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Yu S, Chen C, Chen M, Liang J, Jiang K, Lou B, Lu J, Zhu X, Zhou D. MAGOH promotes gastric cancer progression via hnRNPA1 expression inhibition-mediated RONΔ160/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:32. [PMID: 38268030 PMCID: PMC10809607 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is associated with high mortality and heterogeneity and poses a great threat to humans. Gene therapies for the receptor tyrosine kinase RON and its spliceosomes are attracting increasing amounts of attention due to their unique characteristics. However, little is known about the mechanism involved in the formation of the RON mRNA alternative spliceosome RONΔ160. METHODS Fourteen human GC tissue samples and six normal gastric tissue samples were subjected to label-free relative quantitative proteomics analysis, and MAGOH was identified as a candidate protein for subsequent studies. The expression of MAGOH in clinical specimens was verified by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. We then determined the biological function of MAGOH in GC through in vitro and in vivo experiments. RNA pulldown, RNA sequencing and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) were subsequently conducted to uncover the underlying mechanism by which MAGOH regulated the formation of RONΔ160. RESULTS Proteomic analysis revealed that MAGOH, which is located at key nodes and participates in RNA processing and mRNA splicing, was upregulated in GC tissue and GC cell lines and was associated with poor prognosis. Functional analysis showed that MAGOH promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MAGOH inhibited the expression of hnRNPA1 and reduced the binding of hnRNPA1 to RON mRNA, thereby promoting the formation of RONΔ160 to activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and consequently facilitating GC progression. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that MAGOH could promote the formation of RONΔ160 and activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through the inhibition of hnRNPA1 expression. We elucidate a novel mechanism and potential therapeutic targets for the growth and metastasis of GC based on the MAGOH-RONΔ160 axis, and these findings have important guiding significance and clinical value for the future development of effective therapeutic strategies for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiao Liang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kecheng Jiang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, China
| | - Donghui Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Li L, Zheng J, Oltean S. Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions by Alternative Splicing: Potential New Area for Cancer Therapeutics. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2001. [PMID: 38002944 PMCID: PMC10671305 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complicated biological process in which cells with epithelial phenotype are transformed into mesenchymal cells with loss of cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion and gain of the ability to migrate. EMT and the reverse mesenchymal-epithelial transitions (METs) are present during cancer progression and metastasis. Using the dynamic switch between EMT and MET, tumour cells can migrate to neighbouring organs or metastasize in the distance and develop resistance to traditional chemotherapy and targeted drug treatments. Growing evidence shows that reversing or inhibiting EMT may be an advantageous approach for suppressing the migration of tumour cells or distant metastasis. Among different levels of modulation of EMT, alternative splicing (AS) plays an important role. An in-depth understanding of the role of AS and EMT in cancer is not only helpful to better understand the occurrence and regulation of EMT in cancer progression, but also may provide new therapeutic strategies. This review will present and discuss various splice variants and splicing factors that have been shown to play a crucial role in EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sebastian Oltean
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK; (L.L.)
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3
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Brownmiller T, Caplen NJ. The HNRNPF/H RNA binding proteins and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1788. [PMID: 37042074 PMCID: PMC10523889 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The members of the HNRNPF/H family of heterogeneous nuclear RNA proteins-HNRNPF, HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, HNRNPH3, and GRSF1, are critical regulators of RNA maturation. Documented functions of these proteins include regulating splicing, particularly alternative splicing, 5' capping and 3' polyadenylation of RNAs, and RNA export. The assignment of these proteins to the HNRNPF/H protein family members relates to differences in the amino acid composition of their RNA recognition motifs, which differ from those of other RNA binding proteins (RBPs). HNRNPF/H proteins typically bind RNA sequences enriched with guanine (G) residues, including sequences that, in the presence of a cation, have the potential to form higher-order G-quadruplex structures. The need to further investigate members of the HNRNPF/H family of RBPs has intensified with the recent descriptions of their involvement in several disease states, including the pediatric tumor Ewing sarcoma and the hematological malignancy mantle cell lymphoma; newly described groups of developmental syndromes; and neuronal-related disorders, including addictive behavior. Here, to foster the study of the HNRNPF/H family of RBPs, we discuss features of the genes encoding these proteins, their structures and functions, and emerging contributions to disease. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayvia Brownmiller
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha J Caplen
- Functional Genetics Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Zheng Y, Zhong G, He C, Li M. Targeted splicing therapy: new strategies for colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1222932. [PMID: 37664052 PMCID: PMC10470845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1222932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA splicing is the process of forming mature mRNA, which is an essential phase necessary for gene expression and controls many aspects of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Abnormal gene-splicing events are closely related to the development of tumors, and the generation of oncogenic isoform in splicing can promote tumor progression. As a main process of tumor-specific splicing variants, alternative splicing (AS) can promote tumor progression by increasing the production of oncogenic splicing isoforms and/or reducing the production of normal splicing isoforms. This is the focus of current research on the regulation of aberrant tumor splicing. So far, AS has been found to be associated with various aspects of tumor biology, including cell proliferation and invasion, resistance to apoptosis, and sensitivity to different chemotherapeutic drugs. This article will review the abnormal splicing events in colorectal cancer (CRC), especially the tumor-associated splicing variants arising from AS, aiming to offer an insight into CRC-targeted splicing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chengcheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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5
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Kim WR, Park EG, Lee YJ, Bae WH, Lee DH, Kim HS. Integration of TE Induces Cancer Specific Alternative Splicing Events. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10918. [PMID: 36142830 PMCID: PMC9502224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of messenger RNA (mRNA) precursors contributes to genetic diversity by generating structurally and functionally distinct transcripts. In a disease state, alternative splicing promotes incidence and development of several cancer types through regulation of cancer-related biological processes. Transposable elements (TEs), having the genetic ability to jump to other regions of the genome, can bring about alternative splicing events in cancer. TEs can integrate into the genome, mostly in the intronic regions, and induce cancer-specific alternative splicing by adjusting various mechanisms, such as exonization, providing splicing donor/acceptor sites, alternative regulatory sequences or stop codons, and driving exon disruption or epigenetic regulation. Moreover, TEs can produce microRNAs (miRNAs) that control the proportion of transcripts by repressing translation or stimulating the degradation of transcripts at the post-transcriptional level. Notably, TE insertion creates a cancer-friendly environment by controlling the overall process of gene expression before and after transcription in cancer cells. This review emphasizes the correlative interaction between alternative splicing by TE integration and cancer-associated biological processes, suggesting a macroscopic mechanism controlling alternative splicing by TE insertion in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Ryung Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Eun Gyung Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yun Ju Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Woo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Du Hyeong Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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6
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Delpero M, Arends D, Freiberg A, Brockmann GA, Hesse D. QTL-mapping in the obese Berlin Fat Mouse identifies additional candidate genes for obesity and fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10471. [PMID: 35729251 PMCID: PMC9213485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Berlin Fat Mouse Inbred line (BFMI) is a model for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to identify genetic variants associated with liver weight, liver triglycerides, and body weight using the obese BFMI sub-line BFMI861-S1. BFMI861-S1 mice are insulin resistant and store ectopic fat in the liver. In generation 10, 58 males and 65 females of the advanced intercross line (AIL) BFMI861-S1xB6N were phenotyped under a standard diet over 20 weeks. QTL analysis was performed after genotyping with the MiniMUGA Genotyping Array. Whole-genome sequencing and gene expression data of the parental lines was used for the prioritization of positional candidate genes. Three QTLs associated with liver weight, body weight, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) weight were identified. A highly significant QTL on chromosome (Chr) 1 (157–168 Mb) showed an association with liver weight. A QTL for body weight at 20 weeks was found on Chr 3 (34.1–40 Mb) overlapping with a QTL for scAT weight. In a multiple QTL mapping approach, an additional QTL affecting body weight at 16 weeks was identified on Chr 6 (9.5–26.1 Mb). Considering sequence variants and expression differences, Sec16b and Astn1 were prioritized as top positional candidate genes for the liver weight QTL on Chr 1; Met and Ica1 for the body weight QTL on Chr 6. Interestingly, all top candidate genes have previously been linked with metabolic traits. This study shows once more the power of an advanced intercross line for fine mapping. QTL mapping combined with a detailed prioritization approach allowed us to identify additional and plausible candidate genes linked to metabolic traits in the BFMI861-S1xB6N AIL. By reidentifying known candidate genes in a different crossing population the causal link with specific traits is underlined and additional evidence is given for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Delpero
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Danny Arends
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aimée Freiberg
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Brockmann
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Deike Hesse
- Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Cazes A, Childers BG, Esparza E, Lowy AM. The MST1R/RON Tyrosine Kinase in Cancer: Oncogenic Functions and Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14082037. [PMID: 35454943 PMCID: PMC9027306 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MST1R/RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a highly conserved transmembrane protein present on epithelial cells, macrophages, and recently identified in a T-cell subset. RON activation attenuates inflammation in healthy tissue. Interestingly, it is overexpressed in several epithelial neoplasms with increasing levels of expression associated with worse outcomes. Though the mechanisms involved are still under investigation, RON is involved in carcinogenesis via immune modulation of the immune tumor microenvironment, activation of numerous oncogenic pathways, and is protective under cellular stress. Alternatively, inhibition of RON abrogates tumor progression in both animal and human tissue models. Given this, RON is a targetable protein of great interest for cancer treatment. Here, we review RON’s function in tissue inflammation and cancer progression, and review cancer clinical trials to date that have used agents targeting RON signaling. Abstract The MST1R/RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a homologue of the more well-known MET receptor. Like MET, RON orchestrates cell signaling pathways that promote oncogenesis and enable cancer cell survival; however, it has a more unique role in the regulation of inflammation. RON was originally described as a transmembrane receptor expressed on tissue resident macrophages and various epithelial cells. RON is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and its activation modifies multiple signaling pathways with resultant changes in epithelial and immune cells which together modulate oncogenic phenotypes. While several RON isoforms have been identified with differences in structure, activation, and pathway regulation, increased RON expression and/or activation is consistently associated with worse outcomes. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting RON have been developed, making RON an actionable therapeutic target.
