-receptor use; however, these technologies need to be improved with respect to their efficient and accurate use across the HIV-1 subtypes. The most effective approach may center on the combined use of different algorithms involving sequences within and outside of the env-V3 loop. This review focuses on the HIV-1 entry process and on co-receptor utilization, including bioinformatic tools utilized in the prediction of co-receptor usage. It also provides novel preliminary analyses for enabling identification of linkages between amino acids in V3 with other components of the HIV-1 genome and demonstrates that these linkages are different between X4 and R5 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102.
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21
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O'Carroll AM, Lolait SJ, Harris LE, Pope GR. The apelin receptor APJ: journey from an orphan to a multifaceted regulator of homeostasis. J Endocrinol 2013; 219:R13-35. [PMID: 23943882 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ; gene symbol APLNR) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor gene family. Neural gene expression patterns of APJ, and its cognate ligand apelin, in the brain implicate the apelinergic system in the regulation of a number of physiological processes. APJ and apelin are highly expressed in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system, which regulates fluid homeostasis, in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which controls the neuroendocrine response to stress, and in the forebrain and lower brainstem regions, which are involved in cardiovascular function. Recently, apelin, synthesised and secreted by adipocytes, has been described as a beneficial adipokine related to obesity, and there is growing awareness of a potential role for apelin and APJ in glucose and energy metabolism. In this review we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, expression pattern and regulation of apelin and its receptor, as well as the main second messengers and signalling proteins activated by apelin. We also highlight the physiological and pathological roles that support this system as a novel therapeutic target for pharmacological intervention in treating conditions related to altered water balance, stress-induced disorders such as anxiety and depression, and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie O'Carroll
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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22
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Islam S, Shimizu N, Hoque SA, Jinno-Oue A, Tanaka A, Hoshino H. CCR6 functions as a new coreceptor for limited primary human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73116. [PMID: 24009735 PMCID: PMC3757016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 12 chemokine receptors (CKRs) have been identified as coreceptors for the entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), type 2 (HIV-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) into target cells. The expression of CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) on Th17 cells and regulatory T cells make the host cells vulnerable to HIV/SIV infection preferentially. However, only limited information is available concerning the specific role of CCR6 in HIV/SIV infection. We examined CCR6 as a coreceptor candidate in this study using NP-2 cell line-based in-vitro studies. Normally, CD4-transduced cell line, NP-2/CD4, is strictly resistant to all HIV/SIV infection. When CCR6 was transduced there, the resultant NP-2/CD4/CCR6 cells became susceptible to HIV-1HAN2, HIV-2MIR and SIVsmE660, indicating coreceptor roles of CCR6. Viral antigens in infected cells were detected by IFA and confirmed by detection of proviral DNA. Infection-induced syncytia in NP-2/CD4/CCR6 cells were detected by Giemsa staining. Amount of virus release through CCR6 has been detected by RT assay in spent culture medium. Sequence analysis of proviral DNA showed two common amino acid substitutions in the C2 envelope region of HIV-2MIR clones propagated through NP-2/CD4/CCR6 cells. Conversely, CCR6-origin SIVsmE660 clones resulted two amino acid changes in the V1 region and one change in the C2 region. The substitutions in the C2 region for HIV-2MIR and the V1 region of SIVsmE660 may confer selection advantage for CCR6-use. Together, the results describe CCR6 as an independent coreceptor for HIV and SIV in strain-specific manner. The alteration of CCR6 uses by viruses may influence the susceptibility of CD4+ CCR6+ T-cells and dendritic cell subsets in vivo and therefore, is important for viral pathogenesis in establishing latent infections, trafficking, and transmission. However, clinical relevance of CCR6 as coreceptor in HIV/SIV infections should be investigated further.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- Gene Expression
- Giant Cells/pathology
- Giant Cells/virology
- HIV/physiology
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proviruses/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR6/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR6/genetics
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/genetics
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/physiology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Salequl Islam
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Sheikh Ariful Hoque
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Atsushi Jinno-Oue
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hoshino
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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23
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Antibody and antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis prevent cervicovaginal HIV-1 infection in a transgenic mouse model. J Virol 2013; 87:8535-44. [PMID: 23720722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00868-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine preventing HIV-1 infection remains elusive. Thus, the development of novel approaches capable of preventing HIV-1 transmission is of paramount importance. However, this is partly hindered by the lack of an easily accessible small-animal model to rapidly measure viral entry. Here, we report the generation of a human CD4- and human CCR5-expressing transgenic luciferase reporter mouse that facilitates measurement of peritoneal and genitomucosal HIV-1 pseudovirus entry in vivo. We show that antibodies and antiretrovirals mediate preexposure protection in this mouse model and that the serum antibody concentration required for protection from cervicovaginal infection is comparable to that required to protect macaques. Our results suggest that this system represents a model for the preclinical evaluation of prophylactic or vaccine candidates. It further supports the idea that broadly neutralizing antibodies should be evaluated for use as preexposure prophylaxis in clinical trials.
