1
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Further Characterization of Glycoform-Selective Prions of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050513. [PMID: 33922765 PMCID: PMC8146342 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion is an infectious protein (PrPSc) that is derived from a cellular glycoprotein (PrPC) through a conformational transition and associated with a group of prion diseases in animals and humans. Characterization of proteinase K (PK)-resistant PrPSc by western blotting has been critical to diagnosis and understanding of prion diseases including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease in humans. However, formation as well as biochemical and biological properties of the glycoform-selective PrPSc in variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) remain poorly understood. Here we reveal that formation of the ladder-like PrPSc in VPSPr is a PK-dependent two-step process, which is enhanced by basic pH. Two sets of PrPSc fragments can be identified with antibodies directed against an intermediate or a C-terminal domain of the protein. Moreover, antibodies directed against specific PrP glycoforms reveal faster electrophoretic migrations of PrP fragments mono-glycosylated at residue 181 and 197 in VPSPr than those in sporadic CJD (sCJD). Finally, RT-QuIC assay indicates that PrPSc-seeding activity is lower and its lag time is longer in VPSPr than in sCJD. Our results suggest that the glycoform-selective PrPSc in VPSPr is associated with altered glycosylation, resulting in different PK-truncation and aggregation seeding activity compared to PrPSc in sCJD.
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2
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Kang HE, Bian J, Kane SJ, Kim S, Selwyn V, Crowell J, Bartz JC, Telling GC. Incomplete glycosylation during prion infection unmasks a prion protein epitope that facilitates prion detection and strain discrimination. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10420-10433. [PMID: 32513872 PMCID: PMC7383396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative factors underlying conformational conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its infectious counterpart (PrPSc) during prion infection remain undetermined, in part because of a lack of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can distinguish these conformational isoforms. Here we show that the anti-PrP mAb PRC7 recognizes an epitope that is shielded from detection when glycans are attached to Asn-196. We observed that whereas PrPC is predisposed to full glycosylation and is therefore refractory to PRC7 detection, prion infection leads to diminished PrPSc glycosylation at Asn-196, resulting in an unshielded PRC7 epitope that is amenable to mAb recognition upon renaturation. Detection of PRC7-reactive PrPSc in experimental and natural infections with various mouse-adapted scrapie strains and with prions causing deer and elk chronic wasting disease and transmissible mink encephalopathy uncovered that incomplete PrPSc glycosylation is a consistent feature of prion pathogenesis. We also show that interrogating the conformational properties of the PRC7 epitope affords a direct means of distinguishing different prion strains. Because the specificity of our approach for prion detection and strain discrimination relies on the extent to which N-linked glycosylation shields or unshields PrP epitopes from antibody recognition, it dispenses with the requirement for additional standard manipulations to distinguish PrPSc from PrPC, including evaluation of protease resistance. Our findings not only highlight an innovative and facile strategy for prion detection and strain differentiation, but are also consistent with a mechanism of prion replication in which structural instability of incompletely glycosylated PrP contributes to the conformational conversion of PrPC to PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Eun Kang
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jifeng Bian
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Sarah J. Kane
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Sehun Kim
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Vanessa Selwyn
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jenna Crowell
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jason C. Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado,For correspondence: Glenn C. Telling,
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3
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Burke CM, Walsh DJ, Steele AD, Agrimi U, Di Bari MA, Watts JC, Supattapone S. Full restoration of specific infectivity and strain properties from pure mammalian prion protein. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007662. [PMID: 30908557 PMCID: PMC6448948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein-only hypothesis predicts that infectious mammalian prions are composed solely of PrPSc, a misfolded conformer of the normal prion protein, PrPC. However, protein-only PrPSc preparations lack significant levels of prion infectivity, leading to the alternative hypothesis that cofactor molecules are required to form infectious prions. Here, we show that prions with parental strain properties and full specific infectivity can be restored from protein-only PrPSc in vitro. The restoration reaction is rapid, potent, and requires bank vole PrPC substrate, post-translational modifications, and cofactor molecules. To our knowledge, this represents the first report in which the essential properties of an infectious mammalian prion have been restored from pure PrP without adaptation. These findings provide evidence for a unified hypothesis of prion infectivity in which the global structure of protein-only PrPSc accurately stores latent infectious and strain information, but cofactor molecules control a reversible switch that unmasks biological infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Burke