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8
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Fis1 phosphorylation by Met promotes mitochondrial fission and hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:401. [PMID: 34848680 PMCID: PMC8632923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Met tyrosine kinase, a receptor for a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), plays a critical role in tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Mitochondria are highly dynamic and undergo fission and fusion to maintain a functional mitochondrial network. Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics are responsible for the progression and metastasis of many cancers. Here, using structured illumination microscopy (SIM) and high spatial and temporal resolution live cell imaging, we identified mitochondrial trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinase Met. The contacts between activated Met kinase and mitochondria formed dramatically, and an intact HGF/Met axis was necessary for dysregulated mitochondrial fission and cancer cell movements. Mechanically, we found that Met directly phosphorylated outer mitochondrial membrane protein Fis1 at Tyr38 (Fis1 pY38). Fis1 pY38 promoted mitochondrial fission by recruiting the mitochondrial fission GTPase dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) to mitochondria. Fragmented mitochondria fueled actin filament remodeling and lamellipodia or invadopodia formation to facilitate cell metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells both in vitro and in vivo. These findings reveal a novel and noncanonical pathway of Met receptor tyrosine kinase in the regulation of mitochondrial activities, which may provide a therapeutic target for metastatic HCC.
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9
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Franco Nitta C, Green EW, Jhamba ED, Keth JM, Ortiz-Caraveo I, Grattan RM, Schodt DJ, Gibson AC, Rajput A, Lidke KA, Wilson BS, Steinkamp MP, Lidke DS. EGFR transactivates RON to drive oncogenic crosstalk. eLife 2021; 10:63678. [PMID: 34821550 PMCID: PMC8654365 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between different receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is thought to drive oncogenic signaling and allow therapeutic escape. EGFR and RON are two such RTKs from different subfamilies, which engage in crosstalk through unknown mechanisms. We combined high-resolution imaging with biochemical and mutational studies to ask how EGFR and RON communicate. EGF stimulation promotes EGFR-dependent phosphorylation of RON, but ligand stimulation of RON does not trigger EGFR phosphorylation – arguing that crosstalk is unidirectional. Nanoscale imaging reveals association of EGFR and RON in common plasma membrane microdomains. Two-color single particle tracking captured formation of complexes between RON and EGF-bound EGFR. Our results further show that RON is a substrate for EGFR kinase, and that transactivation of RON requires formation of a signaling competent EGFR dimer. These results support a role for direct EGFR/RON interactions in propagating crosstalk, such that EGF-stimulated EGFR phosphorylates RON to activate RON-directed signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen W Green
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Elton D Jhamba
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Justine M Keth
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Iraís Ortiz-Caraveo
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Rachel M Grattan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - David J Schodt
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Aubrey C Gibson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Ashwani Rajput
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Bridget S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Mara P Steinkamp
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
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10
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Lord J, Baralle D. Splicing in the Diagnosis of Rare Disease: Advances and Challenges. Front Genet 2021; 12:689892. [PMID: 34276790 PMCID: PMC8280750 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.689892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations which affect splicing are significant contributors to rare disease, but are frequently overlooked by diagnostic sequencing pipelines. Greater ascertainment of pathogenic splicing variants will increase diagnostic yields, ending the diagnostic odyssey for patients and families affected by rare disorders, and improving treatment and care strategies. Advances in sequencing technologies, predictive modeling, and understanding of the mechanisms of splicing in recent years pave the way for improved detection and interpretation of splice affecting variants, yet several limitations still prohibit their routine ascertainment in diagnostic testing. This review explores some of these advances in the context of clinical application and discusses challenges to be overcome before these variants are comprehensively and routinely recognized in diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Lord
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Baralle
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Huang Y, Song J, Soyano K, Ren Q. Dorsal regulates the expression of two phage lysozymes acquired via horizontal gene transfer in triangle sail mussel Hyriopsis cumingii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 120:104068. [PMID: 33713707 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal is a Rel/NF-κB transcription factor, which forms a key part of the Toll pathway. Lysozyme is a ubiquitous enzyme that degrades bacterial cell walls. In this study, a Dorsal homolog was cloned and characterized from triangle sail mussel Hyriopsis cumingii, namely, HcDorsal. Dorsal consisted of 3041 bp, including a 1938 bp open reading frame encoding a 645 amino acid protein. The deduced HcDorsal protein contained a Rel homology domain and an Ig-like, plexin, transcription factor domain. Analysis of expression patterns showed that HcDorsal was highly expressed in the hepatopancreas of H. cumingii. The expression level of HcDorsal continuously increased after Vibrio parahaemolyticus stimulation. When HcDorsal was knocked down by siRNA interference, two phage lysozyme genes (HcLyso1 and HcLyso2) obtained by horizontal gene transfer were significantly downregulated in hemocytes of mussels. Furthermore, knockdown of HcLyso1 and HcLyso2 could weaken V. parahaemolyticus clearance ability. Recombinant HcLyso1 and HcLyso2 proteins accelerated the bacterial clearance in vivo in mussels and evidently inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. These results suggested that HcDorsal could be activated after V. parahaemolyticus stimulation and then modulate the immune response through the transcriptional regulation of HcLyso1 and HcLyso2, thereby playing a protective role in mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- College of Oceanography, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, China
| | - Jing Song
- Research Center of Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in University of Anhui Province, College of Life Science, Anqing Normal University, 1318 Jixian North Road, Anqing, Anhui, 246133, China; Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan; Institute for East China Sea Research, Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1551-7 Taira-machi, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Soyano
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan; Institute for East China Sea Research, Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1551-7 Taira-machi, Nagasaki, 851-2213, Japan
| | - Qian Ren
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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12
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Chen SL, Wang GP, Shi DR, Yao SH, Chen KD, Yao HP. RON in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers: Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2507-2520. [PMID: 34092972 PMCID: PMC8160627 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i20.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine kinase RON belongs to the c-MET proto-oncogene family. Research has shown that RON has a role in cancer pathogenesis, which places RON on the frontline of the development of novel cancer therapeutic strategies. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) cancers have a poor prognosis, being reported as having higher rates of cancer-related death. Therefore, to combat these malignant diseases, the mechanism underlying the aberrant expression and signaling of RON in HBP cancer pathogenesis, and the development of RON as a drug target for therapeutic intervention should be investigated. Abnormal RON expression and signaling have been identified in HBP cancers, and also act as tumorigenic determinants for HBP cancer malignant behaviors. In addition, RON is emerging as an important mediator of the clinical prognosis of HBP cancers. Thus, not only is RON significant in HBP cancers, but also RON-targeted therapeutics could be developed to treat these cancers, for example, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors. Among them, antibody-drug conjugates have become increasingly popular in current research and their potential as novel anti-cancer biotherapeutics will be determined in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Long Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guo-Ping Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan-Rong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu-Hao Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke-Da Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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13
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Li K, Wang Z. Splicing factor SRSF2-centric gene regulation. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1708-1715. [PMID: 33994855 PMCID: PMC8120470 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2) is a splicing factor that is widely expressed in a variety of mammalian cell types. Increasing evidence has confirmed that SRSF2 plays vital roles in a number of biological and pathological processes. Therefore, it is important to understand how its expression is regulated, and how it regulates the expression of its target genes. Recently, we found that SRSF2 expression could be upregulated by herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection, and that altered SRSF2 expression, in turn, epigenetically regulates the transcription of HSV-1 genes. Further studies on T cell exhaustion demonstrated that upregulated SRSF2 in exhausted T cells elevated the levels of multiple immune checkpoint molecules by associating with the acyl-transferases, P300 and CBP, and by altering histone modification near the transcription start sites of these genes, thereby influencing signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 binding to these gene promoters. These findings suggest that SRSF2 acts as an important sensor and effector during disease progression. Here, we discuss the molecules that regulate SRSF2 gene expression and their associated mechanisms, and the mechanisms via which SRSF2 regulates the expression of target genes, thus providing novel insights into the central role of SRSF2 in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China.,Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China
