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Qing Li A, Jie Li X, Liu X, Gong X, Ru Ma Y, Cheng P, Jiao Wang X, Mei Li J, Zhou D, Hong Z. Antibody-secreting cells as a source of NR1-IgGs in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-antibody encephalitis. Brain Behav Immun 2024:S0889-1591(24)00422-7. [PMID: 38825049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenicity of NR1-IgGs in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-antibody encephalitis is known, but the immunobiological mechanisms underlying their production remain unclear. METHODS For the first time, we explore the origin of NR1-IgGs and evaluate the contribution of B-cells to serum NR1-IgGs levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from patients and healthy controls (HCs). Naïve, unswitched memory (USM), switched memory B cells (SM), antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), and PBMC depleted of ASCs were obtained by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and cultured in vitro. RESULTS For some patients, PBMCs spontaneously produced NR1-IgGs. Compared to the patients in PBMC negative group, the positive group had higher NR1-IgG titers in cerebrospinal fluid and Modified Rankin scale scores. The proportions of NR1-IgG positive wells in PBMCs cultures were correlated with NR1-IgGs titers in serum and CSF. The purified ASCs, SM, USM B cells produced NR1-IgGs in vitro. Compared to the patients in ASCs negative group, the positive group exhibited a worse response to second-line IT at 3-month follow-up. Naïve B cells also produce NR1-IgGs, implicating that NR1-IgGs originate from naïve B cells and a pre-germinal centres defect in B cell tolerance checkpoint in some patients. For HCs, no NR1-IgG from cultures was observed. PBMC depleted of ASCs almost eliminated the production of NR1-IgGs. CONCLUSIONS These collective findings suggested that ASCs might mainly contribute to the production of peripheral NR1-IgG in patients with NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in the acute phase. Our study reveals the pathogenesis and helps develop tailored treatments (eg, anti-CD38) for NMDAR-antibody encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Qing Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Ru Ma
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Jiao Wang
- Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nan fu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 611730, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
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Swaroop AK, Negi P, Kar A, Mariappan E, Natarajan J, Namboori P K K, Selvaraj J. Navigating IL-6: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic breakthroughs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:48-76. [PMID: 38220583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This concise review navigates the intricate realm of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important member of the cytokine family. Beginning with an introduction to cytokines, this narrative review unfolds with the historical journey of IL-6, illuminating its evolving significance. A crucial section unravels the three distinct signaling modes employed by IL-6, providing a foundational understanding of its versatile interactions within cellular landscapes. Moving deeper, the review meticulously dissects IL-6's signaling mechanisms, unraveling the complexities of its pleiotropic effects in both physiological responses and pathological conditions. A significant focus is dedicated to the essential role IL-6 plays in inflammatory diseases, offering insights into its associations and implications for various health conditions. The review also takes a therapeutic turn by exploring the emergence of anti-IL-6 monoclonal inhibitors, marking a profound stride in treatment modalities. Diving into the molecular realm, the review explores small molecules as agents for IL-6 inhibition, providing a nuanced perspective on diverse intervention strategies. As the review embarks on the final chapters, it contemplates future aspects, offering glimpses into potential research trajectories and the evolving landscape of IL-6-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akey Krishna Swaroop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Preeya Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayushi Kar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esakkimuthukumar Mariappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jawahar Natarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Namboori P K
- Amrita Molecular Modeling and Synthesis (AMMAS) Research lab, Amrita Vishwavidyapeetham, Amrita Nagar, Ettimadai, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Wortel CM, Liem SI, van Leeuwen NM, Boonstra M, Fehres CM, Stöger L, Huizinga TW, Toes RE, De Vries-Bouwstra J, Scherer HU. Anti-topoisomerase, but not anti-centromere B cell responses in systemic sclerosis display active, Ig-secreting cells associated with lung fibrosis. RMD Open 2023; 9:e003148. [PMID: 37507206 PMCID: PMC10387632 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Almost all patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) harbour autoantibodies. Anti-topoisomerase antibodies (ATA) and anti-centromere antibodies (ACA) are most prevalent and associate with distinct clinical phenotypes. B cell responses underlying these phenotypes are ill-defined. To understand how B cell autoreactivity and disease pathology connect, we determined phenotypic and functional characteristics of autoreactive B cells in ATA-positive and ACA-positive patients. METHODS Levels and isotypes of autoantibodies secreted by ex vivo cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ATA-positive (n=22) and ACA-positive (n=20) SSc were determined. Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) were isolated by cell sorting and cultured separately. Correlations were studied between the degree of spontaneous autoantibody production and the presence and degree of interstitial lung disease (ILD). RESULTS Circulating B cells secreting either ATA-immunoglobulin G (IgG) or ACA-IgG on stimulation was readily detectable in patients. The ATA response, but not the ACA response, showed additional secretion of autoreactive IgA. ATA-IgG and ATA-IgA were also secreted spontaneously. Additional cell sorting confirmed the presence of ATA-secreting plasmablasts. The degree of spontaneous ATA-secretion was higher in patients with ILD than in those without (p<0.001) and correlated with the degree of pulmonary fibrosis (p<0.001). CONCLUSION In contrast to ACA-positive patients, ATA-positive patients show signs of recent activation of the B cell response that hallmarks this disease. The degree of activation correlates with the presence and severity of ILD, the most deleterious disease manifestation. This could explain differential responsiveness to B cell depleting therapy. The abundant and spontaneous secretion of ATA-IgG and ATA-IgA may point toward a continuously activating trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrie M Wortel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Ie Liem
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M van Leeuwen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Boonstra
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lauran Stöger
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wj Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René Em Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans U Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Hensvold A, Horuluoglu B, Sahlström P, Thyagarajan R, Diaz Boada JS, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Gerstner C, Sippl N, Israelsson L, Wedin R, Steen J, Klareskog L, Réthi B, Catrina AI, Diaz-Gallo LM, Malmström V, Grönwall C. The human bone marrow plasma cell compartment in rheumatoid arthritis - Clonal relationships and anti-citrulline autoantibody producing cells. J Autoimmun 2023; 136:103022. [PMID: 37001434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
A majority of circulating IgG is produced by plasma cells residing in the bone marrow (BM). Long-lived BM plasma cells constitute our humoral immune memory and are essential for infection-specific immunity. They may also provide a reservoir of potentially pathogenic autoantibodies, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA). Here we investigated paired human BM plasma cell and peripheral blood (PB) B-cell repertoires in seropositive RA, four ACPA+ RA patients and one ACPA- using two different single-cell approaches, flow cytometry sorting, and transcriptomics, followed by recombinant antibody generation. Immunoglobulin (Ig) analysis of >900 paired heavy-light chains from BM plasma cells identified by either surface CD138 expression or transcriptome profiles (including gene expression of MZB1, JCHAIN and XBP1) demonstrated differences in IgG/A repertoires and N-linked glycosylation between patients. For three patients, we identified clonotypes shared between BM plasma cells and PB memory B cells. Notably, four individuals displayed plasma cells with identical heavy chains but different light chains, which may indicate receptor revision or clonal convergence. ACPA-producing BM plasma cells were identified in two ACPA+ patients. Three of 44 recombinantly expressed monoclonal antibodies from ACPA+ RA BM plasma cells were CCP2+, specifically binding to citrullinated peptides. Out of these, two clones reacted with citrullinated histone-4 and activated neutrophils. In conclusion, single-cell investigation of B-cell repertoires in RA bone marrow provided new understanding of human plasma cells clonal relationships and demonstrated pathogenically relevant disease-associated autoantibody expression in long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aase Hensvold
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Begum Horuluoglu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Sahlström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radha Thyagarajan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juan Sebastian Diaz Boada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Mathsson-Alm
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalie Sippl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Wedin
- Department of Trauma and Reparative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Johanna Steen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bence Réthi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Rheumatology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina-Marcela Diaz-Gallo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tedeschi SK, Stratton J, Ellrodt JE, Whelan MG, Hayashi K, Yoshida K, Chen L, Adejoorin I, Marks KE, Jonsson AH, Rao DA, Solomon DH. Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity assessed by patient-reported outcomes and flow cytometry before and after an additional dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1045-1048. [PMID: 35168944 PMCID: PMC10019444 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-222232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Tedeschi
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacklyn Stratton
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack Elias Ellrodt
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary Grace Whelan
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keigo Hayashi
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ifeoluwakiisi Adejoorin
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryne Elizabeth Marks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Helena Jonsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Frazzei G, van Vollenhoven RF, de Jong BA, Siegelaar SE, van Schaardenburg D. Preclinical Autoimmune Disease: a Comparison of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899372. [PMID: 35844538 PMCID: PMC9281565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The preclinical phase of autoimmune disorders is characterized by an initial asymptomatic phase of varying length followed by nonspecific signs and symptoms. A variety of autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations can be present and tend to increase in the last months to years before a clinical diagnosis can be made. The phenotype of an autoimmune disease depends on the involved organs, the underlying genetic susceptibility and pathophysiological processes. There are different as well as shared genetic or environmental risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms between separate diseases. To shed more light on this, in this narrative review we compare the preclinical disease course of four important autoimmune diseases with distinct phenotypes: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). In general, we observed some notable similarities such as a North-South gradient of decreasing prevalence, a female preponderance (except for T1D), major genetic risk factors at the HLA level, partly overlapping cytokine profiles and lifestyle risk factors such as obesity, smoking and stress. The latter risk factors are known to produce a state of chronic systemic low grade inflammation. A central characteristic of all four diseases is an on average lengthy prodromal phase with no or minor symptoms which can last many years, suggesting a gradually evolving interaction between the genetic profile and the environment. Part of the abnormalities may be present in unaffected family members, and autoimmune diseases can also cluster in families. In conclusion, a promising strategy for prevention of autoimmune diseases might be to address adverse life style factors by public health measures at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Frazzei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Giulia Frazzei,
| | - Ronald F. van Vollenhoven
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brigit A. de Jong
- Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Siegelaar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan van Schaardenburg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Reade, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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From risk to chronicity: evolution of autoreactive B cell and antibody responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:371-383. [PMID: 35606567 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of disease-specific autoantibody responses and the efficacy of B cell-targeting therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) indicate a pivotal role for B cells in disease pathogenesis. Important advances have shaped our understanding of the involvement of autoantibodies and autoreactive B cells in the disease process. In RA, autoantibodies target antigens with a variety of post-translational modifications such as carbamylation, acetylation and citrullination. B cell responses against citrullinated antigens generate anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), which are themselves modified in the variable domains by abundant N-linked glycans. Insights into the induction of autoreactive B cells against antigens with post-translational modifications and the development of autoantibody features such as isotype usage, epitope recognition, avidity and glycosylation reveal their relationship to particular RA risk factors and clinical phenotypes. Glycosylation of the ACPA variable domain, for example, seems to predict RA onset in ACPA+ healthy individuals, possibly because it affects B cell receptor signalling. Moreover, ACPA-expressing B cells show dynamic phenotypic changes and develop a continuously proliferative and activated phenotype that can persist in patients who are in drug-induced clinical remission. Together, these findings can be integrated into a conceptual framework of immunological autoreactivity in RA, delineating how it develops and persists and why disease activity recurs when therapy is tapered or stopped.