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Darthmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Walsh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Darthmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. Steele
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Darthmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Angelo Di Bari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Joel C. Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Darthmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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4
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Wang Z, Yuan J, Shen P, Abskharon R, Lang Y, Dang J, Adornato A, Xu L, Chen J, Feng J, Moudjou M, Kitamoto T, Lee HG, Kim YS, Langeveld J, Appleby B, Ma J, Kong Q, Petersen RB, Zou WQ, Cui L. In Vitro Seeding Activity of Glycoform-Deficient Prions from Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy and Familial CJD Associated with PrP V180I Mutation. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5456-5469. [PMID: 30612334 PMCID: PMC6614145 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Both sporadic variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease linked to the prion protein (PrP) V180I mutation (fCJDV180I) have been found to share a unique pathological prion protein (PrPSc) that lacks the protease-resistant PrPSc glycosylated at residue 181 because two of four PrP glycoforms are apparently not converted into the PrPSc from their cellular PrP (PrPC). To investigate the seeding activity of these unique PrPSc molecules, we conducted in vitro prion conversion experiments using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays with different PrPC substrates. We observed that the seeding of PrPSc from VPSPr or fCJDV180I in the sPMCA reaction containing normal human or humanized transgenic (Tg) mouse brain homogenates generated PrPSc molecules that unexpectedly exhibited a dominant diglycosylated PrP isoform along with PrP monoglycosylated at residue 181. The efficiency of PrPSc amplification was significantly higher in non-CJDMM than in non-CJDVV human brain homogenate, whereas it was higher in normal TgVV than in TgMM mouse brain homogenate. PrPC from the mixture of normal TgMM and Tg mouse brain expressing PrPV180I mutation (Tg180) but not TgV180I alone was converted into PrPSc by seeding with the VPSPr or fCJDV180I. The RT-QuIC seeding activity of PrPSc from VPSPr and fCJDV180I was significantly lower than that of sCJD. Our results suggest that the formation of glycoform-selective prions may be associated with an unidentified factor in the affected brain and the glycoform-deficiency of PrPSc does not affect the glycoforms of in vitro newly amplified PrPSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jue Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pingping Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Romany Abskharon
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Johnny Dang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alise Adornato
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiafeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Center for Prion Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Gon Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Yong-Sun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan Langeveld
- Wageningen BioVeterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Brian Appleby
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert B Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Foundation Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Uslupehlivan M, Deveci R, Ün C. In silico investigation of the prion protein glycosylation profiles in relation to scrapie disease resistance in domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Mol Cell Probes 2018; 42:1-9. [PMID: 30261281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The prion protein is a membrane-bound glycoprotein which consists mainly α-helix structure. In contrast, the infectious prion protein shows the beta-sheet structure. The prion-associated diseases are all lethal neurodegenerative abnormalities, called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Scrapie is the most common type of these illnesses affecting sheep, goats, and moufflon. The VRQ, AHQ, ARR and N146S polymorphisms in the sheep prion gene have been found to be associated with resistance to scrapie disease. So far, the relationship of polymorphisms to three-dimensional protein structures, post-translational modifications, and scrapie resistance has not been studied. In this study, the potential N- and O-glycosylation positions of sheep prion protein polymorphisms were analyzed, the secondary and three-dimensional protein structure models were predicted, three-dimensional glycoprotein models were constructed and the role of glycosylation positions in protein interactions was investigated. Here, we found that protein secondary and three-dimensional structures vary among polymorphisms. Moreover, we found wild-type prion and all polymorphic variants show N-glycosylation at Asn184 and Asn200 positions, while O-glycosylation profiles are variant-specific. We also found that structural changes among prion polymorphisms leads to the formation of variant spesific O-glycosylation profiles and these positions are associated with protein interactions. Based on these findings, we suggest that O-glycosylation may be effective on resistance/susceptibility of sheep prion polymorphisms to scrapie disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Uslupehlivan
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Remziye Deveci
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Cemal Ün
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Izmir, Turkey.
