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Lupia T, Corcione S, Staffilano E, Bosio R, Curtoni A, Busca A, De Rosa FG. Disseminated Enterovirus Infection in a Patient Affected by Follicular Lymphoma Treated with Obinutuzumab: A Case Report and a Narrative Review of the Literature. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:495. [PMID: 38541221 PMCID: PMC10972032 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60030495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: the principal purpose of this literature review is to cluster adults with hematological malignancies after treatment or on maintenance with obinutuzumab who experienced disseminated EV infection to understand clinical characteristics and outcome of this rare condition in these patients. We report the first clinical case of a male affected by follicular lymphoma treated with immune-chemotherapy including obinutuzumab who was affected by disseminated EV infection with cardiovascular involvement. Materials and Methods: this narrative review summarizes all the research about disseminated EV infection in immunosuppressed adult patients treated with obinutuzumab from January 2000 to January 2024 using the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) flow-chart. We performed a descriptive statistic using the standard statistical measures for quantitative data. Results: we included six studies, five case reports, and one case report with literature analysis. We collected a total of seven patients, all female, with disseminated EV infection. The most common signs and clinical presentations of EV infection were fever and encephalitis symptoms (N = 6, 85.7%), followed by hepatitis/acute liver failure (N = 5, 71.4%). Conclusions: onco-hematological patients who receive immune-chemotherapy with a combination of treatments which depress adaptative immunity, which includes the antiCD20 obinutuzumab, could be at higher risk of disseminated EV infection, including CNS and cardiac involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lupia
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, AOU City of Health and Sciences, 10100 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.D.R.)
| | - Silvia Corcione
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, AOU City of Health and Sciences, 10100 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.D.R.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Elena Staffilano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Roberta Bosio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Antonio Curtoni
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, AOU City of Health and Sciences, 10100 Turin, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Busca
- Department of Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant Center, Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hospital, 10100 Turin, Italy;
| | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, AOU City of Health and Sciences, 10100 Turin, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.D.R.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.S.); (R.B.)
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Janse van Rensburg M, Mans J, Mafuyeka RT, Strydom KA, Myburgh M, van Zyl WB. Diversity of enteroviruses in cerebrospinal fluid specimens collected from hospitalised patients in the private and public sector in South Africa. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29514. [PMID: 38488486 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses cause a wide range of neurological illnesses such as encephalitis, meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Two types of enteroviruses, echovirus E4 and E9, have recently been detected in South Africa and are known to be associated with meningitis and encephalitis. The objective of this study was to characterize enterovirus strains detected in cerebrospinal fluid specimens of hospitalized patients in the private and public sector to identify genotypes associated with meningitis and encephalitis. From January 2019 to June 2021 enterovirus positive nucleic acid samples were obtained from a private (n = 116) and a public sector (n = 101) laboratory. These enteroviruses were typed using a nested set of primers targeting the VP1 region of the enterovirus genome, followed by Sanger sequencing and BLASTn analysis. Forty-two percent (91/217) of the strains could be genotyped. Enterovirus B species was the major species detected in 95% (86/91) of the specimens, followed by species C in 3% (3/91) and species A in 2% (2/91) of the specimens. Echovirus E4 and E9 were the two major types identified in this study and were detected in 70% (64/91) and in 10% (9/91) of specimens, respectively. Echovirus E11 has previously been identified in sewage samples from South Africa, but this study is the first to report Echovirus E11 in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from South African patients. The genotypes identified during this study are known to be associated with encephalitis and meningitis. The predominant detection of echovirus E4 followed by E9 corresponds with other studies conducted in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet Mans
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rendani T Mafuyeka
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Walda B van Zyl
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division, Pretoria, South Africa
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Mejías-Molina C, Pico-Tomàs A, Martínez-Puchol S, Itarte M, Torrell H, Canela N, Borrego CM, Corominas L, Rusiñol M, Bofill-Mas S. Wastewater-based epidemiology applied at the building-level reveals distinct virome profiles based on the age of the contributing individuals. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:10. [PMID: 38303015 PMCID: PMC10832175 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human viruses released into the environment can be detected and characterized in wastewater. The study of wastewater virome offers a consolidated perspective on the circulation of viruses within a population. Because the occurrence and severity of viral infections can vary across a person's lifetime, studying the virome in wastewater samples contributed by various demographic segments can provide valuable insights into the prevalence of viral infections within these segments. In our study, targeted enrichment sequencing was employed to characterize the human virome in wastewater at a building-level scale. This was accomplished through passive sampling of wastewater in schools, university settings, and nursing homes in two cities in Catalonia. Additionally, sewage from a large urban wastewater treatment plant was analysed to serve as a reference for examining the collective excreted human virome. RESULTS The virome obtained from influent wastewater treatment plant samples showcased the combined viral presence from individuals of varying ages, with astroviruses and human bocaviruses being the most prevalent, followed by human adenoviruses, polyomaviruses, and papillomaviruses. Significant variations in the viral profiles were observed among the different types of buildings studied. Mamastrovirus 1 was predominant in school samples, salivirus and human polyomaviruses JC and BK in the university settings while nursing homes showed a more balanced distribution of viral families presenting papillomavirus and picornaviruses and, interestingly, some viruses linked to immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the utility of building-level wastewater-based epidemiology as an effective tool for monitoring the presence of viruses circulating within specific age groups. It provides valuable insights for public health monitoring and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mejías-Molina
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- The Water Research Institute (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | | | - Sandra Martínez-Puchol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Itarte
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- The Water Research Institute (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helena Torrell
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira I Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Canela
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit Universitat Rovira I Virgili-EURECAT, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS), Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles M Borrego
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
- Group of Molecular Microbial Ecology, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Marta Rusiñol
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- The Water Research Institute (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bofill-Mas
- Laboratory of Viruses Contaminants of Water and Food, Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- The Water Research Institute (IdRA), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Yogarajah T, Chu JJH. Construction of Infectious Clones for Human Enteroviruses. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2733:155-174. [PMID: 38064032 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3533-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The infectious clone has been constructed for years via various mechanisms using reverse genetics of viral RNA into cDNA. The mechanism of construction has evolved to DNA-launch plasmids which simplify infectious clone manipulation and expression in mammalian cells. Infectious clones have enormously allowed manipulation of the enterovirus genome to discover antivirals, viral replication mechanisms, and functions of essential viral proteins. Here we will be discussing methods for the production of DNA-launch human enterovirus infectious clones and viral genome engineered with a fluorescent reporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinesshwary Yogarajah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
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Ibrahim YM, Zhang W, Wang X, Werid GM, Fu L, Yu H, Wang Y. Molecular characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of enterovirus G isolated from diarrheic piglets. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0264323. [PMID: 37830808 PMCID: PMC10715025 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02643-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enterovirus G is a species of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several mammalian diseases. The porcine enterovirus strains isolated here were chimeric viruses with the PLCP gene of porcine torovirus, which grouped together with global EV-G1 strains. The isolated EV-G strain could infect various cell types from different species, suggesting its potential cross-species infection risk. Animal experiment showed the pathogenic ability of the isolated EV-G to piglets. Additionally, the EV-Gs were widely distributed in the swine herds. Our findings suggest that EV-G may have evolved a novel mechanism for broad tropism, which has important implications for disease control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassein M. Ibrahim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinrong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gebremeskel Mamu Werid
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lizhi Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
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Haapakoski M, Emelianov A, Reshamwala D, Laajala M, Tienaho J, Kilpeläinen P, Liimatainen J, Jyske T, Pettersson M, Marjomäki V. Antiviral functionalization of cellulose using tannic acid and tannin-rich extracts. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1287167. [PMID: 38125579 PMCID: PMC10731304 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1287167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to seasonally appearing viruses and several outbreaks and present pandemic, we are surrounded by viruses in our everyday life. In order to reduce viral transmission, functionalized surfaces that inactivate viruses are in large demand. Here the endeavor was to functionalize cellulose-based materials with tannic acid (TA) and tannin-rich extracts by using different binding polymers to prevent viral infectivity of both non-enveloped coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and enveloped human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43). Direct antiviral efficacy of TA and spruce bark extract in solution was measured: EC50 for CVB3 was 0.12 and 8.41 μg/ml and for HCoV-OC43, 78.16 and 95.49 μg/ml, respectively. TA also led to an excellent 5.8- to 7-log reduction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus infectivity. TA functionalized materials reduced infectivity already after 5-min treatment at room temperature. All the tested methods to bind TA showed efficacy on paperboard with 0.1 to 1% (w/v) TA concentrations against CVB3 whereas material hydrophobicity decreased activities. Specific signatures for TA and HCoV-OC43 were discovered by Raman spectroscopy and showed clear co-localization on the material. qPCR study suggested efficient binding of CVB3 to the TA functionalized cellulose whereas HCoV-OC43 was flushed out from the surfaces more readily. In conclusion, the produced TA-materials showed efficient and broadly acting antiviral efficacy. Additionally, the co-localization of TA and HCoV-OC43 and strong binding of CVB3 to the functionalized cellulose demonstrates an interaction with the surfaces. The produced antiviral surfaces thus show promise for future use to increase biosafety and biosecurity by reducing pathogen persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Haapakoski