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8
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Volkov M, Kampstra ASB, van Schie KA, Kawakami A, Tamai M, Kawashiri S, Maeda T, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM, van der Woude D. Evolution of anti-modified protein antibody responses can be driven by consecutive exposure to different post-translational modifications. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:298. [PMID: 34876234 PMCID: PMC8653599 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Besides anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), rheumatoid arthritis patients (RA) often display autoantibody reactivities against other post-translationally modified (PTM) proteins, more specifically carbamylated and acetylated proteins. Immunizing mice with one particular PTM results in an anti-modified protein antibody (AMPA) response recognizing different PTM-antigens. Furthermore, human AMPA, isolated based on their reactivity to one PTM, cross-react with other PTMs. However, it is unclear whether the AMPA-reactivity profile is “fixed” in time or whether consecutive exposure to different PTMs can shape the evolving AMPA response towards a particular PTM. Methods Longitudinally collected serum samples of 8 human individuals at risk of RA and 5 with early RA were tested with ELISA, and titers were analyzed to investigate the evolution of the AMPA responses over time. Mice (13 per immunization group in total) were immunized with acetylated (or carbamylated) protein (ovalbumin) twice or cross-immunized with an acetylated and then a carbamylated protein (or vice versa) and their serum was analyzed for AMPA responses. Results Human data illustrated dynamic changes in AMPA-reactivity profiles in both individuals at risk of RA and in early RA patients. Mice immunized with either solely acetylated or carbamylated ovalbumin (AcOVA or CaOVA) developed reactivity against both acetylated and carbamylated antigens. Irrespective of the PTM-antigen used for the first immunization, a booster immunization with an antigen bearing the other PTM resulted in increased titers to the second/booster PTM. Furthermore, cross-immunization skewed the overall AMPA-response profile towards a relatively higher reactivity against the “booster” PTM. Conclusions The relationship between different reactivities within the AMPA response is dynamic. The initial exposure to a PTM-antigen induces cross-reactive responses that can be boosted by an antigen bearing this or other PTMs, indicating the formation of cross-reactive immunological memory. Upon subsequent exposure to an antigen bearing another type of PTM, the overall reactivity pattern can be skewed towards better recognition of the later encountered PTM. These data might explain temporal differences in the AMPA-response profile and point to the possibility that the PTM responsible for the initiation of the AMPA response may differ from the PTM predominantly recognized later in time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02687-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volkov
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A S B Kampstra
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K A van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M Tamai
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - S Kawashiri
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T Maeda
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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He J, Ju J, Wang X. The current status of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies and citrullinated protein-reactive B cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:2475-2485. [PMID: 34855107 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. It is widely acknowledged that the presence of ACPAs is the result of the interaction of genes, the environment and epigenetic modifications. The mechanism by which the factors, especially citrullination and ACPA glycosylation, affect ACPAs is still unclear. In this article, we review the presence of the ACPAs in RA and their relationship with clinical manifestations. The pathogenicity of ACPAs and B cells in RA was also summarized. A growing body of evidence has shown that ACPA-positive patients have more serious bone erosion and destruction and poor clinical prognosis than ACPA-negative patients. Recently, with the direct study of citrullinated protein-reactive B cells, their role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis has been further understood. It indicates that further understanding of the mechanism of ACPAs and CP-reactive B cells would beneficial in the prevention and treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - JiYu Ju
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - XiaoDong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Abrignani S, Addo R, Akdis M, Andrä I, Andreata F, Annunziato F, Arranz E, Bacher P, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Baumjohann D, Beccaria CG, Bernardo D, Boardman DA, Borger J, Böttcher C, Brockmann L, Burns M, Busch DH, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cassotta A, Chang Y, Chirdo FG, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Cook L, Corbett AJ, Cornelis R, Cosmi L, Davey MS, De Biasi S, De Simone G, del Zotto G, Delacher M, Di Rosa F, Di Santo J, Diefenbach A, Dong J, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dutertre CA, Eckle SBG, Eede P, Evrard M, Falk CS, Feuerer M, Fillatreau S, Fiz-Lopez A, Follo M, Foulds GA, Fröbel J, Gagliani N, Galletti G, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Garrote JA, Geginat J, Gherardin NA, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Godfrey DI, Gruarin P, Haftmann C, Hansmann L, Harpur CM, Hayday AC, Heine G, Hernández DC, Herrmann M, Hoelsken O, Huang Q, Huber S, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hwang WYK, Iannacone M, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Keller B, Kessler N, Ketelaars S, Knop L, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Krueger A, Kuehne JF, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Latorre D, Lenz D, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Long HM, Lugli E, MacDonald KN, Maggi L, Maini MK, Mair F, Manta C, Manz RA, Mashreghi MF, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Monin L, Moretta L, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Muscate F, Natalini A, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Niemz J, Almeida LN, Notarbartolo S, Ostendorf L, Pallett LJ, Patel AA, Percin GI, Peruzzi G, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pujol-Autonell I, Pulvirenti N, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Rhys H, Rodrigo MB, Romagnani C, Saggau C, Sakaguchi S, Sallusto F, Sanderink L, Sandrock I, Schauer C, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schober K, Schoen J, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulz AR, Schulz S, Schulze J, Simonetti S, Singh J, Sitnik KM, Stark R, Starossom S, Stehle C, Szelinski F, Tan L, Tarnok A, Tornack J, Tree TIM, van Beek JJP, van de Veen W, van Gisbergen K, Vasco C, Verheyden NA, von Borstel A, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Waskow C, Wiedemann A, Wilharm A, Wing J, Wirz O, Wittner J, Yang JHM, Yang J. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition). Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2708-3145. [PMID: 34910301 PMCID: PMC11115438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Addo
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Beccaria
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Marie Burns
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cornelis
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michael Delacher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aida Fiz-Lopez
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Guido Heine
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Carolina Hernández
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hoelsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny F. Kuehne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Lenz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine N. MacDonald
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calin Manta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, Härtelstr.16, −18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Franziska Muscate
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jana Niemz
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Lennard Ostendorf
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amit A. Patel
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Gulce Itir Percin
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Pulvirenti
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundorra, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria B. Rodrigo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel R. Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schulze
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Jeeshan Singh
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Stark
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin – BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Sanquin Research – Adaptive Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Starossom
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Tornack
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy I. M. Tree
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper J. P. van Beek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Vasco
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Wing
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Sokolova MV, Hagen M, Bang H, Schett G, Rech J, Steffen U. IgA anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (IgA ACPA) are associated with flares during DMARD tapering in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:2124-2131. [PMID: 34508547 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A substantial proportion of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients flare upon withdrawal of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), thus the definition of prognostic markers is crucial. Anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positivity has been identified as a risk factor for flare. However, only the role of IgG is established in this context, while the role of IgA ACPA is poorly defined. We thus aimed to investigate the role of IgA ACPA in flare of RA. METHODS Serum levels of IgA1 and IgA2 ACPA at baseline and after 12 months were measured in 108 patients from the randomized controlled RETRO study. RA patients in stable remission for at least 6 months at study recruitment were assigned to either one of the DMARD tapering arms or to continuation of DMARDs. RESULTS In patients remaining in remission but not in the ones who flared, IgA2 ACPA levels and proportion of IgA2 in ACPA (IgA2%ACPA) significantly declined (median of 17.5%; p< 0.0001). This seemed to be independent of the treatment choice, as there was no difference in IgA2 ACPA dynamics between the study arms. IgA2% ACPA was associated with disease activity (DAS28) at flare (r = 0.36; p= 0.046). IgA and IgG ACPA showed a tendency towards independent contribution to the risk of flare with the highest risk if a patient had both antibody classes. CONCLUSION In this study, IgA ACPA was identified as a risk factor for flare in combination with IgG ACPA. IgA2 ACPA levels were associated with flare severity and declined in patients in stable remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Sokolova
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melanie Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Juergen Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steffen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Pan J. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2021; 10:154-164. [PMID: 34466337 PMCID: PMC8397820 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2021.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis and symmetrical joint destruction. RA has become one of the key diseases endangering human health, but its etiology is not clear. Therefore, identifying the immunopathogenic mechanisms of RA and developing therapeutic drugs to treat autoimmune diseases have always been difficult. This article mainly reviews the immunopathogenic mechanism of RA and advances in the study of anti-inflammatory drugs in order to provide a reference for the treatment of RA and drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
- Key Lab for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
- Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yihang Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
- Key Lab for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
- Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
- Key Lab for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
- Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
- Address correspondence to:Pan Jihong, Biomedical Sciences College, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, # 6699 Qingdao Road, Ji'nan 250117, China. E-mail:
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13
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Increasing numbers of CD19 + CD24 highCD38 high regulatory B cells and pre-germinal center B cells reflect activated autoimmunity and predict future treatment response in patients with untreated immune thrombocytopenia. Int J Hematol 2021; 114:580-590. [PMID: 34309815 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-021-03192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is poorly understood, particularly aspects regarding abnormal homeostasis and dysregulation of B cells. In this study, we analyzed peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with untreated ITP and healthy controls, and examined correlations between cell percentages/counts and titers of serum cytokines and antibodies. We also compared ITP patients who later required second-line therapies and those who did not. The percentages of CD19 + CD24highCD38high regulatory B cells, pre-germinal center (GC) B cells, and plasmablast-like B cells were significantly higher in ITP patients than in healthy controls. Absolute counts of regulatory B cells and pre-GC B cells were significantly higher in those who needed second-line therapies. In addition, serum B cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) levels and platelet-associated immune globulin G antibody titers correlated positively with regulatory B cell, pre-GC B cell, and auto-reactive B cell counts. Serum interferon-α (IFN-α) levels were elevated in four ITP patients with high auto-reactive B cell counts. These results indicate that increases in regulatory B cells and pre-GC B cells may reflect activated autoimmunity induced by BAFF and/or IFN-α. Consequently, evaluation of B cell subsets in untreated ITP patients may predict treatment response.
