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Zhang Y, Talukder S, Bhuiyan MSA, He L, Sarker S. Opportunistic sampling of yellow canary (Crithagra flaviventris) has revealed a high genetic diversity of detected parvoviral sequences. Virology 2024; 595:110081. [PMID: 38599030 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parvoviruses are known to be significant viral pathogens that infect a wide range of species globally. However, little is known about the parvoviruses circulating in Australian birds, including yellow canaries. Here, we present four parvoviral sequences including three novel parvoviruses detected from 10 yellow canaries (Crithagra flaviventris), named canary chaphamaparvovirus 1 and -2 (CaChPV1 and CaChPV2), canary dependoparvovirus 1 and -2 (CaDePV1 and CaDePV2). The whole genome sequences of CaChPV1, CaChPV2, CaDePV1, and CaDePV2 showed the highest identity with other parvoviruses at 76.4%, 75.9%, 84.0%, and 59.1%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CaChPV1 and CaChPV2 were clustered within the genus Chaphamaparvovirus. Meanwhile, CaDePV1 and CaDePV2 fall within the genus Dependoparvovirus and have the closest evolutionary relationship to the bird-associated dependoparvoviruses. Overall, this study enriched our understanding of the genetic diversity among avian parvoviruses within the Parvoviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Zhang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Saranika Talukder
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Md Safiul Alam Bhuiyan
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Livestock Production, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Lei He
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health /Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.
| | - Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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2
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Lopez-Gordo E, Chamberlain K, Riyad JM, Kohlbrenner E, Weber T. Natural Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes and Engineered Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Variants: Tropism Differences and Mechanistic Insights. Viruses 2024; 16:442. [PMID: 38543807 PMCID: PMC10975205 DOI: 10.3390/v16030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Today, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are arguably the most promising in vivo gene delivery vehicles for durable therapeutic gene expression. Advances in molecular engineering, high-throughput screening platforms, and computational techniques have resulted in a toolbox of capsid variants with enhanced performance over parental serotypes. Despite their considerable promise and emerging clinical success, there are still obstacles hindering their broader use, including limited transduction capabilities, tissue/cell type-specific tropism and penetration into tissues through anatomical barriers, off-target tissue biodistribution, intracellular degradation, immune recognition, and a lack of translatability from preclinical models to clinical settings. Here, we first describe the transduction mechanisms of natural AAV serotypes and explore the current understanding of the systemic and cellular hurdles to efficient transduction. We then outline progress in developing designer AAV capsid variants, highlighting the seminal discoveries of variants which can transduce the central nervous system upon systemic administration, and, to a lesser extent, discuss the targeting of the peripheral nervous system, eye, ear, lung, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle, emphasizing their tissue and cell specificity and translational promise. In particular, we dive deeper into the molecular mechanisms behind their enhanced properties, with a focus on their engagement with host cell receptors previously inaccessible to natural AAV serotypes. Finally, we summarize the main findings of our review and discuss future directions.
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Dai M, Yang N, Xu K, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang Y, Li W. Discovering human cell-compatible gene therapy virus variants via optimized screening in mouse models. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13565. [PMID: 37864397 PMCID: PMC10905335 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In gene therapy, intravenous injection of viral vectors reigns as the primary administration route. These vectors include adeno-associated viruses, adenoviruses, herpes viruses, rhabdoviruses and others. However, these naturally occurring viruses lack inherent tissue or organ tropism for tailored disease treatment. To address this, we devised an optimized process involving directed viral capsid evolution, organ-specific humanized mouse models and in vitro-in vivo virus screening. Our approach allows for the rapid generation specifically modified adeno-associated virus variants, surpassing the time required for natural evolution, which spans millions of years. Notably, these variants exhibit robust targeting of the liver, favouring chimeric human liver cells over murine hepatocytes. Furthermore, certain variants achieve augmented targeting with reduced off-target organ infection, thereby mitigating dosage requirements and enhancing safety in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Life ScienceNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xueke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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4
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Luo LL, Xu J, Wang BQ, Chen C, Chen X, Hu QM, Wang YQ, Zhang WY, Jiang WX, Li XT, Zhou H, Xiao X, Zhao K, Lin S. A novel capsid-XL32-derived adeno-associated virus serotype prompts retinal tropism and ameliorates choroidal neovascularization. Biomaterials 2024; 304:122403. [PMID: 38016335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been adapted, from the laboratory to the clinic, to treat retinopathies. In contrast to subretinal route, intravitreal delivery of AAV vectors displays the advantage of bypassing surgical injuries, but the viral particles are more prone to be nullified by the host neutralizing factors. To minimize such suppression of therapeutic effect, especially in terms of AAV2 and its derivatives, we introduced three serine-to-glycine mutations, based on the phosphorylation sites identified by mass spectrum analysis, to the XL32 capsid to generate a novel serotype named AAVYC5. Via intravitreal administration, AAVYC5 was transduced more effectively into multiple retinal layers compared with AAV2 and XL32. AAVYC5 also enabled successful delivery of anti-angiogenic molecules to rescue laser-induced choroidal neovascularization and astrogliosis in mice and non-human primates. Furthermore, we detected fewer neutralizing antibodies and binding IgG in human sera against AAVYC5 than those specific for AAV2 and XL32. Our results thus implicate this capsid-optimized AAVYC5 as a promising vector suitable for a wide population, particularly those with undesirable AAV2 seroreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Bing-Qiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Belief BioMed Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China
| | - Qiu-Mei Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Wang
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wan-Yun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Wan-Xiang Jiang
- Sichuan Greentech Bioscience Co,. Ltd, Bencao Avenue, New Economic Development Zone, Meishan, Sichuan, 620010, China
| | - Xin-Ting Li
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Belief BioMed Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Belief BioMed Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China; Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China.
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5
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Cooney AL, Brommel CM, Traore S, Newby GA, Liu DR, McCray PB, Sinn PL. Reciprocal mutations of lung-tropic AAV capsids lead to improved transduction properties. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1271813. [PMID: 38077224 PMCID: PMC10702583 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1271813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable effort has been devoted to developing adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors for gene therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF). As a result of directed evolution and capsid shuffling technology, AAV capsids are available with widespread tropism for airway epithelial cells. For example, AAV2.5T and AAV6.2 are two evolved capsids with improved airway epithelial cell transduction properties over their parental serotypes. However, limited research has been focused on identifying their specific cellular tropism. Restoring cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression in surface columnar epithelial cells is necessary for the correction of the CF airway phenotype. Basal cells are a progenitor population of the conducting airways responsible for replenishing surface epithelial cells (including secretory cells and ionocytes), making correction of this cell population vital for a long-lived gene therapy strategy. In this study, we investigate the tropism of AAV capsids for three cell types in primary cultures of well-differentiated human airway epithelial (HAE) cells and primary human airway basal cells. We observed that AAV2.5T transduced surface epithelial cells better than AAV6.2, while AAV6.2 transduced airway basal cells better than AAV2.5T. We also investigated a recently developed capsid, AAV6.2FF, which has two surface tyrosines converted to phenylalanines. Next, we incorporated reciprocal mutations to create AAV capsids with further improved surface and basal cell transduction characteristics. Lastly, we successfully employed a split-intein approach using AAV to deliver an adenine base editor (ABE) to repair the CFTR R553X mutation. Our results suggest that rational incorporation of AAV capsid mutations improves AAV transduction of the airway surface and progenitor cells and may ultimately lead to improved pulmonary function in people with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Cooney
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Christian M. Brommel
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Soumba Traore
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Gregory A. Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - David R. Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Paul B. McCray
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Patrick L. Sinn
- University of Iowa, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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6
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Hsi J, Mietzsch M, Chipman P, Afione S, Zeher A, Huang R, Chiorini J, McKenna R. Structural and antigenic characterization of the avian adeno-associated virus capsid. J Virol 2023; 97:e0078023. [PMID: 37702486 PMCID: PMC10617571 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00780-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE AAVs are extensively studied as promising therapeutic gene delivery vectors. In order to circumvent pre-existing antibodies targeting primate-based AAV capsids, the AAAV capsid was evaluated as an alternative to primate-based therapeutic vectors. Despite the high sequence diversity, the AAAV capsid was found to bind to a common glycan receptor, terminal galactose, which is also utilized by other AAVs already being utilized in gene therapy trials. However, contrary to the initial hypothesis, AAAV was recognized by approximately 30% of human sera tested. Structural and sequence comparisons point to conserved epitopes in the fivefold region of the capsid as the reason determinant for the observed cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Afione
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Zeher
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School for Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rick Huang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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7
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Rintz E, Herreño-Pachón AM, Celik B, Nidhi F, Khan S, Benincore-Flórez E, Tomatsu S. Bone Growth Induction in Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9890. [PMID: 37373036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA; Morquio A syndrome) is caused by a deficiency of the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate-sulfatase (GALNS) enzyme, leading to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG), keratan sulfate (KS) and chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S), mainly in cartilage and bone. This lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) is characterized by severe systemic skeletal dysplasia. To this date, none of the treatment options for the MPS IVA patients correct bone pathology. Enzyme replacement therapy with elosulfase alpha provides a limited impact on bone growth and skeletal lesions in MPS IVA patients. To improve bone pathology, we propose a novel gene therapy with a small peptide as a growth-promoting agent for MPS IVA. A small molecule in this peptide family has been found to exert biological actions over the cardiovascular system. This work shows that an AAV vector expressing a C-type natriuretic (CNP) peptide induces bone growth in the MPS IVA mouse model. Histopathological analysis showed the induction of chondrocyte proliferation. CNP peptide also changed the pattern of GAG levels in bone and liver. These results suggest the potential for CNP peptide to be used as a treatment in MPS IVA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Rintz
- Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Angélica María Herreño-Pachón
- Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Betul Celik
- Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Fnu Nidhi
- Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shaukat Khan
- Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
| | | | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
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8