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14
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Wang J, Wang C, Li L, Yang L, Wang S, Ning X, Gao S, Ren L, Chaulagain A, Tang J, Wang T. Alternative splicing: An important regulatory mechanism in colorectal carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:279-293. [PMID: 33629774 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a process that produces various mRNA splicing isoforms via different splicing patterns of mRNA precursors (pre-mRNAs). AS is the primary mechanism for increasing the types and quantities of proteins to improve biodiversity and influence multiple biological processes, including chromatin modification, signal transduction, and protein expression. It has been reported that AS is involved in the tumorigenesis and development of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In this review, we delineate the concept, types, regulatory processes, and technical advances of AS and focus on the role of AS in CRC initiation, progression, treatment, and prognosis. This summary of the current knowledge about AS will contribute to our understanding of CRC initiation and development. This study will help in the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CRC prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuhan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lirui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuoshuo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuelian Ning
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuangshu Gao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Anita Chaulagain
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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15
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The HNRNPA2B1-MST1R-Akt axis contributes to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in head and neck cancer. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1589-1601. [PMID: 32669614 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The deregulation of splicing factors and alternative splicing are increasingly viewed as major contributory factors in tumorigenesis. In this study, we report overexpression of a key splicing factor, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (HNRNPA2B1), and thereby misregulation of alternative splicing, which is associated with the poor prognosis of head and neck cancer (HNC). The role of HNRNPA2B1 in HNC tumorigenesis via deregulation of alternative splicing is not well understood. Here, we found that the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of HNRNPA2B1 results in inhibition of HNC cells growth via the misregulation of alternative splicing of MST1R, WWOX, and CFLAR. We investigated the mechanism of HNRNPA2B1-mediated HNC cells growth and found that HNRNPA2B1 plays an important role in the alternative splicing of a proto-oncogene, macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (MST1R), which encodes for the recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), a receptor tyrosine kinase. Our results indicate that HNRNPA2B1 mediates the exclusion of cassette exon 11 from MST1R, resulting in the generation of RON∆165 isoform, which was found to be associated with the activation of Akt/PKB signaling in HNC cells. Using the MST1R-minigene model, we validated the role of HNRNPA2B1 in the generation of RON∆165 isoform. The depletion of HNRNPA2B1 results in the inclusion of exon 11, thereby reduction of RON∆165 isoform. The decrease of RON∆165 isoform causes inhibition of Akt/PKB signaling, which results in the upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of vimentin leading to the reduced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The overexpression of HNRNPA2B1 in HNRNPA2B1 knockout cells rescues the expression of the RON∆165 isoform and leads to activation of Akt/PKB signaling and induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in HNC cells. In summary, our study identifies HNRNPA2B1 as a putative oncogene in HNC that promotes Akt/PKB signaling via upregulation of RON∆165 isoform and promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition in head and neck cancer cells.
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16
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Bessa C, Matos P, Jordan P, Gonçalves V. Alternative Splicing: Expanding the Landscape of Cancer Biomarkers and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239032. [PMID: 33261131 PMCID: PMC7729450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a critical post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism used by more than 95% of transcribed human genes and responsible for structural transcript variation and proteome diversity. In the past decade, genome-wide transcriptome sequencing has revealed that AS is tightly regulated in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner, and also frequently dysregulated in multiple human cancer types. It is currently recognized that splicing defects, including genetic alterations in the spliced gene, altered expression of both core components or regulators of the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing machinery, or both, are major drivers of tumorigenesis. Hence, in this review we provide an overview of our current understanding of splicing alterations in cancer, and emphasize the need to further explore the cancer-specific splicing programs in order to obtain new insights in oncology. Furthermore, we also discuss the recent advances in the identification of dysregulated splicing signatures on a genome-wide scale and their potential use as biomarkers. Finally, we highlight the therapeutic opportunities arising from dysregulated splicing and summarize the current approaches to therapeutically target AS in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bessa
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (V.G.); Tel.: +351-217-519-380 (P.J.)
| | - Vânia Gonçalves
- Department of Human Genetics, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.M.)
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: (P.J.); (V.G.); Tel.: +351-217-519-380 (P.J.)
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17
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Ripken C, Khalturin K, Shoguchi E. Response of Coral Reef Dinoflagellates to Nanoplastics under Experimental Conditions Suggests Downregulation of Cellular Metabolism. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111759. [PMID: 33182359 PMCID: PMC7695302 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic products contribute heavily to anthropogenic pollution of the oceans. Small plastic particles in the microscale and nanoscale ranges have been found in all marine ecosystems, but little is known about their effects upon marine organisms. In this study, we examine changes in cell growth, aggregation, and gene expression of two symbiotic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae, Symbiodinium tridacnidorum (clade A3), and Cladocopium sp. (clade C) under exposure to 42-nm polystyrene beads. In laboratory experiments, the cell number and aggregation were reduced after 10 days of nanoplastic exposure at 0.01, 0.1, and 10 mg/L concentrations, but no clear correlation with plastic concentration was observed. Genes involved in dynein motor function were upregulated when compared to control conditions, while genes related to photosynthesis, mitosis, and intracellular degradation were downregulated. Overall, nanoplastic exposure led to more genes being downregulated than upregulated and the number of genes with altered expression was larger in Cladocopium sp. than in S. tridacnidorum, suggesting different sensitivity to nano-plastics between species. Our data show that nano-plastic inhibits growth and alters aggregation properties of microalgae, which may negatively affect the uptake of these indispensable symbionts by coral reef organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ripken
- Light-Matter Interactions for Quantum Technologies Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; (K.K.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantin Khalturin
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; (K.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eiichi Shoguchi
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan; (K.K.); (E.S.)
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18
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Baeza-Centurion P, Miñana B, Valcárcel J, Lehner B. Mutations primarily alter the inclusion of alternatively spliced exons. eLife 2020; 9:59959. [PMID: 33112234 PMCID: PMC7673789 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses and systematic mutagenesis have revealed that synonymous, non-synonymous and intronic mutations frequently alter the inclusion levels of alternatively spliced exons, consistent with the concept that altered splicing might be a common mechanism by which mutations cause disease. However, most exons expressed in any cell are highly-included in mature mRNAs. Here, by performing deep mutagenesis of highly-included exons and by analysing the association between genome sequence variation and exon inclusion across the transcriptome, we report that mutations only very rarely alter the inclusion of highly-included exons. This is true for both exonic and intronic mutations as well as for perturbations in trans. Therefore, mutations that affect splicing are not evenly distributed across primary transcripts but are focussed in and around alternatively spliced exons with intermediate inclusion levels. These results provide a resource for prioritising synonymous and other variants as disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Baeza-Centurion
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Miñana
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Valcárcel
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ben Lehner
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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19
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AMP-activated protein kinase regulates alternative pre-mRNA splicing by phosphorylation of SRSF1. Biochem J 2020; 477:2237-2248. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates cellular energy homeostasis by inhibiting anabolic processes and activating catabolic processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that metformin, which is an AMPK activator, modifies alternative precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. However, no direct substrate of AMPK for alternative pre-mRNA splicing has been reported. In the present study, we identified the splicing factor serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) as a novel AMPK substrate. AMPK directly phosphorylated SRSF1 at Ser133 in an RNA recognition motif. Ser133 phosphorylation suppressed the interaction between SRSF1 and specific RNA sequences without altering the subcellular localization of SRSF1. Moreover, AMPK regulated the SRSF1-mediated alternative pre-mRNA splicing of Ron, which is a macrophage-stimulating protein receptor, by suppressing its interaction with exon 12 of Ron pre-mRNA. The findings of this study revealed that the AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of SRSF1 at Ser133 inhibited the ability of SRSF1 to bind RNA and regulated alternative pre-mRNA splicing.