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24
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Langelaan DN, Reddy T, Banks AW, Dellaire G, Dupré DJ, Rainey JK. Structural features of the apelin receptor N-terminal tail and first transmembrane segment implicated in ligand binding and receptor trafficking. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:1471-83. [PMID: 23438363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large family of membrane proteins with rich functional diversity. Signaling through the apelin receptor (AR or APJ) influences the cardiovascular system, central nervous system and glucose regulation. Pathophysiological involvement of apelin has been shown in atherosclerosis, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection and obesity. Here, we present the high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based structure of the N-terminus and first transmembrane (TM) segment of AR (residues 1-55, AR55) in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. AR55 consists of two disrupted helices, spanning residues D14-K25 and A29-R55(1.59). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of AR built from a hybrid of experimental NMR and homology model-based restraints allowed validation of the AR55 structure in the context of the full-length receptor in a hydrated bilayer. AR55 structural features were functionally probed using mutagenesis in full-length AR through monitoring of apelin-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293A cells. Residues E20 and D23 form an extracellular anionic face and interact with lipid headgroups during MD simulations in the absence of ligand, producing an ideal binding site for a cationic apelin ligand proximal to the membrane-water interface, lending credence to membrane-catalyzed apelin-AR binding. In the TM region of AR55, N46(1.50) is central to a disruption in helical character. G42(1.46), G45(1.49) and N46(1.50), which are all involved in the TM helical disruption, are essential for proper trafficking of AR. In summary, we introduce a new correlative NMR spectroscopy and computational biochemistry methodology and demonstrate its utility in providing some of the first high-resolution structural information for a peptide-activated GPCR TM domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Langelaan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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25
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Yasuzaki H, Yoshida SI, Hashimoto T, Shibata W, Inamori M, Toya Y, Tamura K, Maeda S, Umemura S. Involvement of the apelin receptor APJ in Fas-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2013; 33:118-26. [PMID: 23121371 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin-APJ signalling is known to play important roles in heart physiology and pathology; however, its functions in liver physiology and pathology remain unclear. On the other hand, Fas is an important molecule in hepatitis and other liver disease that belongs to the death receptor family. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between apelin-APJ signaling and Fas-mediated liver injury in mice. METHODS APJ(-/-) mice and wild type (WT) mice were administered an intraperitoneal injection of an agonistic anti-Fas antibody (clone; Jo2), and sacrificed after 3 or 6 h to assess the liver histology. The expression levels of apelin and APJ, plasma levels of transaminases, activities of hepatic caspases and activations of stress-activated protein kinases were also analysed. RESULTS Before the Jo2 injection, APJ was weakly expressed in the hepatocytes in spots; on the other hand, after the Jo2 injection, it had spread into whole hepatocytes. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of apelin and APJ in the liver increased after Jo2 injection. In the APJ(-/-) mice, the liver injuries and apoptotic changes were significantly inhibited as compared with those in the WT mice. Dramatic increase in JNK activation was observed in the WT mice after Jo2 injection, whereas such activation was completely absent in the APJ(-/-) mice. JNK inhibitor partially, but significantly suppressed Jo2-mediated liver injury in WT mice. CONCLUSION Apelin-APJ signalling may promote Fas-induced liver injury at least partially via JNK activation, and may thus serve as a potential therapeutic target in cases of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yasuzaki
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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26
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Kiene M, Marzi A, Urbanczyk A, Bertram S, Fisch T, Nehlmeier I, Gnirß K, Karsten CB, Palesch D, Münch J, Chiodi F, Pöhlmann S, Steffen I. The role of the alternative coreceptor GPR15 in SIV tropism for human cells. Virology 2012; 433:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Construction of a gammaretrovirus with a novel tropism and wild-type replication kinetics capable of using human APJ as entry receptor. J Virol 2012; 86:10621-7. [PMID: 22811542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01028-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed a replication-competent gammaretrovirus (SL3-AP) capable of using the human G-protein-coupled receptor hAPJ as its entry receptor. The envelope protein of the virus was made by insertion of the 13-amino-acid peptide ligand for hAPJ, flanked by linker sequences, into one of the variable loops of the receptor binding domain of SL3-2, a murine leukemia virus (MLV) that uses the xenotropic-polytropic virus receptor Xpr1 and which has a host range limited to murine cells. This envelope protein can utilize hAPJ as well as murine Xpr1 for entry into host cells with equal efficiencies. In addition, the SL3-AP virus replicates in cells expressing either of its receptors, hAPJ and murine Xpr1, and causes resistance to superinfection and downregulation of hAPJ in infected cells. Thus, SL3-AP is the first example of a retargeted replication-competent retrovirus, with replication characteristics and receptor interference properties similar to those of natural isolates.
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28
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Cloning and analysis of sooty mangabey alternative coreceptors that support simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmm entry independently of CCR5. J Virol 2011; 86:898-908. [PMID: 22090107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06415-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural host sooty mangabeys (SM) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsmm do not develop AIDS despite high viremia. SM and other natural hosts express very low levels of CCR5 on CD4(+) T cells, and we recently showed that SIVsmm infection and robust replication occur in vivo in SM genetically lacking CCR5, indicating the use of additional entry pathways. SIVsmm uses several alternative coreceptors of human origin in vitro, but which molecules of SM origin support entry is unknown. We cloned a panel of putative coreceptors from SM and tested their ability to mediate infection, in conjunction with smCD4, by pseudotypes carrying Envs from multiple SIVsmm subtypes. smCXCR6 supported efficient infection by all SIVsmm isolates with entry levels comparable to those for smCCR5, and smGPR15 enabled entry by all isolates at modest levels. smGPR1 and smAPJ supported low and variable entry, whereas smCCR2b, smCCR3, smCCR4, smCCR8, and smCXCR4 were not used by most isolates. In contrast, SIVsmm from rare infected SM with profound CD4(+) T cell loss, previously reported to have expanded use of human coreceptors, including CXCR4, used smCXCR4, smCXCR6, and smCCR5 efficiently and also exhibited robust entry through smCCR3, smCCR8, smGPR1, smGPR15, and smAPJ. Entry was similar with both known alleles of smCD4. These alternative coreceptors, particularly smCXCR6 and smGPR15, may support virus replication in SM that have restricted CCR5 expression as well as SM genetically lacking CCR5. Defining expression of these molecules on SM CD4(+) subsets may delineate distinct natural host target cell populations capable of supporting SIVsmm replication without CD4(+) T cell loss.