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14
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Wu M, Zhao M, Wu H, Lu Q. Immune repertoire: Revealing the "real-time" adaptive immune response in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2021; 54:61-75. [PMID: 33650440 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2021.1887149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of the immune repertoire (IR) enables the human immune system to distinguish multifarious antigens (Ags) that humans may encounter throughout life. At the same time, bias or abnormalities in the IR also pay a contribution to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Rapid advancements in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology have ushered in a new era of immune studies, revealing novel molecules and pathways that might result in autoimmunity. In the field of IR, HTS can monitor the immune response status and identify disease-specific immune repertoires. In this review, we summarize updated progress on the mechanisms of the IR and current related studies on four autoimmune diseases, particularly focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These autoimmune diseases can exhibit slightly or significantly skewed IRs and provide novel insights that inform our comprehending of disease pathogenesis and provide potential targets for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Fortea-Gordo P, Villalba A, Nuño L, Santos-Bórnez MJ, Peiteado D, Monjo I, Puig-Kröger A, Sánchez-Mateos P, Martín-Mola E, Balsa A, Miranda-Carús ME. Circulating CD19+CD24hiCD38hi regulatory B cells as biomarkers of response to methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:3081-3091. [PMID: 32417912 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The protagonism of regulatory B cells seems to vary along the course of the disease in murine models of inflammatory conditions. Decreased numbers of circulating regulatory CD19+CD24hiCD38hi transitional (cTr) B cells have been described in patients with long-standing RA, thus our objective was to examine the frequency and evolution of cTr B cells in the peripheral blood of early RA (ERA) patients. METHODS Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 48 steroid- and DMARD-naïve ERA patients with a disease duration of <24 weeks and 48 healthy controls (HCs) were examined by flow cytometry. Co-cultures of isolated memory B cells were established with autologous T cells in the absence or presence of Tr B cells. RESULTS As compared with HCs, ERA patients demonstrated an increased frequency of cTr B cells. cTr B cells of ERA patients and HCs displayed an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile and were able to downregulate T cell IFN-γ and IL-21 production, together with ACPA secretion in autologous B/T cell co-cultures. Basal frequencies of cTr B cells above the median value observed in HCs were associated with a good EULAR response to MTX at 12 months [relative risk 2.91 (95% CI 1.37, 6.47)]. A significant reduction of cTr B cells was observed 12 months after initiating MTX, when the cTr B cell frequency was no longer elevated but decreased, and this was independent of the degree of clinical response or the intake of prednisone. CONCLUSION An increased frequency of regulatory cTr B cells is apparent in untreated ERA and the baseline cTr B cell frequency is associated with the clinical response to MTX at 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Nuño
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz
| | | | - Diana Peiteado
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz
| | - Irene Monjo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz
| | - Amaya Puig-Kröger
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Oncología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Mateos
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-Oncología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Balsa
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz
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16
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Magnusson L, Espes D, Casas R, Carlsson PO. Increased Plasma Levels of the Co-stimulatory Proteins CDCP1 and SLAMF1 in Patients With Autoimmune Endocrine Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1916. [PMID: 32983115 PMCID: PMC7476208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that autoimmune diseases share similar immunogenetic mechanisms, studies comparing the protein composition in peripheral blood from patients with autoimmune endocrine diseases are limited. In this study, we applied proximity extension assay to measure proteins related to signaling and interactions within the immune system in peripheral blood from patients with new-onset (N-T1D) and long-standing (L-T1D) type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), Graves' disease (GD), and autoimmune Addison's disease in addition to healthy controls (HC). Proteins in plasma and supernatants from cultured PBMC were measured by using a 92-plex Olink® INFLAMMATION panel. Soluble CDCP1 was more abundant in plasma from patients with N-T1D, L-T1D, HT, and GD than in HC. The L-T1D and HT groups had elevated plasma levels of SLAMF1 compared with HC. Patients and HC could not be distinguished by their protein composition in PBMC supernatants. The high-throughput multiplex technology enabled us to detect two low-abundant proteins that have been gradually connected to autoimmune diseases. Our study provides novel associations between CDCP1, SLAMF1, and autoimmune endocrine diseases, which might reflect a higher degree of inflammation and lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Magnusson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Division of Children and Women Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rosaura Casas
- Division of Children and Women Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Brooks JF, Barber JEM, Davies JM, Wells JW, Steptoe RJ. Transfer of antigen-encoding bone marrow under immune-preserving conditions deletes mature antigen-specific B cells in recipients and inhibits antigen-specific antibody production. Cytotherapy 2020; 22:436-444. [PMID: 32546362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Pathological activation and collaboration of T and B cells underlies pathogenic autoantibody responses. Existing treatments for autoimmune disease cause non-specific immunosuppression, and induction of antigen-specific tolerance remains an elusive goal. Many immunotherapies aim to manipulate the T-cell component of T-B interplay, but few directly target B cells. One possible means to specifically target B cells is the transfer of gene-engineered BM that, once engrafted, gives rise to widespread specific and tolerogenic antigen expression within the hematopoietic system. METHODS Gene-engineered bone marrow encoding ubiquitous ovalbumin expression was transferred after low-dose (300-cGy) immune-preserving irradiation. B-cell responsiveness was monitored by analyzing ovalbumin-specific antibody production after immunization with ovalbumin/complete Freund's adjuvant. Ovalbumin-specific B cells and their response to immunization were analyzed using multi-tetramer staining. When antigen-encoding bone marrow was transferred under immune-preserving conditions, cognate antigen-specific B cells were purged from the recipient's preexisting B-cell repertoire and the repertoire that arose after bone marrow transfer. RESULTS OVA-specific B-cell deletion was apparent within the established host B-cell repertoire as well as that developing after gene-engineered bone marrow transfer. OVA-specific antibody production was substantially inhibited by transfer of OVA-encoding BM and activation of OVA-specific B cells, germinal center formation and subsequent OVA-specific plasmablast differentiation were all inhibited. Low levels of gene-engineered bone marrow chimerism were sufficient to limit antigen-specific antibody production. RESULTS These data show that antigen-specific B cells within an established B-cell repertoire are susceptible to de novo tolerance induction, and this can be achieved by transfer of gene-engineered bone marrow. This adds further dimensions to the utility of antigen-encoding bone marrow transfer as an immunotherapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Brooks
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - James E M Barber
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Janet M Davies
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James W Wells
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.