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20
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Sakai A, Ando M, Fukusumi T, Ren S, Liu C, Qualliotine J, Haft S, Sadat S, Saito Y, Guo TW, Xu G, Sasik R, Fisch KM, Gutkind JS, Fertig EJ, Molinolo AA, Califano JA. Aberrant expression of CPSF1 promotes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via regulating alternative splicing. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233380. [PMID: 32437477 PMCID: PMC7241804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative mRNA splicing increases protein diversity, and alternative splicing events (ASEs) drive oncogenesis in multiple tumor types. However, the driving alterations that underlie the broad dysregulation of ASEs are incompletely defined. Using head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as a model, we hypothesized that the genomic alteration of genes associated with the spliceosome may broadly induce ASEs across a broad range of target genes, driving an oncogenic phenotype. We identified 319 spliceosome genes and employed a discovery pipeline to identify 13 candidate spliceosome genes altered in HNSCC using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC data. Phenotypic screens identified amplified and overexpressed CPSF1 as a target gene alteration that was validated in proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis assays in cell line and xenograft systems as well as in primary HNSCC. We employed knockdown and overexpression assays followed by identification of ASEs regulated by CPSF1 overexpression to identify changes in ASEs, and the expression of these ASEs was validated using RNA from cell line models. Alterations in expression of spliceosome genes, including CPSF1, may contribute to HNSCC by mediating aberrant ASE expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sakai
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Mizuo Ando
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Takahito Fukusumi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Shuling Ren
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jesse Qualliotine
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Sunny Haft
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sayed Sadat
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Yuki Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Theresa W. Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guorong Xu
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Roman Sasik
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Elana J. Fertig
- Division of Oncology Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Alfredo A. Molinolo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Califano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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21
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RON receptor tyrosine kinase in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Pathogenic mechanism in malignancy and pharmaceutical target for therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188360. [PMID: 32234337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive cancers with poor prognosis and high mortality. Molecular aberrations associated with PDAC pathogenesis and progression have been extensively investigated. Nevertheless, these findings have not been translated into clinical practice. Lack of therapeutics for PDAC treatment is another challenge. Recent application of molecularly targeted and immunoregulatory therapies appears to be disappointing. Thus, discovery of new targets and therapeutics is urgently needed to combat this malignant disease. The RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a tumorigenic determinant in PDAC malignancy, which provides the rationale to target RON for PDAC treatment. In this review, we summarize the latest evidence of RON in PDAC pathogenesis and the development of anti-RON antibody-drug conjugates for potential PDAC therapy. The finding that anti-RON antibody-drug conjugates show efficacy in preclinical animal models highlights the potential of this novel class of anti-cancer biotherapeutics in future clinical trials.
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22
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Moon H, Jang HN, Liu Y, Choi N, Oh J, Ha J, Kim HH, Zheng X, Shen H. RRM but not the Asp/Glu domain of hnRNP C1/C2 is required for splicing regulation of Ron exon 11 pre-mRNA. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 31401978 PMCID: PMC6889891 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ron proto-oncogene is a human receptor for macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP). The exclusion of exon 11 in alternative splicing generates ΔRON protein that is constitutively activated. Heterogenous ribonucleaoprotein (hnRNP) C1/C2 is one of the most abundant proteins in cells. In this manuscript, we showed that both hnRNP C1 and C2 promoted exon 11 inclusion of Ron pre-mRNA and that hnRNP C1 and hnRNP C2 functioned independently but not cooperatively. Moreover, hnRNP C1 stimulated exon 11 splicing through intron 10 activation but not through intron 11 splicing. Furthermore, we showed that, whereas the RRM domain was required for hnRNP C1 function, the Asp/Glu domain was not. In conclusion, hnRNP C1/C2 promoted exon 11 splicing independently by stimulating intron 10 splicing through RRM but not through the Asp/Glu domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heegyum Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ha Na Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Yongchao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Namjeong Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Jagyeong Oh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ha
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Xuexiu Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Haihong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
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23
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Rahhal R, Seto E. Emerging roles of histone modifications and HDACs in RNA splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4911-4926. [PMID: 31162605 PMCID: PMC6547430 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications and RNA splicing, two seemingly unrelated gene regulatory processes, greatly increase proteome diversity and profoundly influence normal as well as pathological eukaryotic cellular functions. Like many histone modifying enzymes, histone deacetylases (HDACs) play critical roles in governing cellular behaviors and are indispensable in numerous biological processes. While the association between RNA splicing and histone modifications is beginning to be recognized, a lack of knowledge exists regarding the role of HDACs in splicing. Recent studies however, reveal that HDACs interact with spliceosomal and ribonucleoprotein complexes, actively control the acetylation states of splicing-associated histone marks and splicing factors, and thereby unexpectedly could modulate splicing. Here, we review the role of histone/protein modifications and HDACs in RNA splicing and discuss the convergence of two parallel fields, which supports the argument that HDACs, and perhaps most histone modifying enzymes, are much more versatile and far more complicated than their initially proposed functions. Analogously, an HDAC-RNA splicing connection suggests that splicing is regulated by additional upstream factors and pathways yet to be defined or not fully characterized. Some human diseases share common underlying causes of aberrant HDACs and dysregulated RNA splicing and, thus, further support the potential link between HDACs and RNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raneen Rahhal
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Edward Seto
- George Washington Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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24
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Human cytomegalovirus ie2 affects the migration of glioblastoma by mediating the different splicing patterns of RON through hnRNP A2B1. Neuroreport 2019; 30:805-811. [PMID: 31283707 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive intracranial tumor and diffuse migration is the leading cause of death. Recent evidence has indicated that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNP A2B1) is overexpressed in human glioblastoma tissue and enhances glioblastoma invasion in vitro. We found by mass spectrometry that hnRNP A2B1 interacts with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early 86 protein (IE86, ie2 gene-encoded) in malignant glioma cells (U87MG) infected with HCMV. However, the role of hnRNP A2 B1 in glioblastoma development remains poorly understood. Here, we report that hnRNP A2B1 is highly expressed in the HCMV·ie2 transgenic mice model. This phenomenon was confirmed in U87MG cell lines transfected with pEGFP-N3-ie2 plasmid. In addition, hnRNP A2B1 knockdown in U87MG cells inhibited tumor migration, and this effect might be mediated by hnRNP A2B1 through effects on splicing patterns of RON. Our data suggested that HCMV· ie2 promotes glioblastoma migration by regulating hnRNP A2B1 expression.