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29
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An P, Li R, Wang JM, Yoshimura T, Takahashi M, Samudralal R, O'Brien SJ, Phair J, Goedert JJ, Kirk GD, Troyer JL, Sezgin E, Buchbinder SP, Donfield S, Nelson GW, Winkler CA. Role of exonic variation in chemokine receptor genes on AIDS: CCRL2 F167Y association with pneumocystis pneumonia. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002328. [PMID: 22046140 PMCID: PMC3203199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 3p21–22 harbors two clusters of chemokine receptor genes, several of which serve as major or minor coreceptors of HIV-1. Although the genetic association of CCR5 and CCR2 variants with HIV-1 pathogenesis is well known, the role of variation in other nearby chemokine receptor genes remain unresolved. We genotyped exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chemokine receptor genes: CCR3, CCRL2, and CXCR6 (at 3p21) and CCR8 and CX3CR1 (at 3p22), the majority of which were non-synonymous. The individual SNPs were tested for their effects on disease progression and outcomes in five treatment-naïve HIV-1/AIDS natural history cohorts. In addition to the known CCR5 and CCR2 associations, significant associations were identified for CCR3, CCR8, and CCRL2 on progression to AIDS. A multivariate survival analysis pointed to a previously undetected association of a non-conservative amino acid change F167Y in CCRL2 with AIDS progression: 167F is associated with accelerated progression to AIDS (RH = 1.90, P = 0.002, corrected). Further analysis indicated that CCRL2-167F was specifically associated with more rapid development of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) (RH = 2.84, 95% CI 1.28–6.31) among four major AIDS–defining conditions. Considering the newly defined role of CCRL2 in lung dendritic cell trafficking, this atypical chemokine receptor may affect PCP through immune regulation and inducing inflammation. Human chemokine receptors are cell surface proteins that may be utilized by HIV-1 for entry into host cells. DNA variation in the HIV-1 major coreceptor CCR5 affects HIV-1 infection and progression. This study comprehensively assesses the role of genetic variation of multiple chemokine receptor genes clustered in the chromosome 3p21 and 3p22 on HIV-1 disease outcomes in HIV-1 natural history cohorts. The multivariate survival analyses identified functional variants that altered disease progression rate in CCRL2, CCR3, and CCR8. CCRL2-F167Y affects the rate to AIDS development through a specific protection against pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a common AIDS–defining condition. Our study identified this atypical chemokine receptor CCRL2 as a key factor involved in PCP, possibly through inducing inflammation in the lung.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- Disease Progression
- Exons
- Genetic Association Studies
- HEK293 Cells
- HIV-1
- Humans
- Linkage Disequilibrium
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/etiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptors, CCR/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR/genetics
- Receptors, CCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CCR8/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping An
- Basic Research Laboratory, SAIC–Frederick, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PA); (CAW)
| | - Rongling Li
- Office of Population Genomics, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Munehisa Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ram Samudralal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O'Brien
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Phair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - James J. Goedert
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Kirk
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Troyer
- BSP/CCR Genetics Core, SAIC–Frederick, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Efe Sezgin
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan P. Buchbinder
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - George W. Nelson
- BSP/CCR Genetics Core, SAIC–Frederick, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, SAIC–Frederick, National Cancer Institute–Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PA); (CAW)
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Jiang C, Parrish NF, Wilen CB, Li H, Chen Y, Pavlicek JW, Berg A, Lu X, Song H, Tilton JC, Pfaff JM, Henning EA, Decker JM, Moody MA, Drinker MS, Schutte R, Freel S, Tomaras GD, Nedellec R, Mosier DE, Haynes BF, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Doms RW, Gao F. Primary infection by a human immunodeficiency virus with atypical coreceptor tropism. J Virol 2011; 85:10669-81. [PMID: 21835785 PMCID: PMC3187499 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05249-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The great majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains enter CD4+ target cells by interacting with one of two coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. Here we describe a transmitted/founder (T/F) virus (ZP6248) that was profoundly impaired in its ability to utilize CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors on multiple CD4+ cell lines as well as primary human CD4+ T cells and macrophages in vitro yet replicated to very high titers (>80 million RNA copies/ml) in an acutely infected individual. Interestingly, the envelope (Env) glycoprotein of this clade B virus had a rare GPEK sequence in the crown of its third variable loop (V3) rather than the consensus GPGR sequence. Extensive sequencing of sequential plasma samples showed that the GPEK sequence was present in virtually all Envs, including those from the earliest time points after infection. The molecularly cloned (single) T/F virus was able to replicate, albeit poorly, in cells obtained from ccr5Δ32 homozygous donors. The ZP6248 T/F virus could also infect cell lines overexpressing the alternative coreceptors GPR15, APJ, and FPRL-1. A single mutation in the V3 crown sequence (GPEK->GPGK) of ZP6248 restored its infectivity in CCR5+ cells but reduced its ability to replicate in GPR15+ cells, indicating that the V3 crown motif played an important role in usage of this alternative coreceptor. These results suggest that the ZP6248 T/F virus established an acute in vivo infection by using coreceptor(s) other than CCR5 or CXCR4 or that the CCR5 coreceptor existed in an unusual conformation in this individual.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Apelin Receptors
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Macrophages/virology
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Receptors, Lipoxin/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoxin/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Viral Tropism