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Sarkar S, Panikker P, D’Souza S, Shetty R, Mohan RR, Ghosh A. Corneal Regeneration Using Gene Therapy Approaches. Cells 2023; 12:1280. [PMID: 37174680 PMCID: PMC10177166 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most remarkable advancements in medical treatments of corneal diseases in recent decades has been corneal transplantation. However, corneal transplants, including lamellar strategies, have their own set of challenges, such as graft rejection, delayed graft failure, shortage of donor corneas, repeated treatments, and post-surgical complications. Corneal defects and diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness globally; therefore, there is a need for gene-based interventions that may mitigate some of these challenges and help reduce the burden of blindness. Corneas being immune-advantaged, uniquely avascular, and transparent is ideal for gene therapy approaches. Well-established corneal surgical techniques as well as their ease of accessibility for examination and manipulation makes corneas suitable for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. In this review, we focus on the most recent advances in the area of corneal regeneration using gene therapy and on the strategies involved in the development of such therapies. We also discuss the challenges and potential of gene therapy for the treatment of corneal diseases. Additionally, we discuss the translational aspects of gene therapy, including different types of vectors, particularly focusing on recombinant AAV that may help advance targeted therapeutics for corneal defects and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Sarkar
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyalakshmi Panikker
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharon D’Souza
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore 560010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- One-Health Vision Research Program, Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Mason Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore 560099, Karnataka, India
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Florea M, Nicolaou F, Pacouret S, Zinn EM, Sanmiguel J, Andres-Mateos E, Unzu C, Wagers AJ, Vandenberghe LH. High-efficiency purification of divergent AAV serotypes using AAVX affinity chromatography. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:146-159. [PMID: 36654797 PMCID: PMC9823220 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) provides a safe and efficient gene therapy platform with several approved products that have marked therapeutic impact for patients. However, a major bottleneck in the development and commercialization of AAV remains the efficiency, cost, and scalability of AAV production. Chromatographic methods have the potential to allow purification at increased scales and lower cost but often require optimization specific to each serotype. Here, we demonstrate that the POROS CaptureSelect AAVX affinity resin efficiently captures a panel of 15 divergent AAV serotypes, including the commonly used AAV2, AAV8, AAV9, PHP.B, and Anc80. We also find that AAVX resin can be regenerated repeatedly without loss of efficiency or carry-over contamination. While AAV preps purified with AAVX showed a higher fraction of empty capsids than preps purified using iodixanol ultracentrifugation, the potency of the AAVX purified vectors was comparable with that of iodixanol purified vectors both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, optimization of the purification protocol resulted in a process with an overall efficiency of 65%-80% across all scales and AAV serotypes tested. These data establish AAVX affinity chromatography as a versatile and efficient method for purification of a broad range of AAV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Florea
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Ph.D. Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fotini Nicolaou
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Pacouret
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric M. Zinn
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julio Sanmiguel
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva Andres-Mateos
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmen Unzu
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy J. Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luk H. Vandenberghe
- Grousbeck Gene Therapy Center, Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Issa SS, Shaimardanova AA, Solovyeva VV, Rizvanov AA. Various AAV Serotypes and Their Applications in Gene Therapy: An Overview. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050785. [PMID: 36899921 PMCID: PMC10000783 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite scientific discoveries in the field of gene and cell therapy, some diseases still have no effective treatment. Advances in genetic engineering methods have enabled the development of effective gene therapy methods for various diseases based on adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). Today, many AAV-based gene therapy medications are being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials, and new ones are appearing on the market. In this article, we present a review of AAV discovery, properties, different serotypes, and tropism, and a following detailed explanation of their uses in gene therapy for disease of different organs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza S. Issa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alisa A. Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(905)-3167599
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11
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Shitik EM, Shalik IK, Yudkin DV. AAV- based vector improvements unrelated to capsid protein modification. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1106085. [PMID: 36817775 PMCID: PMC9935841 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is the leading platform for delivering genetic constructs in vivo. To date, three AAV-based gene therapeutic agents have been approved by the FDA and are used in clinical practice. Despite the distinct advantages of gene therapy development, it is clear that AAV vectors need to be improved. Enhancements in viral vectors are mainly associated with capsid protein modifications. However, there are other structures that significantly affect the AAV life cycle and transduction. The Rep proteins, in combination with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), determine viral genome replication, encapsidation, etc. Moreover, transgene cassette expression in recombinant variants is directly related to AAV production and transduction efficiency. This review discusses the ways to improve AAV vectors by modifying ITRs, a transgene cassette, and the Rep proteins.
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12
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Han J, Zhu L, Zhang J, Guo L, Sun X, Huang C, Xu K, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhou Q. Rational engineering of adeno-associated virus capsid enhances human hepatocyte tropism and reduces immunogenicity. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13339. [PMID: 36135100 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gene therapy based on recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors has been proved to be clinically effective for genetic diseases. However, there are still some limitations, including possible safety concerns for high dose delivery and a decreasing number of target patients caused by the high prevalence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, hindering its application. Herein, we explored whether there was an engineering strategy that can obtain mutants with enhanced transduction efficiency coupled with reduced immunogenicity. METHODS We described a new strategy for AAV capsids engineering by combining alterations of N-linked glycosylation and the mutation of PLA2-like motif. With this combined strategy, we generated novel variants derived from AAV8 and AAVS3. RESULTS The variants mediated higher transduction efficiency in human liver carcinoma cell lines and human primary hepatocytes as well as other human tissue cell lines. Importantly, all the variants screened out showed lower sensitivity to neutralizing antibody in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the in vivo antibody profiles of variants were different from their parental AAV capsids. CONCLUSIONS Our work proposed a new combined engineering strategy and engineered two liver-tropic AAVs. We also obtained several AAV variants with a higher transduction efficiency and lower sensitivity of neutralizing antibodies. By expanding the gene delivery toolbox, these variants may further facilitate the success of AAV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
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13
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Wang Y, Yang C, Hu H, Chen C, Yan M, Ling F, Wang KC, Wang X, Deng Z, Zhou X, Zhang F, Lin S, Du Z, Zhao K, Xiao X. Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus 5 capsid enables specific liver tropism. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:293-306. [PMID: 35474733 PMCID: PMC9010518 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impressive achievements in clinical trials to treat hemophilia establish a milestone in the development of gene therapy. It highlights the significance of AAV-mediated gene delivery to liver. AAV5 is a unique serotype featured by low neutralizing antibody prevalence. Nevertheless, its liver infectivity is relatively weak. Consequently, it is vital to exploit novel AAV5 capsid mutants with robust liver tropism. To this aim, we performed AAV5-NNK library and barcode screening in mice, from which we identified one capsid variant, called AAVzk2. AAVzk2 displayed a similar yield but divergent post-translational modification sites compared with wild-type serotypes. Mice intravenously injected with AAVzk2 demonstrated a stronger liver transduction than AAV5, roughly comparable with AAV8 and AAV9, with undetectable transduction of other tissues or organs such as heart, lung, spleen, kidney, brain, and skeletal muscle, indicating a liver-specific tropism. Further studies showed a superior human hepatocellular transduction of AAVzk2 to AAV5, AAV8 and AAV9, whereas the seroreactivity of AAVzk2 was as low as AAV5. Overall, we provide a novel AAV serotype that facilitates a robust and specific liver gene delivery to a large population, especially those unable to be treated by AAV8 and AAV9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiu Wang
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hanyang Hu
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mengdi Yan
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feixiang Ling
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kathy Cheng Wang
- Department of Biology, New York University, 24 Waverly Pl, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Xintao Wang
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhe Deng
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyue Zhou
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feixu Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zengmin Du
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Corresponding author Kai Zhao, School of Bioengineering and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Corresponding author Xiao Xiao, School of Bioengineering and School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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14
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Pan X, Yue Y, Boftsi M, Wasala LP, Tran NT, Zhang K, Pintel DJ, Tai PWL, Duan D. Rational engineering of a functional CpG-free ITR for AAV gene therapy. Gene Ther 2022; 29:333-345. [PMID: 34611321 PMCID: PMC8983793 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) are the only wild-type components retained in the genome of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. To determine whether ITR modification is a viable approach for AAV vector engineering, we rationally deleted all CpG motifs in the ITR and examined whether CpG elimination compromises AAV-vector production and transduction. Modified ITRs were stable in the plasmid and maintained the CpG-free nature in purified vectors. Replacing the wild-type ITR with the CpG-free ITR did not affect vector genome encapsidation. However, the vector yield was decreased by approximately 3-fold due to reduced vector genome replication. To study the biological potency, we made micro-dystrophin (μDys) AAV vectors carrying either the wild-type ITR or the CpG-free ITR. We delivered the CpG-free μDys vector to one side of the tibialis anterior muscle of dystrophin-null mdx mice and the wild-type μDys vector to the contralateral side. Evaluation at four months after injection showed no difference in the vector genome copy number, microdystrophin expression, and muscle histology and force. Our results suggest that the complete elimination of the CpG motif in the ITR does not affect the biological activity of the AAV vector. CpG-free ITRs could be useful in engineering therapeutic AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Pan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Yongping Yue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Maria Boftsi
- Pathobiology Area Graduate Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Lakmini P Wasala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Pathobiology Area Graduate Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Ngoc Tam Tran
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Keqing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - David J Pintel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Phillip W L Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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15
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Laugel M, Lecomte E, Ayuso E, Adjali O, Mével M, Penaud-Budloo M. The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviridae are small viruses composed of a 4–6 kb linear single-stranded DNA protected by an icosahedral capsid. The viral genes coding non-structural (NS), capsid, and accessory proteins are flanked by intriguing sequences, namely the telomeres. Telomeres are essential for parvovirus genome replication, encapsidation, and integration. Similar (homotelomeric) or different (heterotelomeric) at the two ends, they all contain imperfect palindromes that fold into hairpin structures. Up to 550 nucleotides in length, they harbor a wide variety of motifs and structures known to be recognized by host cell factors. Our study aims to comprehensively analyze parvovirus ends to better understand the role of these particular sequences in the virus life cycle. Forty Parvoviridae terminal repeats (TR) were publicly available in databases. The folding and specific DNA secondary structures, such as G4 and triplex, were systematically analyzed. A principal component analysis was carried out from the prediction data to determine variables signing parvovirus groups. A special focus will be put on adeno-associated virus (AAV) inverted terminal repeats (ITR), a member of the genus Dependoparvovirus used as vectors for gene therapy. This chapter highlights the diversity of the Parvoviridae telomeres regarding shape and secondary structures, providing information that could be relevant for virus-host interactions studies.