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25
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Sciarrillo R, Wojtuszkiewicz A, El Hassouni B, Funel N, Gandellini P, Lagerweij T, Buonamici S, Blijlevens M, Zeeuw van der Laan EA, Zaffaroni N, Deraco M, Kusamura S, Würdinger T, Peters GJ, Molthoff CFM, Jansen G, Kaspers GJL, Cloos J, Giovannetti E. Splicing modulation as novel therapeutic strategy against diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. EBioMedicine 2019; 39:215-225. [PMID: 30581150 PMCID: PMC6355829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic options for diffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM) are limited to surgery and locoregional chemotherapy. Despite improvements in survival rates, patients eventually succumb to disease progression. We investigated splicing deregulation both as molecular prognostic factor and potential novel target in DMPM, while we tested modulators of SF3b complex for antitumor activity. METHODS Tissue-microarrays of 64 DMPM specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical assessment of SF3B1 expression and correlation to clinical outcome. Two primary cell cultures were used for gene expression profiling and in vitro screening of SF3b modulators. Drug-induced splicing alterations affecting downstream cellular pathways were detected through RNA sequencing. Ultimately, we established bioluminescent orthotopic mouse models to test the efficacy of splicing modulation in vivo. RESULTS Spliceosomal genes are differentially upregulated in DMPM cells compared to normal tissues and high expression of SF3B1 correlated with poor clinical outcome in univariate and multivariate analysis. SF3b modulators (Pladienolide-B, E7107, Meayamycin-B) showed potent cytotoxic activity in vitro with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range. Differential splicing analysis of Pladienolide-B-treated cells revealed abundant alterations of transcripts involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and other oncogenic pathways. This was validated by RT-PCR and functional assays. E7107 demonstrated remarkable in vivo antitumor efficacy, with significant improvement of survival rates compared to vehicle-treated controls. CONCLUSIONS SF3B1 emerged as a novel potential prognostic factor in DMPM. Splicing modulators markedly impair cancer cell viability, resulting also in potent antitumor activity in vivo. Our data designate splicing as a promising therapeutic target in DMPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Sciarrillo
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Wojtuszkiewicz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Btissame El Hassouni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niccola Funel
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Italy; CNR-Nano, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Gandellini
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Tonny Lagerweij
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Buonamici
- H3 Biomedicine, Inc., 300 Technology Square, FL 5, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maxime Blijlevens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline A Zeeuw van der Laan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS - National Cancer Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marcello Deraco
- Peritoneal Malignancy Program, National Cancer Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Shigeki Kusamura
- Peritoneal Malignancy Program, National Cancer Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Tom Würdinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuro-Oncology Research Group, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla F M Molthoff
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-Up Unit, University of Pisa, Italy; CNR-Nano, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Braun S, Enculescu M, Setty ST, Cortés-López M, de Almeida BP, Sutandy FXR, Schulz L, Busch A, Seiler M, Ebersberger S, Barbosa-Morais NL, Legewie S, König J, Zarnack K. Decoding a cancer-relevant splicing decision in the RON proto-oncogene using high-throughput mutagenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3315. [PMID: 30120239 PMCID: PMC6098099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations causing aberrant splicing are frequently implicated in human diseases including cancer. Here, we establish a high-throughput screen of randomly mutated minigenes to decode the cis-regulatory landscape that determines alternative splicing of exon 11 in the proto-oncogene MST1R (RON). Mathematical modelling of splicing kinetics enables us to identify more than 1000 mutations affecting RON exon 11 skipping, which corresponds to the pathological isoform RON∆165. Importantly, the effects correlate with RON alternative splicing in cancer patients bearing the same mutations. Moreover, we highlight heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H (HNRNPH) as a key regulator of RON splicing in healthy tissues and cancer. Using iCLIP and synergy analysis, we pinpoint the functionally most relevant HNRNPH binding sites and demonstrate how cooperative HNRNPH binding facilitates a splicing switch of RON exon 11. Our results thereby offer insights into splicing regulation and the impact of mutations on alternative splicing in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Braun
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mihaela Enculescu
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Samarth T Setty
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Bernardo P de Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Laura Schulz
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anke Busch
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Seiler
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Nuno L Barbosa-Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Stefan Legewie
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Julian König
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Kathi Zarnack
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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27
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Urbanski L, Leclair N, Anczuków O. Alternative-splicing defects in cancer: Splicing regulators and their downstream targets, guiding the way to novel cancer therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2018; 9:e1476. [PMID: 29693319 PMCID: PMC6002934 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defects in alternative splicing are frequently found in human tumors and result either from mutations in splicing-regulatory elements of specific cancer genes or from changes in the regulatory splicing machinery. RNA splicing regulators have emerged as a new class of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors, and contribute to disease progression by modulating RNA isoforms involved in the hallmark cancer pathways. Thus, dysregulation of alternative RNA splicing is fundamental to cancer and provides a potentially rich source of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we review the alterations in splicing regulatory factors detected in human tumors, as well as the resulting alternatively spliced isoforms that impact cancer hallmarks, and discuss how they contribute to disease pathogenesis. RNA splicing is a highly regulated process and, as such, the regulators are themselves tightly regulated. Differential transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of splicing factors modulates their levels and activities in tumor cells. Furthermore, the composition of the tumor microenvironment can also influence which isoforms are expressed in a given cell type and impact drug responses. Finally, we summarize current efforts in targeting alternative splicing, including global splicing inhibition using small molecules blocking the spliceosome or splicing-factor-modifying enzymes, as well as splice-switching RNA-based therapeutics to modulate cancer-specific splicing isoforms. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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28
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Ling Y, Kuang Y, Chen LL, Lao WF, Zhu YR, Wang LQ, Wang D. A novel RON splice variant lacking exon 2 activates the PI3K/AKT pathway via PTEN phosphorylation in colorectal carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39101-39116. [PMID: 28388571 PMCID: PMC5503598 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of the Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON) receptor tyrosine kinase is accompanied by the generation of multiple splice or truncated variants, which mediate many critical cellular functions that contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we report a new RON splice variant in the human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line HT29. This variant is a 165 kda protein generated by alternative pre-mRNA splicing that eliminates exon 2, causing an in-frame deletion of 63 amino acids in the extracellular domain of the RON β chain. The deleted transcript was a single chain expressed in the intracellular compartment. Although it lacked tyrosine phosphorylation activity, the RONΔ165E2 variant could phosphorylate phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), thereby activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the RONΔ165E2 promoted cell migration and tumor growth. Finally, in an investigation of 67 clinical CRC samples, the variant was highly expressed in about 58% of the samples, and was positively correlated with the invasive depth of the tumor (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the novel RONΔ165E2 variant promoted tumor progression while activating the PI3K/AKT pathway via PTEN phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ling
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeye Kuang
- Biomedical Center, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Lin Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Lao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Ru Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Qi Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, People's Republic of China
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29
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Chakedis J, French R, Babicky M, Jaquish D, Mose E, Cheng P, Holman P, Howard H, Miyamoto J, Porras P, Walterscheid Z, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Esdar C, Schadt O, Eickhoff J, Lowy AM. Characterization of RON protein isoforms in pancreatic cancer: implications for biology and therapeutics. Oncotarget 2018; 7:45959-45975. [PMID: 27323855 PMCID: PMC5216774 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RON tyrosine kinase receptor is under investigation as a novel target in pancreatic cancer. While RON mutations are uncommon, RON isoforms are produced in cancer cells via a variety of mechanisms. In this study we sought to: 1) characterize RON isoform expression in pancreatic cancer, 2) investigate mechanisms that regulate isoform expression, and 3) determine how various isoforms effect gene expression, oncogenic phenotypes and responses to RON directed therapies. We quantified RON transcripts in human pancreatic cancer and found expression levels 2500 fold that of normal pancreas with RON isoform expression comprising nearly 50% of total transcript. RNA seq studies revealed that the short form (sfRON) and P5P6 isoforms which have ligand independent activity, induce markedly different patterns of gene expression than wild type RON. We found that transcription of RON isoforms is regulated by promoter hypermethylation as the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine decreased all RON transcripts in a subset of pancreatic cancer cell lines. The viability of sfRON-expressing HPDE cells was reduced by a RON specific small molecule inhibitor, while a therapeutic monoclonal antibody had no demonstrable effects. In summary, RON isoforms may comprise half of total RON transcript in human pancreatic cancer and their expression is regulated at least in part by promoter hypermethylation. RON isoforms activate distinct patterns of gene expression, have transforming activity and differential responses to RON directed therapies. These findings further our understanding of RON biology in pancreatic cancer and have implications for therapeutic strategies to target RON activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Chakedis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Randall French
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michele Babicky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Jaquish
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Evangeline Mose
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Holman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Haleigh Howard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jaclyn Miyamoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paula Porras
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zakk Walterscheid
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew M Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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30