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6
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Lau A, McDonald A, Daude N, Mays CE, Walter ED, Aglietti R, Mercer RCC, Wohlgemuth S, van der Merwe J, Yang J, Gapeshina H, Kim C, Grams J, Shi B, Wille H, Balachandran A, Schmitt-Ulms G, Safar JG, Millhauser GL, Westaway D. Octarepeat region flexibility impacts prion function, endoproteolysis and disease manifestation. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:339-56. [PMID: 25661904 PMCID: PMC4364950 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) comprises a natively unstructured N-terminal domain, including a metal-binding octarepeat region (OR) and a linker, followed by a C-terminal domain that misfolds to form PrP(S) (c) in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PrP(C) β-endoproteolysis to the C2 fragment allows PrP(S) (c) formation, while α-endoproteolysis blocks production. To examine the OR, we used structure-directed design to make novel alleles, 'S1' and 'S3', locking this region in extended or compact conformations, respectively. S1 and S3 PrP resembled WT PrP in supporting peripheral nerve myelination. Prion-infected S1 and S3 transgenic mice both accumulated similar low levels of PrP(S) (c) and infectious prion particles, but differed in their clinical presentation. Unexpectedly, S3 PrP overproduced C2 fragment in the brain by a mechanism distinct from metal-catalysed hydrolysis reported previously. OR flexibility is concluded to impact diverse biological endpoints; it is a salient variable in infectious disease paradigms and modulates how the levels of PrP(S) (c) and infectivity can either uncouple or engage to drive the onset of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lau
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alex McDonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Daude
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles E Mays
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric D Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robin Aglietti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robert C C Mercer
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Serene Wohlgemuth
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jacques van der Merwe
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hristina Gapeshina
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chae Kim
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, Departments of Pathology and Neurology, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Grams
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Beipei Shi
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiri G Safar
- National Prion Disease Surveillance Center, Departments of Pathology and Neurology, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Mays CE, Kim C, Haldiman T, van der Merwe J, Lau A, Yang J, Grams J, Di Bari MA, Nonno R, Telling GC, Kong Q, Langeveld J, McKenzie D, Westaway D, Safar JG. Prion disease tempo determined by host-dependent substrate reduction. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:847-58. [PMID: 24430187 DOI: 10.1172/jci72241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of prion infection can take years or decades to manifest following the initial exposure. Molecular markers of prion disease include accumulation of the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc), which is derived from its cellular precursor (PrPC), as well as downregulation of the PrP-like Shadoo (Sho) glycoprotein. Given the overlapping cellular environments for PrPC and Sho, we inferred that PrPC levels might also be altered as part of a host response during prion infection. Using rodent models, we found that, in addition to changes in PrPC glycosylation and proteolytic processing, net reductions in PrPC occur in a wide range of prion diseases, including sheep scrapie, human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and cervid chronic wasting disease. The reduction in PrPC results in decreased prion replication, as measured by the protein misfolding cyclic amplification technique for generating PrPSc in vitro. While PrPC downregulation is not discernible in animals with unusually short incubation periods and high PrPC expression, slowly evolving prion infections exhibit downregulation of the PrPC substrate required for new PrPSc synthesis and as a receptor for pathogenic signaling. Our data reveal PrPC downregulation as a previously unappreciated element of disease pathogenesis that defines the extensive, presymptomatic period for many prion strains.
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8
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Zou WQ, Gambetti P, Xiao X, Yuan J, Langeveld J, Pirisinu L. Prions in variably protease-sensitive prionopathy: an update. Pathogens 2013; 2:457-71. [PMID: 25437202 PMCID: PMC4235694 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases, including sporadic, familial, and acquired forms such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), are caused by prions in which an abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) derived from its normal cellular isoform (PrPC) is the only known component. The recently-identified variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is characterized not only by an atypical clinical phenotype and neuropathology but also by the deposition in the brain of a peculiar PrPSc. Like other forms of human prion disease, the pathogenesis of VPSPr also currently remains unclear. However, the findings of the peculiar features of prions from VPSPr and of the possible association of VPSPr with a known genetic prion disease linked with a valine to isoleucine mutation at residue 180 of PrP reported recently, may be of great importance in enhancing our understanding of not only this atypical human prion disease in particular, but also other prion diseases in general. In this review, we highlight the physicochemical and biological properties of prions from VPSPr and discuss the pathogenesis of VPSPr including the origin and formation of the peculiar prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Xiangzhu Xiao
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jue Yuan
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jan Langeveld