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18
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Volkov M, van Schie KA, van der Woude D. Autoantibodies and B Cells: The ABC of rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology. Immunol Rev 2019; 294:148-163. [PMID: 31845355 PMCID: PMC7065213 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation. In the last few decades, new insights into RA‐specific autoantibodies and B cells have greatly expanded our understanding of the disease. The best‐known autoantibodies in RA—rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti‐citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)—are present long before disease onset, and both responses show signs of maturation around the time of the first manifestation of arthritis. A very intriguing characteristic of ACPA is their remarkably high abundance of variable domain glycans. Since these glycans may convey an important selection advantage of citrulline‐reactive B cells, they may be the key to understanding the evolution of the autoimmune response. Recently discovered autoantibodies targeting other posttranslational modifications, such as anti‐carbamylated and anti‐acetylated protein antibodies, appear to be closely related to ACPA, which makes it possible to unite them under the term of anti‐modified protein antibodies (AMPA). Despite the many insights gained about these autoantibodies, it is unclear whether they are pathogenic or play a causal role in disease development. Autoreactive B cells from which the autoantibodies originate have also received attention as perhaps more likely disease culprits. The development of autoreactive B cells in RA largely depends on the interaction with T cells in which HLA “shared epitope” and HLA DERAA may play an important role. Recent technological advances made it possible to identify and characterize citrulline‐reactive B cells and acquire ACPA monoclonal antibodies, which are providing valuable insights and help to understand the nature of the autoimmune response underlying RA. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about the role of autoantibodies and autoreactive B cells in RA and we discuss the most prominent hypotheses aiming to explain the origins and the evolution of autoimmunity in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Volkov
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Anna van Schie
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Acs A, Adam D, Adam-Klages S, Agace WW, Aghaeepour N, Akdis M, Allez M, Almeida LN, Alvisi G, Anderson G, Andrä I, Annunziato F, Anselmo A, Bacher P, Baldari CT, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Battistini L, Bauer W, Baumgart S, Baumgarth N, Baumjohann D, Baying B, Bebawy M, Becher B, Beisker W, Benes V, Beyaert R, Blanco A, Boardman DA, Bogdan C, Borger JG, Borsellino G, Boulais PE, Bradford JA, Brenner D, Brinkman RR, Brooks AES, Busch DH, Büscher M, Bushnell TP, Calzetti F, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cao X, Cardell SL, Casola S, Cassatella MA, Cavani A, Celada A, Chatenoud L, Chattopadhyay PK, Chow S, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Clerici M, Colombo FS, Cook L, Cooke A, Cooper AM, Corbett AJ, Cosma A, Cosmi L, Coulie PG, Cumano A, Cvetkovic L, Dang VD, Dang-Heine C, Davey MS, Davies D, De Biasi S, Del Zotto G, Cruz GVD, Delacher M, Bella SD, Dellabona P, Deniz G, Dessing M, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, Dieli F, Dolf A, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dudziak D, Dustin M, Dutertre CA, Ebner F, Eckle SBG, Edinger M, Eede P, Ehrhardt GR, Eich M, Engel P, Engelhardt B, Erdei A, Esser C, Everts B, Evrard M, Falk CS, Fehniger TA, Felipo-Benavent M, Ferry H, Feuerer M, Filby A, Filkor K, Fillatreau S, Follo M, Förster I, Foster J, Foulds GA, Frehse B, Frenette PS, Frischbutter S, Fritzsche W, Galbraith DW, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Gaudilliere B, Gazzinelli RT, Geginat J, Gerner W, Gherardin NA, Ghoreschi K, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Goda K, Godfrey DI, Goettlinger C, González-Navajas JM, Goodyear CS, Gori A, Grogan JL, Grummitt D, Grützkau A, Haftmann C, Hahn J, Hammad H, Hämmerling G, Hansmann L, Hansson G, Harpur CM, Hartmann S, Hauser A, Hauser AE, Haviland DL, Hedley D, Hernández DC, Herrera G, Herrmann M, Hess C, Höfer T, Hoffmann P, Hogquist K, Holland T, Höllt T, Holmdahl R, Hombrink P, Houston JP, Hoyer BF, Huang B, Huang FP, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hunter CA, Hwang WYK, Iannone A, Ingelfinger F, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Jávega B, Jonjic S, Kaiser T, Kalina T, Kamradt T, Kaufmann SHE, Keller B, Ketelaars SLC, Khalilnezhad A, Khan S, Kisielow J, Klenerman P, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kolls JK, Kong WT, Kopf M, Korn T, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Kroneis T, Krueger A, Kühne J, Kukat C, Kunkel D, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kurosaki T, Kurts C, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Landry J, Lantz O, Lanuti P, LaRosa F, Lehuen A, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Leipold MD, Leung LY, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Litwin V, Liu Y, Ljunggren HG, Lohoff M, Lombardi G, Lopez L, López-Botet M, Lovett-Racke AE, Lubberts E, Luche H, Ludewig B, Lugli E, Lunemann S, Maecker HT, Maggi L, Maguire O, Mair F, Mair KH, Mantovani A, Manz RA, Marshall AJ, Martínez-Romero A, Martrus G, Marventano I, Maslinski W, Matarese G, Mattioli AV, Maueröder C, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, McGrath M, McGuire HM, McInnes IB, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Miller SD, Mills KH, Minderman H, Mjösberg J, Moore J, Moran B, Moretta L, Mosmann TR, Müller S, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Münz C, Nakayama T, Nasi M, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Nourshargh S, Núñez G, O’Connor JE, Ochel A, Oja A, Ordonez D, Orfao A, Orlowski-Oliver E, Ouyang W, Oxenius A, Palankar R, Panse I, Pattanapanyasat K, Paulsen M, Pavlinic D, Penter L, Peterson P, Peth C, Petriz J, Piancone F, Pickl WF, Piconese S, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Podolska MJ, Poon Z, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pucillo CEM, Quataert SA, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Radstake TRDJ, Rahmig S, Rahn HP, Rajwa B, Ravichandran G, Raz Y, Rebhahn JA, Recktenwald D, Reimer D, e Sousa CR, Remmerswaal EB, Richter L, Rico LG, Riddell A, Rieger AM, Robinson JP, Romagnani C, Rubartelli A, Ruland J, Saalmüller A, Saeys Y, Saito T, Sakaguchi S, de-Oyanguren FS, Samstag Y, Sanderson S, Sandrock I, Santoni A, Sanz RB, Saresella M, Sautes-Fridman C, Sawitzki B, Schadt L, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schimisky E, Schlitzer A, Schlosser J, Schmid S, Schmitt S, Schober K, Schraivogel D, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulte R, Schulz AR, Schulz SR, Scottá C, Scott-Algara D, Sester DP, Shankey TV, Silva-Santos B, Simon AK, Sitnik KM, Sozzani S, Speiser DE, Spidlen J, Stahlberg A, Stall AM, Stanley N, Stark R, Stehle C, Steinmetz T, Stockinger H, Takahama Y, Takeda K, Tan L, Tárnok A, Tiegs G, Toldi G, Tornack J, Traggiai E, Trebak M, Tree TI, Trotter J, Trowsdale J, Tsoumakidou M, Ulrich H, Urbanczyk S, van de Veen W, van den Broek M, van der Pol E, Van Gassen S, Van Isterdael G, van Lier RA, Veldhoen M, Vento-Asturias S, Vieira P, Voehringer D, Volk HD, von Borstel A, von Volkmann K, Waisman A, Walker RV, Wallace PK, Wang SA, Wang XM, Ward MD, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Warnes G, Warth S, Waskow C, Watson JV, Watzl C, Wegener L, Weisenburger T, Wiedemann A, Wienands J, Wilharm A, Wilkinson RJ, Willimsky G, Wing JB, Winkelmann R, Winkler TH, Wirz OF, Wong A, Wurst P, Yang JHM, Yang J, Yazdanbakhsh M, Yu L, Yue A, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Ziegler SM, Zielinski C, Zimmermann J, Zychlinsky A. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition). Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1457-1973. [PMID: 31633216 PMCID: PMC7350392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201970107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Adam-Klages
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - William W. Agace
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U1160, and Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis – APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Achille Anselmo
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine & Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianka Baying
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Beisker
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University - VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Flow Cytometry Core Technologies, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica G. Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology and Flow Cytometry Units, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip E. Boulais
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Dirk Brenner
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense University Hospital, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense, Denmark
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ryan R. Brinkman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna E. S. Brooks
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Focus Group “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Büscher
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Timothy P. Bushnell
- Department of Pediatrics and Shared Resource Laboratories, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Federica Calzetti
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Susanna L. Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Casola
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (FOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A. Cassatella
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavani
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Celada
- Macrophage Biology Group, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | | | - Sue Chow
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Cosma
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre G. Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ljiljana Cvetkovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chantip Dang-Heine
- Clinical Research Unit, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek Davies
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Gelo Victoriano Dela Cruz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology – DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Delacher
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Günnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunty Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Dieli
- University of Palermo, Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreas Dolf
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Eich
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Engel
- University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, University L. Eotvos, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mar Felipo-Benavent
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helen Ferry
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Filby
- The Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Universitaetsklinikum FreiburgLighthouse Core Facility, Zentrum für Translationale Zellforschung, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Britta Frehse
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Paul S. Frenette
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Nanobiophotonics Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - David W. Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
- Honorary Dean of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Stanford Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Laboratory of Immunopatology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Mecicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jens Geginat
- INGM - Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Ronmeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jose M. González-Navajas
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrea Gori
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan
| | - Jane L. Grogan
- Cancer Immunology Research, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Hahn
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Leo Hansmann
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Goran Hansson
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - David L. Haviland
- Flow Cytometry, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Hedley
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela C. Hernández
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Cytometry Service, Incliva Foundation. Clinic Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christoph Hess
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Höfer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tristan Holland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Höllt
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Computer Graphics and Visualization, Department of Intelligent Systems, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica P. Houston
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Bimba F. Hoyer
- Rheumatologie/Klinische Immunologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin I und Exzellenzzentrum Entzündungsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ping Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Iannone
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florian Ingelfinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine M Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Jávega
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Toralf Kaiser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Immunology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven L. C. Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- John W Deming Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendy Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Kühne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca LaRosa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Institut Cochin, CNRS8104, INSERM1016, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Michael D. Leipold
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center (HIMC), Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Y.T. Leung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Inst. f. Med. Mikrobiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | | | - Miguel López-Botet
- IMIM(Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy E. Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herve Luche
- Centre d’Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), Inserm (US012), CNRS (UMS3367), Marseille, France
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS and Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J. Marshall
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Glòria Martrus
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivana Marventano
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Wlodzimierz Maslinski
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II and Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Cell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mairi McGrath
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen M. McGuire
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, and Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Univ. Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonni Moore
- Abramson Cancer Center Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Shared Resource, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barry Moran
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susann Müller
- Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Environmental Microbiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Institute for Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Experimental Immune Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Antonia Niedobitek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - José-Enrique O’Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aaron Ochel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Ordonez
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Cytometry Service, University of Salamanca, CIBERONC and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Orlowski-Oliver
- Burnet Institute, AMREP Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Inflammation and Oncology, Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isabel Panse
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Flow Cytometry, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malte Paulsen
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Livius Penter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Peth
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Federica Piancone
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Chromocyte Limited, Electric Works, Sheffield, UK
| | - Malgorzata Justyna Podolska
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
- Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Rheumatology and Immunology, AG Munoz, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Poon
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sally A. Quataert
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | - Tim R. D. J. Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susann Rahmig
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Rahn
- Preparative Flow Cytometry, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yotam Raz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A. Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Ester B.M. Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Richter
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Laura G. Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andy Riddell