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Aleksei Emelianov
- Department of Chemistry/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jenni Tienaho
- Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Kilpeläinen
- Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Liimatainen
- Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Jyske
- Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Yoo B, Kim MG, Min AY, Seo DW, Kim SH, Kim SH. Optimization of RT-PCR methods for enterovirus detection in groundwater. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23028. [PMID: 38149210 PMCID: PMC10750030 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), which belong to the Picornaviridae family, infect individuals asymptomatically or cause mild symptoms (fever, runny nose, cough, skin rash, sneezing, mouth blister). Severe cases can cause various diseases, such as acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis, or myocarditis, especially in infants. These viruses can be transmitted via the fecal-oral route via contaminated water. In this study, we established a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for detecting EVs in water sample using Coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5) and Echovirus 30 (E-30), which belong to species B of the four species of EVs (EV-A to D). Several methods have been investigated and compared for the detection of EVs, including real-time reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction and conventional RT-PCR. The most sensitive primer sets were selected, and the PCR conditions were modified to increase sensitivity. We also quantified the detection limits of real-time and conventional RT-PCR. The detection limits of conventional RT-PCR were detected in 105-106 copy/mL for CV-B5 and 106-107 copy/mL for E-30, respectively. This optimized method for detecting EVs is expected to contribute substantially to the investigation of EV outbreaks in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boeun Yoo
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Gyeong Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Min
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Won Seo
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Han Kim
- Food Microbiology Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong 2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
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Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Khelifi N, Hassen A. Detection of Enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Tunisian Wastewater. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:224-235. [PMID: 37140767 PMCID: PMC10157586 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the circulation of enteric viruses in environmental wastewater is a valuable tool for preventing the emergence of waterborne and food-borne diseases in humans. The detection of viruses was performed in five Tunisian wastewater treatment plants, three located in the Grand Tunis City (WWTP 1, WWTP 2, WWTP 3) and two in the Sahel of Tunisia (WWTP 4, WWTP 4), known as very developed and crowded zones, to assess the effectiveness of three biological wastewater treatment procedures namely natural oxidizing lagoons, rotating biodisks procedure, activated sludge procedure, and one tertiary sewage treatment using UV-C254 reactor for this enteric viruses' removal. Thus, 242 sewage samples were collected between June 2019 and May 2020 from different lines of wastewater treatment procedures implemented in the five wastewater treatment plants investigated. SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed using real-time multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (multiplex real-time RT-PCR) and enteroviruses using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The enteroviruses detection showed 93% and 73% respective high frequencies only in the two WWTPs of the Grand Tunis (WWTP 1 and WWTP 2). SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 58% of the all wastewater samples collected from the five studied WWTPs with a respective dominance of N gene (47%), S gene (42%), RdRp gene (42%) and at last E gene (20%). These enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 detection were revealed in all steps of the wastewater treatment procedures, so poor virological quality is found at the exit of each biological and tertiary step of treatment investigated. For the first time in Tunisia, these results highlighted the enterovirus and SARS-CoV-2 detection with high rates, and the ineffectiveness of the biological and UV-C254 treatment implemented to remove these viruses. The preliminary results of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Tunisian wastewater confirmed the wide positivity rate underlined by other works worldwide and allowed showing a move towards integrating wastewater as a way for this virus to spread in different areas and environments. So, this last result about SARS-CoV-2 circulation allowed us to caution about the strong probability of diffusion of this hazardous virus through water and sewage; despite its enveloped character and nature, as a labile and sensitive virus in these environments. Thus, establishing a national surveillance strategy is needed to improve the sanitary quality of treated wastewater and prevent public health problems related to these viruses in treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chourouk Ibrahim
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020 Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Microbiology Laboratory, Beja University Hospital, Beja, Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- National School of Veterinary Medicine at Sidi Thabet, IRESA, University of Manouba, 2020 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nesserine Khelifi
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020 Tunis, Tunisia
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Guo S, Xun M, Fan T, Li X, Yao H, Li X, Wu B, Yang H, Ma C, Wang H. Construction of coxsackievirus B5 viruses with luciferase reporters and their applications in vitro and in vivo. Virol Sin 2023; 38:549-558. [PMID: 37244518 PMCID: PMC10436053 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus belongs to the Picornaviridae family and is one of the major pathogens that cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and children with potential serious complications and even deaths. The pathogenesis of this virus is not fully elucidated and no vaccine or antiviral drug has been approved. In this study, a full-length infectious cDNA clone of coxsackievirus B5 virus was assembled and the recombinant virus displayed similar growth kinetics and ability to cause cytopathic effects as the parental virus. Luciferase reporter was then incorporated to generate both full-length and subgenomic replicon (SGR) reporter viruses. The full-length reporter virus is suitable for high-throughput antiviral screening, while the SGR is a useful tool to study viral-host interactions. More importantly, the full-length reporter virus has also been shown to infect the suckling mouse model and the reporter gene could be detected using an in vivo imaging system, thus providing a powerful tool to track viruses in vivo. In summary, we have generated coxsackievirus B5 reporter viruses and provided unique tools for studying virus-host interactions in vitro and in vivo as well as for high-throughput screenings (HTS) to identify novel antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangrui Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Meng Xun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Tingting Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Haoyan Yao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chaofeng Ma
- Department of Viral Diseases Laboratory, Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Tomatis Souverbielle C, Erdem G, Sánchez PJ. Update on nonpolio enterovirus and parechovirus infections in neonates and young infants. Curr Opin Pediatr 2023; 35:380-389. [PMID: 36876331 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies of nonpolio enterovirus and parechovirus (PeV) infections, and identify research gaps. RECENT FINDINGS There is currently no approved antiviral agent for enterovirus or PeV infections, although pocapavir may be provided on a compassionate basis. Elucidation of the structure and functional features of enterovirus and PeV may lead to novel therapeutic strategies, including vaccine development. SUMMARY Nonpolio human enterovirus and PeV are common childhood infections that are most severe among neonates and young infants. Although most infections are asymptomatic, severe disease resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality occurs worldwide and has been associated with local outbreaks. Long-term sequelae are not well understood but have been reported following neonatal infection of the central nervous system. The lack of antiviral treatment and effective vaccines highlight important knowledge gaps. Active surveillance ultimately may inform preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guliz Erdem
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases
| | - Pablo J Sánchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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11
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Zarenezhad E, Abdulabbas HT, Kareem AS, Kouhpayeh SA, Barbaresi S, Najafipour S, Mazarzaei A, Sotoudeh M, Ghasemian A. Protective role of flavonoids quercetin and silymarin in the viral-associated inflammatory bowel disease: an updated review. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:252. [PMID: 37249707 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). IBD patients are susceptible to various infections such as viral infections due to the long-term consumption of immunosuppressive drugs and biologics. The antiviral and IBD protective traits of flavonoids have not been entirely investigated. This study objective included an overview of the protective role of flavonoids quercetin and silymarin in viral-associated IBD. Several viral agents such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and enteric viruses can be reactivated and thus develop or exacerbate the IBD conditions or eventually facilitate the disease remission. Flavonoids such as quercetin and silymarin are non-toxic and safe bioactive compounds with remarkable anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects of silymarin and quercetin mainly include immune modulation and inhibition of caspase enzymes, viral binding and replication, RNA synthesis, viral proteases and viral assembly. In the nutraceutical sector, natural flavonoids low bioavailability and solubility necessitate the application of delivery systems to enhance their efficacy. This review study provided an updated understanding of the protective role of quercetin and silymarin against viral-associated IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Zarenezhad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hussein T Abdulabbas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical College, Al Muthanna University, Al Muthanna, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Shayaa Kareem
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna, 66002, Iraq
| | - Seyed Amin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Silvia Barbaresi