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad 8200 AB, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura Pirisinu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299 00161, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Xiao X, Yuan J, Haïk S, Cali I, Zhan Y, Moudjou M, Li B, Laplanche JL, Laude H, Langeveld J, Gambetti P, Kitamoto T, Kong Q, Brandel JP, Cobb BA, Petersen RB, Zou WQ. Glycoform-selective prion formation in sporadic and familial forms of prion disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58786. [PMID: 23527023 PMCID: PMC3602448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The four glycoforms of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) variably glycosylated at the two N-linked glycosylation sites are converted into their pathological forms (PrP(Sc)) in most cases of sporadic prion diseases. However, a prominent molecular characteristic of PrP(Sc) in the recently identified variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is the absence of a diglycosylated form, also notable in familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD), which is linked to mutations in PrP either from Val to Ile at residue 180 (fCJD(V180I)) or from Thr to Ala at residue 183 (fCJD(T183A)). Here we report that fCJD(V180I), but not fCJD(T183A), exhibits a proteinase K (PK)-resistant PrP (PrP(res)) that is markedly similar to that observed in VPSPr, which exhibits a five-step ladder-like electrophoretic profile, a molecular hallmark of VPSPr. Remarkably, the absence of the diglycosylated PrP(res) species in both fCJD(V180I) and VPSPr is likewise attributable to the absence of PrP(res) glycosylated at the first N-linked glycosylation site at residue 181, as in fCJD(T183A). In contrast to fCJD(T183A), both VPSPr and fCJD(V180I) exhibit glycosylation at residue 181 on di- and monoglycosylated (mono181) PrP prior to PK-treatment. Furthermore, PrP(V180I) with a typical glycoform profile from cultured cells generates detectable PrP(res) that also contains the diglycosylated PrP in addition to mono- and unglycosylated forms upon PK-treatment. Taken together, our current in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that sporadic VPSPr and familial CJD(V180I) share a unique glycoform-selective prion formation pathway in which the conversion of diglycosylated and mono181 PrP(C) to PrP(Sc) is inhibited, probably by a dominant-negative effect, or by other co-factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhu Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jue Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), UMRS 975, Equipe Maladies à Prions – Maladie d’Alzheimer; Inserm, U 975; CNRS, UMR 7225; and AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Cellule Nationale de Référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Paris, France
| | - Ignazio Cali
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yian Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohammed Moudjou
- Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Baiya Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Hubert Laude
- Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892, INRA, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jan Langeveld
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), UMRS 975, Equipe Maladies à Prions – Maladie d’Alzheimer; Inserm, U 975; CNRS, UMR 7225; and AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Cellule Nationale de Référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Paris, France
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wen-Quan Zou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, The People’s Republic of China
- National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kang HE, Weng CC, Saijo E, Saylor V, Bian J, Kim S, Ramos L, Angers R, Langenfeld K, Khaychuk V, Calvi C, Bartz J, Hunter N, Telling GC. Characterization of conformation-dependent prion protein epitopes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37219-32. [PMID: 22948149 PMCID: PMC3481321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.395921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas prion replication involves structural rearrangement of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), the existence of conformational epitopes remains speculative and controversial, and PrP transformation is monitored by immunoblot detection of PrP(27-30), a protease-resistant counterpart of the pathogenic scrapie form (PrP(Sc)) of PrP. We now describe the involvement of specific amino acids in conformational determinants of novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against randomly chimeric PrP. Epitope recognition of two mAbs depended on polymorphisms controlling disease susceptibility. Detection by one, referred to as PRC5, required alanine and asparagine at discontinuous mouse PrP residues 132 and 158, which acquire proximity when residues 126-218 form a structured globular domain. The discontinuous epitope of glycosylation-dependent mAb PRC7 also mapped within this domain at residues 154 and 185. In accordance with their conformational dependence, tertiary structure perturbations compromised recognition by PRC5, PRC7, as well as previously characterized mAbs whose epitopes also reside in the globular domain, whereas conformation-independent epitopes proximal or distal to this region were refractory to such destabilizing treatments. Our studies also address the paradox of how conformational epitopes remain functional following denaturing treatments and indicate that cellular PrP and PrP(27-30) both renature to a common structure that reconstitutes the globular domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Eun Kang
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Chu Chun Weng
- the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Eri Saijo
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ,the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Vicki Saylor
- the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Jifeng Bian
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Sehun Kim
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Laylaa Ramos
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Rachel Angers
- the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Katie Langenfeld
- the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, and
| | - Vadim Khaychuk
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Carla Calvi
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Jason Bartz
- the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, and
| | - Nora Hunter
- the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- From the Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ,the Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Department of Neurology, and Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, , To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 970-491-2968; E-mail:
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11