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - J. Paul Robinson
- Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Francisco Sala de-Oyanguren
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Ludwig Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Immunology, Section of Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sharon Sanderson
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, NIHR BRC, University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ramon Bellmàs Sanz
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Schadt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmid
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Schmitt
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Schraivogel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Schulte
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Axel Ronald Schulz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cristiano Scottá
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- Institut Pasteur, Cellular Lymphocytes Biology, Immunology Departement, Paris, France
| | - David P. Sester
- TRI Flow Cytometry Suite (TRI.fcs), Translational Research Institute, Wooloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Dept. Molecular Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Anders Stahlberg
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer, Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Natalie Stanley
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Stehle
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Departement for Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Tornack
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- BioGenes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Traggiai
- Novartis Biologics Center, Mechanistic Immunology Unit, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, NIBR, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, PA, United States
| | - Timothy I.M. Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | | | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center; Biomedical Engineering & Physics; Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - René A.W. van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Vieira
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Core Unit ImmunoCheck
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Paul K. Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sa A. Wang
- Dept of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin M. Wang
- The Scientific Platforms, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the Westmead Research Hub, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gary Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary London University, London, UK
| | - Sarah Warth
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leonie Wegener
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Weisenburger
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert John Wilkinson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Cooperation Unit for Experimental and Translational Cancer Immunology, Institute of Immunology (Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - James B. Wing
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rieke Winkelmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Peter Wurst
- University Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice Yue
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Susanne Maria Ziegler
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Zielinski
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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von Borstel A, Land J, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, Stegeman CA, Diepstra A, Heeringa P, Sanders JS. CD27 +CD38 hi B Cell Frequency During Remission Predicts Relapsing Disease in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2221. [PMID: 31608054 PMCID: PMC6769172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) patients are prone to disease relapses. We aimed to determine whether GPA patients at risk for relapse can be identified by differences in B cell subset frequencies. Methods: Eighty-five GPA patients were monitored for a median period of 3.1 years (range: 0.1-6.3). Circulating B cell subset frequencies were analyzed by flow cytometry determining the expression of CD19, CD38, and CD27. B cell subset frequencies at the time of inclusion of future-relapsing (F-R) and non-relapsing (N-R) patients were compared and related to relapse-free survival. Additionally, CD27+CD38hi B cells were assessed in urine and kidney biopsies from active anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitides (AAV) patients with renal involvement. Results: Within 1.6 years, 30% of patients experienced a relapse. The CD27+CD38hi B cell frequency at the time of inclusion was increased in F-R (median: 2.39%) compared to N-R patients (median: 1.03%; p = 0.0025) and a trend was found compared with the HCs (median: 1.33%; p = 0.08). This increased CD27+CD38hi B cell frequency at inclusion was correlated to decreased relapse-free survival in GPA patients. In addition, 74.7% of patients with an increased CD27+CD38hi B cell frequency (≥2.39%) relapsed during follow-up compared to 19.7% of patients with a CD27+CD38hi B cell frequency of <2.39%. No correlations were found between CD27+CD38hi B cells and ANCA levels. CD27+CD38hi B cell frequencies were increased in urine compared to the circulation, and were also detected in kidney biopsies, which may indicate CD27+CD38hi B cell migration during active disease. Conclusions: Our data suggests that having an increased frequency of circulating CD27+CD38hi B cells during remission is related to a higher relapse risk in GPA patients, and therefore might be a potential marker to identify those GPA patients at risk for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk von Borstel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Judith Land
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wayel H Abdulahad
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Abraham Rutgers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Coen A Stegeman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Stephan Sanders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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21
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Wang P, Song J, Fang XY, Li X, Liu X, Jia Y, Li ZG, Hu FL. [Role of erythroblast-like Ter cells in the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis]. JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51:445-450. [PMID: 31209415 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of Ter cells in the development of the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), we detected their quantity changes in the spleen of different stages of CIA mice and analyzed the correlation between Ter cells and the joint scores, and we also analyzed the correlation between Ter cells and the frequencies of T and B cell subsets, so as to further understand the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS The six to eight weeks DBA/1 mice were used to prepare CIA model. After the second immunization, we began to evaluate the joint score. According to the time of CIA onset and the joint score, the CIA mice were divided into three stages: early, peak and late stages. According to the final joint score, the CIA mice at the peak stage were subdivided into the high score group (score>8) and the low score group (score≤8). The frequencies of Ter cells in the spleen of the naïve mice and the CIA mice at various stages and the frequencies of T and B cell subsets in the spleen of the CIA mice at the peak stage were detected by flow cytometry, then we carried on the correlation analysis. RESULTS The frequencies of Ter cells in the spleen of the CIA mice was significantly higher than those of the naïve mice (8.522%±2.645% vs. 1.937%±0.725%, P<0.01), the frequencies of Ter cells in the spleen of the high score group mice was significantly lower than those of the low score group (6.217%±0.841% vs. 10.827%±0.917%, P<0.01). The frequencies of Th1 cells in the spleen of the high score group mice was significantly higher than those of the low score group mice (1.337%±0.110% vs. 0.727%±0.223%, P<0.05). The frequencies of Th17 cells in the spleen of the high score group mice was higher than those of the low score group mice (0.750%±0.171% vs. 0.477%±0.051%, P=0.099). The frequencies of germinal center B cells in the spleen of the high score group mice was significantly higher than those of the low score group mice (1.243%±0.057% vs. 1.097%±0.015%, P<0.05). Correlation analysis results showed that the frequencies of Ter cells in the spleen of the CIA mice at the peak stage was strongly negatively correlated with the frequencies of CD4+ T, Th1, Th17, and germinal center B cells, and was strongly positively correlated with the frequencies of B10 cells, indicating that these cells might have a protective effect in CIA. Studies on dynamic changes showed that the frequencies of Ter cells in the spleen of the CIA mice at the late stage was significantly lower than those at the peak stage (0.917%±0.588% vs. 8.522%±2.645%, P<0.001), suggesting the protective effect of these cells in arthritis. CONCLUSION Ter cells were significantly increased in the spleen of the CIA mice at peak stage, and were negatively correlated with joint scores and pathogenic immune cells, and positively correlated with protective immune cells. Ter cells were significantly decreased in the spleen of the CIA mice at the late stage. What we mentioned above suggests that Ter cells might be involved in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis as an immunomodulatory cell,but further in vivo and in vitro experiments are needed to verify its specific effects and mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing 100044, China
| | - J Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing 100044, China
| | - X Y Fang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing 100044, China
| | - X Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing 100044, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Y Jia
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Z G Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing 100044, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - F L Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis, Beijing 100044, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
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22
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Kampstra ASB, Dekkers JS, Volkov M, Dorjée AL, Hafkenscheid L, Kempers AC, van Delft M, Kissel T, Reijm S, Janssen GMC, van Veelen PA, Bang H, Huizinga TWJ, Trouw LA, van der Woude D, Toes REM. Different classes of anti-modified protein antibodies are induced on exposure to antigens expressing only one type of modification. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:908-916. [PMID: 31151934 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoantibodies against post-translationally modified proteins (anti-modified protein antibodies or AMPAs) are a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A variety of classes of AMPAs against different modifications on proteins, such as citrullination, carbamylation and acetylation, have now been described in RA. At present, there is no conceptual framework explaining the concurrent presence or mutual relationship of different AMPA responses in RA. Here, we aimed to gain understanding of the co-occurrence of AMPA by postulating that the AMPA response shares a common 'background' that can evolve into different classes of AMPAs. METHODS Mice were immunised with modified antigens and analysed for AMPA responses. In addition, reactivity of AMPA purified from patients with RA towards differently modified antigens was determined. RESULTS Immunisation with carbamylated proteins induced AMPAs recognising carbamylated proteins and also acetylated proteins. Similarly, acetylated proteins generated (autoreactive) AMPAs against other modifications as well. Analysis of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies from patients with RA revealed that these also display reactivity to acetylated and carbamylated antigens. Similarly, anti-carbamylated protein antibodies showed cross-reactivity against all three post-translational modifications. CONCLUSIONS Different AMPA responses can emerge from exposure to only a single type of modified protein. These findings indicate that different AMPA responses can originate from a common B-cell response that diversifies into multiple distinct AMPA responses and explain the presence of multiple AMPAs in RA, one of the hallmarks of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mikhail Volkov
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie L Dorjée
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Hafkenscheid
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ayla C Kempers
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe van Delft
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Reijm
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - George M C Janssen
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Bang
- Research and development, Orgentec Diagnostika, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Bednar KJ, Nycholat CM, Rao TS, Paulson JC, Fung-Leung WP, Macauley MS. Exploiting CD22 To Selectively Tolerize Autoantibody Producing B-Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:644-654. [PMID: 30835424 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the synovial joints and can lead to bone erosion and cartilage damage. One hallmark of RA is anticitrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA) and memory citrulline-specific B-cells, which have been implicated in RA pathogenesis. While depletion of B-cells with Rituximab improves clinical responses in RA patients, this treatment strategy leaves patients susceptible to infections. Here we use of Siglec-engaging Tolerance-inducing Antigenic Liposomes (STALs) to selectively target the citrulline-specific B-cells. ACPA production from purified human RA patients' B-cells in vitro was achieved through a set of stimulation conditions, which includes the following: BAFF, anti-CD40, IL-21, and LPS. In vivo generation of citrulline specific B-cells and ACPA production was accomplished by antigenic liposomes consisting of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and a cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) administered to SJL/J mice. We show that STALs that codisplay a high affinity CD22 glycan ligand and synthetic citrullinated antigen (CCP STALs) can prevent ACPA production from RA patients' memory B-cells in vitro. These CCP STALs were also effective in inducing tolerance to citrullinated antigens in SJL/J mice. The results demonstrate that tolerization of the B-cells responsible for ACPA can be achieved by exploiting the inhibitory receptor CD22 with high-affinity glycan ligands. Such a treatment strategy could be beneficial in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Bednar
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Road, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Corwin M. Nycholat
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tadimeti S. Rao
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Road, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Wai-Ping Fung-Leung
- Discovery Immunology, Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Road, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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24
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Chen SJ, Lin GJ, Chen JW, Wang KC, Tien CH, Hu CF, Chang CN, Hsu WF, Fan HC, Sytwu HK. Immunopathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Immune-Modulated Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061332. [PMID: 30884802 PMCID: PMC6470801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of rheumatoid factor and anticitrullinated peptide antibodies. The orchestra of the inflammatory process among various immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, proteases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and reactive oxidative stress play critical immunopathologic roles in the inflammatory cascade of the joint environment, leading to clinical impairment and RA. With the growing understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms, increasingly novel marked and potential biologic agents have merged for the treatment of RA in recent years. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, highlight novel biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMRADs), targeted synthetic DMRADs, and immune-modulating agents, and identify the applicable immune-mediated therapeutic strategies of the near future. In conclusion, new therapeutic approaches are emerging through a better understanding of the immunopathophysiology of RA, which is improving disease outcomes better than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyi-Jou Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Penghu Branch of Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 90, Qianliao, Magong City, Penghu County 880, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Gu-Jiun Lin
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Wun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Chen Wang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei City 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, No. 45, Cheng Hsin St., Pai-Tou, Taipei City 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Hsi Tien
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Fen Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ning Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Penghu Branch of Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 90, Qianliao, Magong City, Penghu County 880, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Fu Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Penghu Branch of Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 90, Qianliao, Magong City, Penghu County 880, Taiwan.
| | - Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Section 2, Chenggong Rd., Neihu District, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarborHospital, No. 699, Section 8, Taiwan Blvd., Taichung City 435, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, No. 161, Section 6, MinChuan East Road, Neihu, Taipei City 114, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.
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25
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Germar K, Fehres CM, Scherer HU, Uden N, Pollastro S, Yeremenko N, Hansson M, Kerkman PF, Voort EIH, Reed E, Maassen H, Kwakkenbos MJ, Bakker AQ, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Vries N, Toes REM, Lundberg K, Spits H, Baeten DL. Generation and Characterization of Anti–Citrullinated Protein Antibody–Producing B Cell Clones From Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:340-350. [DOI: 10.1002/art.40739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Germar
- Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia M. Fehres
- Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Nathalie Uden
- Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Pollastro
- Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nataliya Yeremenko
- Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Monika Hansson
- Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Evan Reed
- Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hanna Maassen
- Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjen Q. Bakker
- AIMM Therapeutics and Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Niek Vries
- Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Karin Lundberg
- Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hergen Spits
- AIMM Therapeutics and Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam
| | - Dominique L. Baeten
- Academic Medical CenterUniversity of Amsterdam, and UCB Pharma Brussels Belgium
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26
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Lelieveldt LPWM, Kristyanto H, Pruijn GJM, Scherer HU, Toes REM, Bonger KM. Sequential Prodrug Strategy To Target and Eliminate ACPA-Selective Autoreactive B Cells. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5565-5573. [PMID: 30289723 PMCID: PMC6282105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Autoreactive B cells are thought
to play a pivotal role in many
autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease
affecting ∼1% of the Western population and is hallmarked by
the presence of anticitrullinated proteins antibodies (ACPA) produced
by autoreactive B cells. We intend to develop a method to target and
selectively eliminate these autoreactive B cells using a sequential
antigen prodrug targeting strategy. As ACPA-expressing B cells are
thought to play essential roles in RA-disease pathogenesis, we used
this B cell response as a prototype to analyze the feasibility to
generate a construct consisting of a biologically silenced, that is,
blocked, antigen connected to a cytotoxic prodrug. Blocking of the
antigen is considered relevant as it is anticipated that circulating
autoantibodies will otherwise clear the antigen-prodrug before it
can reach the target cell. The antigen-prodrug can only bind to the
autoantigen-specific B cell receptor (BCR) upon enzymatic removal
of the blocking group in close proximity of the B cell surface. BCR
binding ultimately induces antigen-specific cytotoxicity after internalization
of the antigen. We have synthesized a cyclic citrullinated peptide
(CCP) antigen suitable for BCR binding and demonstrated that binding
by ACPA was impaired upon introduction of a carboxy-p-nitrobenzyl (CNBz) blocking group at the side chain of the citrulline
residue. Enzymatic removal of the CNBz moiety by nitroreductase fully
restored citrulline-specific recognition by both ACPA and ACPA-expressing
B cells and showed targeted cell death of CCP-recognizing B cells
only. These results mark an important step toward antigen-specific
B cell targeting in general and more specifically in RA, as successful
blocking and activation of citrullinated antigens forms the basis
for subsequent use of such construct as a prodrug in the context of
autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne P W M Lelieveldt
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials , Radboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ , The Netherlands
| | - Hendy Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials , Radboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ , The Netherlands
| | - Hans Ulrich Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M Bonger
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials , Radboud University Nijmegen 6525 AJ , The Netherlands
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27
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Elliott SE, Kongpachith S, Lingampalli N, Adamska JZ, Cannon BJ, Mao R, Blum LK, Robinson WH. Affinity Maturation Drives Epitope Spreading and Generation of Proinflammatory Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1946-1958. [PMID: 29927104 PMCID: PMC6261684 DOI: 10.1002/art.40587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs); nevertheless, the origin, specificity, and functional properties of ACPAs remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the evolution of ACPAs by sequencing the plasmablast antibody repertoire at serial time points in patients with established RA. METHODS Blood samples were obtained at up to 4 serial time points from 8 individuals with established RA who were positive for ACPAs by the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide test. CD19+CD3-IgD-CD14-CD20-CD27+CD38++ plasmablasts were isolated by single-cell sorting and costained with citrullinated peptide tetramers to identify ACPA-expressing plasmablasts. Cell-specific oligonucleotide barcodes were utilized, followed by large-scale sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, to obtain error-corrected, paired heavy- and light-chain antibody gene sequences for each B cell. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed 170 persistent plasmablast lineages in the RA blood, of which 19% included multiple isotypes. Among IgG- and IgA-expressing plasmablasts, significantly more IgA-expressing than IgG-expressing persistent lineages were observed (P < 0.01). Shared complementarity-determining region 3 sequence motifs were identified across subjects. A subset of the plasmablast lineages included members derived from later time points with divergent somatic hypermutations that encoded antibodies that bind an expanded set of citrullinated antigens. Furthermore, these recombinant, differentially mutated plasmablast antibodies formed immune complexes that stimulated higher macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) compared to antibodies representing earlier time point-derived lineage members that were less mutated. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that established RA is characterized by a persistent IgA ACPA response that exhibits ongoing affinity maturation. This observation suggests the presence of a persistent mucosal antigen that continually promotes the production of IgA plasmablasts and their affinity maturation and epitope spreading, thus leading to the generation of ACPAs that bind additional citrullinated antigens and more potently stimulate macrophage production of TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serra E. Elliott
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Sarah Kongpachith
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Nithya Lingampalli
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Julia Z. Adamska
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Bryan J. Cannon
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Rong Mao
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Lisa K. Blum
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
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28
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Touzani F, Pozdzik A. New insights into immune cells cross-talk during IgG4-related disease. Clin Immunol 2018; 198:1-10. [PMID: 30419354 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a newly acknowledged entity, characterized by an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory process affecting virtually all organs, with infiltration of IgG4+ bearing plasma cells. Until today the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD remains unknown. Treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies efficiently induced remission and attenuated the secretory phenotype of myofibroblasts responsible of uncontrolled collagen deposition. This supports the pathogenic role of the adaptive immunity, particularly B cell compartment and B cell/T cell interaction. Latest studies have also highlighted the importance of innate immune system that has been underestimated before and the key role of a specific T cell subset, T follicular helper cells that are involved in IgG4-class-switching and plasmablast differentiation. In this review, we aim to review the most recent knowledge of innate immunity, T and B cells involvement in IgG4-RD, and introduce tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) as a potential marker of relapse in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Touzani
- Internal medicine department, Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium; Nephrology and dialysis clinic, Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Agnieszka Pozdzik
- Nephrology and dialysis clinic, Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Lemarquis AL, Einarsdottir HK, Kristjansdottir RN, Jonsdottir I, Ludviksson BR. Transitional B Cells and TLR9 Responses Are Defective in Selective IgA Deficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:909. [PMID: 29755476 PMCID: PMC5934527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary antibody deficiency in the western world with affected individuals suffering from an increased burden of autoimmunity, atopic diseases and infections. It has been shown that IgAD B cells can be induced with germinal center mimicking reactions to produce IgA. However, IgA is the most prevalent antibody in mucosal sites, where antigen-independent responses are important. Much interest has recently focused on the role of TLR9 in both naïve and mature B cell differentiation into IgA secreting plasma cells. Here, we analyze the phenotype and function of T and B cells in individuals with IgAD following IgA-inducing CpG-TLR9 stimulations. The IgAD individuals had significantly lower numbers of transitional B cells (CD19+CD24hiCD38hi) and class-switched memory B cells (CD20+CD27+IgD−) ex vivo. However, proportions of T cell populations ex vivo as well as in vitro induced T effector cells and T regulatory cells were comparable to healthy controls. After CpG stimulation, the transitional B cell defect was further enhanced, especially within its B regulatory subset expressing IL-10. Finally, CpG stimulation failed to induce IgA production in IgAD individuals. Collectively, our results demonstrate a defect of the TLR9 responses in IgAD that leads to B cell dysregulation and decreased IgA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri L Lemarquis
- Department of Immunology, Landspítali-University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Rakel N Kristjansdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspítali-University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspítali-University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Division of Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, deCODE Genetics, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Bjorn R Ludviksson
- Department of Immunology, Landspítali-University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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30
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Bashford-Rogers RJM, Smith KGC, Thomas DC. Antibody repertoire analysis in polygenic autoimmune diseases. Immunology 2018; 155:3-17. [PMID: 29574826 PMCID: PMC6099162 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing of the DNA/RNA encoding antibody heavy- and light-chains is rapidly transforming the field of adaptive immunity. It can address key questions, including: (i) how the B-cell repertoire differs in health and disease; and (ii) if it does differ, the point(s) in B-cell development at which this occurs. The advent of technologies, such as whole-genome sequencing, offers the chance to link abnormalities in the B-cell antibody repertoire to specific genomic variants and polymorphisms. Here, we discuss the current research using B-cell antibody repertoire sequencing in three polygenic autoimmune diseases where there is good evidence for a pathological role for B-cells, namely systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. These autoimmune diseases exhibit significantly skewed B-cell receptor repertoires compared with healthy controls. Interestingly, some common repertoire defects are shared between diseases, such as elevated IGHV4-34 gene usage. B-cell clones have effectively been characterized and tracked between different tissues and blood in autoimmune disease. It has been hypothesized that these differences may signify differences in B-cell tolerance; however, the mechanisms and implications of these defects are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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31