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sohrab Najafipour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Abdulbaset Mazarzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Mitra Sotoudeh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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12
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Qiao X, Liu X, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang L, Yang Q, Wang H, Shen H. Analysis of the epidemiological trends of enterovirus A in Asia and Europe. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:316-321. [PMID: 36528275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses have been in massive, cyclical epidemics worldwide. An in-depth understanding of the international epidemiological characteristics of Enterovirus A (EVA) is critical to determining its clinical significance and total disease burden. Although much research has been conducted on EVA epidemiology, there is still a lack of a comprehensive overview of EVA epidemiological characteristics and trends. OBJECTIVE EVA nucleic acid sequences from the NCBI virus database were used to summarize the epidemic time (based on the time of specimen collection), spatial and serotype distribution of EVA, and to analyze EVA isolated from cerebrospinal fluid specimens. METHODS EVA sequences were searched in NCBI Virus by keyword ("Enterovirus A″ or "EVA") to screen sequences released before December 2021 and sort them to analyze EVA by year, geographic region and serotype prevalence. RESULTS The results found 23,041 retrieved nucleic acid sequences with precise collection dates and geographical regions as of December 2021, with Asia accounting for 87%, Europe for 11% and Africa and the Americas for only 2%. Overall, EV-A71, CVA6 and CVA16 are a few of the main prevalent serotypes; and the prevalence characteristics of the different serotypes change over time from place to place. CONCLUSION The prevalence of different serotypes of EVA varies considerably over time and space, and we focused on analysing the epidemiological characteristics of EVAs in Asia and Europe and EVAs that invade the nervous system. This study will likely provide important clues for prevention, control and future research in virological surveillance, disease management and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qingru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Hongxing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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13
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Kejriwal R, Evans T, Calabrese J, Swistak L, Alexandrescu L, Cohen M, Rahman N, Henriksen N, Charan Dash R, Hadden MK, Stonehouse NJ, Rowlands DJ, Kingston NJ, Hartnoll M, Dobson SJ, White SJ. Development of Enterovirus Antiviral Agents That Target the Viral 2C Protein. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200541. [PMID: 36792530 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The Enterovirus (EV) genus includes several important human and animal pathogens. EV-A71, EV-D68, poliovirus (PV), and coxsackievirus (CV) outbreaks have affected millions worldwide, causing a range of upper respiratory, skin, and neuromuscular diseases, including acute flaccid myelitis, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease. There are no FDA-approved antiviral therapeutics for these enteroviruses. This study describes novel antiviral compounds targeting the conserved non-structural viral protein 2C with low micromolar to nanomolar IC50 values. The selection of resistant mutants resulted in amino acid substitutions in the viral capsid protein, implying these compounds may play a role in inhibiting the interaction of 2C and the capsid protein. The assembly and encapsidation stages of the viral life cycle still need to be fully understood, and the inhibitors reported here could be useful probes in understanding these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Kejriwal
- Biology/Physics Building Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Tristan Evans
- Biology/Physics Building Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Joshua Calabrese
- Biology/Physics Building Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Lea Swistak
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Lauren Alexandrescu
- Biology/Physics Building Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Michelle Cohen
- Biology/Physics Building Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Nahian Rahman
- Biology/Physics Building Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Niel Henriksen
- Atomwise Inc., 717 Market St #800, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Radha Charan Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06029-3092, USA
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06029-3092, USA
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Natalie J Kingston
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Madeline Hartnoll
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Samuel J Dobson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Simon J White
- Biology/Physics Building Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
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14
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Wu X, Cui L, Bai Y, Bian L, Liang Z. Pseudotyped Viruses for Enterovirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:209-228. [PMID: 36920699 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Using a non-pathogenic pseudotyped virus as a surrogate for a wide-type virus in scientific research complies with the recent requirements for biosafety. Enterovirus (EV) contains many species of viruses, which are a type of nonenveloped virus. The preparation of its corresponding pseudotyped virus often needs customized construction compared to some enveloped viruses. This article describes the procedures and challenges in the construction of pseudotyped virus for enterovirus (pseudotyped enterovirus, EVpv) and also introduces the application of EVpv in basic virological research, serological monitoring, and the detection of neutralizing antibody (NtAb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- Division of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Lisha Cui
- Minhai biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Division of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- Division of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- Division of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
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15
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Lou F, Hu R, Chen Y, Li M, An X, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. 2'-Fucosyllactose Inhibits Coxsackievirus Class A Type 9 Infection by Blocking Virus Attachment and Internalisation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213727. [PMID: 36430203 PMCID: PMC9691179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses, a genus of enteroviruses in the small RNA virus family, cause fatal infectious diseases in humans. Thus far, there are no approved drugs to prevent these diseases. Human milk contains various biologically active components against pathogens. Currently, the potential activity of breast milk components against the coxsackievirus remains unclear. In our study, the inhibitory effect of 16 major human milk components was tested on coxsackievirus class A type 9 isolate (CV-A9), BUCT01; 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) was identified to be effective. Time-of-addition, attachment internalisation assays, and the addition of 2'-FL at different time points were applied to investigate its specific role in the viral life cycle. Molecular docking was used to predict 2'-FL's specific cellular targets. The initial screening revealed a significant inhibitory effect (99.97%) against CV-A9 with 10 mg/mL 2'-FL, with no cytotoxicity observed. Compared with the control group, 2'-FL blocked virus entry (85%) as well as inhibited viral attachment (48.4%) and internalisation (51.3%), minimising its infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. The cell pre-incubation with 2'-FL exhibited significant inhibition (73.2-99.9%). Extended incubation between cells with 2'-FL reduced CV-A9 infection (93.9%), suggesting that 2'-FL predominantly targets cells to block infection. Molecular docking results revealed that 2'-FL interacted with the attachment receptor αvβ6 and the internalisation receptor FCGRT and β2M with an affinity of -2.14, -1.87, and -5.43 kcal/mol, respectively. This study lays the foundation for using 2'-FL as a food additive against CV-A9 infections.
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16
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Antanasijevic A, Schulze AJ, Reddy VS, Ward AB. High-resolution structural analysis of enterovirus-reactive polyclonal antibodies in complex with whole virions. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac253. [PMID: 36712368 PMCID: PMC9802058 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) cause serious illnesses in young children and neonates, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and inflammatory muscle disease, among others. While over 100 serotypes have been described to date, vaccine only exists for EV-A71. Efforts toward rationally designed pan-NPEV vaccines would greatly benefit from structural biology methods for rapid and comprehensive evaluation of vaccine candidates and elicited antibody responses. Toward this goal, we introduced a cryo-electron-microscopy-based approach for structural analysis of virus- or vaccine-elicited polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) in complex with whole NPEV virions. We demonstrated the feasibility using coxsackievirus A21 and reconstructed five structurally distinct pAbs bound to the virus. The pAbs targeted two immunodominant epitopes, one overlapping with the receptor binding site. These results demonstrate that our method can be applied to map broad-spectrum polyclonal immune responses against intact virions and define potentially cross-reactive epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) and Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Autumn J Schulze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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17
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Pasalari H, Akbari H, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Adibzadeh A, Akbari H. Assessment of rotavirus and norovirus emitted from water spray park: QMRA, diseases burden and sensitivity analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10957. [PMID: 36254289 PMCID: PMC9568861 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantitative model on exposure to pathogenic viruses in air of recreational area and their corresponding health effects is necessary to provide mitigation actions in content of emergency response plans (ERP). Here, the health risk associated with exposure to two pathogenic viruses of concern: Rotavirus (RoV) and Norovirus (NoV) in air of water spray park were estimated using a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model. To this end, real-time Reverse Transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) was employed to measure the concentration levels of RoV and NoV over a twelve-month period. The probability of infection, illness and diseases burden of gastrointestinal illness (GI) caused by RoV and NoV for both workers and visitors were estimated using QMRA and Monto-Carlo simulation technique. The annual mean concentration for RoV and NoV in sampling air of water spray park were 20and 1754, respectively. The %95 confidence interval (CI) calculated annual DALY indicator for RoV (Workers: 2.62 × 10−4–2.62 × 10−1, Visitors: 1.50 × 10−5–2.42 × 10−1) and NoV (Workers: 5.54 × 10−3–2.53 × 10−1; Visitors: 5.18 × 10−4–2.54 × 10−1) were significantly higher the recommended values by WHO and US EPA (10−6–10−4 DALY pppy). According to sensitivity analysis, exposure dose and disease burden per case (DBPC) were found as the most influencing factors on disease burden as a consequences of exposure to RoV and NoV, respectively. The comprehensive information on DALY and QMRA can aid authorities involved in risk assessment and recreational actions to adopt proper approach and mitigation actions to minimize the health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Pasalari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hesam Akbari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Adibzadeh
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author.