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Salamat K, Moudjou M, Chapuis J, Herzog L, Jaumain E, Béringue V, Rezaei H, Pastore A, Laude H, Dron M. Integrity of helix 2-helix 3 domain of the PrP protein is not mandatory for prion replication. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18953-64. [PMID: 22511770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of prion conversion is not yet well understood at the molecular level. The regions critical for the conformational change of PrP remain mostly debated and the extent of sequence change acceptable for prion conversion is poorly documented. To achieve progress on these issues, we applied a reverse genetic approach using the Rov cell system. This allowed us to test the susceptibility of a number of insertion mutants to conversion into prion in the absence of wild-type PrP molecules. We were able to propagate several prions with 8 to 16 extra amino acids, including a polyglycine stretch and His or FLAG tags, inserted in the middle of the protease-resistant fragment. These results demonstrate the possibility to increase the length of the loop between helices H2 and H3 up to 4-fold, without preventing prion replication. They also indicate that this loop probably remains unstructured in PrP(Sc). We also showed that bona fide prions can be produced following insertion of octapeptides in the two C-terminal turns of H2. These insertions do not interfere with the overall fold of the H2-H3 domain indicating that the highly conserved sequence of the terminal part of H2 is not critical for the conversion. Altogether these data showed that the amplitude of modifications acceptable for prion conversion in the core of the globular domain of PrP is much greater than one might have assumed. These observations should help to refine structural models of PrP(Sc) and elucidate the conformational changes underlying prions generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Salamat
- INRA, UR892 Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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12
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Zou RS, Fujioka H, Guo JP, Xiao X, Shimoji M, Kong C, Chen C, Tasnadi M, Voma C, Yuan J, Moudjou M, Laude H, Petersen RB, Zou WQ. Characterization of spontaneously generated prion-like conformers in cultured cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2012; 3:968-84. [PMID: 21990137 PMCID: PMC3229973 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A distinct conformational transition from the α-helix-rich cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its β-sheet-rich pathological isoform (PrPSc) is the hallmark of prion diseases, a group of fatal transmissible encephalopathies that includes spontaneous and acquired forms. Recently, a PrPSc-like intermediate form characterized by the formation of insoluble aggregates and protease-resistant PrP species termed insoluble PrPC (iPrPC) has been identified in uninfected mammalian brains and cultured neuronal cells, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism(s) of these diseases. Here, we explore the molecular characteristics of the spontaneously formed iPrPC in cultured neuroblastoma cells expressing wild-type or mutant human PrP linked to two familial prion diseases. We observed that although PrP mutation at either residue 183 from Thr to Ala (PrPT183A) or at residue 198 from Phe to Ser (PrPF198S) affects glycosylation at both N-linked glycosylation sites, the T183A mutation that results in intracellular retention significantly increased the formation of iPrPC. Moreover, while autophagy is increased in F198S cells, it was significantly decreased in T183A cells. Our results indicate that iPrPC may be formed more readily in an intracellular compartment and that a significant increase in PrPT183A aggregation may be attributable to the inhibition of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Zou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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13
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Chen KC, Xu M, Wedemeyer WJ, Roder H. Microsecond unfolding kinetics of sheep prion protein reveals an intermediate that correlates with susceptibility to classical scrapie. Biophys J 2011; 101:1221-30. [PMID: 21889460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsecond folding and unfolding kinetics of ovine prion proteins (ovPrP) were measured under various solution conditions. A fragment comprising residues 94-233 of the full-length ovPrP was studied for four variants with differing susceptibilities to classical scrapie in sheep. The observed biexponential unfolding kinetics of ovPrP provides evidence for an intermediate species. However, in contrast to previous results for human PrP, there is no evidence for an intermediate under refolding conditions. Global analysis of the kinetic data, based on a sequential three-state mechanism, quantitatively accounts for all folding and unfolding data as a function of denaturant concentration. The simulations predict that an intermediate accumulates under both folding and unfolding conditions, but is observable only in unfolding experiments because the intermediate is optically indistinguishable from the native state. The relative population of intermediates in two ovPrP variants, both transiently and under destabilizing equilibrium conditions, correlates with their propensities for classical scrapie. The variant susceptible to classical scrapie has a larger population of the intermediate state than the resistant variant. Thus, the susceptible variant should be favored to undergo the PrP(C) to PrP(Sc) conversion and oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Chen
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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14
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Abstract
Infection by prions involves conversion of a host-encoded cell surface protein (PrP(C)) to a disease-related isoform (PrP(Sc)). PrP(C) carries two glycosylation sites variably occupied by complex N-glycans, which have been suggested by previous studies to influence the susceptibility to these diseases and to determine characteristics of prion strains. We used the Rov cell system, which is susceptible to sheep prions, to generate a series of PrP(C) glycosylation mutants with mutations at one or both attachment sites. We examined their subcellular trafficking and ability to convert into PrP(Sc) and to sustain stable prion propagation in the absence of wild-type PrP. The susceptibility to infection of mutants monoglycosylated at either site differed dramatically depending on the amino acid substitution. Aglycosylated double mutants showed overaccumulation in the Golgi compartment and failed to be infected. Introduction of an ectopic glycosylation site near the N terminus fully restored cell surface expression of PrP but not convertibility into PrP(Sc), while PrP(C) with three glycosylation sites conferred cell permissiveness to infection similarly to the wild type. In contrast, predominantly aglycosylated molecules with nonmutated N-glycosylation sequons, produced in cells expressing glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchorless PrP(C), were able to form infectious PrP(Sc). Together our findings suggest that glycosylation is important for efficient trafficking of anchored PrP to the cell surface and sustained prion propagation. However, properly trafficked glycosylation mutants were not necessarily prone to conversion, thus making it difficult in such studies to discern whether the amino acid changes or glycan chain removal most influences the permissiveness to prion infection.