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Han DH, Kang CM, Lee SW, Hwang HK, Lee WJ. A missing link between RON expression and oncological outcomes in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:4225-4230. [PMID: 28943931 PMCID: PMC5604100 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration and activation of recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) expression is known to be associated with cancer progression and decreased survival in various types of human cancer, including pancreatic cancer. Therefore, in the present study, RON expression levels were determined in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer to evaluate the potential oncological role of RON in the clinical setting of distal pancreatic cancer. From January 2005 to December 2011, a total of 57 patients underwent radical distal pancreatectomy for left-sided pancreatic cancer. Ductal adenocarcinoma was confirmed in all patients. Among these patients, 17 patients who received preoperative neoadjuvant treatment and 7 patients without available paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were excluded from the present study. RON expression in a the pancreatic cancer cell lines ASPC-1, BxPC-3, MiaPaCa-3 and Panc-1, as well as in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer specimens was determined by Western blot analysis. RON and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) overexpression in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry using pre-diluted anti-RON and anti-VEGF antibodies. An association was identified between the oncological outcome and RON overexpression. Increased levels of RON expression were observed in two pancreatic cancer cell lines, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3. RON overexpression was detected in specimens from 15/33 patients (45.5%) using immunohistochemistry. No significant association was identified between RON overexpression and VEGF overexpression (25.5 vs. 87.9%; P=0.667). No significant differences in disease-free survival or disease-specific survival associated with RON overexpression were identified. Although the results of previous studies have suggested that RON is a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, in the present study no association between RON overexpression and any adverse oncological effect was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hoon Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Moo Kang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Whan Lee
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Hwang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jung Lee
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Pancreaticobiliary Cancer Clinic, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
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31
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Yang SY, Nguyen TT, Ung TT, Jung YD. Role of Recepteur D'origine Nantais on Gastric Cancer Development and Progression. Chonnam Med J 2017; 53:178-186. [PMID: 29026705 PMCID: PMC5636756 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2017.53.3.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) is a receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the subfamily of which c-MET is the prototype. Large epidemiologic studies have confirmed the strong association between RON and gastric cancer development. Constitutive activation of RON signaling directly correlates with tumorigenic phenotypes of gastric cancer and a poor survival rate in advanced gastric cancer patients. In this review, we focus on recent evidence of the aberrant expression and activation of RON in gastric cancer tumors and provide insights into the mechanism of RON signaling associated with gastric cancer progression and metastasis. Current therapeutics against RON in gastric cancer are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yeul Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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32
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EMT and stemness: flexible processes tuned by alternative splicing in development and cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:8. [PMID: 28137272 PMCID: PMC5282733 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with metastasis formation as well as with generation and maintenance of cancer stem cells. In this way, EMT contributes to tumor invasion, heterogeneity and chemoresistance. Morphological and functional changes involved in these processes require robust reprogramming of gene expression, which is only partially accomplished at the transcriptional level. Alternative splicing is another essential layer of gene expression regulation that expands the cell proteome. This step in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression tightly controls cell identity between epithelial and mesenchymal states and during stem cell differentiation. Importantly, dysregulation of splicing factor function and cancer-specific splicing isoform expression frequently occurs in human tumors, suggesting the importance of alternative splicing regulation for cancer biology. In this review, we briefly discuss the role of EMT programs in development, stem cell differentiation and cancer progression. Next, we focus on selected examples of key factors involved in EMT and stem cell differentiation that are regulated post-transcriptionally through alternative splicing mechanisms. Lastly, we describe relevant oncogenic splice-variants that directly orchestrate cancer stem cell biology and tumor EMT, which may be envisioned as novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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33
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Moon H, Zheng X, Loh TJ, Jang HN, Liu Y, Jung DW, Williams DR, Shen H. Effects of PTCs on nonsense-mediated mRNA decay are dependent on PTC location. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1944-1948. [PMID: 28454348 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The récepteur d'origine nantais (RON) gene is a proto-oncogene that is responsible for encoding the human macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) 1 receptor. MSP activation induces RON-mediated cell dissociation, migration and matrix invasion. Isoforms of RON that exclude exons 5 and 6 encode the RONΔ160 protein, which promotes cell transformation in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. Premature termination codons (PTCs) in exons activate the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) signaling pathway. The present study demonstrated that PTCs at various locations in the alternative exons 5 and 6 could induce NMD of the majority of the spliced, or partially spliced, isoforms. However, the isoforms that excluded exon 6 or exons 5 and 6 were markedly increased when produced from mutated minigenes with inserted PTCs. Furthermore, the unspliced isoform of intron 5 was not observed to be decreased by the presence of PTCs. Notably, these effects may be dependent on the location of the PTCs. The current study demonstrated a novel mechanism underlying the regulation of NMD in alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heegyum Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuexiu Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tiing Jen Loh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Woon Jung
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Darren R Williams
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Haihong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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34
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Faham N, Welm AL. RON Signaling Is a Key Mediator of Tumor Progression in Many Human Cancers. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:177-188. [PMID: 28057847 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.031377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing body of literature covering RON receptor tyrosine kinase function in different types of human cancers, it is becoming clear that RON has prominent roles in both cancer cells and in the tumor-associated microenvironment. RON not only activates several oncogenic signaling pathways in cancer cells, leading to more aggressive behavior, but also promotes an immunosuppressive, alternatively activated phenotype in macrophages and limits the antitumor immune response. These two unique functions of this oncogene, the strong correlation between RON expression and poor outcomes in cancer, and the high tolerability of a new RON inhibitor make it an exciting therapeutic target, the blocking of which offers an advantage toward improving the survival of cancer patients. Here, we discuss recent findings on the role of RON signaling in cancer progression and its potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najme Faham
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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35
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Zarei O, Benvenuti S, Ustun-Alkan F, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Dastmalchi S. Strategies of targeting the extracellular domain of RON tyrosine kinase receptor for cancer therapy and drug delivery. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2429-2446. [PMID: 27503093 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer is one of the most important life-threatening diseases in the world. The current efforts to combat cancer are being focused on molecular-targeted therapies. The main purpose of such approaches is based on targeting cancer cell-specific molecules to minimize toxicity for the normal cells. RON (Recepteur d'Origine Nantais) tyrosine kinase receptor is one of the promising targets in cancer-targeted therapy and drug delivery. METHODS In this review, we will summarize the available agents against extracellular domain of RON with potential antitumor activities. RESULTS The presented antibodies and antibody drug conjugates against RON in this review showed wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities promising the hope for them entering the clinical trials. CONCLUSION Due to critical role of extracellular domain of RON in receptor activation, the development of therapeutic agents against this region could lead to fruitful outcome in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research Laboratory, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Fulya Ustun-Alkan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Greenbaum A, Rajput A, Wan G. RON kinase isoforms demonstrate variable cell motility in normal cells. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00153. [PMID: 27656686 PMCID: PMC5021793 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aberrant RON (Recepteur d'Origine Nantais) tyrosine kinase activation causes the epithelial cell to evade normal growth pathways, resulting in unregulated cell proliferation, increased cell motility and decreased apoptosis. Wildtype (wt) RON has been shown to play a role in metastasis of epithelial malignancies. It presents an important potential therapeutic target for colorectal, breast, gastric and pancreatic cancer. Little is known about functional differences amongst RON isoforms RON155, RON160 and RON165. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various RON kinase isoforms on cell motility. METHODS Cell lines with stable expression of wtRON were generated by inserting the coding region of RON in pTagRFP (tagged red fluorescence protein plasmid). The expression constructs of RON variants (RON155, RON160 and RON165) were generated by creating a mutagenesis-based wtRON-pTag RFP plasmid and stably transfected into HEK 293 cells. The wound closure scratch assay was used to investigate the effect on cell migratory capacity of wild type RON and its variants. RESULTS RON transfected cells demonstrated increased cell motility compared to HEK293 control cells. RON165 cell motility was significantly increased compared to RON160 (mean percentage of wound covered 37.37% vs. 32.40%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS RON tyrosine kinase isoforms have variable cell motility. This may reflect a difference in the behavior of malignant epithelial cells and their capacity for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Greenbaum
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC 10 5610, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ashwani Rajput
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, MSC 07 4025, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Guanghua Wan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, MSC 07 4025, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Chakedis J, French R, Babicky M, Jaquish D, Howard H, Mose E, Lam R, Holman P, Miyamoto J, Walterscheid Z, Lowy AM. A novel protein isoform of the RON tyrosine kinase receptor transforms human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. Oncogene 2016; 35:3249-59. [PMID: 26477314 PMCID: PMC4837108 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The MST1R gene is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer producing elevated levels of the RON tyrosine kinase receptor protein. While mutations in MST1R are rare, alternative splice variants have been previously reported in epithelial cancers. We report the discovery of a novel RON isoform discovered in human pancreatic cancer. Partial splicing of exons 5 and 6 (P5P6) produces a RON isoform that lacks the first extracellular immunoglobulin-plexin-transcription domain. The splice variant is detected in 73% of xenografts derived from pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients and 71% of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Peptides specific to RON P5P6 detected in human pancreatic cancer specimens by mass spectrometry confirm translation of the protein isoform. The P5P6 isoform is found to be constitutively phosphorylated, present in the cytoplasm, and it traffics to the plasma membrane. Expression of P5P6 in immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelial (HPDE) cells activates downstream AKT, and in human pancreatic epithelial nestin-expressing cells, activates both the AKT and MAPK pathways. Inhibiting RON P5P6 in HPDE cells using a small molecule inhibitor BMS-777607 blocked constitutive activation and decreased AKT signaling. P5P6 transforms NIH3T3 cells and induces tumorigenicity in HPDE cells. Resultant HPDE-P5P6 tumors develop a dense stromal compartment similar to that seen in pancreatic cancer. In summary, we have identified a novel and constitutively active isoform of the RON tyrosine kinase receptor that has transforming activity and is expressed in human pancreatic cancer. These findings provide additional insight into the biology of the RON receptor in pancreatic cancer and are clinically relevant to the study of RON as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chakedis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R French