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Craig B. Wilen
- Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Yue Chen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Departments of Medicine
| | | | - Anna Berg
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Departments of Medicine
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Departments of Medicine
| | | | - John C. Tilton
- Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jennifer M. Pfaff
- Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | | | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Donald E. Mosier
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | - George M. Shaw
- Departments of Medicine
- Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine
- Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert W. Doms
- Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute
- Departments of Medicine
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van der Kuyl AC, Kozaczynska K, Ariën KK, Gali Y, Balázs VR, Dekker SJ, Zorgdrager F, Vanham G, Berkhout B, Cornelissen M. Analysis of infectious virus clones from two HIV-1 superinfection cases suggests that the primary strains have lower fitness. Retrovirology 2010; 7:60. [PMID: 20646276 PMCID: PMC2918528 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two HIV-1 positive patients, L and P, participating in the Amsterdam Cohort studies acquired an HIV-1 superinfection within half a year from their primary HIV-1 infection (Jurriaans et al., JAIDS 2008, 47:69-73). The aim of this study was to compare the replicative fitness of the primary and superinfecting HIV-1 strains of both patients. The use of isolate-specific primer sets indicated that the primary and secondary strains co-exist in plasma at all time points after the moment of superinfection. Results Biological HIV-1 clones were derived from peripheral blood CD4 + T cells at different time point, and identified as the primary or secondary virus through sequence analysis. Replication competition assays were performed with selected virus pairs in PHA/IL-2 activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's) and analyzed with the Heteroduplex Tracking Assay (HTA) and isolate-specific PCR amplification. In both cases, we found a replicative advantage of the secondary HIV-1 strain over the primary virus. Full-length HIV-1 genomes were sequenced to find possible explanations for the difference in replication capacity. Mutations that could negatively affect viral replication were identified in the primary infecting strains. In patient L, the primary strain has two insertions in the LTR promoter, combined with a mutation in the tat gene that has been associated with decreased replication capacity. The primary HIV-1 strain isolated from patient P has two mutations in the LTR that have been associated with a reduced replication rate. In a luciferase assay, only the LTR from the primary virus of patient P had lower transcriptional activity compared with the superinfecting virus. Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest the interesting scenario that superinfection occurs preferentially in patients infected with a relatively attenuated HIV-1 isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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32
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Pitkin SL, Maguire JJ, Bonner TI, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIV. Apelin Receptor Nomenclature, Distribution, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:331-42. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.002949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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33
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Ziora K, Oświecimska J, Swietochowska E, Ziora D, Ostrowska Z, Stojewska M, Klimacka-Nawrot E, Dyduch A, Błońska-Fajfrowska B. Assessment of serum apelin levels in girls with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:2935-41. [PMID: 20382684 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pilot studies in rats have suggested that apelin (APE) is involved in the control of appetite and food intake. APE is secreted in the organs involved in the control of hunger and satiety: the stomach, hypothalamus, and fat tissue. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder that represents a good biological model of chronic fat tissue atrophy in humans. To date, there are no reports of APE expression in the fat tissue and its circulating concentrations in patients with AN. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess serum APE concentrations in girls with AN. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING APE-36 and APE-12 serum concentrations were evaluated in 87 Polish girls with restrictive AN, in 61 healthy (H) controls, 17 girls with no otherwise specified eating disorders (NOS), and 30 girls with simple obesity (OB). RESULTS Mean serum APE-36 and APE-12 concentrations in patients with AN and NOS were significantly lower than in the H and OB groups. However, no differences between AN, H, and NOS groups were observed when APE concentrations were calculated per body mass index (BMI). In participants with normal BMI, serum APE-36 (r = 0.35) and APE-12 (r = 0.37) concentrations correlated positively with BMI. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that compared with H controls, serum APE-36 and APE-12 concentrations decreased as a result of fat tissue depletion in patients with AN. Conversely, obese adolescents had elevated APE-36 and APE-12 due to excessive fat mass as well as increased APE production in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ziora
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 3-Maja 13/15, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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34