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15
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Tixador P, Herzog L, Reine F, Jaumain E, Chapuis J, Le Dur A, Laude H, Béringue V. The physical relationship between infectivity and prion protein aggregates is strain-dependent. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000859. [PMID: 20419156 PMCID: PMC2855332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are unconventional infectious agents thought to be primarily composed of PrP(Sc), a multimeric misfolded conformer of the ubiquitously expressed host-encoded prion protein (PrP(C)). They cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in both animals and humans. The disease phenotype is not uniform within species, and stable, self-propagating variations in PrP(Sc) conformation could encode this 'strain' diversity. However, much remains to be learned about the physical relationship between the infectious agent and PrP(Sc) aggregation state, and how this varies according to the strain. We applied a sedimentation velocity technique to a panel of natural, biologically cloned strains obtained by propagation of classical and atypical sheep scrapie and BSE infectious sources in transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP. Detergent-solubilized, infected brain homogenates were used as starting material. Solubilization conditions were optimized to separate PrP(Sc) aggregates from PrP(C). The distribution of PrP(Sc) and infectivity in the gradient was determined by immunoblotting and mouse bioassay, respectively. As a general feature, a major proteinase K-resistant PrP(Sc) peak was observed in the middle part of the gradient. This population approximately corresponds to multimers of 12-30 PrP molecules, if constituted of PrP only. For two strains, infectivity peaked in a markedly different region of the gradient. This most infectious component sedimented very slowly, suggesting small size oligomers and/or low density PrP(Sc) aggregates. Extending this study to hamster prions passaged in hamster PrP transgenic mice revealed that the highly infectious, slowly sedimenting particles could be a feature of strains able to induce a rapidly lethal disease. Our findings suggest that prion infectious particles are subjected to marked strain-dependent variations, which in turn could influence the strain biological phenotype, in particular the replication dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Tixador
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laëtitia Herzog
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Fabienne Reine
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emilie Jaumain
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Chapuis
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annick Le Dur
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (HL); (VB)
| | - Vincent Béringue
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (HL); (VB)
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16
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Dron M, Moudjou M, Chapuis J, Salamat MKF, Bernard J, Cronier S, Langevin C, Laude H. Endogenous proteolytic cleavage of disease-associated prion protein to produce C2 fragments is strongly cell- and tissue-dependent. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10252-64. [PMID: 20154089 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.083857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormally folded form of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) accumulating in nervous and lymphoid tissues of prion-infected individuals can be naturally cleaved to generate a N-terminal-truncated fragment called C2. Information about the identity of the cellular proteases involved in this process and its possible role in prion biology has remained limited and controversial. We investigated PrP(Sc) N-terminal trimming in different cell lines and primary cultured nerve cells, and in the brain and spleen tissue from transgenic mice infected by ovine and mouse prions. We found the following: (i) the full-length to C2 ratio varies considerably depending on the infected cell or tissue. Thus, in primary neurons and brain tissue, PrP(Sc) accumulated predominantly as untrimmed species, whereas efficient trimming occurred in Rov and MovS cells, and in spleen tissue. (ii) Although C2 is generally considered to be the counterpart of the PrP(Sc) proteinase K-resistant core, the N termini of the fragments cleaved in vivo and in vitro can actually differ, as evidenced by a different reactivity toward the Pc248 anti-octarepeat antibody. (iii) In lysosome-impaired cells, the ratio of full-length versus C2 species dramatically increased, yet efficient prion propagation could occur. Moreover, cathepsin but not calpain inhibitors markedly inhibited C2 formation, and in vitro cleavage by cathepsins B and L produced PrP(Sc) fragments lacking the Pc248 epitope, strongly arguing for the primary involvement of acidic hydrolases of the endolysosomal compartment. These findings have implications on the molecular analysis of PrP(Sc) and cell pathogenesis of prion infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Dron
- INRA, U892 Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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17
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Ermonval M, Petit D, Le Duc A, Kellermann O, Gallet PF. Glycosylation-related genes are variably expressed depending on the differentiation state of a bioaminergic neuronal cell line: implication for the cellular prion protein. Glycoconj J 2008; 26:477-93. [PMID: 18937066 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A striking feature of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is the heterogeneity of its glycoforms, whose contribution to PrP(C) function has yet to be defined. Using the 1C11 neuronal bioaminergic differentiation model and a glycomics approach, we show here a correlation between differential PrP(C) N-glycosylations in 1C11(5-HT) serotonergic and 1C11(NE) noradrenergic cells compared to their 1C11 precursor cells and a variation of the glycogenome expression status in these cells. In particular, expression of genes involved in N-glycan synthesis or in the modeling of chondroitin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans appeared to be modulated. Our results highlight that, the expression of glycosylation-related genes is regulated during bioaminergic neuronal differentiation, consistent with a participation of glycoconjugates in neuronal development and plasticity. A neuronal regulation of glycosylation processes may have direct implications on some neurospecific functions of PrP(C) and may participate in specific brain targeting of prion strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Ermonval