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16
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Salegio EA, Cukrov M, Lortz R, Green A, Lambert E, Copeland S, Gonzalez M, Stockinger DE, Yeung JM, Hwa GGC. Feasibility of Targeted Delivery of AAV5-GFP into the Cerebellum of Nonhuman Primates Following a Single Convection-Enhanced Delivery Infusion. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:86-93. [PMID: 34779239 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we built upon our previous work to demonstrate the distribution and transport of AAV5-green fluorescent protein (GFP) following a single convection-enhanced delivery infusion into the nonhuman primate cerebellum, with no untoward side effects noted. Dosing under magnetic resonance imaging guidance revealed a sixfold larger volume of distribution compared with the volume of infusion, with no evidence of reflux underscoring the convective properties of the cerebellum and step design of the cannula. Postmortem tissue analysis, 4 weeks post-adeno-associated viral (AAV) delivery, revealed the robust presence of the transgene in situ, with GFP detection in secondary regions not directly targeted by the infusion, denoting distal transport of the vector. Irrespective of tropism, a twofold larger area of transgene expression was found and was corroborated against the presence of contrast on T1-weighted images. Different levels of transduction were detected between animals, which were negatively correlated with the level of antibody titer against the GFP construct, whereby the higher the antibody titer, the lower the level of transgene expression. These findings support the use of the posterior fossa as a potential target site for direct delivery of gene-based therapeutics for cerebellar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira Cukrov
- Valley Biosystems, Inc., West Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Rachel Lortz
- Valley Biosystems, Inc., West Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Abigail Green
- Valley Biosystems, Inc., West Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Emily Lambert
- Valley Biosystems, Inc., West Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Marc Gonzalez
- Valley Biosystems, Inc., West Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Jeremy M Yeung
- Valley Biosystems, Inc., West Sacramento, California, USA
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17
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Khatri A, Shelke R, Guan S, Somanathan S. Higher seroprevalence of anti-AAV NAb among racial minorities in the United States. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 33:442-450. [PMID: 34861783 PMCID: PMC9063129 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can ablate efficacy of transgene expression following intravenous vector administration. This observation in both preclinical and clinical trials has led to exclusion of NAb positive patients from receiving AAV gene therapy. AAV drug development includes selection of capsids with lower NAb seroprevalence, that also possess other favorable traits. Often a limited number of healthy volunteers are screened to gauge NAb seroprevalence. However, limited data sets can be biased leading to inaccurate estimates of NAb incidence. Here we evaluated AAV NAbs against a panel of vectors among healthy donors within the United States. While the overall seroprevalence against most AAVs was lower, we did observe increased NAb incidence among Black and Hispanic donors. These findings of increased NAb seroprevalence among the minority races were confirmed in a second set of donors that also demonstrated higher seroprevalence among these races. Interracial-and intraracial differences within genders was also observed among donors. The increased incidence of AAV NAb among racial minorities was unexpected. Our findings underscore the need for removing bias in sample data sets and evaluating seroprevalence within the patient population while selecting capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Khatri
- Pfizer Inc, 2253, Rare disease research unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Rajani Shelke
- Pfizer Inc, 2253, Rare Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
| | - Shunjie Guan
- Pfizer Inc, 2253, Rare Diseases Research Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Pfizer Inc, 2253, Early Clinical Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States;
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18
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ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response facilitates AAV2 transduction by releasing the suppression of AAV receptor on ER stress. J Virol 2021; 96:e0110321. [PMID: 34851146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01103-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is extensively used as a viral vector to deliver therapeutic genes during human gene therapy. A high affinity cellular receptor (AAVR) for most serotypes was recently identified, however, its biological function as a gene product remains unclear. In this study, we used AAVR knockdown cell models to show that AAVR depletion significantly attenuated cells to activate unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, when exposed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, tunicamycin. By analyzing three major UPR pathways, we found that ATF6 signaling was most affected in an AAVR-dependent fashion, distinct to CHOP and XBP1 branches. AAVR capacity in UPR regulation required the full native AAVR protein, and AAV2 capsid binding to the receptor altered ATF6 dynamics. Conversely, the transduction efficiency of AAV2 was associated with changes in ATF6 signaling in host cells following treatment with different small molecules. Thus, AAVR served as an inhibitory molecule to repress UPR responses via a specificity for ATF6 signaling, and the AAV2 infection route involved the release from AAVR-mediated ATF6 repression, thereby facilitating viral intracellular trafficking and transduction. Importance The native function of the AAVR as an ER-Golgi localized protein is largely unknown. We showed that AAVR acted as a functional molecule to regulate UPR signaling under induced ER stress. AAVR inhibited the activation of the transcription factor, ATF6, whereas receptor binding to AAV2 released the suppression effects. This finding has expanded our understanding of AAV infection biology in terms of the physiological properties of AAVR in host cells. Importantly, our research provides a possible strategy which may improve the efficiency of AAV mediated gene delivery during gene therapy.
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19
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Wang Q, Nambiar K, Wilson JM. Isolating Natural Adeno-Associated Viruses from Primate Tissues with a High-Fidelity Polymerase. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1439-1449. [PMID: 34448594 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are advantageous as gene-transfer vectors due to their favorable biological and safety characteristics, with discovering novel AAV variants being key to improving this treatment platform. To date, researchers have isolated over 200 AAVs from natural sources using PCR-based methods. We compared two modern DNA polymerases and their utility for isolating and amplifying the AAV genome. Compared to the HotStar polymerase, the higher-fidelity Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase provided more precise and accurate amplification of the input AAV sequences. The lower-fidelity HotStar DNA polymerase introduced mutations during the isolation and amplification processes, thus generating multiple mutant capsids with variable bioactivity compared to the input AAV gene. The Q5 polymerase enabled the successful discovery of novel AAV capsid sequences from human and nonhuman primate tissue sources. Novel AAV sequences from these sources showed evidence of positive evolutionary selection. This study highlights the importance of using the highest fidelity DNA polymerases available to accurately isolate and characterize AAV genomes from natural sources to ultimately develop more effective gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kalyani Nambiar
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Srivastava A, Mallela KMG, Deorkar N, Brophy G. Manufacturing Challenges and Rational Formulation Development for AAV Viral Vectors. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2609-2624. [PMID: 33812887 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as a leading platform for gene delivery for treating various diseases due to its excellent safety profile and efficient transduction to various target tissues. However, the large-scale production and long-term storage of viral vectors is not efficient resulting in lower yields, moderate purity, and shorter shelf-life compared to recombinant protein therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of upstream, downstream and formulation unit operation challenges encountered during AAV vector manufacturing, and discusses how desired product quality attributes can be maintained throughout product shelf-life by understanding the degradation mechanisms and formulation strategies. The mechanisms of various physical and chemical instabilities that the viral vector may encounter during its production and shelf-life because of various stressed conditions such as thermal, shear, freeze-thaw, and light exposure are highlighted. The role of buffer, pH, excipients, and impurities on the stability of viral vectors is also discussed. As such, the aim of this review is to outline the tools and a potential roadmap for improving the quality of AAV-based drug products by stressing the need for a mechanistic understanding of the involved processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Srivastava
- Biopharma Production, Avantor, Inc., 1013 US Highway, 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, United States.