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18
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Antiviral Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin against Enterovirus E. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175569. [PMID: 36080333 PMCID: PMC9457561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus E (EV-E), a representative of the Picornaviridae family, endemically affects cattle across the world, typically causing subclinical infections. However, under favorable conditions, severe or fatal disorders of the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems may develop. There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infections in humans or animals, and only symptomatic treatment is available. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro antiviral effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) against enterovirus E using virucidal, cytopathic effect inhibition, and viral yield reduction assays in MDBK cells. The influence of lactoferrin on the intracellular viral RNA level was also determined. Surprisingly, lactoferrin did not have a protective effect on cells, although it inhibited the replication of the virus during the adsorption and post-adsorption stages (viral titres reduced by 1–1.1 log). Additionally, a decrease in the viral RNA level in cells (by up to 75%) was observed. More detailed studies are needed to determine the mechanism of bovine lactoferrin effect on enterovirus E. However, this highly biocompatible protein ensures some degree of protection against infection by bovine enterovirus, which is particularly important for young animals that receive this protein in their mother’s milk.
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19
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Chen T, Grauffel C, Yang WZ, Chen YP, Yuan HS, Lim C. Efficient Strategy to Design Protease Inhibitors: Application to Enterovirus 71 2A Protease. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:437-449. [PMID: 37102167 PMCID: PMC10125330 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
One strategy to counter viruses that persistently cause outbreaks is to design molecules that can specifically inhibit an essential multifunctional viral protease. Herein, we present such a strategy using well-established methods to first identify a region present only in viral (but not human) proteases and find peptides that can bind specifically to this "unique" region by maximizing the protease-peptide binding free energy iteratively using single-point mutations starting with the substrate peptide. We applied this strategy to discover pseudosubstrate peptide inhibitors for the multifunctional 2A protease of enterovirus 71 (EV71), a key causative pathogen for hand-foot-and-mouth disease affecting young children, along with coxsackievirus A16. Four peptide candidates predicted to bind EV71 2A protease more tightly than the natural substrate were experimentally validated and found to inhibit protease activity. Furthermore, the crystal structure of the best pseudosubstrate peptide bound to the EV71 2A protease was determined to provide a molecular basis for the observed inhibition. Since the 2A proteases of EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 share nearly identical sequences and structures, our pseudosubstrate peptide inhibitor may prove useful in inhibiting the two key pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cédric Grauffel
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zen Yang
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hanna S. Yuan
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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20
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A Single Mutation in the Cryptic AUG (cAUG) Affects In Vitro Translation and Replication Efficiencies and In Vivo Virulence of Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:288. [PMID: 35972696 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The 5'UTR of the genomic RNA of CVB3, unusually long and rich on highly structured secondary structure, contains a conserved cis acting RNA element named the cryptic AUG (cAUG), where the cellular 48S complex is formed. In this study, we investigate the role of this cAUG in CVB3 translation, replication, and virulence. Mutant viral sub-genomic replicon RNA was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. We characterize in vitro translation and replication efficiencies and in vivo virulence of a cAUG mutant in comparison with wild-type strain. UV-cross-linking assay and Real-Time PCR were used, respectively, to detect binding host proteins and to quantify viral production. Secondary structures of domain containing the cAUG site were studied and compared. The results suggest that introduced mutation in the CVB3 5'UTR affects in vitro and ex vivo viral translation which cannot be rescued by compensatory mutations. A reduced interaction of the La and PCBP2 translation initiation factors with cAUG residue of mutant was revealed. Decreasing production of viral mutant RNA was also demonstrated. Furthermore, secondary structure prediction reveals changes in the ribosome binding sites of the cAUG moiety of mutant sense strand RNA and no alterations in the structure of wild type, suggesting that cAUG mutation specifically affects the secondary structure of the sense RNA strand. Taken together, AUG integrity influences the efficiency of ribosome recruitment through IRES element and the capacity of replication.
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21
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Yang F, Zhang N, Chen Y, Yin J, Xu M, Cheng X, Ma R, Meng J, Du Y. Role of Non-Coding RNA in Neurological Complications Associated With Enterovirus 71. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:873304. [PMID: 35548469 PMCID: PMC9081983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogenic virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Studies have reported that EV71-induced infections including aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even neurogenic pulmonary edema, can progress to severe neurological complications in infants, young children, and the immunosuppressed population. However, the mechanisms through which EV71 causes neurological diseases have not been fully explored. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are RNAs that do not code for proteins, play a key role in biological processes and disease development associated with EV71. In this review, we summarized recent advances concerning the impacts of ncRNAs on neurological diseases caused by interaction between EV71 and host, revealing the potential role of ncRNAs in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of EV71-induced neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiancai Yin
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Muchen Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyi Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jialin Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
| | - Yinan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
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22
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Characterization of G-Quadruplexes in Enterovirus A71 Genome and Their Interaction with G-Quadruplex Ligands. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0046022. [PMID: 35446122 PMCID: PMC9241713 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00460-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses cause many diseases; however, there is no specific therapeutic drug. G-quadruplex is an atypical secondary structure formed in the guanine rich region of DNA or RNA, which can exist in the viral genome. The different positions of G-quadruplex play an important role in the regulation of virus replication and infection. Whether G-quadruplexes are present in human enteroviruses is unknown. In current study, we analyzed the potential quadruplex forming sequences of human enteroviruses, especially EV-A71 virus, which causes hand, foot, and mouth disease. The results showed that there were a certain number of potential quadruplex-forming sequences in human enteroviruses. Through a variety of experimental methods, we evaluated the formation potential of EV-A71 encoded G-quadruplex and analyzed the binding ability of G-quadruplex ligands, including BRACO-19, pyridostatin and TMPyP4 to virus encoded G-quadruplexes. G-quadruplex ligands BRACO-19, PDS and TMPyP4 could inhibit the transcription of constructs containing EV-A71 G-quadruplex sequences. Moreover, we found that BRACO-19 was able to inhibit the replication of EV-A71, suggesting that targeting G-quadruplexes in EV-A71 genome by G-quadruplex ligands could be a novel antiviral way against EV-A71. Our finding not only uncovered the G-quadruplexes in human enteroviruses, but also would provide a new strategy for human enteroviruses therapy. IMPORTANCE G-quadruplex is a stable nucleic acid secondary structure formed by the folding of guanine rich nucleic acid. The important regulatory function of G-quadruplex makes it an attractive target of antiviral effect. Human enteroviruses cause a variety of human diseases, including common cold, nervous system diseases, cardiovascular damage, and diabetes. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease; however, whether G-quadruplexes are present in the genomes of human enteroviruses is unknown. The function of G-quadruplexes in the EV-A71 genomes is not clear. We predicted and characterized G-quadruplex sequences in EV-A71. G-quadruplex ligands were identified to stabilize EV-A71 G-quadruplexes with high affinities. We also demonstrated G-quadruplex ligand BRACO-19 inhibited EV-A71 replication. Our studies provide a framework for targeting G-quadruplexes in the enteroviruses genome, which will be a new way to develop antiviral agents against human enteroviruses.