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Babicky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Jaquish
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H Howard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E Mose
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Lam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - P Holman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Miyamoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Z Walterscheid
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A M Lowy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mereiter S, Magalhães A, Adamczyk B, Jin C, Almeida A, Drici L, Ibáñez-Vea M, Gomes C, Ferreira JA, Afonso LP, Santos LL, Larsen MR, Kolarich D, Karlsson NG, Reis CA. Glycomic analysis of gastric carcinoma cells discloses glycans as modulators of RON receptor tyrosine kinase activation in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:1795-808. [PMID: 26721331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminal α2-3 and α2-6 sialylation of glycans precludes further chain elongation, leading to the biosynthesis of cancer relevant epitopes such as sialyl-Lewis X (SLe(X)). SLe(X) overexpression is associated with tumor aggressive phenotype and patients' poor prognosis. METHODS MKN45 gastric carcinoma cells transfected with the sialyltransferase ST3GAL4 were established as a model overexpressing sialylated terminal glycans. We have evaluated at the structural level the glycome and the sialoproteome of this gastric cancer cell line applying liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. We further validated an identified target expression by proximity ligation assay in gastric tumors. RESULTS Our results showed that ST3GAL4 overexpression leads to several glycosylation alterations, including reduced O-glycan extension and decreased bisected and increased branched N-glycans. A shift from α2-6 towards α2-3 linked sialylated N-glycans was also observed. Sialoproteomic analysis further identified 47 proteins with significantly increased sialylated N-glycans. These included integrins, insulin receptor, carcinoembryonic antigens and RON receptor tyrosine kinase, which are proteins known to be key players in malignancy. Further analysis of RON confirmed its modification with SLe(X) and the concomitant activation. SLe(X) and RON co-expression was validated in gastric tumors. CONCLUSION The overexpression of ST3GAL4 interferes with the overall glycophenotype of cancer cells affecting a multitude of key proteins involved in malignancy. Aberrant glycosylation of the RON receptor was shown as an alternative mechanism of oncogenic activation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides novel targets and points to an integrative tumor glycomic/proteomic-profiling for gastric cancer patients' stratification. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mereiter
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto - IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar - ICBAS, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto - IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Barbara Adamczyk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreia Almeida
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lylia Drici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Ibáñez-Vea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Catarina Gomes
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto - IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - José A Ferreira
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto - IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal; Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis P Afonso
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio L Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Portugal
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto - IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar - ICBAS, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Moon H, Zheng X, Loh TJ, Jang HN, Liu Y, Jung DW, Williams DR, Shen H. Identification of Regulatory-RNAs for Alternative Splicing of Ron Proto-Oncogene. J Cancer 2015; 6:1346-51. [PMID: 26640595 PMCID: PMC4643091 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a proto-oncogene that induces cell migration and matrix invasion. RONΔ160 protein, which is produced by exclusion of exon 5 and 6, promotes cell migration, matrix invasion and protection from apoptosis. Alternative splicing regulation of exon 5 and 6 is not well understood. In this manuscript, we identified several new RNA regulatory elements for alternative splicing of Ron proto-oncogene. Firstly, we demonstrated that RNA sequences from EcoRI cleavage sites regulate alternative splicing of Ron exon 5 and 6. Secondly, we showed that the ~30 nt RNA at upstream end of exon 4 and the ~33 nt RNA at downstream end of exon 7 also modulate splicing of exon 5 and 6. Thirdly, our results indicate that the RNA sequences of the ends in exon 4 and 7 are required for the regulatory functions of the RNA from restriction enzyme cleavage sites. Our results provide a new insight for regulation of alternative splicing of Ron proto-oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heegyum Moon
- 1These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Xuexiu Zheng
- 1These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Tiing Jen Loh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Ha Na Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Yongchao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Da-Woon Jung
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Darren R Williams
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Haihong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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Krishnaswamy S, Mohammed AK, Amer OE, Tripathi G, Alokail MS, Al-Daghri NM. Recepteur d'Origine nantais (RON) tyrosine kinase splicing variants lacking exons 18 and 19 occur ubiquitously in lung cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20778-20786. [PMID: 26885001 PMCID: PMC4723846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant expression of RON, a MET family receptor tyrosine kinase, has been correlated to tumor growth and metastasis. Intense research efforts are on to target RON using small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors or specific antibodies. However, progress towards specific targeting of RON is hampered by a lack of understanding of the nature and number of isoforms of RON expressed by tumors. We hypothesize that formation of different isoforms via alternative splicing may be fundamental to the tumor promoting functions associated with aberrantly expressed RON in cancers. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the transcript sequence variations caused by alternative splicing in the C-terminal region of RON cDNA by PCR amplification and sequencing of five small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and seven non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. RESULTS Results revealed the presence of two alternatively spliced variants, each caused by unique exon(s) deletion: a previously known transcript variant lacking exon 19 and a novel one lacking exons 18+19. The two alternatively spliced variants together with the wild-type transcript were detected in each of the 12 lung cancer cell lines analyzed. Combined loss of exons 18+19 results in an in-frame deletion of 303 nucleotides corresponding to 101 amino acids of the tyrosine kinase domain. Translation products of transcript variants lacking exons 18 and 19 are expected to dominant negatively inhibit ligand stimulated RON signaling. CONCLUSIONS The ubiquitous presence of alternatively spliced transcripts and their translation products may affect quantitative expression analysis, either by immunological or PCR methods, by interfering with estimation of normal RON, leading to exaggerated values. Besides, RON isoforms with dominant negative activities may interfere with siRNA based functional analysis of wild-type RON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Krishnaswamy
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Khader Mohammed
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama E Amer
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Research, University of WarwickCoventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Department of Riyadh Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University 11451Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Splicing Regulation: A Molecular Device to Enhance Cancer Cell Adaptation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:543067. [PMID: 26273627 PMCID: PMC4529921 DOI: 10.1155/2015/543067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) represents a major resource for eukaryotic cells to expand the coding potential of their genomes and to finely regulate gene expression in response to both intra- and extracellular cues. Cancer cells exploit the flexible nature of the mechanisms controlling AS in order to increase the functional diversity of their proteome. By altering the balance of splice isoforms encoded by human genes or by promoting the expression of aberrant oncogenic splice variants, cancer cells enhance their ability to adapt to the adverse growth conditions of the tumoral microenvironment. Herein, we will review the most relevant cancer-related splicing events and the underlying regulatory mechanisms allowing tumour cells to rapidly adapt to the harsh conditions they may face during the occurrence and development of cancer.
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MAYER SEBASTIAN, HIRSCHFELD MARC, JAEGER MARKUS, PIES SUSANNE, IBORRA SEVERINE, ERBES THALIA, STICKELER ELMAR. RON alternative splicing regulation in primary ovarian cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:423-30. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Nishida A, Minegishi M, Takeuchi A, Niba ETE, Awano H, Lee T, Iijima K, Takeshima Y, Matsuo M. Tissue- and case-specific retention of intron 40 in mature dystrophin mRNA. J Hum Genet 2015; 60:327-33. [PMID: 25833469 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The dystrophin gene, which is mutated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), comprises 79 exons that show multiple alternative splicing events. Intron retention, a type of alternative splicing, may control gene expression. We examined intron retention in dystrophin introns by reverse-transcription PCR from skeletal muscle, focusing on the nine shortest (all <1000 bp), because these are more likely to be retained. Only one, intron 40, was retained in mRNA; sequencing revealed insertion of a complete intron 40 (851 nt) between exons 40 and 41. The intron 40 retention product accounted for 1.2% of the total product but had a premature stop codon at the fifth intronic codon. Intron 40 retention was most strongly observed in the kidney (36.6%) and was not obtained from the fetal liver, lung, spleen or placenta. This indicated that intron retention is a tissue-specific event whose level varies among tissues. In two DMD patients, intron 40 retention was observed in one patient but not in the other. Examination of splicing regulatory factors revealed that intron 40 had the highest guanine-cytosine content of all examined introns in a 30-nt segment at its 3' end. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological role of intron 40-retained dystrophin mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobegakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Maki Minegishi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsuko Takeuchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Emma Tabe Eko Niba
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobegakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Awano