| | - Krishna M G Mallela
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, MS C238-V20, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Nandkumar Deorkar
- Biopharma Production, Avantor, Inc., 1013 US Highway, 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, United States
| | - Ger Brophy
- Biopharma Production, Avantor, Inc., 1013 US Highway, 202/206, Bridgewater, NJ, United States
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21
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Long BR, Veron P, Kuranda K, Hardet R, Mitchell N, Hayes GM, Wong WY, Lau K, Li M, Hock MB, Zoog SJ, Vettermann C, Mingozzi F, Schweighardt B. Early Phase Clinical Immunogenicity of Valoctocogene Roxaparvovec, an AAV5-Mediated Gene Therapy for Hemophilia A. Mol Ther 2020; 29:597-610. [PMID: 33309883 PMCID: PMC7854299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of immune responses to adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapies prior to and following dose administration plays a key role in determining therapeutic safety and efficacy. This report describes up to 3 years of immunogenicity data following administration of valoctocogene roxaparvovec (BMN 270), an AAV5-mediated gene therapy encoding human B domain-deleted FVIII (hFVIII-SQ) in a phase 1/2 clinical study of adult males with severe hemophilia A. Patients with pre-existing humoral immunity to AAV5 or with a history of FVIII inhibitors were excluded from the trial. Blood plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected at regular intervals following dose administration for assessment of humoral and cellular immune responses to both the AAV5 vector and transgene-expressed hFVIII-SQ. The predominant immune response elicited by BMN 270 administration was largely limited to the development of antibodies against the AAV5 capsid that were cross-reactive with other common AAV serotypes. No FVIII inhibitor responses were observed within 3 years following dose administration. In a context of prophylactic or on-demand corticosteroid immunosuppression given after vector infusion, AAV5 and hFVIII-SQ peptide-specific cellular immune responses were intermittently detected by an interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α FluoroSpot assay, but they were not clearly associated with detrimental safety events or changes in efficacy measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Veron
- University Pierre and Marie Curie and INSERM U974, Paris, France; Genethon, 91000, Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Klaudia Kuranda
- University Pierre and Marie Curie and INSERM U974, Paris, France
| | - Romain Hardet
- University Pierre and Marie Curie and INSERM U974, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Kelly Lau
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | - Mingjin Li
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Federico Mingozzi
- University Pierre and Marie Curie and INSERM U974, Paris, France; Genethon, 91000, Evry, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, INSERM, Genethon, Integrare Research Unit UMR_S951, 91000 Evry, France
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22
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Breaking the sound barrier: Towards next-generation AAV vectors for gene therapy of hearing disorders. Hear Res 2020; 413:108092. [PMID: 33268240 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the advances in transgenic animal technology and the advent of the next-generation sequencing era, over 120 genes causing hereditary hearing loss have been identified by now. In parallel, the field of human gene therapy continues to make exciting and rapid progress, culminating in the recent approval of several ex vivo and in vivo applications. Despite these encouraging developments and the growing interest in causative treatments for hearing disorders, gene therapeutic interventions in the inner ear remain in their infancy and await clinical translation. This review focuses on the adeno-associated virus (AAV), which nowadays represents one of the safest and most promising vectors in gene therapy. We first provide an overview of AAV biology and outline the principles of therapeutic gene transfer with recombinant AAV vectors, before pointing out major challenges and solutions for clinical translation including vector manufacturing and species translatability. Finally, we highlight seminal technologies for engineering and selection of next-generation "designer" AAV capsids, and illustrate their power and potential with recent examples of their application for inner ear gene transfer in animals.
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George LA, Ragni MV, Rasko JEJ, Raffini LJ, Samelson-Jones BJ, Ozelo M, Hazbon M, Runowski AR, Wellman JA, Wachtel K, Chen Y, Anguela XM, Kuranda K, Mingozzi F, High KA. Long-Term Follow-Up of the First in Human Intravascular Delivery of AAV for Gene Transfer: AAV2-hFIX16 for Severe Hemophilia B. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2073-2082. [PMID: 32559433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are a leading platform for gene-based therapies for both monogenic and complex acquired disorders. The success of AAV gene transfer highlights the need to answer outstanding clinical questions of safety, durability, and the nature of the human immune response to AAV vectors. Here, we present longitudinal follow-up data of subjects who participated in the first trial of a systemically delivered AAV vector. Adult males (n = 7) with severe hemophilia B received an AAV2 vector at doses ranging from 8 × 1010 to 2 × 1012 vg/kg to target hepatocyte-specific expression of coagulation factor IX; a subset (n = 4) was followed for 12-15 years post-vector administration. No major safety concerns were observed. There was no evidence of sustained hepatic toxicity or development of hepatocellular carcinoma as assessed by liver transaminase values, serum α-fetoprotein, and liver ultrasound. Subjects demonstrated persistent, increased AAV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to the infused AAV serotype 2 (AAV2) as well as all other AAV serotypes tested (AAV5 and AAV8) for the duration of follow-up. These data represent the longest available longitudinal follow-up data of subjects who received intravascular AAV and support the preliminary safety of intravascular AAV administration at the doses tested in adults. Data demonstrate, for the first time, the persistence of high-titer, multi-serotype cross-reactive AAV NAbs for up to 15 years post- AAV vector administration. Our observations are broadly applicable to the development of AAV-mediated gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A George
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology and Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margaret V Ragni
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John E J Rasko
- Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Leslie J Raffini
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Samelson-Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Hematology and Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margareth Ozelo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; IHTC Hemophilia Unit Cláudio Luiz Pizzigatti Corrêa, INCT do Sangue Hemocentro UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Hazbon
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexa R Runowski
- Division of Hematology and Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine A High
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Pierce GF. Uncertainty in an era of transformative therapy for haemophilia: Addressing the unknowns. Haemophilia 2020; 27 Suppl 3:103-113. [PMID: 32484283 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilia is at the dawn of a new era in therapeutic management, one that can generate greater protection from bleeding and a functional cure in some individuals. Prior advances in protein engineering and monoclonal antibody technology have facilitated therapeutic options to maintain decreased risk of bleeding and less burdensome treatment. The use of gene transfer, first proposed in 1971 for monogenic diseases, is emerging as an effective long-term treatment for a variety of diseases. Transfer of functional factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX (FIX) genes has witnessed a series of advances and setbacks since the first non-clinical experiments in animals were initiated nearly 30 years ago. More recently, multiyear therapeutic levels of FVIII and FIX activity have been achieved in human clinical trials, translated into meaningful clinical benefit and a functional cure. While clinical progress has been definitive, many questions remain unanswered as prelicensure phase 3 clinical trials are underway. These unanswered questions translate into a state of uncertainty about the known unknowns and unknown unknowns intrinsic to any new therapeutic platform. Accepting this modality as a means to functionally cure haemophilia also means accepting the uncertainty regarding the biology of viral vector-mediated gene transfer, which remains inadequately understood. Gene therapy is a far more complex biological 'drug' than small molecule and protein drugs, where manufacturing processes and the drugs themselves are now well characterized. Extent of community acceptance of uncertainty and acknowledgement of the need for an uncompromising drive for answers to the unknowns will characterize the introduction of this first generation of gene therapy for haemophilia to the wider patient population in both resource-rich and resource-poor countries.
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Zhu C, Wang C, Wu J, Ye F, Lv R, Hu D, Ai L, Yang L, Wu T, Li B, Ding C, Zhang B, Lv H, Wang C, Tan W. Distribution and genetic diversity of adeno-associated viruses in bats from coastal areas of Southeast China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3725. [PMID: 32111911 PMCID: PMC7048818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are associated with several important zoonotic viruses from different families. One example includes adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), that are extensively detected in several animals, especially primates. To understand AAVs distribution and genetic diversity in the coastal areas of Southeast China, a total of 415 intestine samples were mostly collected from two provinces of southeast China, i.e., Zhejiang and Fujian province. Intestine samples from five bat species were collected for AAVs detection. The average prevalence rate for AAV detection among these samples was 18.6% (77 positives out of 415 samples) and ranged from 11.8 to 28.9% between the five bat species. This suggests that AAVs are widely distributed in diverse bat populations in southeast coastal areas of China. Based on the genome sequence of bat adeno-associated virus-CXC1(BtAAV-CXC1) from one AAV-positive sample, the genetic diversity of the detected AAVs were assessed and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BtAAV-CXC1 was comparatively distant to other major AAVs from mammals and non-mammals, with only a 52.9~64.7% nucleotide identity. However, they were phylogenetically closer to Rhinolophus sinicus bat adeno-associated virus (Rs-BtAAV1), with a 74.5% nt similarity. Partial analysis of the rep and cap overlapping open reading frame (ORF) sequences from bat AAV samples revealed 48 partial rep sequences and 23 partial cap sequences from positive samples shared 86.9 to 100% and 72.3 to 98.8% nucleotide identities among themselves, respectively. This suggests that the detected AAVs had a distinctly high genetic diversity. These findings led us to conclude that diverse AAVs may be widely distributed in bat populations from the southeast regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqiang Zhu
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fuqiang Ye
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Ruichen Lv
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Dan Hu
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Lele Ai
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Lu Yang
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wu
- Jinling Hospital Nanjing, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Bo Li
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Ding
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Heng Lv
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Institute for Disease Prevention and Control of PLA, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Weilong Tan
- Eastern Theater Command Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 293 Zhongshan East Rd, Nanjing, 210002, P. R. China.