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Weider T, Genoni A, Broccolo F, Paulsen TH, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Toniolo A, Hammerstad SS. High Prevalence of Common Human Viruses in Thyroid Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938633. [PMID: 35909527 PMCID: PMC9333159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence points to viral infections as possible triggers of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), but little is known about the prevalence of common viruses in the thyroid gland. Using a novel approach based on virus enrichment in multiple cell lines followed by detection of the viral genome and visualization of viral proteins, we investigated the presence of multiple human viruses in thyroid tissue from AITD patients and controls. METHODS Thyroid tissue was collected by core needle biopsy or during thyroid surgery from 35 patients with AITD (20 Graves' disease and 15 Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Eighteen thyroid tissue specimens from patients undergoing neck surgery for reasons other than thyroid autoimmunity served as controls. Specimens were tested for the presence of ten different viruses. Enteroviruses and human herpesvirus 6 were enriched in cell culture before detection by PCR and immunofluorescence, while the remaining viruses were detected by PCR of biopsied tissue. RESULTS Forty of 53 cases (75%) carried an infectious virus. Notably, 43% of all cases had a single virus, whereas 32% were coinfected by two or more virus types. An enterovirus was found in 27/53 cases (51%), human herpesvirus 6 in 16/53 cases (30%) and parvovirus B19 in 12/53 cases (22%). Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were found in a few cases only. Of five gastroenteric virus groups examined, only one was detected in a single specimen. Virus distribution was not statistically different between AITD cases and controls. CONCLUSION Common human viruses are highly prevalent in the thyroid gland. This is the first study in which multiple viral agents have been explored in thyroid. It remains to be established whether the detected viruses represent causal agents, possible cofactors or simple bystanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Weider
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Therese Weider,
| | - Angelo Genoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Broccolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Trond H. Paulsen
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- The University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sara Salehi Hammerstad
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The Specialist Center Pilestredet Park, Oslo, Norway
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Al-Qahtani SM, Shati AA, Alqahtani YA, Ali AS. Etiology, Clinical Phenotypes, Epidemiological Correlates, Laboratory Biomarkers and Diagnostic Challenges of Pediatric Viral Meningitis: Descriptive Review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:923125. [PMID: 35783317 PMCID: PMC9249085 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.923125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningitis is an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord meninges caused by infectious and non-infectious agents. Infectious agents causing meningitis include viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Viral meningitis (VM), also termed aseptic meningitis, is caused by some viruses, such as enteroviruses (EVs), herpesviruses, influenza viruses, and arboviruses. However, EVs represent the primary cause of VM. The clinical symptoms of this neurological disorder may rapidly be observed after the onset of the disease, or take prolonged time to develop. The primary clinical manifestations of VM include common flu-like symptoms of headache, photophobia, fever, nuchal rigidity, myalgia, and fatigue. The severity of these symptoms depends on the patient's age; they are more severe among infants and children. The course of infection of VM varies between asymptomatic, mild, critically ill, and fatal disease. Morbidities and mortalities of VM are dependent on the early recognition and treatment of the disease. There were no significant distinctions in the clinical phenotypes and symptoms between VM and meningitis due to other causative agents. To date, the pathophysiological mechanisms of VM are unclear. In this scientific communication, a descriptive review was performed to give an overview of pediatric viral meningitis (PVM). PVM may occasionally result in severe neurological consequences such as mental retardation and death. Clinical examinations, including Kernig's, Brudzinski's, and nuchal rigidity signs, were attempted to determine the clinical course of PVM with various success rates revealed. Some epidemiological correlates of PVM were adequately reviewed and presented in this report. They were seen depending mainly on the causative virus. The abnormal cytological and biochemical features of PVM were also discussed and showed potentials to distinguish PVM from pediatric bacterial meningitis (PBM). The pathological, developmental, behavioral, and neuropsychological complications of PVM were also presented. All the previously utilized techniques for the etiological diagnosis of PVM which include virology, serology, biochemistry, and radiology, were presented and discussed to determine their efficiencies and limitations. Finally, molecular testing, mainly PCR, was introduced and showed 100% sensitivity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh M Al-Qahtani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayed A Shati
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef A Alqahtani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelwahid Saeed Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Drokin RA, Fesenko EA, Mozharovskaia PN, Medvedeva MV, Svalova TS, Kozitsina AN, Esaulkova YL, Volobueva AS, Zarubaev VV, Rusinov VL. 4-Hydroxy-3-nitro-1,4-dihydrotriazolo[5,1- c][1,2,4]triazines: synthesis, antiviral activity, and electrochemical characteristics. Russ Chem Bull 2022; 71:2460-2466. [PMID: 36569657 PMCID: PMC9762649 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new method for preparation of 4-hydroxy-3-nitro-1,4-dihydrotriazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]-triazines using 1-nitro-2-morpholinoethylene and 3-diazo-1,2,4-triazoles is proposed. Antiviral activity against the Coxsackie B3 virus and electrochemical transformations of the prepared compounds are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Drokin
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - E. A. Fesenko
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - P. N. Mozharovskaia
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - M. V. Medvedeva
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - T. S. Svalova
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - A. N. Kozitsina
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ya. L. Esaulkova
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 ul. Mira, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - A. S. Volobueva
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 ul. Mira, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - V. V. Zarubaev
- St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 14 ul. Mira, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - V. L. Rusinov
- Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation ,I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 22/20 ul. S. Kovalevskoi, 620108 Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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Jafri L, Farooq Khan A, Arshad T, Kanwar D. A Case Series on Enteroviral Meningitis in Pakistan. Cureus 2021; 13:e19048. [PMID: 34853761 PMCID: PMC8608667 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common cause of viral meningitis with a peak incidence between late summer and fall. The onset of symptoms is characteristically abrupt and typically includes headache, fever, nausea or vomiting, malaise, photophobia, and meningismus. In addition, diarrhea, upper respiratory symptoms, and a rash may also be present. The clinical presentation and epidemiologic features help in the diagnosis and it is confirmed by the detection of RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We present the clinical description, diagnosis, and management of five consecutive cases of viral meningitis secondary to enterovirus that presented to the emergency department at a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan, over a span of five weeks during the monsoon season. These cases or outbreaks have not been reported previously in Pakistan and, hence, this case series is the first of its kind. All of our patients were young males, with ages between 18-35 years, did not have any prior co-morbidities, and resided in different localities of Karachi, Pakistan. The presenting complaints were severe headache in all five patients (100%), fever in all five patients (100%), and diarrhea in two out of five patients (40%). On examination, neck stiffness was present in all patients (100%). After the required workup and detection of RNA in the CSF by PCR, diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis was confirmed. The patients were given symptomatic treatment and discharged home with no neurologic complications. Aseptic meningitis occurring during the summer or fall is most likely to be caused by non-polio EVs (eg. coxsackievirus, echovirus, etc.). It is self-limiting and only requires supportive treatment. However, clinically it cannot be differentiated from other central nervous system infections and significant morbidity has been reported, including hospitalization and impairment of routine activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Jafri
- Neurology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Tooba Arshad
- Neurology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, PAK
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Xu X, Zhang QY, Chu XY, Quan Y, Lv BM, Zhang HY. Facilitating Antiviral Drug Discovery Using Genetic and Evolutionary Knowledge. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112117. [PMID: 34834924 PMCID: PMC8626054 DOI: 10.3390/v13112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of human history, billions of people worldwide have been infected by various viruses. Despite rapid progress in the development of biomedical techniques, it is still a significant challenge to find promising new antiviral targets and drugs. In the past, antiviral drugs mainly targeted viral proteins when they were used as part of treatment strategies. Since the virus mutation rate is much faster than that of the host, such drugs feature drug resistance and narrow-spectrum antiviral problems. Therefore, the targeting of host molecules has gradually become an important area of research for the development of antiviral drugs. In recent years, rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques have enabled numerous genetic studies (such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) screening, etc.) for human diseases, providing valuable genetic and evolutionary resources. Furthermore, it has been revealed that successful drug targets exhibit similar genetic and evolutionary features, which are of great value in identifying promising drug targets and discovering new drugs. Considering these developments, in this article the authors propose a host-targeted antiviral drug discovery strategy based on knowledge of genetics and evolution. We first comprehensively summarized the genetic, subcellular location, and evolutionary features of the human genes that have been successfully used as antiviral targets. Next, the summarized features were used to screen novel druggable antiviral targets and to find potential antiviral drugs, in an attempt to promote the discovery of new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing-Ye Zhang
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (H.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-27-8728-0877 (H.-Y.Z.)
| | | | | | | | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Correspondence: (Q.-Y.Z.); (H.-Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-27-8728-0877 (H.-Y.Z.)