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de Moel EC, Derksen VFAM, Stoeken G, Trouw LA, Bang H, Goekoop RJ, Speyer I, Huizinga TWJ, Allaart CF, Toes REM, van der Woude D. Baseline autoantibody profile in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with early treatment response but not long-term outcomes. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:33. [PMID: 29482627 PMCID: PMC5828136 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The autoantibody profile of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is very diverse and consists of various isotypes and antibodies to multiple post-translational modifications. It is yet unknown whether this varying breadth of the autoantibody profile is associated with treatment outcomes. Therefore, we investigated whether the composition of the autoantibody profile in RA, as a marker of the underlying immunopathology, influences initial and long-term treatment outcomes. Methods In serum from 399 seropositive patients with RA in the IMPROVED study, drawn at baseline and at the moment of drug tapering, we measured IgG, IgM, and IgA isotypes for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-2 and anti‐carbamylated protein antibodies, IgM and IgA rheumatoid factor, and reactivity against four citrullinated and two acetylated peptides (anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPAs)). We investigated the effect of the breadth of the autoantibody profile on (1) change in disease activity score (DAS)44 between 0 and 4 months, (2) initial drug-free remission (DFR, drug-free DAS44 < 1.6) achieved between 1 and 2 years of follow up, and (3) long-term sustained DFR until last follow up. Results Patients with a broad autoantibody profile at baseline had a significantly better early treatment response: ΔDAS 0–4 months of 1–2, 3–4, and 5–6 vs 7–8 isotypes, -1.5 (p < 0.001), -1.7 (p = 0.03), and -1.8 (p = 0.04) vs -2.2. Similar results were observed for AMPA number. However, patients with a broad baseline autoantibody profile achieved less initial DFR. For long-term sustained DFR there was no longer an association with the breadth of the autoantibody response. When assessing autoantibodies at the moment of tapering, similar trends were observed. Conclusions A broad baseline autoantibody profile is associated with a better early treatment response. The breadth of the baseline autoantibody profile, reflecting a break in tolerance against several different autoantigens and extensive isotype switching, may indicate a more active humoral autoimmunity, which could make the underlying disease processes initially more suppressible by medication. The lack of association with long-term sustained DFR suggests that the relevance of the baseline autoantibody profile diminishes over time. Trial registration ISRCTN11916566. Registered on 7 November 2006. EudraCT, 2006- 06186-16. Registered on 16 July 2007. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1520-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C de Moel
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Gerrie Stoeken
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Irene Speyer
- Haaglanden Medical Center, the Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - René E M Toes
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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32
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Scherer HU, Huizinga TWJ, Krönke G, Schett G, Toes REM. The B cell response to citrullinated antigens in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:157-169. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Cha SW, Bonissone S, Na S, Pevzner PA, Bafna V. The Antibody Repertoire of Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:2111-2124. [PMID: 29046389 PMCID: PMC5724175 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is becoming increasingly important in the fight against cancers, using and manipulating the body's immune response to treat tumors. Understanding the immune repertoire-the collection of immunological proteins-of treated and untreated cells is possible at the genomic, but technically difficult at the protein level. Standard protein databases do not include the highly divergent sequences of somatic rearranged immunoglobulin genes, and may lead to miss identifications in a mass spectrometry search. We introduce a novel proteogenomic approach, AbScan, to identify these highly variable antibody peptides, by developing a customized antibody database construction method using RNA-seq reads aligned to immunoglobulin (Ig) genes.AbScan starts by filtering transcript (RNA-seq) reads that match the template for Ig genes. The retained reads are used to construct a repertoire graph using the "split" de Bruijn graph: a graph structure that improves on the standard de Bruijn graph to capture the high diversity of Ig genes in a compact manner. AbScan corrects for sequencing errors, and converts the graph to a format suitable for searching with MS/MS search tools. We used AbScan to create an antibody database from 90 RNA-seq colorectal tumor samples. Next, we used proteogenomic analysis to search MS/MS spectra of matched colorectal samples from the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) against the AbScan generated database. AbScan identified 1,940 distinct antibody peptides. Correlating with previously identified Single Amino-Acid Variants (SAAVs) in the tumor samples, we identified 163 pairs (antibody peptide, SAAV) with significant cooccurrence pattern in the 90 samples. The presence of coexpressed antibody and mutated peptides was correlated with survival time of the individuals. Our results suggest that AbScan (https://github.com/csw407/AbScan.git) is an effective tool for a proteomic exploration of the immune response in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Won Cha
- From the ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Seungjin Na
- ¶Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Pavel A Pevzner
- ¶Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Vineet Bafna
- ¶Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
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Identification and phenotyping of circulating autoreactive proteinase 3-specific B cells in patients with PR3-ANCA associated vasculitis and healthy controls. J Autoimmun 2017; 84:122-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Stathopoulos P, Kumar A, Nowak RJ, O'Connor KC. Autoantibody-producing plasmablasts after B cell depletion identified in muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94263. [PMID: 28878127 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a B cell-mediated autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular transmission. Pathogenic autoantibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) can be found in patients with MG who do not have detectable antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). MuSK MG includes immunological and clinical features that are generally distinct from AChR MG, particularly regarding responsiveness to therapy. B cell depletion has been shown to affect a decline in serum autoantibodies and to induce sustained clinical improvement in the majority of MuSK MG patients. However, the duration of this benefit may be limited, as we observed disease relapse in MuSK MG patients who had achieved rituximab-induced remission. We investigated the mechanisms of such relapses by exploring autoantibody production in the reemerging B cell compartment. Autoantibody-expressing CD27+ B cells were observed within the reconstituted repertoire during relapse but not during remission or in controls. Using two complementary approaches, which included production of 108 unique human monoclonal recombinant immunoglobulins, we demonstrated that antibody-secreting CD27hiCD38hi B cells (plasmablasts) contribute to the production of MuSK autoantibodies during relapse. The autoantibodies displayed hallmarks of antigen-driven affinity maturation. These collective findings introduce potential mechanisms for understanding both MuSK autoantibody production and disease relapse following B cell depletion.
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36
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Triple DMARD treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis modulates synovial T cell activation and plasmablast/plasma cell differentiation pathways. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183928. [PMID: 28863153 PMCID: PMC5580991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study sought to investigate the genome-wide transcriptional effects of a combination of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (tDMARD; methotrexate, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine) in synovial tissues obtained from early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. While combination DMARD strategies have been investigated for clinical efficacy, very little data exists on the potential molecular mechanism of action. We hypothesized that tDMARD would impact multiple biological pathways, but the specific pathways were unknown. Methods Paired synovial biopsy samples from early RA patients before and after 6 months of tDMARD therapy were collected by arthroscopy (n = 19). These biopsies as well as those from subjects with normal synovium (n = 28) were profiled by total RNA sequencing. Results Large differences in gene expression between RA and control biopsies (over 5000 genes) were identified. Despite clinical efficacy, the expression of a restricted set of less than 300 genes was reversed after 6 months of treatment. Many genes remained elevated, even in patients who achieved low disease activity. Interestingly, tDMARD downregulated genes included those involved in T cell activation and signaling and plasmablast/plasma cell differentiation and function. Conclusions We have identified transcriptomic signatures that characterize synovial tissue from RA patients with early disease. Analysis after 6 months of tDMARD treatment highlight consistent alterations in expression of genes related to T cell activation and plasmablast/plasma cell differentiation. These results provide novel insight into the biology of early RA and the mechanism of tDMARD action and may help identify novel drug targets to improve rates of treatment-induced disease remission.
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37
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Perugino CA, Mattoo H, Mahajan VS, Maehara T, Wallace ZS, Pillai S, Stone JH. Emerging Treatment Models in Rheumatology: IgG4-Related Disease: Insights Into Human Immunology and Targeted Therapies. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1722-1732. [PMID: 28575535 DOI: 10.1002/art.40168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Perugino
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, and Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hamid Mattoo
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Vinay S Mahajan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Takashi Maehara
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disabling and deadly disease. Development of novel therapies for SLE has historically been limited by incomplete understanding of immune dysregulation. Recent advances in lupus pathogenesis, however, have led to the adoption or development of new therapeutics, including the first Food and Drug Administration-approved drug in 50 years. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple cytokines (interferon, B lymphocyte stimulator, IL-6, and IL-17), signaling pathways (Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription), and immune cells are dysregulated in SLE. In this review, we cover seminal discoveries that demonstrate how this dysregulation is integral to SLE pathogenesis and the novel therapeutics currently under development or in clinical trials. In addition, early work suggests metabolic derangements are another target for disease modification. Finally, molecular profiling has led to improved patient stratification in the heterogeneous SLE population, which may improve clinical trial outcomes and therapeutic selection. SUMMARY Recent advances in the treatment of SLE have directly resulted from improved understanding of this complicated disease. Rheumatologists may have a variety of novel agents and more precise targeting of select lupus populations in the coming years.