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26
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Muraine L, Bensalah M, Dhiab J, Cordova G, Arandel L, Marhic A, Chapart M, Vasseur S, Benkhelifa-Ziyyat S, Bigot A, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Negroni E, Trollet C. Transduction Efficiency of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotypes After Local Injection in Mouse and Human Skeletal Muscle. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:233-240. [PMID: 31880951 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is an efficient tool for gene delivery in skeletal muscle. AAV-based therapies show promising results for treatment of various genetic disorders, including muscular dystrophy. These dystrophies represent a heterogeneous group of diseases affecting muscles and typically characterized by progressive skeletal muscle wasting and weakness and the development of fibrosis. The tropism of each AAV serotype has been extensively studied using systemic delivery routes, but very few studies have compared their transduction efficiency through direct intramuscular injection. Yet, in some muscular dystrophies, where only a few muscles are primarily affected, a local intramuscular injection to target these muscles would be the most appropriate route. A comprehensive comparison between different recombinant AAV (rAAV) serotypes is therefore needed. In this study, we investigated the transduction efficiency of rAAV serotypes 1-10 by local injection in skeletal muscle of control C57BL/6 mice. We used a CMV-nls-LacZ reporter cassette allowing nuclear expression of LacZ to easily localize targeted cells. Detection of β-galactosidase activity on muscle cryosections demonstrated that rAAV serotypes 1, 7, 8, 9, and 10 were more efficient than the others, with rAAV9 being the most efficient in mice. Furthermore, using a model of human muscle xenograft in immunodeficient mice, we observed that in human muscle, rAAV8 and rAAV9 had similar transduction efficiency. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the human muscle xenograft can be used to evaluate AAV-based therapeutical approaches in a human context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Muraine
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Mona Bensalah
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Jamila Dhiab
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Gonzalo Cordova
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Arandel
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Alix Marhic
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Sofia Benkhelifa-Ziyyat
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bigot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Elisa Negroni
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Trollet
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
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27
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Wilmott P, Lisowski L, Alexander IE, Logan GJ. A User's Guide to the Inverted Terminal Repeats of Adeno-Associated Virus. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2019; 30:206-213. [DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2019.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wilmott
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility; Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Grant J. Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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28
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Pipe S, Leebeek FWG, Ferreira V, Sawyer EK, Pasi J. Clinical Considerations for Capsid Choice in the Development of Liver-Targeted AAV-Based Gene Transfer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:170-178. [PMID: 31660419 PMCID: PMC6807344 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As gene transfer with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is starting to enter clinical practice, this review examines the impact of vector capsid choice in liver-directed gene transfer for hemophilia. Given that there are multiple clinical trials completed and ongoing in this field, it is important to review the clinical evidence, particularly as a range of AAV-vector serotypes including AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV10 have been tested. Although there have been a number of successful trials, the development of two investigational AAV vectors for hemophilia B has been discontinued because they did not meet efficacy and/or safety expectations. Whether this difference between success and failure of gene transfer approaches reflects capsid choice, vector design, manufacturing system, or other variables is a question of great interest. Here, we examine the body of evidence across trials to determine the possible influences of serotype choice on key clinical outcomes such as safety, vector clearance, treatment eligibility, occurrence of transaminase elevations, activation of capsid-directed cytotoxic T cell responses, and clinical efficacy. In summary, gene transfer requires a balance between achieving sufficient transgene expression and minimizing destructive immune responses, which may be affected by AAV-vector serotype choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Pipe
- Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank W G Leebeek
- Frank W. G. Leebeek, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Department of Hematology, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - John Pasi
- Haemophilia Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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29
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Divergent engagements between adeno-associated viruses with their cellular receptor AAVR. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3760. [PMID: 31434885 PMCID: PMC6704107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) receptor (AAVR) is an essential receptor for the entry of multiple AAV serotypes with divergent rules; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we determine the structures of the AAV1-AAVR and AAV5-AAVR complexes, revealing the molecular details by which PKD1 recognizes AAV5 and PKD2 is solely engaged with AAV1. PKD2 lies on the plateau region of the AAV1 capsid. However, the AAV5-AAVR interface is strikingly different, in which PKD1 is bound at the opposite side of the spike of the AAV5 capsid than the PKD2-interacting region of AAV1. Residues in strands F/G and the CD loop of PKD1 interact directly with AAV5, whereas residues in strands B/C/E and the BC loop of PKD2 make contact with AAV1. These findings further the understanding of the distinct mechanisms by which AAVR recognizes various AAV serotypes and provide an example of a single receptor engaging multiple viral serotypes with divergent rules. Multiple adeno-associated viruses (AAV) use the same receptor (AAVR), but the binding mode is not clear. Here, the authors determine the structures of the AAV1-AAVR and AAV5-AAVR complexes, identify residues necessary for virus entry and compare the receptor interfaces of different AAV capsids.
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30
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Li J, Dong Y, Sun Y, Lai Z, Zhao Y, Liu P, Gao Y, Chen X, Gu J. A Novel Densovirus Isolated From the Asian Tiger Mosquito Displays Varied Pathogenicity Depending on Its Host Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1549. [PMID: 31333635 PMCID: PMC6624781 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVDs) continue to pose a significant global public health burden. Mosquito control remains a core intervention strategy in integrated mosquito management (IMM) programs to reduce the transmission of MBVDs. Mosquito densoviruses (MDVs) are mosquito-specific entomopathogenic viruses, and their attractive biological and pathogenic characteristics make MDVs potential biological control agents as alternatives to traditional chemical pesticides. However, different viral strains vary greatly in their pathogenicity against different mosquito species, which poses an obstacle for the wide application of MDVs in vector control. In this study, a novel MDV, Aedes albopictus densovirus-7 (AalDV-7), was isolated from field-collected Aedes albopictus in the dengue-endemic area of Guangzhou, China. The complete 4,048 nt genome of AalDV-7 was cloned and sequenced, and the transcription and translation of three open reading frames (ORFs) were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that AalDV-7 clustered with MDVs mostly isolated from indigenous mosquitoes. The pathogenicity of AalDV-7 to A. albopictus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae was completely different, and the median lethal dose (LD50) of AalDV-7 in A. albopictus which was 109.48 genome equivalents per ml (geq/ml) was 12 and 46 times lower than those in A. aegypti (1010.56 geq/ml) and C. quinquefasciatus (1011.15 geq/ml). Furthermore, the median lethal time (LT50) value in A. albopictus (7.72 days) was 25% and 26% shorter than those in A. aegypti (10.24 days) and C. quinquefasciatus (10.42 days) at a titer of 1011 geq/ml. Furthermore, the mortality of AalDV-7-infected mosquitoes increased in a dose-dependent manner, and the highest mortality was found in A. albopictus larvae exposed to 1011 geq/ml AalDV-7 (82.00%). Sublethal effects analysis also showed that AalDV-7 infection significantly decreased pupation and emergence rates. The 1st–2nd instar larvae of all three mosquito species showed a near 100% infection rate, and the highest relative vial titer (305.97 ± 67.57 geq/ng) was observed in the 1st–2nd instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus. These pathogenic characteristics make AalDV-7 a potential MBVDs control agent in China, whereas its negligible pathogenicity and high infection rate and viral dose in vivo make it a good candidate for gene delivery vectors in C. quinquefasciatus gene function analysis. In conclusion, the continuous discovery and isolation of new MDVs enrich the pool of mosquito entomopathogenic viruses and provide a variety of choices for optimal MDVs or combinations of MDVs to target certain mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunqiao Dong
- Reproductive Medical Centre of Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zetian Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbao Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Long BR, Sandza K, Holcomb J, Crockett L, Hayes GM, Arens J, Fonck C, Tsuruda LS, Schweighardt B, O'Neill CA, Zoog S, Vettermann C. The Impact of Pre-existing Immunity on the Non-clinical Pharmacodynamics of AAV5-Based Gene Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:440-452. [PMID: 31193016 PMCID: PMC6513774 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are widely used for gene therapy, but the effect of pre-existing antibodies resulting from exposure to wild-type AAV is unclear. In addition, other poorly defined plasma factors could inhibit AAV vector transduction where antibodies are not detected. To better define the relationship between various forms of pre-existing AAV immunity and gene transfer, we studied valoctocogene roxaparvovec (BMN 270) in cynomolgus monkeys with varying pre-dose levels of neutralizing anti-AAV antibodies and non-antibody transduction inhibitors. BMN 270 is an AAV5-based vector for treating hemophilia A that encodes human B domain-deleted factor VIII (FVIII-SQ). After infusion of BMN 270 (6.0 × 1013 vg/kg) into animals with pre-existing anti-AAV5 antibodies, there was a mean decrease in maximal FVIII-SQ plasma concentration (Cmax) and AUC of 74.8% and 66.9%, respectively, compared with non-immune control animals, and vector genomes in the liver were reduced. In contrast, animals with only non-antibody transduction inhibitors showed FVIII-SQ plasma concentrations and liver vector copies comparable with those of controls. These results demonstrate that animals without AAV5 antibodies are likely responders to AAV5 gene therapy, regardless of other inhibiting plasma factors. The biological threshold for tolerable AAV5 antibody levels varied between individual animals and should be evaluated further in clinical studies.