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28
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Tishchenko SV, Mikhailina AO, Lekontseva NV, Stolboushkina EA, Nikonova EY, Nikonov OS, Nikulin AD. Structural Investigations of RNA–Protein Complexes in Post-Ribosomal Era. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774521050217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Structural studies of RNA–protein complexes are important for understanding many molecular mechanisms occurring in cells (e.g., regulation of protein synthesis and RNA-chaperone activity of proteins). Various objects investigated at the Institute of Protein Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences are considered. Based on the analysis of the structures of the complexes of the ribosomal protein L1 with specific regions on both mRNA and rRNA, the principles of regulation of the translation of the mRNA of its own operon are presented. The studies of the heterotrimeric translation initiation factor IF2 of archaea and eukaryotes are described, and the data on the interaction of glycyl-tRNA-synthetase with viral IRES are reported. The results of studying the interaction of RNA molecules with one of functionally important sites of the Hfq protein are presented, and the differences in the RNA-binding properties of the Hfq and archaeal Lsm proteins are revealed.
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Zhang L, Jiang H, Wang K, Yuan Y, Fu Q, Jin X, Zhao N, Huang X, Wang S, Zhang T, Yao K, Chan TC, Xu W, Liu S. Long-term effects of weather condition and air pollution on acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in China: A nationalwide surveillance study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111616. [PMID: 34233156 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global climate change could have potential impact on enterovirus (EV)-induced infectious diseases. However, the environmental factors promoting acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) circulation remain inconclusive. This study aimed to quantify the relationship between the environment and AHC. METHODS We retrieved the monthly counts and incidence of AHC, meteorological variables and air quality in mainland China between 2013 and 2018. Exposure risks were evaluated by multivariate distributed lag nonlinear models. RESULTS A total of 219,599 AHC cases were reported in 31 provinces of China, predominantly in southern and central China, seasonally increased in summer. AHC incidence increased by 7% between 2013 and 2018, from 2.6873 to 2.7570 per 100,000 people. A moderate positive correlation was seen between AHC and monthly mean temperature, relative humidity (RH) and precipitation. Each unit increment was associated with a relative risk for AHC of 1.058 at 17°-32 °C at lag 0 months, 1.017 at 65-71% RH at lag 1.4 months, and 1.039 at 400-569 mm at lag 2.4 months. By contrast, a negative correlation was seen between monthly ambient NO2 and AHC. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure to higher mean temperature, RH and precipitation were associated with an increased risk of AHC. The general public, especially susceptible populations, should pay close attention to weather changes and take protective measures in advance to any AHC outbreak as the above situations occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China; Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Kehan Wang
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Qiuli Fu
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Xiuming Jin
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241002, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Supen Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, 241000, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Nanjing Jiliang Information Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Provice, 210002, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China.
| | - Ta-Chien Chan
- Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
| | - Wangli Xu
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
| | - Shelan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310051, China.
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Wang Y, Wang P, Qin J. Microfluidic Organs-on-a-Chip for Modeling Human Infectious Diseases. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3550-3562. [PMID: 34459199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases present tremendous challenges to human progress and public health. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continue to pose an imminent threat to humanity. These infectious diseases highlight the importance of developing innovative strategies to study disease pathogenesis and protect human health. Although conventional in vitro cell culture and animal models are useful in facilitating the development of effective therapeutics for infectious diseases, models that can accurately reflect human physiology and human-relevant responses to pathogens are still lacking. Microfluidic organs-on-a-chip (organ chips) are engineered microfluidic cell culture devices lined with living cells, which can resemble organ-level physiology with high fidelity by rebuilding tissue-tissue interfaces, mechanical cues, fluidic flow, and the biochemical cellular microenvironment. They present a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between in vitro experimental models and in vivo human pathophysiology and are thus a promising platform for disease studies and drug testing. In this Account, we first introduce how recent progress in organ chips has enabled the recreation of complex pathophysiological features of human infections in vitro. Next, we describe the progress made by our group in adopting organ chips and other microphysiological systems for the study of infectious diseases, including SARS-CoV-2 viral infections and intrauterine bacterial infections. Respiratory symptoms dominate the clinical manifestations of many COVID-19 patients, even involving the systemic injury of many distinct organs, such as the lung, the gastrointestinal tract, and so forth. We thus particularly highlight our recent efforts to explore how lung-on-a-chip and intestine-on-a-chip might be useful in addressing the ongoing viral pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. These organ chips offer a potential platform for studying virus-host interactions and human-relevant responses as well as accelerating the development of effective therapeutics against COVID-19. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges in the development of next-generation organ chips, which are urgently needed for developing effective and affordable therapies to combat infectious diseases. We hope that this Account will promote awareness about in vitro organ microphysiological systems for modeling infections and stimulate joint efforts across multiple disciplines to understand emerging and re-emerging pandemic diseases and rapidly identify innovative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mi X, Yang C, Lu Y, Wang H, Qin Q, Chen R, Chen Z, Luo Y, Chen Y, Wei Z, Huang W, Ouyang K. Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of the Pathogenicity of a Porcine Enterovirus G Isolated From China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:712679. [PMID: 34368288 PMCID: PMC8339413 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.712679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus G (EV-G) infects porcine populations worldwide and the infections are generally asymptomatic, with the insertion of the papain-like cysteine protease gene (PLCP) increasing the potential public health threats. However, the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of EV-G itself are not fully understood as yet. In the present study, one EV-G strain, named CH/17GXQZ/2017, was isolated and purified from piglets with diarrheic symptoms from the Guangxi Province, China. This strain produced stable cytopathic effects on Marc-145 cells with a titer of 5 × 106 PFU/mL. The spherical enterovirus particles with diameters of 25–30 nm were observed by using transmission electron microscopy. The whole genome sequence of the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain consists of 7,364 nucleotides, and the phylogenetic tree based on the amino acid sequences of VP1 indicated this strain was clustered to the G1 genotype. Seven-day-old piglets were inoculated orally with the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain in order to evaluate its pathogenicity. Although none of the infected piglets died during the experiment, clinical neurological symptoms were observed manifesting as mild hyperemia and Nissl bodies vacuolization in the cerebrum. In addition, the infection with the CH/17GXQZ/2017 strain decelerated the weight gain of suckling piglets significantly. This study demonstrates that CH/17GXQZ/2017 is pathogenic to neonatal piglets and advance knowledge on the biological characteristics, evolution and pathogenicity of EV-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunjie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hejie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuying Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ronglin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenkong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunyan Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Wang J, Meng M, Xu H, Wang T, Liu Y, Yan H, Liu P, Qin D, Yang Q. Analysis of enterovirus genotypes in the cerebrospinal fluid of children associated with aseptic meningitis in Liaocheng, China, from 2018 to 2019. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:405. [PMID: 33933008 PMCID: PMC8088645 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aseptic meningitis is most often caused by enteroviruses (EVs), but EVs associated with aseptic meningitis have not yet been reported in Liaocheng. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of EVs causing aseptic meningitis in children in Liaocheng. METHODS We reviewed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 504 paediatric cases of aseptic meningitis in Liaocheng from 2018 to 2019 and analysed the phylogeny of the predominant EV types causing this disease. RESULTS A total of 107 children were positive for EV in cerebrospinal fluid samples by nested PCR. Most of the positive patients were children 13 years old or younger and had symptoms such as fever, headache and vomiting (P < 0.05). The seasons with the highest prevalence of EV-positive cases were summer and autumn. The 107 EV sequences belonged to 8 serotypes, and echovirus types 18, 6 and 11 were the three dominant serotypes in Liaocheng during the 2-year study period. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the E18 and E6 isolates belonged to subgenotype C2, while the E11 isolates belonged to subgenotype D5. VP1 analysis suggested that only one lineage of these three types was cocirculating in the Liaocheng region. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the diverse EV genotypes contributing to a large outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Liaocheng. Therefore, large-scale surveillance is required to assess the epidemiology of EVs associated with aseptic meningitis and is important for the diagnosis and treatment of aseptic meningitis in Liaocheng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Min Meng
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Huan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Han Yan
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peiman Liu
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Daogang Qin
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qiaozhi Yang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 67 Dongchang West Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong Province, PR China
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Wang M, Zhu L, Fan J, Yan J, Dun Y, Yu R, Liu L, Zhang S. Rules governing genetic exchanges among viral types from different Enterovirus A clusters. J Gen Virol 2021; 101:1145-1155. [PMID: 32762804 PMCID: PMC7879560 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The species Enterovirus A (EV-A) consists of two conventional clusters and one unconventional cluster. At present, sequence analysis shows no evidence of recombination between conventional and unconventional EV-A types. However, the factors underlying this genetic barrier are unclear. Here, we systematically dissected the genome components linked to these peculiar phenomena, using the viral reverse genetic tools. We reported that viral capsids of the unconventional EV-A types expressed poorly in human cells. The trans-encapsidation outputs across conventional and unconventional EV-A types were also with low efficiency. However, replicons of conventional types bearing exchanged 5'-untranslated region (UTR) or non-structural regions from the unconventional types were replication-competent. Furthermore, we created a viable recombinant EVA71 (conventional type) with its P3 region replaced by that from EVA89 (unconventional type). Thus, our data for the first time reveal the potential for fertile genetic exchanges between conventional and unconventional EV-A types. It also discloses that the mysterious recombination barriers may lie in uncoordinated capsid expression and particle assembly by different EV-A clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liuyao Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ying Dun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Yu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Li ML, Shih SR, Tolbert BS, Brewer G. Enterovirus A71 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030199. [PMID: 33673595 PMCID: PMC7997495 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. Moreover, EV-A71 infection can lead to neurological complications and death. Vaccination is the most efficient way to control virus infection. There are currently three inactivated, whole EV-A71 vaccines licensed by the China NMPA (National Medical Products Administration). Several other types of vaccines, such as virus-like particles and recombinant VP1 (capsid protein), are also under development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of EV-A71 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Blanton S. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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Unveiling Viruses Associated with Gastroenteritis Using a Metagenomics Approach. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121432. [PMID: 33322135 PMCID: PMC7764520 DOI: 10.3390/v12121432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute infectious gastroenteritis is an important illness worldwide, especially on children, with viruses accounting for approximately 70% of the acute cases. A high number of these cases have an unknown etiological agent and the rise of next generation sequencing technologies has opened new opportunities for viral pathogen detection and discovery. Viral metagenomics in routine clinical settings has the potential to identify unexpected or novel variants of viral pathogens that cause gastroenteritis. In this study, 124 samples from acute gastroenteritis patients from 2012–2014 previously tested negative for common gastroenteritis pathogens were pooled by age and analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) to elucidate unidentified viral infections. The most abundant sequences detected potentially associated to acute gastroenteritis were from Astroviridae and Caliciviridae families, with the detection of norovirus GIV and sapoviruses. Lower number of contigs associated to rotaviruses were detected. As expected, other viruses that may be associated to gastroenteritis but also produce persistent infections in the gut were identified including several Picornaviridae members (EV, parechoviruses, cardioviruses) and adenoviruses. According to the sequencing data, astroviruses, sapoviruses and NoV GIV should be added to the list of viral pathogens screened in routine clinical analysis.