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Macaluso NM, Glen R. Exploring the ‘RPRL’ Motif of Apelin-13 through Molecular Simulation and Biological Evaluation of Cyclic Peptide Analogues. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1247-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Falcão-Pires I, Ladeiras-Lopes R, Leite-Moreira AF. The apelinergic system: a promising therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:633-45. [DOI: 10.1517/14728221003752743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Jakobsen MR, Ellett A, Churchill MJ, Gorry PR. Viral tropism, fitness and pathogenicity of HIV-1 subtype C. Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.09.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The majority of studies on HIV-1 pathogenesis have been conducted on subtype B HIV-1 (B-HIV) strains. However, B-HIV strains constitute the minority of HIV-1 cases worldwide, and are not common in regions that stand to benefit the most from advances in HIV-1 research such as southern Africa and Asia, where the HIV-1 pandemic is at its worst. The majority of individuals with HIV-1 are infected with subtype C HIV-1 (C-HIV) and reside in Southern Africa and Central Asia. Relatively little is known about C-HIV, but current evidence suggests the pathogenesis of C-HIV is distinct from B-HIV and other HIV-1 subtypes. This article summarizes what is currently known about the viral tropism, fitness and pathogenicity of C-HIV, and compares and contrasts these features to B-HIV. A thorough understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of C-HIV is important for a targeted approach to developing vaccines and novel drugs optimized for effectiveness in populations that are most in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Jakobsen
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Brendstrupgaardvej 100, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anne Ellett
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- Centre for Virology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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López-Huertas MR, Callejas S, Abia D, Mateos E, Dopazo A, Alcamí J, Coiras M. Modifications in host cell cytoskeleton structure and function mediated by intracellular HIV-1 Tat protein are greatly dependent on the second coding exon. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:3287-307. [PMID: 20139419 PMCID: PMC2879518 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulator Tat is essential for viral replication because it achieves complete elongation of viral transcripts. Tat can be released to the extracellular space and taken up by adjacent cells, exerting profound cytoskeleton rearrangements that lead to apoptosis. In contrast, intracellular Tat has been described as protector from apoptosis. Tat gene is composed by two coding exons that yield a protein of 101 amino acids (aa). First exon (1–72aa) is sufficient for viral transcript elongation and second exon (73–101 aa) appears to contribute to non-transcriptional functions. We observed that Jurkat cells stably expressing intracellular Tat101 showed gene expression deregulation 4-fold higher than cells expressing Tat72. Functional experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of this deregulation. First, NF-κB-, NF-AT- and Sp1-dependent transcriptional activities were greatly enhanced in Jurkat-Tat101, whereas Tat72 induced milder but efficient activation. Second, cytoskeleton-related functions as cell morphology, proliferation, chemotaxis, polarization and actin polymerization were deeply altered in Jurkat-Tat101, but not in Jurkat-Tat72. Finally, expression of several cell surface receptors was dramatically impaired by intracellular Tat101 but not by Tat72. Consequently, these modifications were greatly dependent on Tat second exon and they could be related to the anergy observed in HIV-1-infected T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R López-Huertas
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Iturrioz X, Alvear-Perez R, De Mota N, Franchet C, Guillier F, Leroux V, Dabire H, Le Jouan M, Chabane H, Gerbier R, Bonnet D, Berdeaux A, Maigret B, Galzi JL, Hibert M, Llorens-Cortes C. Identification and pharmacological properties of E339-3D6, the first nonpeptidic apelin receptor agonist. FASEB J 2009; 24:1506-17. [PMID: 20040517 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-140715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apelin plays a prominent role in body fluid and cardiovascular homeostasis. To explore further upstream the role played by this peptide, nonpeptidic agonists and antagonists of the apelin receptor are required. To identify such compounds that do not exist to date, we used an original fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay to screen a G-protein-coupled receptor-focused library of fluorescent compounds on the human EGFP-tagged apelin receptor. This led to isolated E339-3D6 that displayed a 90 nM affinity and behaved as a partial agonist with regard to cAMP production and as a full agonist with regard to apelin receptor internalization. Finally, E339-3D6 induced vasorelaxation of rat aorta precontracted with noradrenaline and potently inhibited systemic vasopressin release in water-deprived mice when intracerebroventricularly injected. This compound represents the first nonpeptidic agonist of the apelin receptor, the optimization of which will allow development of a new generation of vasodilator and aquaretic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Iturrioz
- INSERM U691, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
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Nornes S, Tucker B, Lardelli M. Zebrafish aplnra functions in epiboly. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:231. [PMID: 19922670 PMCID: PMC2783034 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zebrafish, Danio rerio, possesses the paralogous genes aplnra and aplnrb that are duplicates of an ancestral orthologue of the human APLNR gene encoding a G-protein coupled receptor that binds the peptide ligand APELIN and is required for normal cardiovascular function. aplnrb is required for migration of cells contributing to heart development in zebrafish embryos. aplnra is transcribed in a complex pattern during early development but its function in embryogenesis is largely unknown. Findings Blockage of translation of aplnra mRNA in zebrafish embryos results in retarded or failed epiboly with the blastoderm apparently disconnected from the nuclei of the yolk syncytial layer. Gastrulation is also defective. Failure of correct tail extension is observed with ectopic structures resembling somites positioned dorsal to the spinal cord. Conclusion aplnra, unlike its duplicate aplnrb, is essential for normal epiboly, although this function appears to be independent of signalling activated by zebrafish Apelin. The defects in epiboly caused by loss of aplnra activity appear, at least partially, to be due to a requirement for aplnra activity in the yolk syncytial layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svanhild Nornes
- Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development and Discipline of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
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40