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32
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Lykken EA, Shyng C, Edwards RJ, Rozenberg A, Gray SJ. Recent progress and considerations for AAV gene therapies targeting the central nervous system. J Neurodev Disord 2018; 10:16. [PMID: 29776328 PMCID: PMC5960126 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-018-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental disorders, as a class of diseases, have been particularly difficult to treat even when the underlying cause(s), such as genetic alterations, are understood. What treatments do exist are generally not curative and instead seek to improve quality of life for affected individuals. The advent of gene therapy via gene replacement offers the potential for transformative therapies to slow or even stop disease progression for current patients and perhaps minimize or prevent the appearance of symptoms in future patients. MAIN BODY This review focuses on adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapies for diseases of the central nervous system. An overview of advances in AAV vector design for therapy is provided, along with a description of current strategies to develop AAV vectors with tailored tropism. Next, progress towards treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is presented at both the pre-clinical and clinical stages, focusing on a few select diseases to highlight broad categories of therapeutic parameters. Special considerations for more challenging cases are then discussed in addition to the immunological aspects of gene therapy. CONCLUSION With the promising clinical trial results that have been observed for the latest AAV gene therapies and continued pre-clinical successes, the question is no longer whether a therapy can be developed for certain neurodevelopmental disorders, but rather, how quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Allen Lykken
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Charles Shyng
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gene Therapy Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Reginald James Edwards
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gene Therapy Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Alejandra Rozenberg
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gene Therapy Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Steven James Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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33
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Mendez-Gomez HR, Singh J, Meyers C, Chen W, Gorbatyuk OS, Muzyczka N. The Lipase Activity of Phospholipase D2 is Responsible for Nigral Neurodegeneration in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2018. [PMID: 29526688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D2 (PLD2), an enzyme involved in vesicle trafficking and membrane signaling, interacts with α-synuclein, a protein known to contribute in the development of Parkinson disease (PD). We previously reported that PLD2 overexpression in rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) causes a rapid neurodegeneration of dopamine neurons, and that α-synuclein suppresses PLD2-induced nigral degeneration (Gorbatyuk et al., 2010). Here, we report that PLD2 toxicity is due to its lipase activity. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant (K758R) of PLD2 prevents the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the SNc and does not show signs of toxicity after 10 weeks of overexpression. Further, mutant K758R does not affect dopamine levels in the striatum. In contrast, mutants that prevent PLD2 interaction with dynamin or growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (Grb2) but retained lipase activity, continued to show rapid neurodegeneration. These findings suggest that neither the interaction of PLD2 with dynamin, which has a role in vesicle trafficking, nor the PLD2 interaction with Grb2, which has multiple roles in cell cycle control, chemotaxis and activation of tyrosine kinase complexes, are the primary cause of neurodegeneration. Instead, the synthesis of phosphatidic acid (the product of PLD2), which is a second messenger in multiple cellular pathways, appears to be the key to PLD2 induced neurodegeneration. The fact that α-synuclein is a regulator of PLD2 activity suggests that regulation of PLD2 activity could be important in the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector R Mendez-Gomez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; UF Genetics Institute and Powell Gene Therapy Center, USA.
| | - Jasbir Singh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; UF Genetics Institute and Powell Gene Therapy Center, USA
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; UF Genetics Institute and Powell Gene Therapy Center, USA
| | - Weijun Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; UF Genetics Institute and Powell Gene Therapy Center, USA
| | - Oleg S Gorbatyuk
- Department of Vision Sciences, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas Muzyczka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; UF Genetics Institute and Powell Gene Therapy Center, USA
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Rangarajan S, Walsh L, Lester W, Perry D, Madan B, Laffan M, Yu H, Vettermann C, Pierce GF, Wong WY, Pasi KJ. AAV5-Factor VIII Gene Transfer in Severe Hemophilia A. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:2519-2530. [PMID: 29224506 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1708483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hemophilia A rely on exogenous factor VIII to prevent bleeding in joints, soft tissue, and the central nervous system. Although successful gene transfer has been reported in patients with hemophilia B, the large size of the factor VIII coding region has precluded improved outcomes with gene therapy in patients with hemophilia A. METHODS We infused a single intravenous dose of a codon-optimized adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) vector encoding a B-domain-deleted human factor VIII (AAV5-hFVIII-SQ) in nine men with severe hemophilia A. Participants were enrolled sequentially into one of three dose cohorts (low dose [one participant], intermediate dose [one participant], and high dose [seven participants]) and were followed through 52 weeks. RESULTS Factor VIII activity levels remained at 3 IU or less per deciliter in the recipients of the low or intermediate dose. In the high-dose cohort, the factor VIII activity level was more than 5 IU per deciliter between weeks 2 and 9 after gene transfer in all seven participants, and the level in six participants increased to a normal value (>50 IU per deciliter) that was maintained at 1 year after receipt of the dose. In the high-dose cohort, the median annualized bleeding rate among participants who had previously received prophylactic therapy decreased from 16 events before the study to 1 event after gene transfer, and factor VIII use for participant-reported bleeding ceased in all the participants in this cohort by week 22. The primary adverse event was an elevation in the serum alanine aminotransferase level to 1.5 times the upper limit of the normal range or less. Progression of preexisting chronic arthropathy in one participant was the only serious adverse event. No neutralizing antibodies to factor VIII were detected. CONCLUSIONS The infusion of AAV5-hFVIII-SQ was associated with the sustained normalization of factor VIII activity level over a period of 1 year in six of seven participants who received a high dose, with stabilization of hemostasis and a profound reduction in factor VIII use in all seven participants. In this small study, no safety events were noted, but no safety conclusions can be drawn. (Funded by BioMarin Pharmaceutical; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02576795 ; EudraCT number, 2014-003880-38 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Rangarajan
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - Liron Walsh
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - Will Lester
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - David Perry
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - Bella Madan
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - Michael Laffan
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - Hua Yu
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - Christian Vettermann
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - Glenn F Pierce
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - Wing Y Wong
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
| | - K John Pasi
- From Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke (S.R.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston (W.L.), Cambridge University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (D.P.), and the Centre for Haemostasis and Thrombosis, St. Thomas' Hospital (B.M.), Imperial College London and NIHR Clinical Research Facility at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (M.L.), and Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (K.J.P.), London - all in the United Kingdom; and BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Novato (L.W., H.Y., C.V., W.Y.W.), and private consultant, La Jolla (G.F.P.) - both in California
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Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Serotypes Have Distinctive Interactions with Domains of the Cellular AAV Receptor. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00391-17. [PMID: 28679762 PMCID: PMC5571256 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00391-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) entry is determined by its interactions with specific surface glycans and a proteinaceous receptor(s). Adeno-associated virus receptor (AAVR) (also named KIAA0319L) is an essential cellular receptor required for the transduction of vectors derived from multiple AAV serotypes, including the evolutionarily distant serotypes AAV2 and AAV5. Here, we further biochemically characterize the AAV-AAVR interaction and define the domains within the ectodomain of AAVR that facilitate this interaction. By using a virus overlay assay, it was previously shown that the major AAV2 binding protein in membrane preparations of human cells corresponds to a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 150 kDa. By establishing a purification procedure, performing further protein separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and utilizing mass spectrometry, we now show that this glycoprotein is identical to AAVR. While we find that AAVR is an N-linked glycosylated protein, this glycosylation is not a strict requirement for AAV2 binding or functional transduction. Using a combination of genetic complementation with deletion constructs and virus overlay assays with individual domains, we find that AAV2 functionally interacts predominantly with the second Ig-like polycystic kidney disease (PKD) repeat domain (PKD2) present in the ectodomain of AAVR. In contrast, AAV5 interacts primarily through the first, most membrane-distal, PKD domain (PKD1) of AAVR to promote transduction. Furthermore, other AAV serotypes, including AAV1 and -8, require a combination of PKD1 and PKD2 for optimal transduction. These results suggest that despite their shared dependence on AAVR as a critical entry receptor, different AAV serotypes have evolved distinctive interactions with the same receptor. IMPORTANCE Over the past decade, AAV vectors have emerged as leading gene delivery tools for therapeutic applications and biomedical research. However, fundamental aspects of the AAV life cycle, including how AAV interacts with host cellular factors to facilitate infection, are only partly understood. In particular, AAV receptors contribute significantly to AAV vector transduction efficiency and tropism. The recently identified AAV receptor (AAVR) is a key host receptor for multiple serotypes, including the most studied serotype, AAV2. AAVR binds directly to AAV2 particles and is rate limiting for viral transduction. Defining the AAV-AAVR interface in more detail is important to understand how AAV engages with its cellular receptor and how the receptor facilitates the entry process. Here, we further define AAV-AAVR interactions, genetically and biochemically, and show that different AAV serotypes have discrete interactions with the Ig-like PKD domains of AAVR. These findings reveal an unexpected divergence of AAVR engagement within these parvoviruses.
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Mattar CNZ, Gil-Farina I, Rosales C, Johana N, Tan YYW, McIntosh J, Kaeppel C, Waddington SN, Biswas A, Choolani M, Schmidt M, Nathwani AC, Chan JKY. In Utero Transfer of Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors Produces Long-Term Factor IX Levels in a Cynomolgus Macaque Model. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1843-1853. [PMID: 28462816 PMCID: PMC5542637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The safe correction of an inherited bleeding disorder in utero prior to the onset of organ damage is highly desirable. Here, we report long-term transgene expression over more than 6 years without toxicity following a single intrauterine gene transfer (IUGT) at 0.9G using recombinant adeno-associated vector (AAV)-human factor IX (hFIX) in the non-human primate model we have previously described. Four of six treated animals monitored for around 74 months expressed hFIX at therapeutic levels (3.9%-120.0%). Long-term expression was 6-fold higher in males and with AAV8 compared to AAV5, mediated almost completely at this stage by random genome-wide hepatic proviral integrations, with no evidence of hotspots. Post-natal AAV challenge without immunosuppression was evaluated in two animals exhibiting chronic low transgene expression. The brief neutralizing immune reaction elicited had no adverse effect and, although expression was not improved at the dose administered, no clinical toxicity was observed. This long-term surveillance thus confirms the safety of late-gestation AAV-hFIX transfer and demonstrates that postnatal re-administration can be performed without immunosuppression, although it requires dose optimization for the desired expression. Nevertheless, eventual vector genotoxicity and the possibility of germline transmission will require lifelong monitoring and further evaluation of the reproductive function of treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citra N Z Mattar
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
| | - Irene Gil-Farina
- Department of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Rosales
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nuryanti Johana
- Reproductive Medicine, K.K. Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Yi Wan Tan
- Reproductive Medicine, K.K. Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Jenny McIntosh
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Kaeppel
- Department of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amit C Nathwani
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Reproductive Medicine, K.K. Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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Optimization of adeno-associated virus vector-mediated gene transfer to the respiratory tract. Gene Ther 2017; 24:290-297. [PMID: 28346434 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector was constructed for the treatment of respiratory diseases. AAV serotypes, promoters and routes of administration potentially influencing the efficiency of gene transfer to airway cells were examined in the present study. Among the nine AAV serotypes (AAV1-9) screened in vitro and four serotypes (AAV1, 2, 6, 9) evaluated in vivo, AAV6 showed the strongest transgene expression. As for promoters, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) early enhancer/chicken β-actin (CAG) promoter resulted in more robust transduction than the CMV promoter. Regarding delivery routes, intratracheal administration resulted in strong transgene expression in the lung, whereas the intravenous and intranasal administration routes yielded negligible expression. The combination of the AAV6 capsid and CAG promoter resulted in sustained expression, and the intratracheally administered AAV6-CAG vector transduced bronchial cells and pericytes in the lung. These results suggest that AAV6-CAG vectors are more promising than the previously preferred AAV2 vectors for airway transduction, particularly when administered into the trachea. The present study offers an optimized strategy for AAV-mediated gene therapy for lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and pulmonary fibrosis.