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Epidemical and etiological study on hand, foot and mouth disease following EV-A71 vaccination in Xiangyang, China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20909. [PMID: 33262488 PMCID: PMC7708472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) and Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) have been emerging as the prevailing serotypes and overtaking Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) in most areas as main pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in China since 2013. To investigate whole etiological spectrum following EV-A71 vaccination of approximate 40,000 infants and young children in Xiangyang, enteroviruses were serotyped in 4415 HFMD cases from October 2016 to December 2017 using Real Time and conventional PCR and cell cultures. Of the typeable 3201 specimen, CV-A6 was the predominant serotype followed by CV-A16, CV-A10, CV-A5, CV-A2 and EV-A71 with proportions of 59.54%, 15.31%, 11.56%, 4.56%, 3.78% and 3.03%, respectively. Other 12 minor serotypes were also detected. The results demonstrated that six major serotypes of enteroviruses were co-circulating, including newly emerged CV-A2 and CV-A5. A dramatic decrease of EV-A71 cases was observed, whereas the total cases remained high. Multivalent vaccines against major serotypes are urgently needed for control of HFMD.
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Kabuga AI, Nejati A, Soheili P, Yousefipoor S, Yousefi M, Mollaiee Y, Shahmahmoodi S. Cell culture demonstrates superior sensitivity over one step real time RT PCR and nested VP1 amplification for Enteroviruses. J Virol Methods 2020; 287:113994. [PMID: 33068705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated and compared the sensitivity profile of routine cell culture, nested VP1 amplification and one step real time RT PCR for Enteroviruses. Serially diluted spiked samples of four model viruses (EV71, CVA16, CVB5 and PV1) and 32 true positive samples including Poliovirus (PV1 & PV3), Coxsackie virus (CVB5, CVB3, CVB1 & CVA4, 10, 16), Echovirus (Echo 6, 7, 11, 13, 18, 25 & 30) and Enterovirus 71 (E71), and 32 true negative stool samples were subjected to cell culture, nested RT PCR and one step real time RT PCR. The result of sensitivity test indicated superior sensitivity with one step real time RT PCR (75 %, 24/32) against cell culture (71.9 %, 23/32) and nested RT PCR (65.6 %, 21/32). The most specific test was cell culture (100 %, 32/32), followed by nested RT PCR (96.9 %, 31/32). Positive predictive values were 100 %: 23/23, 95.5 %; 21/22 and 88.9 %; 24/27, for cell culture, nested RT PCR and one step real time RT PCR, respectively, and one step real time RT PCR had the highest negative predictive value (78.4 %, 29/37). Overall result indicate relatively high analytical sensitivity with all the tests, suggesting superior performance by cell culture. Therefore, cell culture is the gold standard. However, considering intensive nature of cell cultures and prolong window for results, it is wise to consider one step real time RT PCR in routine diagnosis for its added advantages. Meanwhile, selecting a combination of tests can maximize detection, depending on the laboratory strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Idris Kabuga
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Soheili
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodeh Yousefipoor
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yousefi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoob Mollaiee
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Defining the proteolytic landscape during enterovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008927. [PMID: 32997711 PMCID: PMC7549765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses cleave cellular proteins to remodel the host proteome. The study of these cleavages has revealed mechanisms of immune evasion, resource exploitation, and pathogenesis. However, the full extent of virus-induced proteolysis in infected cells is unknown, mainly because until recently the technology for a global view of proteolysis within cells was lacking. Here, we report the first comprehensive catalog of proteins cleaved upon enterovirus infection and identify the sites within proteins where the cleavages occur. We employed multiple strategies to confirm protein cleavages and assigned them to one of the two enteroviral proteases. Detailed characterization of one substrate, LSM14A, a p body protein with a role in antiviral immunity, showed that cleavage of this protein disrupts its antiviral function. This study yields a new depth of information about the host interface with a group of viruses that are both important biological tools and significant agents of disease. Enteroviruses are associated with a variety of human diseases, including gastroenteritis, the common cold, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and skin rash. In some cases, the infection can lead to myocarditis, encephalitis, progressive muscle weakness, and paralysis. Exactly how enteroviruses invade human tissues, defeat the host immune system, and alter normal cell biology is unknown. Understanding these cellular and molecular mechanisms will blaze the trail for the development of novel vaccine and therapeutic strategies. Here, we have applied a global N-terminomics approach to investigate how various enteroviruses recruit their proteases to remodel an infected cell, disarm host immunity, and create a favorable environment for their replication. This effort identified several new protease substrates, which we then confirmed by other experimental approaches. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of host proteins targeted for cleavage during enterovirus infection. The data generated in this study will serve as a valuable resource for the research community in the quest to uncover the molecular details of enterovirus cell biology and disease pathogenesis.
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Lin JY, Huang HI. Autophagy is induced and supports virus replication in Enterovirus A71-infected human primary neuronal cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15234. [PMID: 32943650 PMCID: PMC7499237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), which belongs to the family Picornaviridae, can invade the central nervous system (CNS) and cause severe CNS complications or death. The EV-A71 antigen has been detected in the neurons in the brains of humans who died from EV-A71 infection. However, the effect of EV-A71 infection on human neuronal cells remains poorly understood. Human neural stem cells (NSCs) and IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells were differentiated into neuronal cells for this study. Although the neuronal cells were permissive to EV-A71 infection, EV-A71 infection did not induce an obvious cytopathic effect on the neuronal cells. EV-A71 infection did not induce apoptosis in neuronal cells. However, autophagy and autophagic flux were induced in EV-A71-infected neuronal cells. The production of autophagosomes was shown to be important for EV-A71 viral RNA (vRNA) replication in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhao-Yin Lin
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-I Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.