- Différenciation Cellulaire et Prions, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infections, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
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18
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McKay JT, Brigner TA, Caplin BE, McCurdy KS, Forde RL. A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms at codon 171 in the prion gene for the genotyping of scrapie susceptibility in sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:209-12. [PMID: 18319434 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to report a reliable real-time polymerase chain reaction assay compatible with the Roche LightCycler 2.0 capable of genotyping sheep for scrapie susceptibility at codon 171. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the prion protein gene in sheep that may govern resistance to scrapie at codon 171 encode for lysine (K), histidine (H), glutamine (Q), and arginine (R). A modified proteinase K method for leukocytes or whole blood was used to isolate genomic DNA from sheep blood. Fluoresentric developed and optimized primers and probes for the codon 171 SNP assay. The assay was initially validated using 218 determinations from whole blood of known genotypes with 100% correct identity. The assay was further validated through a whole-blood check test provided annually by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory with a correct identification rate of 100%. From January 2005 to December 2006, 3,672 samples from blood were genotyped at codon 171. The genotypes were QR(171) (n = 1,838, 50.05%), RR(171) (n = 1,423, 38.75%), QQ(171) (n = 407, 11.08%), HR(171) (n = 2, 0.05%), and HQ(171) (n = 2, 0.05%). The combination of this simple extraction method and the novel Fluoresentric assay is very accurate, is capable of identifying all 4 SNPs at codon 171 in one reaction, and has proven to be a useful tool for producers in their selective breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome T McKay
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Regional Animal Health Laboratory, 2331 West 31st Avenue, Denver, CO 80211, USA.
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19
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Bilheude JM, Brun A, Morel N, Díaz San Segundo F, Lecroix S, Espinosa JC, González L, Steele P, Grassi J, Andréoletti O, Torres JM. Discrimination of sheep susceptible and resistant to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies by an haplotype specific monoclonal antibody. J Virol Methods 2007; 145:169-72. [PMID: 17614145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present report, the selective detection of sheep PrP haplotypes by monoclonal antibody 2A11 is described. It is showed that the substitution of glutamine by arginine but not by histidine at ovine PrP position 171 abolishes completely the recognition of either PrP(c) or PrP(d) by mAb 2A11, in such a way that the application of this antibody allows the unambiguous discrimination of R(171) homozygotes. On the basis of the high resistance to classical scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalophaty (BSE) infection associated to the R(171) PrP haplotype, animals bearing the ARR allele are currently selected within the scrapie national plan initiated in Great Britain. A 2A11-based immuno enzymatic test have been developed and evaluated using a panel of plasma and sera from sheep of different PrP genotypes and breeds. The test allows the efficient discrimination of R(171) homozygotes, R(171) heterozygotes and non-R(171) carriers, therefore offering a rapid, cheap and easy to use alternative method to select sheep for their resistance to scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bilheude
- Bio-Rad, R&D TSE, 3 Bd Raymond Poincaré, 92430 Marnes La Coquette, France
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20
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Moudjou M, Bernard J, Sabuncu E, Langevin C, Laude H. Glycan chains modulate prion protein binding to immobilized metal ions. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:689-95. [PMID: 17293006 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PrP(c) is the normal isoform of the prion protein which can be converted into PrP(Sc), the pathology-associated conformer in prion diseases. It contains two N-linked glycan chains attached to the C-proximal globular domain. While the biological functions of PrP(c) are still unknown, its ability to bind Cu(2+) is well documented. The main Cu(2+)-binding sites are located in the N-proximal, unstructured region of the molecule. Here we report that PrP(c) glycans influence the capacity of PrP(c) from sheep brain or cultured Rov cells to bind IMAC columns loaded with Cu(2+) or Co(2+). Using different anti-PrP antibodies and PrP(c) glycosylation mutants, we show that the full length non-glycosylated form of PrP(c) has a higher binding efficiency for column-bound Cu(2+) and Co(2+) than the corresponding glycosylated form. Our findings raise the possibility that the accessibility of the PrP(c) metal ion-binding sites might be controlled by the glycan chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moudjou
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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21