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38
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High Prevalence of Infectious Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Indicative of T Lymphocytes as Sites of AAV Persistence. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02137-16. [PMID: 27928011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02137-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Seroepidemiology shows that infections with adeno-associated virus (AAV) are widespread, but diverse AAV serotypes isolated from humans or nonhuman primates have so far not been proven to be causes of human disease. In view of the increasing success of AAV-derived vectors in human gene therapy, definition of the in vivo sites of wild-type AAV persistence and the clinical consequences of its reactivation is becoming increasingly urgent. Here, we identify the presumed cell type for AAV persistence in the human host by highly sensitive AAV PCRs developed for the full spectrum of human AAV serotypes. In genomic-DNA samples from leukocytes of 243 healthy blood donors, 34% were found to be AAV positive, predominantly AAV type 2 (AAV2) (77%), AAV5 (19%), and additional serotypes. Roughly 11% of the blood donors had mixed AAV infections. AAV prevalence was dramatically increased in immunosuppressed patients, 76% of whom were AAV positive. Of these, at least 45% displayed mixed infections. Follow-up of single blood donors over 2 years allowed repeated detection of the initial and/or additional AAV serotypes, suggestive of fluctuating, persistent infection. Leukocyte separation revealed that AAV resided in CD3+ T lymphocytes, perceived as the putative in vivo site of AAV persistence. Moreover, infectious AAVs of various serotypes could be rescued and propagated from numerous samples. The high prevalence and broad spectrum of human AAVs in leukocytes closely follow AAV seroepidemiology. Immunosuppression obviously enhances AAV replication in parallel with activation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), reminiscent of herpesvirus-induced AAV activation. IMPORTANCE Adeno-associated virus is viewed as apathogenic and replication defective, requiring coinfection with adenovirus or herpesvirus for productive infection. In vivo persistence of a defective virus requires latency in specialized cell types to escape the host immune response until viral spread becomes possible. Reactivation from latency can be induced by diverse stimuli, including infections, typically induced upon host immunosuppression. We show for the first time that infectious AAV is highly prevalent in human leukocytes, specifically T lymphocytes, and that AAV is strongly amplified upon immunosuppression, along with reactivation of latent human herpesviruses. In the absence of an animal model to study the AAV life cycle, our findings in the human host will advance the understanding of AAV latency, reactivation, and in vivo pathogenesis.
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Balakrishnan B, Jayandharan GR. Intracellular Trafficking of AAV5 Vectors. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2016; 27:47-8. [PMID: 26949995 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2016.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to visualize the cellular trafficking of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors in general and AAV5 serotype vectors in particular. We fluorescently labeled AAV5 wild-type and a mutant (S652A) virus and studied their infection process by live cell imaging and confocal microscopy. Our data demonstrate considerable difference in the ability of these vectors to reach the nuclear compartment within the first 6 hr after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Balakrishnan
- 1 Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,2 Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- 1 Department of Hematology, Christian Medical College and Hospital , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,2 Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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40
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Cre-dependent selection yields AAV variants for widespread gene transfer to the adult brain. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:204-9. [PMID: 26829320 PMCID: PMC5088052 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are commonly used vehicles for in vivo gene transfer. However, the tropism repertoire of naturally occurring AAVs is limited, prompting a search for novel AAV capsids with desired characteristics. Here we describe a capsid selection method, called Cre recombination-based AAV targeted evolution (CREATE), that enables the development of AAV capsids that more efficiently transduce defined Cre-expressing cell populations in vivo. We use CREATE to generate AAV variants that efficiently and widely transduce the adult mouse central nervous system (CNS) after intravenous injection. One variant, AAV-PHP.B, transfers genes throughout the CNS with an efficiency that is at least 40-fold greater than that of the current standard, AAV9 (refs. 14,15,16,17), and transduces the majority of astrocytes and neurons across multiple CNS regions. In vitro, it transduces human neurons and astrocytes more efficiently than does AAV9, demonstrating the potential of CREATE to produce customized AAV vectors for biomedical applications.
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Trapani I, Toriello E, de Simone S, Colella P, Iodice C, Polishchuk EV, Sommella A, Colecchi L, Rossi S, Simonelli F, Giunti M, Bacci ML, Polishchuk RS, Auricchio A. Improved dual AAV vectors with reduced expression of truncated proteins are safe and effective in the retina of a mouse model of Stargardt disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6811-25. [PMID: 26420842 PMCID: PMC4634381 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stargardt disease (STGD1) due to mutations in the large ABCA4 gene is the most common inherited macular degeneration in humans. We have shown that dual adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors effectively transfer ABCA4 to the retina of Abca4-/- mice. However, they express both lower levels of transgene compared with a single AAV and truncated proteins. To increase productive dual AAV concatemerization, which would overcome these limitations, we have explored the use of either various regions of homology or heterologous inverted terminal repeats (ITR). In addition, we tested the ability of various degradation signals to decrease the expression of truncated proteins. We found the highest levels of transgene expression using regions of homology based on either alkaline phosphatase or the F1 phage (AK). The use of heterologous ITR does not decrease the levels of truncated proteins relative to full-length ABCA4 and impairs AAV vector production. Conversely, the inclusion of the CL1 degradation signal results in the selective degradation of truncated proteins from the 5'-half without affecting full-length protein production. Therefore, we developed dual AAV hybrid ABCA4 vectors including homologous ITR2, the photoreceptor-specific G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 promoter, the AK region of homology and the CL1 degradation signal. We show that upon subretinal administration these vectors are both safe in pigs and effective in Abca4-/- mice. Our data support the use of improved dual AAV vectors for gene therapy of STGD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Trapani
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | | | - Sonia de Simone
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Colella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Carolina Iodice
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Elena V Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Andrea Sommella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Linda Colecchi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Second University of Naples, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Second University of Naples, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Giunti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy and
| | - Maria L Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy and
| | - Roman S Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Alberto Auricchio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy, Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples 80131, Italy
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Pénzes JJ, Pham HT, Benkö M, Tijssen P. Novel parvoviruses in reptiles and genome sequence of a lizard parvovirus shed light on Dependoparvovirus genus evolution. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2769-2779. [PMID: 26067293 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the detection and partial genome characterization of two novel reptilian parvoviruses derived from a short-tailed pygmy chameleon (Rampholeon brevicaudatus) and a corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) along with the complete genome analysis of the first lizard parvovirus, obtained from four bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Both homology searches and phylogenetic tree reconstructions demonstrated that all are members of the genus Dependoparvovirus. Even though most dependoparvoviruses replicate efficiently only in co-infections with large DNA viruses, no such agents could be detected in one of the bearded dragon samples, hence the possibility of autonomous replication was explored. The alternative ORF encoding the full assembly activating protein (AAP), typical for the genus, could be obtained from reptilian parvoviruses for the first time, with a structure that appears to be more ancient than that of avian and mammalian parvoviruses. All three viruses were found to harbour short introns as previously observed for snake adeno-associated virus, shorter than that of any non-reptilian dependoparvovirus. According to the phylogenetic calculations based on full non-structural protein (Rep) and AAP sequences, the monophyletic cluster of reptilian parvoviruses seems to be the most basal out of all lineages of genus Dependoparvovirus. The suspected ability for autonomous replication, results of phylogenetic tree reconstruction, intron lengths and the structure of the AAP suggested that a single Squamata origin instead of the earlier assumed diapsid (common avian-reptilian) origin is more likely for the genus Dependoparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit J Pénzes
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Hungária krt., Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Hanh T Pham
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Mária Benkö
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 21 Hungária krt., Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Peter Tijssen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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Stutika C, Hüser D, Weger S, Rutz N, Heßler M, Heilbronn R. Definition of herpes simplex virus helper functions for the replication of adeno-associated virus type 5. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:840-850. [PMID: 25535322 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 5 represents the genetically most distant AAV serotype and the only one isolated directly from human tissue. Seroepidemiological evidence suggests herpes simplex virus (HSV) as a helper virus for human AAV5 infections, underlining the in vivo relevance of the AAV-herpesvirus relationship. In this study we analysed, for the first time, HSV helper functions for productive AAV5 replication, and compared these to AAV2. Using a combination of HSV strains and plasmids for individual genes, the previously defined HSV helper functions for AAV2 replication were shown to induce AAV5 gene expression, DNA replication and production of infectious progeny. The helper functions comprise the replication genes for ICP8 (UL29), helicase-primase (UL5/8/52), and DNA polymerase (UL30/42). HSV immediate-early genes for ICP0 and ICP4 further enhanced AAV5 replication, mainly by induction of rep gene expression. In the presence of HSV helper functions, AAV5 Rep co-localized with ICP8 in nuclear replication compartments, and HSV alkaline exonuclease (UL12) enhanced AAV5 replication, similarly to AAV2. UL12, in combination with ICP8, was shown to induce DNA strand exchange on partially double-stranded templates to resolve and repair concatemeric HSV replication intermediates. Similarly, concatemeric AAV replication intermediates appeared to be processed to yield AAV unit-length molecules, ready for AAV packaging. Taken together, our findings show that productive AAV5 replication is promoted by the same combination of HSV helper functions as AAV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Stutika