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Quaranta P, Lottini G, Chesi G, Contrafatto F, Russotto R, Macera L, Lai M, Spezia PG, Brai A, Botta M, Freer G, Pistello M. DDX3 inhibitors show antiviral activity against positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses but not against negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses: The coxsackie B model. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li L, Wang M, Chen Y, Hu T, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Bi G, Wang W, Liu E, Han J, Lu T, Su D. Structure of the enterovirus D68 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in complex with NADPH implicates an inhibitor binding site in the RNA template tunnel. J Struct Biol 2020; 211:107510. [PMID: 32353513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging viral pathogen belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, which is a serious threat to human health and has resulted in significant economic losses. The EV-D68 genome encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) 3Dpol, which is central for viral genome replication and considered as a promising target for specific antiviral therapeutics. In this study, we report the crystal structures of human EV-D68 RdRp in the apo state and in complex with the inhibitor NADPH, which was selected by using a structure-based virtual screening approach. The EV-D68-RdRp-NADPH complex is the first RdRp-inhibitor structure identified in the species Enterovirus D. The inhibitor NADPH occupies the RNA template binding channel of EV-D68 RdRp with a novel binding pocket. Additionally, residues involved in the NADPH binding pocket of EV-D68 RdRp are highly conserved in RdRps of enteroviruses. Therefore, the enzyme activity of three RdRps from EV-D68, poliovirus, and enterovirus A71 is shown to decrease when titrated with NADPH separately in vitro. Furthermore, we identified that NADPH plays a pivotal role as an RdRp inhibitor instead of a chain terminator during restriction of RNA-dependent RNA replication. In the future, derivatives of NADPH may pave the way for novel inhibitors of RdRp through compound modification, providing potential antiviral agents for treating enteroviral infection and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Bi
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| | - Dan Su
- State Key Lab of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China; West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Sadeuh-Mba SA, Joffret ML, Mazitchi A, Endegue-Zanga MC, Njouom R, Delpeyroux F, Gouandjika-Vasilache I, Bessaud M. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of recently discovered enterovirus D type 111. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007797. [PMID: 31622358 PMCID: PMC6818792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the species Enterovirus D (EV-D) remain poorly studied. The two first EV-D types (EV-D68 and EV-D70) have regularly caused outbreaks in humans since their discovery five decades ago but have been neglected until the recent occurrence of severe respiratory diseases due to EV-D68. The three other known EV-D types (EV-D94, EV-D111 and EV-D120) were discovered in the 2000s-2010s in Africa and have never been observed elsewhere. One strain of EV-D111 and all known EV-D120s were detected in stool samples of wild non-human primates, suggesting that these viruses could be zoonotic viruses. To date, EV-D111s are only known through partial genetic sequences of the few strains that have been identified so far. In an attempt to bring new pieces to the puzzle, we genetically characterized four EV-D111 strains (among the seven that have been reported until now). We observed that the EV-D111 strains from human samples and the unique simian EV-D111 strain were not phylogenetically distinct, thus suggesting a recent zoonotic transmission. We also discovered evidences of probable intertypic genetic recombination events between EV-D111s and EV-D94s. As recombination can only happen in co-infected cells, this suggests that EV-D94s and EV-D111s share common replication sites in the infected hosts. These sites could be located in the gut since the phenotypic analysis we performed showed that, contrary to EV-D68s and like EV-D94s, EV-D111s are resistant to acid pHs. We also found that EV-D111s induce strong cytopathic effects on L20B cells, a cell line routinely used to specifically detect polioviruses. An active circulation of EV-D111s among humans could then induce a high number of false-positive detection of polioviruses, which could be particularly problematic in Central Africa, where EV-D111 circulates and which is a key region for poliovirus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur—Unité de biologie des virus entériques—Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines—Paris, France
| | - Arthur Mazitchi
- Enteric Viruses and Measles Laboratory—Institut Pasteur de Bangui—Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Service—Centre Pasteur of Cameroon–Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Institut Pasteur—Unité de biologie des virus entériques—Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines—Paris, France
| | | | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur—Unité de biologie des virus entériques—Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines—Paris, France
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Girardi V, Demoliner M, Gularte J, Spilki F. 'Don't put your head under water': enteric viruses in Brazilian recreational waters. New Microbes New Infect 2019; 29:100519. [PMID: 30899523 PMCID: PMC6406054 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Like in many other countries, virologic analyses are not routinely performed in Brazil in monitoring water quality for recreational purposes. We surveyed current research regarding viral contamination of recreational water environments in Brazil. Among the enteric viruses studied in Brazilian recreational waters, we highlight adenoviruses, rotaviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses. Although there has been relatively little research on outbreaks related to bathing in recreational water environments in Brazil, noroviruses and adenoviruses are the viruses that are most often related to outbreaks. Better surveillance of the occurrence of enteric viruses in water could improve the assessment of risk to human health as well as indicate the sources of contamination and thus demonstrate the importance of adequate environmental sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Girardi
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - M. Demoliner
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - J.S. Gularte
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - F.R. Spilki
- Laboratório de Saúde Única, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
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Girardi V, Mena KD, Albino SM, Demoliner M, Gularte JS, de Souza FG, Rigotto C, Quevedo DM, Schneider VE, Paesi SO, Tarwater PM, Spilki FR. Microbial risk assessment in recreational freshwaters from southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:298-308. [PMID: 30240914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli, enterovirus (EV), rotavirus (RV), and human mastadenovirus species C and F (HAdV-C and HAdV-F) were evaluated in water samples from Belo Stream. For HAdV-C and F, the infectivity was assessed by integrated cell culture quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (ICC-qPCR). Samples were collected monthly (May/2015 to April/2016) at four sites. Viral analyses were performed for both ultracentrifuge-concentrated and unconcentrated samples. For site P4 (used for recreational purposes), QMRA was applied to estimate health risks associated with exposure to E. coli and HAdV-C and F. TC and E. coli were present throughout the collection period. EV and RV were not detected. HAdV-C were present in 8.51% (1.89E + 06 to 2.28E + 07 GC (Genomic Copies)/L) and 21.27% (2.36E + 05 to 1.29E + 07 GC/L) for unconcentrated and concentrated samples, respectively. For HAdV-F were 12.76% (2.77E + 07 to 3.31E + 08 GC/L) and 48.93% (1.10E + 05 to 4.50E + 08 GC/L) for unconcentrated and concentrated samples, respectively. For unconcentrated samples, infectivity for HAdV-C was detected in 37.20% (1st ICC-qPCR) and 25.58% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For HAdV-F, infectivity was detected in 6.97% (1st ICC-qPCR) and 6.97% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For concentrated samples, HAdV-C infectious was observed in 17.02% (1st ICC-qPCR) and in 8.51% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For HAdV-F, were present in 8.51% for both 1st and 2nd ICC-qPCR. Statistical analyzes showed significant difference between the collection sites when analyzed the molecular data of HAdV-F, data of TC and E. coli. Correlation tests showed direct correlation between HAdV-F with E. coli and TC. E. coli concentrations translated to the lowest estimates of infection risks (8.58E-05 to 2.17E-03). HAdV-F concentrations were associated with the highest infection risks at 9.99E-01 and for group C, 1.29E-01 to 9.99E-01. These results show that commonly used bacterial indicators for water quality may not infer health risks associated with viruses in recreational freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil.
| | - Kristina D Mena
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Suelen M Albino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, no 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Gularte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G de Souza
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Quevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Vania E Schneider
- Instituto de Saneamento Ambiental (ISAM), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, no 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Suelen O Paesi
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, no 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
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Amarelle L, Lecuona E. The Antiviral Effects of Na,K-ATPase Inhibition: A Minireview. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082154. [PMID: 30042322 PMCID: PMC6121263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since being first described more than 60 years ago, Na,K-ATPase has been extensively studied, while novel concepts about its structure, physiology, and biological roles continue to be elucidated. Cardiac glycosides not only inhibit the pump function of Na,K-ATPase but also activate intracellular signal transduction pathways, which are important in many biological processes. Recently, antiviral effects have been described as a novel feature of Na,K-ATPase inhibition with the use of cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycosides have been reported to be effective against both DNA viruses such as cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex and RNA viruses such as influenza, chikungunya, coronavirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, among others. Consequently, cardiac glycosides have emerged as potential broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, with the great advantage of targeting cell host proteins, which help to minimize resistance to antiviral treatments, making them a very promising strategy against human viral infections. Here, we review the effect of cardiac glycosides on viral biology and the mechanisms by which these drugs impair the replication of this array of different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Amarelle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Emilia Lecuona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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