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Sabuncu E, Paquet S, Chapuis J, Moudjou M, Lai TL, Grassi J, Baron U, Laude H, Vilette D. Prion proteins from susceptible and resistant sheep exhibit some distinct cell biological features. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:791-8. [PMID: 16214113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that natural polymorphisms in the coding sequence of the PrP protein can control the expression of prion disease. Studies with a cell model of sheep prion infection have shown that ovine PrP allele associated with resistance to sheep scrapie may confer resistance by impairing the multiplication of the infectious agent. To further explore the biochemical and cellular mechanisms underlying the genetic control of scrapie susceptibility, we established permissive cells expressing two different PrP variants. In this study, we show that PrP variants with opposite effects on prion multiplication exhibit distinct cell biological features. These findings indicate that cell biological properties of ovine PrP can vary with natural polymorphisms and raise the possibility that differential interactions of PrP variants with the cellular machinery may contribute to permissiveness or resistance to prion multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifsu Sabuncu
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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22
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Abstract
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), or prion diseases are a group of transmissible neurodegenerative disorders of humans and animals. Although the infectious agent (the 'prion') has not yet been formally defined at the molecular level, much evidence exists to suggest that the major or sole component is an abnormal isoform of the host encoded prion protein (PrP). Different strains or isolates of the infectious agent exist, which exhibit characteristic disease phenotypes when transmitted to susceptible animals. In the absence of a nucleic acid genome it has been hard to accommodate the existence of TSE strains within the protein-only model of prion replication. Recent work examining the conformation and glycosylation patterns of disease-associated PrP has shown that these post-translational modifications show strain-specific properties and contribute to the molecular basis of TSE strain variation. This article will review the role of glycosylation in the susceptibility of cellular PrP to conversion to the disease-associated conformation and the role of glycosylation as a marker of TSE strain type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Lawson
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Neuroscience, and Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Matucci A, Zanusso G, Gelati M, Farinazzo A, Fiorini M, Ferrari S, Andrighetto G, Cestari T, Caramelli M, Negro A, Morbin M, Chiesa R, Monaco S, Tridente G. Analysis of mammalian scrapie protein by novel monoclonal antibodies recognizing distinct prion protein glycoforms: an immunoblot and immunohistochemical study at the light and electron microscopic levels. Brain Res Bull 2005; 65:155-62. [PMID: 15763182 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The availability of specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing the aberrant form (PrP(Sc)) of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in different mammalian species is important for molecular diagnostics, PrP(Sc) typing and future immunotherapy. We obtained a panel of anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies in PrP(0/0) knock-out mice immunized with recombinant human PrP(23-231). Two mAbs, recognizing PrP epitopes in the alpha-helix 1 (mAb SA65) and alpha-helix 2 (mAb SA21) regions, immunoreacted with PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) and its proteolytic product, PrP27-30, from human, murine, bovine, caprine and ovine brains by Western blot. Remarkably, mAb SA21 recognized unglycosylated and monoglycosylated PrP with the second site occupied by glycan moieties, but not monoglycosylated PrP with the first consensus site occupied or highly glycosylated species. Immunoblots with mAb SA21 disclosed that PrP glycosylated at the second site accounted for the slower migrating form of the customary monoglycosylated PrP doublet. mAb SA65 immunolabelled all PrP glycoforms by Western blot and was highly efficient in detecting tissue PrP by immunohistochemistry in light microscopy and in immunoelectron microscopy. These novel anti-PrP mAbs provide tools to investigate the subcellular site of PrP deposition in mammalian prion diseases and may also contribute to assess the role of different PrP glycoforms in human and animal prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matucci
- Section of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, P. le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Barret A, Forestier L, Deslys JP, Julien R, Gallet PF. Glycosylation-related Gene Expression in Prion Diseases. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10516-23. [PMID: 15632154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412635200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that some glycoconjugates are efficient effectors of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) conversion into its pathogenic (PrP(Sc)) isoform. To assess how glycoconjugate glycan moieties participate in the biogenesis of PrP(Sc), an exhaustive comparative analysis of the expression of about 200 glycosylation-related genes was performed on prion-infected or not, hypothalamus-derived GT1 cells by hybridization of DNA microarrays, semiquantitative RT-PCR, and biochemical assays. A significant up- (30-fold) and down- (17-fold) regulation of the expression of the ChGn1 and Chst8 genes, respectively, was observed in prion-infected cells. ChGn1 and Chst8 are involved in the initiation of the synthesis of chondroitin sulfate and in the 4-O-sulfation of non-reducing N-acetylgalactosamine residues, respectively. A possible role for a hyposulfated chondroitin in PrP(Sc) accumulation was evidenced at the protein level and by determination of chondroitin and heparan sulfate amounts. Treatment of Sc-GT1 cells with a heparan mimetic (HM2602) induced an important reduction of the amount of PrP(Sc), associated with a total reversion of the transcription pattern of the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase 8. It suggests a link between the genetic control of 4-O-sulfation and PrP(Sc) accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Barret
- Groupe d'Innovation Diagnostique et Thérapeutique des Infections à Prions, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, 18 route du Panorama, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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