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Virus entry via the alternative coreceptors CCR3 and FPRL1 differs by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype. J Virol 2009; 83:8353-63. [PMID: 19553323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00780-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects target cells by binding to CD4 and a chemokine receptor, most commonly CCR5. CXCR4 is a frequent alternative coreceptor (CoR) in subtype B and D HIV-1 infection, but the importance of many other alternative CoRs remains elusive. We have analyzed HIV-1 envelope (Env) proteins from 66 individuals infected with the major subtypes of HIV-1 to determine if virus entry into highly permissive NP-2 cell lines expressing most known alternative CoRs differed by HIV-1 subtype. We also performed linear regression analysis to determine if virus entry via the major CoR CCR5 correlated with use of any alternative CoR and if this correlation differed by subtype. Virus pseudotyped with subtype B Env showed robust entry via CCR3 that was highly correlated with CCR5 entry efficiency. By contrast, viruses pseudotyped with subtype A and C Env proteins were able to use the recently described alternative CoR FPRL1 more efficiently than CCR3, and use of FPRL1 was correlated with CCR5 entry. Subtype D Env was unable to use either CCR3 or FPRL1 efficiently, a unique pattern of alternative CoR use. These results suggest that each subtype of circulating HIV-1 may be subject to somewhat different selective pressures for Env-mediated entry into target cells and suggest that CCR3 may be used as a surrogate CoR by subtype B while FPRL1 may be used as a surrogate CoR by subtypes A and C. These data may provide insight into development of resistance to CCR5-targeted entry inhibitors and alternative entry pathways for each HIV-1 subtype.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV-1 can use various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in addition to CCR5 and CXCR4 as coreceptors; however, this type of HIV-1 infection has hardly been detected in vivo. The objective of this study was to elucidate the spectrum of GPCR usage by HIV-1 populations in vivo. DESIGN CD4-expressing glioma cell line, NP-2/CD4, becomes highly susceptible to HIV-1 when the cells express GPCRs with coreceptor activities. This cell system was advantageous for detecting the inefficient use of GPCRs by HIV-1. METHODS We developed NP-2/CD4/GPCR cells that express each of 23 GPCRs: 21 chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR2b, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9B, CCR10, CCR11, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6, CX3CR1, XCR1, D6, and DARC) and two other GPCRs (a formylpeptide receptor, FPRL1, and an orphan GPCR, GPR1). NP-2/CD4/GPCR cells were directly cocultured with HIV-1-positive peripheral blood lymphocytes and HIV-1 infection was detected. RESULTS Primary HIV-1 isolates were obtained from NP-2/CD4/GPCR cells expressing CCR5, CXCR4, FPRL1, or GPR1 cocultured with 11 of 17 peripheral blood lymphocytes. Surprisingly, these isolates showed extremely expanded GPCR usage, such as CCR1, CCR3, CCR5, CCR8, CXCR4, D6, FPRL1, and GPR1 as coreceptors. We found that CCR9B, CCR10, and XCR1 also work as novel HIV-1 coreceptors. CONCLUSION FPRL1 and GPR1 have the potential to work as significant HIV-1 coreceptors in vivo next to CCR5 and CXCR4. HIV-1 populations that can use various GPCRs as coreceptors are already circulating in vivo, even in the early stage of HIV-1 infection.
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42
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Agrawal L, Maxwell CR, Peters PJ, Clapham PR, Liu SM, Mackay CR, Strayer DS. Complexity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) co-receptor usage: roles of CCR3 and CCR5 in HIV-1 infection of monocyte-derived macrophages and brain microglia. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:710-722. [PMID: 19218218 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.006205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR3 has been implicated as a co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), particularly in brain microglia cells. We sought to clarify the comparative roles of CCR3 and CCR5 in the central nervous system (CNS) HIV-1 infection and the potential utility of CCR3 as a target for manipulation via gene transfer. To target CCR3, we developed a single-chain antibody (SFv) and an interfering RNA (RNAi), R3-526. Coding sequences for both were cloned into Tag-deleted SV40-dervied vectors, as these vectors transduce brain microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) highly efficiently. These anti-CCR3 transgenes were compared to SFv-CCR5, an SFv against CCR5, and RNAi-R5, an RNAi that targets CCR5, for the ability to protect primary human brain microglia and MDM from infection with peripheral and neurotropic strains of HIV-1. Downregulation of CCR3 and CCR5 by these transgenes was independent from one another. Confocal microscopy showed that CCR3 and CCR5 co-localized at the plasma membrane with each other and with CD4. Targeting either CCR5 or CCR3 largely protected both microglia and MDM from infection by many strains of HIV-1. That is, some HIV-1 strains, isolated from either the CNS or periphery, required both CCR3 and CCR5 for optimal productive infection of microglia and MDM. Some HIV-1 strains were relatively purely CCR5-tropic. None was purely CCR3-tropic. Thus, some CNS-tropic strains of HIV-1 utilize CCR5 as a co-receptor but do not need CCR3, while for other isolates both CCR3 and CCR5 may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christina R Maxwell
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Paul J Peters
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Paul R Clapham
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sue M Liu
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David S Strayer
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Shimizu N, Tanaka A, Oue A, Mori T, Apichartpiyakul C, Hoshino H. A short amino acid sequence containing tyrosine in the N-terminal region of G protein-coupled receptors is critical for their potential use as co-receptors for human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:3126-3136. [PMID: 19008402 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the potential to work as co-receptors for human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV). HIV/SIV co-receptors have several tyrosines in their extracellular N-terminal region (NTR) as a common feature. However, the domain structure of the NTR that is critical for GPCRs to have co-receptor activity has not been identified. Comparative studies of different HIV/SIV co-receptors are an effective way to clarify the domain. These studies have been carried out only for the major co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4. A chemokine receptor, D6, has been shown to mediate infection of astrocytes with HIV-1. Recently, it was also found that an orphan GPCR, GPR1, and a formyl peptide receptor, FPRL1, work as potent HIV/SIV co-receptors in addition to CCR5 and CXCR4. To elucidate more about the domain of the NTR critical for HIV/SIV co-receptor activity, this study analysed the effects of mutations in the NTR on the co-receptor activity of D6, FPRL1 and GPR1 in addition to CCR5. The results identified a number of tyrosines that are indispensable for the activity of these co-receptors. The number and positions of those tyrosines varied among co-receptors and among HIV-1 strains. Moreover, it was found that a small domain of a few amino acids containing a tyrosine is critical for the co-receptor activity of GPR1. These findings will be useful in elucidating the mechanism that allows GPCRs to have the potential to act as HIV/SIV co-receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Cell Line