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoko Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobegakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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Cieply B, Carstens RP. Functional roles of alternative splicing factors in human disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2015; 6:311-26. [PMID: 25630614 PMCID: PMC4671264 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mechanism used to generate greater transcriptomic and proteomic diversity from a finite genome. Nearly all human gene transcripts are alternatively spliced and can produce protein isoforms with divergent and even antagonistic properties that impact cell functions. Many AS events are tightly regulated in a cell-type or tissue-specific manner, and at different developmental stages. AS is regulated by RNA-binding proteins, including cell- or tissue-specific splicing factors. In the past few years, technological advances have defined genome-wide programs of AS regulated by increasing numbers of splicing factors. These splicing regulatory networks (SRNs) consist of transcripts that encode proteins that function in coordinated and related processes that impact the development and phenotypes of different cell types. As such, it is increasingly recognized that disruption of normal programs of splicing regulated by different splicing factors can lead to human diseases. We will summarize examples of diseases in which altered expression or function of splicing regulatory proteins has been implicated in human disease pathophysiology. As the role of AS continues to be unveiled in human disease and disease risk, it is hoped that further investigations into the functions of numerous splicing factors and their regulated targets will enable the development of novel therapies that are directed at specific AS events as well as the biological pathways they impact. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:311–326. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1276 For further resources related to this article, please visit the http://wires.wiley.com/remdoi.cgi?doi=10.1002/wrna.1276WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cieply
- Departments of Medicine (Renal) and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Park M, Lee BS, Jeon SH, Nam HJ, Lee G, Kim CH, Cho H, Lee JH. A novel isoform of met receptor tyrosine kinase blocks hepatocyte growth factor/Met signaling and stimulates skeletal muscle cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1804-17. [PMID: 25471370 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.596957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, Met, regulate skeletal muscle differentiation. In the present study, we identified a novel alternatively spliced isoform of Met lacking exon 13 (designated Δ13Met), which is expressed mainly in human skeletal muscle. Alternative splicing yielded a truncated Met having extracellular domain only, suggesting an inhibitory role. Indeed, Δ13Met expression led to a decrease in HGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Met and ERK phosphorylation, as well as cell proliferation and migration via sequestration of HGF. Interestingly, in human primary myoblasts undergoing differentiation, Δ13Met mRNA and protein levels were rapidly increased, concomitantly with a decrease in wild type Met mRNA and protein. Inhibition of Δ13Met with siRNA led to a decreased differentiation, whereas its overexpression potentiated differentiation of human primary myoblasts. Furthermore, in notexin-induced mouse injury model, exogenous Δ13Met expression enhanced regeneration of skeletal muscle, further confirming a stimulatory role of the isoform in muscle cell differentiation. In summary, we identified a novel alternatively spliced inhibitory isoform of Met that stimulates muscle cell differentiation, which confers a new means to control muscle differentiation and/or regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseon Park
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | - Soung-Hoo Jeon
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Hyun-Ja Nam
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Gwang Lee
- Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-721, Korea
| | | | - Hyeseong Cho
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
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Genome-wide identification and analysis of basic helix-loop-helix domains in dog, Canis lupus familiaris. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:633-48. [PMID: 25403511 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain is a highly conserved amino acid motif that defines a group of DNA-binding transcription factors. bHLH proteins play essential regulatory roles in a variety of biological processes in animal, plant, and fungus. The domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris, is a good model organism for genetic, physiological, and behavioral studies. In this study, we identified 115 putative bHLH genes in the dog genome. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, 51, 26, 14, 4, 12, and 4 dog bHLH genes were assigned to six separate groups (A-F); four bHLH genes were categorized as ''orphans''. Within-group evolutionary relationships inferred from the phylogenetic analysis were consistent with positional conservation, other conserved domains flanking the bHLH motif, and highly conserved intron/exon patterns in other vertebrates. Our analytical results confirmed the GenBank annotations of 89 dog bHLH proteins and provided information that could be used to update the annotations of the remaining 26 dog bHLH proteins. These data will provide good references for further studies on the structures and regulatory functions of bHLH proteins in the growth and development of dogs, which may help in understanding the mechanisms that underlie the physical and behavioral differences between dogs and wolves.
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Moon H, Cho S, Loh TJ, Oh HK, Jang HN, Zhou J, Kwon YS, Liao DJ, Jun Y, Eom S, Ghigna C, Biamonti G, Green MR, Zheng X, Shen H. SRSF2 promotes splicing and transcription of exon 11 included isoform in Ron proto-oncogene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:1132-40. [PMID: 25220236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The product of proto-oncogene Ron is a human receptor for the macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP). Upon activation, Ron is able to induce cell dissociation, migration and matrix invasion. Exon 11 skipping of Ron pre-mRNA produces Ron△165 protein that is constitutively active even in the absence of its ligand. Here we show that knockdown of SRSF2 promotes the decrease of exon 11 inclusion, whereas overexpression of SRSF2 promotes exon 11 inclusion. We demonstrate that SRSF2 promotes exon 11 inclusion through splicing and transcription procedure. We also present evidence that reduced expression of SRSF2 induces a decrease in the splicing of both introns 10 and 11; by contrast, overexpression of SRSF2 induces an increase in the splicing of introns 10 and 11. Through mutation analysis, we show that SRSF2 functionally targets and physically interacts with CGAG sequence on exon 11. In addition, we reveal that the weak strength of splice sites of exon 11 is not required for the function of SRSF2 on the splicing of Ron exon 11. Our results indicate that SRSF2 promotes exon 11 inclusion of Ron proto-oncogene through targeting exon 11. Our study provides a novel mechanism by which Ron is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heegyum Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghee Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Tiing Jen Loh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Oh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- JiangSu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Young-Soo Kwon
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Youngsoo Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Eom
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Claudia Ghigna
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biamonti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael R Green
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xuexiu Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Haihong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Chao KL, Gorlatova NV, Eisenstein E, Herzberg O. Structural basis for the binding specificity of human Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON) receptor tyrosine kinase to macrophage-stimulating protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29948-60. [PMID: 25193665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand, serum macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), play important roles in inflammation, cell growth, migration, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition during tumor development. The binding of mature MSPαβ (disulfide-linked α- and β-chains) to RON ectodomain modulates receptor dimerization, followed by autophosphorylation of tyrosines in the cytoplasmic receptor kinase domains. Receptor recognition is mediated by binding of MSP β-chain (MSPβ) to the RON Sema. Here we report the structure of RON Sema-PSI-IPT1 (SPI1) domains in complex with MSPβ at 3.0 Å resolution. The MSPβ serine protease-like β-barrel uses the degenerate serine protease active site to recognize blades 2, 3, and 4 of the β-propeller fold of RON Sema. Despite the sequence homology between RON and MET receptor tyrosine kinase and between MSP and hepatocyte growth factor, it is well established that there is no cross-reactivity between the two receptor-ligand systems. Comparison of the structure of RON SPI1 in complex with MSPβ and that of MET receptor tyrosine kinase Sema-PSI in complex with hepatocyte growth factor β-chain reveals the receptor-ligand selectivity determinants. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies of the SPI1-MSPβ interaction confirm the formation of a 1:1 complex. SPI1 and MSPαβ also associate primarily as a 1:1 complex with a binding affinity similar to that of SPI1-MSPβ. In addition, the SPI1-MSPαβ ultracentrifuge studies reveal a low abundance 2:2 complex with ∼ 10-fold lower binding affinity compared with the 1:1 species. These results support the hypothesis that the α-chain of MSPαβ mediates RON dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinlin L Chao
- From the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and
| | - Natalia V Gorlatova
- From the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and
| | - Edward Eisenstein
- From the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and the Fischell Department of Bioengineering and
| | - Osnat Herzberg
- From the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850 and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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49
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Wang X, Yennawar N, Hankey PA. Autoinhibition of the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase by the juxtamembrane domain. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:28. [PMID: 24739671 PMCID: PMC4021555 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) has been implicated in the progression of a number of carcinomas, thus understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing its activity is of potential therapeutic significance. A critical role for the juxtamembrane domain in regulating RTK activity is emerging, however the mechanism by which this regulation occurs varies considerably from receptor to receptor. Results Unlike other RTKs described to date, tyrosines in the juxtamembrane domain of Ron are inconsequential for receptor activation. Rather, we have identified an acidic region in the juxtamembrane domain of Ron that plays a central role in promoting receptor autoinhibition. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that phosphorylation of Y1198 in the kinase domain promotes Ron activation, likely by relieving the inhibitory constraints imposed by the juxtamembrane domain. Conclusions Taken together, our experimental data and molecular modeling provide a better understanding of the mechanisms governing Ron activation, which will lay the groundwork for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for targeting Ron in human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pamela A Hankey
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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50
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Convertini P, Shen M, Potter PM, Palacios G, Lagisetti C, de la Grange P, Horbinski C, Fondufe-Mittendorf YN, Webb TR, Stamm S. Sudemycin E influences alternative splicing and changes chromatin modifications. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4947-61. [PMID: 24623796 PMCID: PMC4005683 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudemycin E is an analog of the pre-messenger RNA splicing modulator FR901464 and its derivative spliceostatin A. Sudemycin E causes the death of cancer cells through an unknown mechanism. We found that similar to spliceostatin A, sudemycin E binds to the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) component SF3B1. Native chromatin immunoprecipitations showed that U2 snRNPs physically interact with nucleosomes. Sudemycin E induces a dissociation of the U2 snRNPs and decreases their interaction with nucleosomes. To determine the effect on gene expression, we performed genome-wide array analysis. Sudemycin E first causes a rapid change in alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing, which is later followed by changes in overall gene expression and arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The changes in alternative exon usage correlate with a loss of the H3K36me3 modification in chromatin encoding these exons. We propose that sudemycin E interferes with the ability of U2 snRNP to maintain an H3K36me3 modification in actively transcribed genes. Thus, in addition to the reversible changes in alternative splicing, sudemycin E causes changes in chromatin modifications that result in chromatin condensation, which is a likely contributing factor to cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Convertini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 South Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA and GenoSplice Technology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Av Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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