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Hüser
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Weger
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalja Rutz
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Heßler
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Heilbronn
- Institute of Virology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Tang Y, Li Y, Lin X, Miao P, Wang Y, Yang GY. Stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis by gene delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1135:317-29. [PMID: 24510875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, an important process for long term neurological recovery, could be induced by ischemic brain injury. In this chapter, we describe a system to deliver adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated gene therapy for ischemic stroke. This includes the methods to construct, produce, and purify an AAV vector expressing target gene and an approach to quantify the number of microvessels and capillary density with synchrotron radiation angiography (SRA) imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
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Highly divergent integration profile of adeno-associated virus serotype 5 revealed by high-throughput sequencing. J Virol 2013; 88:2481-8. [PMID: 24335317 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03419-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV-5) is a human parvovirus that infects a high percentage of the population. It is the most divergent AAV, the DNA sequence cleaved by the viral endonuclease is distinct from all other described serotypes and, uniquely, AAV-5 does not cross-complement the replication of other serotypes. In contrast to the well-characterized integration of AAV-2, no published studies have investigated the genomic integration of AAV-5. In this study, we analyzed more than 660,000 AAV-5 integration junctions using high-throughput integrant capture sequencing of infected human cells. The integration activity of AAV-5 was 99.7% distinct from AAV-2 and favored intronic sequences. Genome-wide integration was highly correlated with viral replication protein binding and endonuclease sites, and a 39-bp consensus integration motif was revealed that included these features. Algorithmic scanning identified 126 AAV-5 hot spots, the largest of which encompassed 3.3% of all integration events. The unique aspects of AAV-5 integration may provide novel tools for biotechnology and gene therapy. IMPORTANCE Viral integration into the host genome is an important aspect of virus host cell biology. Genomic integration studies of the small single-stranded AAVs have largely focused on site preferential integration of AAV-2, which depends on the viral replication protein (Rep). We have now established the first genome wide integration profile of the highly divergent AAV-5 serotype. Using integrant capture sequencing, more than 600,000 AAV-5 integration junctions in human cells were analyzed. AAV-5 integration hot spots were 99.7% distinct from AAV-2. Integration favored intronic sequences, occurred on all chromosomes, and integration hot spot distribution was correlated with human genomic GAGC repeats and transcriptional activity. These features support expansion of AAV-5 based vectors for gene transfer considerations.
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Drouin LM, Agbandje-McKenna M. Adeno-associated virus structural biology as a tool in vector development. Future Virol 2013; 8:1183-1199. [PMID: 24533032 PMCID: PMC3921901 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have become important therapeutic gene delivery vectors in recent years. However, there are challenges, including intractable tissues/cell types and pre-existing immune responses, which need to be overcome for full realization of this system. This review addresses strategies aimed at improving AAV efficacy in the clinic through the creation of hybrid vectors that display altered or more targeted specific tissue tropisms, while also escaping recognition from host-derived neutralizing antibodies. Characterization of these viruses with respect to serotypes contributing to their capsid, using available 3D structures, enables the identification of regions critical for particular tropism and antigenic phenotypes. Structural information also allows for rational design of vectors with specific targeted tropisms for improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Drouin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Govindasamy L, DiMattia MA, Gurda BL, Halder S, McKenna R, Chiorini JA, Muzyczka N, Zolotukhin S, Agbandje-McKenna M. Structural insights into adeno-associated virus serotype 5. J Virol 2013; 87:11187-99. [PMID: 23926356 PMCID: PMC3807309 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00867-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) display differential cell binding, transduction, and antigenic characteristics specified by their capsid viral protein (VP) composition. Toward structure-function annotation, the crystal structure of AAV5, one of the most sequence diverse AAV serotypes, was determined to 3.45-Å resolution. The AAV5 VP and capsid conserve topological features previously described for other AAVs but uniquely differ in the surface-exposed HI loop between βH and βI of the core β-barrel motif and have pronounced conformational differences in two of the AAV surface variable regions (VRs), VR-IV and VR-VII. The HI loop is structurally conserved in other AAVs despite amino acid differences but is smaller in AAV5 due to an amino acid deletion. This HI loop is adjacent to VR-VII, which is largest in AAV5. The VR-IV, which forms the larger outermost finger-like loop contributing to the protrusions surrounding the icosahedral 3-fold axes of the AAVs, is shorter in AAV5, creating a smoother capsid surface topology. The HI loop plays a role in AAV capsid assembly and genome packaging, and VR-IV and VR-VII are associated with transduction and antigenic differences, respectively, between the AAVs. A comparison of interior capsid surface charge and volume of AAV5 to AAV2 and AAV4 showed a higher propensity of acidic residues but similar volumes, consistent with comparable DNA packaging capacities. This structure provided a three-dimensional (3D) template for functional annotation of the AAV5 capsid with respect to regions that confer assembly efficiency, dictate cellular transduction phenotypes, and control antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Govindasamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael A. DiMattia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Brittney L. Gurda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sujata Halder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John A. Chiorini
- MPTB, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Muzyczka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Powell Gene Therapy Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sergei Zolotukhin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cell and Molecular Therapy, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Current Challenges and Future Directions in Recombinant AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:813-36. [PMID: 24276316 PMCID: PMC3816704 DOI: 10.3390/ph6070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various characteristics of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors with long-term safe expression have made it an exciting transduction tool for clinical gene therapy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Although host immune reactions against the vector as well as transgene products were detected in some instances of the clinical studies, there have been promising observations. Methods of producing AAV vectors for considerable in vivo experimentation and clinical investigations have been developed and a number of studies with AAV vector-mediated muscle transduction were attempted. Notably, an intravenous limb perfusion transduction technique enables extensive transgene expression in the skeletal muscles without noticeable adverse events. Furthermore, cardiac transduction by the rAAV9-microdystrophin would be promising to prevent development of cardiac dysfunction. Recent achievements in transduction technology suggest that long-term transgene expression with therapeutic benefits in DMD treatment would be achieved by the rAAV-mediated transduction strategy with an adequate regimen to regulate host immune response.
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Mapping the structural determinants responsible for enhanced T cell activation to the immunogenic adeno-associated virus capsid from isolate rhesus 32.33. J Virol 2013; 87:9473-85. [PMID: 23720715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00596-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Avoiding activation of immunity to vector-encoded proteins is critical to the safe and effective use of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors for gene therapy. While commonly used serotypes, such as AAV serotypes 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9, are often associated with minimal and/or dysfunctional CD8(+) T cell responses in mice, the threshold for immune activation appears to be lower in higher-order species. We have modeled this discrepancy within the mouse by identifying two capsid variants with differential immune activation profiles: AAV serotype 8 (AAV8) and a hybrid between natural rhesus isolates AAVrh32 and AAVrh33 (AAVrh32.33). Here, we aimed to characterize the structural determinants of the AAVrh32.33 capsid that augment cellular immunity to vector-encoded proteins or those of AAV8 that may induce tolerance. We hypothesized that the structural domain responsible for differential immune activation could be mapped to surface-exposed regions of the capsid, such as hypervariable regions (HVRs) I to IX of VP3. To test this, a series of hybrid AAV capsids was constructed by swapping domains between AAV8 and AAVrh32.33. By comparing their ability to generate transgene-specific T cells in vivo versus the stability of transgene expression in the muscle, we confirmed that the functional domain lies within the VP3 portion of the capsid. Our studies were able to exclude the regions of VP3 which are not sufficient for augmenting the cellular immune response, notably, HVRs I, II, and V. We have also identified HVR IV as a region of interest in conferring the efficiency and stability of muscle transduction to AAVrh32.33.
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Abstract
Gene therapy products for the treatment of genetic diseases are currently in clinical trials, and one of these, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) product, has recently been licensed. AAV vectors have achieved positive results in a number of clinical and preclinical settings, including hematologic disorders such as the hemophilias, Gaucher disease, hemochromatosis, and the porphyrias. Because AAV vectors are administered directly to the patient, the likelihood of a host immune response is high, as shown by human studies. Preexisting and/or recall responses to the wild-type virus from which the vector is engineered, or to the transgene product itself, can interfere with therapeutic efficacy if not identified and managed optimally. Small-scale clinical studies have enabled investigators to dissect the immune responses to the AAV vector capsid and to the transgene product, and to develop strategies to manage these responses to achieve long-term expression of the therapeutic gene. However, a comprehensive understanding of the determinants of immunogenicity of AAV vectors, and of potential associated toxicities, is still lacking. Careful immunosurveillance conducted as part of ongoing clinical studies will provide the basis for understanding the intricacies of the immune response in AAV-mediated gene transfer, facilitating safe and effective therapies for genetic diseases.
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