- HIV-1/metabolism
- HIV-2/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Receptors, CCR10/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR10/genetics
- Receptors, CCR10/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/chemistry
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, HIV/chemistry
- Receptors, HIV/genetics
- Receptors, HIV/metabolism
- Receptors, Lipoxin/chemistry
- Receptors, Lipoxin/genetics
- Receptors, Lipoxin/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes
- Tyrosine/chemistry
- Chemokine Receptor D6
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- 21st Century COE Program, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oue
- 21st Century COE Program, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takahisa Mori
- 21st Century COE Program, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | | | - Hiroo Hoshino
- 21st Century COE Program, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Shimizu N, Tanaka A, Mori T, Ohtsuki T, Hoque A, Jinno-Oue A, Apichartpiyakul C, Kusagawa S, Takebe Y, Hoshino H. A formylpeptide receptor, FPRL1, acts as an efficient coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus. Retrovirology 2008; 5:52. [PMID: 18577234 PMCID: PMC2453146 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 10 members of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to work as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV type 2 (HIV-2), and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). As a common feature of HIV/SIV coreceptors, tyrosine residues are present with asparagines, aspartic acids or glutamic acids in the amino-terminal extracellular regions (NTRs). We noticed that a receptor for N-formylpeptides, FPRL1, also contains two tyrosine residues accompanied by glutamic acids in its NTR. It was reported that monocytes expressing CCR5 and FPRL1 in addition to CD4 are activated by treatment with ligands or agonists of FPRL1. Activated monocytes down-modulate CCR5 and become resistant to infection by HIV-1 strains. Thus, FPRL1 plays important roles in protection of monocyptes against HIV-1 infection. However, its own coreceptor activity has not been elucidated yet. In this study, we examined coreceptor activities of FPRL1 for HIV/SIV strains including primary HIV-1 isolates. Results A CD4-transduced human glioma cell line, NP-2/CD4, is strictly resistant to HIV/SIV infection. We have reported that when NP-2/CD4 cells are transduced with a GPCR having coreceptor activity, the cells become susceptible to HIV/SIV strains. When NP-2/CD4 cells were transduced with FPRL1, the resultant NP-2/CD4/FPRL1 cells became markedly susceptible to some laboratory-adapted HIV/SIV strains. We found that FPRL1 is also efficiently used as a coreceptor by primary HIV-1 isolates as well as CCR5 or CXCR4. Amino acid sequences linked to the FPRL1 use could not be detected in the V3 loop of the HIV-1 Env protein. Coreceptor activities of FPRL1 were partially blocked by the forymyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) peptide. Conclusion We conclude that FPRL1 is a novel and efficient coreceptor for HIV/SIV strains. FPRL1 works as a bifunctional factor in HIV-1 infection. Namely, the role of FPRL1 in HIV-1 infection is protective and/or promotive in different conditions. FPRL1 has been reported to be abundantly expressed in the lung, spleen, testis, and neutrophils. We detected mRNA expression of FPRL1 in 293T (embryonal kidney cell line), C8166 (T cell line), HOS (osteosarcoma cell line), Molt4#8 (T cell line), U251MG (astrocytoma cell line), U87/CD4 (CD4-transduced glioma cell line), and peripheral blood lymphocytes. Roles of FPRL1 in HIV-1 infection in vivo should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shimizu
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
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Li Q, Estes JD, Duan L, Jessurun J, Pambuccian S, Forster C, Wietgrefe S, Zupancic M, Schacker T, Reilly C, Carlis JV, Haase AT. Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced intestinal cell apoptosis is the underlying mechanism of the regenerative enteropathy of early infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:420-9. [PMID: 18199035 DOI: 10.1086/525046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteropathic manifestations of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in late infection are usually due to infection by other microbes, but in early infection the viruses themselves cause an enteropathy by heretofore undetermined mechanisms. Here we report that SIV induces massive apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells lining the small and large bowel, thus identifying apoptosis as the driving force behind the regenerative pathology of early infection. We found that apoptosis of gut epithelium paralleled the previously documented apoptosis and massive depletion of CD4 T cells in gut lamina propria, triggered by established mechanisms of gut epithelial cell apoptosis and, at peak, possibly by virus interactions with GPR15/Bob, an intestinal epithelial cell-associated alternative coreceptor for SIV and HIV-1. Apoptosis in early SIV infection is thus the common theme of the pathological processes that quickly afflict the innate as well as adaptive arms of the gut immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsheng Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Chemokine receptors and co-stimulatory molecules: unravelling feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:56-64. [PMID: 18289703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of the domestic cat induces an immunodeficiency characterised by a gradual depletion of CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes. The virus targets T-helper cells by way of an interaction between its envelope glycoprotein (Env) and the cell surface molecule CD134 (OX40), a member of the nerve growth factor receptor/tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily. The Env-CD134 interaction is a necessary prerequisite for the subsequent interaction with CXCR4, the only chemokine receptor identified to date to act as a co-receptor for FIV. As T-helper cell expression of CD134 and CXCR4 is restricted to activated cells, FIV targets selectively antigen-specific T-helper cells. With disease progression the cell tropism of the virus expands; this may be the result of changes in the way in which Env interacts with CD134, a less stringent Env-CD134 interaction enabling the Env to interact more readily with CXCR4 and thus broadening the cell tropism of virus. In contrast, viruses that are present in early infection may have a narrower cell tropism, reflecting a more stringent interaction with CD134. Accordingly, "early" viruses may target CD134-expressing cells more efficiently and be more resistant to neutralising antibody. It is these early viruses that may be transmitted and should be considered as candidates for the development of vaccine regimes and novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Willett
- Retrovirus Research Laboratory, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsen Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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In vivo CXCR4 expression, lymphoid cell phenotype, and feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:97-105. [PMID: 18295345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) appear to require binding to CD134 in conjunction with CXCR4(X4) to infect IL-2-dependent T-cell-derived cells in culture. However, much less is known about the role of X4 for the infection of cells in vivo. To investigate the correlation between X4 expression and FIV infection in cats acutely infected with FIV-C-Pgmr we used high-speed fluorescence-activated cell sorting and realtime PCR to co-analyze cell phenotypes from lymph node, thymus, bone marrow and blood for FIV infection and X4 expression. X4 expression was greatest in lymph node, both in frequency and in mean fluorescence intensity. The thymus demonstrated a higher proviral burden in X4+ thymic T cells ( approximately 14% in X4+ thymic T cells and 7% in X4- cells) whereas, proviral loads were similar between X4+ and X4- cell populations in all other tissues examined. Assuming a minimum of one proviral copy per cell, a maximum of approximately 50% of FIV-positive cells were X4+. The highest fraction of FIV-infected X4- cells was present in bone marrow. Regardless of X4 status, proviral loads were higher in lymph node and blood T cells than in B cells. These studies provide both a positive association between X4 expression and FIV infection and introduce the probability that X4-independent infection occurs in other target cells in vivo.
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Nonprimate models of HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:399-422. [PMID: 18086419 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Meurens F, Berri M, Siggers RH, Willing BP, Salmon H, Van Kessel AG, Gerdts V. Commensal bacteria and expression of two major intestinal chemokines, TECK/CCL25 and MEC/CCL28, and their receptors. PLoS One 2007; 2:e677. [PMID: 17653288 PMCID: PMC1919421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCL25/TECK and CCL28/MEC are CC chemokines primarily expressed in thymic dendritic cells and mucosal epithelial cells. Their receptors, CCR9 and CCR10, are mainly expressed on T and B lymphocytes. In human, mouse, pig and sheep CCL25 and CCL28 play an important role in the segregation and the compartmentalization of the mucosal immune system. As evidenced by early comparisons of germ-free and conventional animals, the intestinal bacterial microflora has a marked effect on host intestinal immune functions. However, little is known about the impact of bacterial colonization on constitutive and induced chemokine expressions as well as on the generation of anti-inflammatory mechanisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Therefore, we decided to focus by qPCR on the mRNA expression of two main gut chemokines, CCL25 and CCL28, their receptors CCR9 and CCR10, the Tregs marker Foxp3 and anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-beta and IL-10 following colonization with different bacterial species within the small intestine. To accomplish this we used an original germ-free neonatal pig model and monoassociated pigs with a representative Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) or Gram-positive (Lactobacillus fermentum) commensal bacteria commonly isolated from the neonatal pig intestine. Our results show a consistent and marked effect of microbial colonization on the mRNA expression of intestinal chemokines, chemokine receptors, Foxp3 and TGF-beta. Moreover, as evidenced by in vitro experiments using two different cell lines, the pattern of regulation of CCL25 and CCL28 expression in the gut appears complex and suggests an additional role for in vivo factors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, the results highlight the key role of bacterial microflora in the development of a functional intestinal immune system in an elegant and relevant model for human immune system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- Lymphocyte et Immunité des Muqueuses, UR 1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France.
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Bahrami S, Duch M, Pedersen FS. Ligand presentation on a synthetic flexible hinge in Moloney murine leukemia virus SU supports entry via a heterologous receptor. Virology 2007; 363:303-9. [PMID: 17331559 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The envelope protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus mediates entry into mCAT-expressing cells. Attempts to change its receptor usage through the insertion of ligands at various sites have been met with varying success. We have tested several sites in Env for insertion of apelin, a small peptide ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Although most of the chimeric envelopes had retained their ability to infect mouse cells none showed APJ-dependent entry. Insertion of a peptide linker Ser-Gly-Gly-Ser-Gly at either side of the apelin motif in one of the chimeric envelopes resulted in an ability of the chimeric envelope to bind to and infect cells through APJ although with low efficiency. Several linker sequences isolated by library selection for APJ-dependent infection were found to support entry, however none more efficiently than the original SGGSG-linker. Hence, the immediate context of ligand presentation is critical for infectivity via a heterologous receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Bahrami
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, C. F. Mollers Allé, Building 130, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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