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Castañeda-Delgado JE, Bastián-Hernandez Y, Macias-Segura N, Santiago-Algarra D, Castillo-Ortiz JD, Alemán-Navarro AL, Martínez-Tejada P, Enciso-Moreno L, Garcia-De Lira Y, Olguín-Calderón D, Trouw LA, Ramos-Remus C, Enciso-Moreno JA. Type I Interferon Gene Response Is Increased in Early and Established Rheumatoid Arthritis and Correlates with Autoantibody Production. Front Immunol 2017; 8:285. [PMID: 28373872 PMCID: PMC5357778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory debilitating disease that affects the joints in the early and productive phases of an individual’s life. Several cytokines have been linked to the disease pathogenesis and are known to contribute to the inflammatory state characteristic of RA. The participation of type I interferon (IFN) in the pathogenesis of the disease has been already described as well as the identity of the genes that are regulated by this molecule, which are collectively known as the type I IFN signature. These genes have several functions associated with apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, protein degradation, Th2 cell induction, B cell proliferation, etc. This article evaluated the expression of several genes of the IFN signature in different stages of disease and their correlation with the levels of anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) anticarbamylated protein (Anti-CarP) antibodies. Methods Samples from individuals with early and established RA, high-risk individuals (ACPA+ and ACPA−), and healthy controls were recruited at “Unidad de Artritis y Rheumatismo” (Rheumatism and Arthritis Unit) in Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico. Determinations of ACPA were made with Eurodiagnostica ACPA plus kit. Anti-CarP determinations were made according to previously described protocols. RNA was isolated, and purity and integrity were determined according to RNA integrity number >6. Gene expression analysis was made by RT-qPCR using specific primers for mRNAs of the type I IFN signature. Relative gene expression was calculated according to Livak and Schmitgen. Results Significant differences in gene expression were identified when comparing the different groups for MXA and MXB (P < 0.05), also when comparing established RA and ACPA− in both IFIT 1 and G15. An increased expression of ISG15 was identified (P < 0.05), and a clear tendency toward increase was identified for HERC5. EPSTRI1, IFI6, and IFI35 were found to be elevated in the chronic/established RA and early RA (P < 0.05). Significant correlations were identified for the IFN signature genes with the levels of ACPA and anti-CarP (P < 0.05). Conclusion Our data confirm previous observations in the role of IFN signature and the pathogenesis of RA. Also, we provide evidence of an association between several genes of the IFN signature (that regulate Th2 cells and B cell proliferation) with the levels of anti-CarP antibodies and ACPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Castañeda-Delgado
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico; National Council of Science and Technology, CONACYT, Catedras-CONACYT, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Yadira Bastián-Hernandez
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico; National Council of Science and Technology, CONACYT, Catedras-CONACYT, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Noe Macias-Segura
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS, Zacatecas, Mexico; Departamento de fisiología y farmacología, centro de ciencias básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - David Santiago-Algarra
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Jose D Castillo-Ortiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas , Guadalajara, Jalisco , México
| | - Ana L Alemán-Navarro
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Pedro Martínez-Tejada
- General Hospital: "Emilio Varela Lujan", Mexican Institute of Social Security, IMSS , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Leonor Enciso-Moreno
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Yolanda Garcia-De Lira
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Diana Olguín-Calderón
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | | | - Jose A Enciso-Moreno
- Medical research Unit of Zacatecas, Mexican Institute of Social Security, UIMZ-IMSS , Zacatecas , Mexico
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Narazaki M, Tanaka T, Kishimoto T. The role and therapeutic targeting of IL-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:535-551. [PMID: 28494214 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1295850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic disease with joint and systemic inflammation and it has been found that interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a key role in RA. Indeed, various clinical studies have proved that the first-in-class IL-6 inhibitor, tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, showed outstanding efficacy in RA. Areas covered: We review here the role of IL-6 in the inflammatory conditions and how IL-6 contributes to pathogenesis of RA, what induces IL-6 and how IL-6 expression is regulated. Furthermore, clinical studies of tocilizumab for RA are summarized, Expert commentary: We review and discuss the prospects for future applications of IL-6 targeting therapy and new therapeutic strategies targeting IL-6. Finally, we discuss relevant issues with regard to the clinical management of IL-6 blockade in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Narazaki
- a Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan.,b Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- b Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan.,c Department of Clinical Application of Biologics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- d Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center , Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
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The role of anticitrullinated protein antibodies in the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2016; 28:275-81. [PMID: 26945334 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an update on the recent discoveries on the role of anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RECENT FINDINGS RA is characterized by an immune response against posttranslationally modified proteins, in particular citrullinated proteins. Recent studies have found that the ACPA response matures shortly before clinical disease manifests itself and is characterized by an increase in titre, isotype switching, antigen-recognition profile, and a change in the Fc-glycosylation pattern. To date, many citrullinated autoantigens have been identified and novel studies suggest that the human leucocyte antigen class II locus may directly influence the maturation of the ACPA response via antigen-specific T cells. Clinical studies have demonstrated that effective treatment of arthritis can lead to reduced ACPA levels or a change in composition of ACPA. In addition to ACPA, autoantibodies targeting other posttranslational modifications have been identified and may be associated with disease prognosis. SUMMARY Key studies have demonstrated that autoimmunity against citrullinated proteins is already present in preclinical RA and matures over time. Future studies are required to reveal whether autoantibodies and the B cells that produce them play a role in disease development or can function as biomarkers for disease maturation.
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Abstract
IgG4-related hepatobiliary diseases are part of a multiorgan fibroinflammatory condition termed IgG4-related disease, and include IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) and IgG4-related hepatopathy. These diseases can present with biliary strictures and/or mass lesions, making them difficult to differentiate from primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or other hepatobiliary malignancies. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, biochemical, radiological and histological findings. However, a gold standard diagnostic test is lacking, warranting the identification of more specific disease markers. Novel assays - such as the serum IgG4:IgG1 ratio and IgG4:IgG RNA ratio (which distinguish IgG4-SC from PSC with high serum IgG4 levels), and plasmablast expansion to recognize IgG4-SC with normal serum IgG4 levels - require further validation. Steroids and other immunosuppressive therapies can lead to clinical and radiological improvement when given in the inflammatory phase of the disease, but evidence for the efficacy of treatment regimens is limited. Progressive fibrosclerotic disease, liver cirrhosis and an increased risk of malignancy are now recognized outcomes. Insights into the genetic and immunological features of the disease have increased over the past decade, with an emphasis on HLAs, T cells, circulating memory B cells and plasmablasts, chemokine-mediated trafficking, as well as the role of the innate immune system.
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Alivernini S, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Tolusso B, Benvenuto R, Elmesmari A, Canestri S, Petricca L, Mangoni A, Fedele AL, Di Mario C, Gigante MR, Gremese E, McInnes IB, Ferraccioli G. MicroRNA-155 influences B-cell function through PU.1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12970. [PMID: 27671860 PMCID: PMC5052655 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is an important regulator of B cells in mice. B cells have a critical role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we show that miR-155 is highly expressed in peripheral blood B cells from RA patients compared with healthy individuals, particularly in the IgD-CD27- memory B-cell population in ACPA+ RA. MiR-155 is highly expressed in RA B cells from patients with synovial tissue containing ectopic germinal centres compared with diffuse synovial tissue. MiR-155 expression is associated reciprocally with lower expression of PU.1 at B-cell level in the synovial compartment. Stimulation of healthy donor B cells with CD40L, anti-IgM, IL-21, CpG, IFN-α, IL-6 or BAFF induces miR-155 and decreases PU.1 expression. Finally, inhibition of endogenous miR-155 in B cells of RA patients restores PU.1 and reduces production of antibodies. Our data suggest that miR-155 is an important regulator of B-cell activation in RA. MiR-155 is thought to inhibit PU.1 and thereby drive antigen-induced B-cell maturation. Here the authors show that patients with rheumatoid arthritis have high B-cell miR-155 expression and that an antagomir can rescue PU.1 expression, suggesting potential therapeutic avenues to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Alivernini
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Barbara Tolusso
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Roberta Benvenuto
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Aziza Elmesmari
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Silvia Canestri
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Luca Petricca
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Antonella Mangoni
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Fedele
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Clara Di Mario
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy.,Division of Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gigante
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Elisa Gremese
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gianfranco Ferraccioli
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
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Li S, Yu Y, Yue Y, Liao H, Xie W, Thai J, Mikuls TR, Thiele GM, Duryee MJ, Sayles H, Payne JB, Klassen LW, O'Dell JR, Zhang Z, Su K. Autoantibodies From Single Circulating Plasmablasts React With Citrullinated Antigens and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:614-26. [PMID: 26474325 DOI: 10.1002/art.39455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the molecular basis for ACPA production is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if circulating plasmablasts from RA patients produce ACPAs and whether Porphyromonas gingivalis facilitates the generation of ACPAs. METHODS Using a single-cell antibody cloning approach, we generated 217 and 110 monoclonal recombinant antibodies from circulating plasmablasts from 7 RA patients and 4 healthy controls, respectively. Antibody reactivity with citrullinated antigens was tested by a second-generation anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) kit and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against citrullinated human antigens. Antibody reactivity with P gingivalis was tested by ELISAs against outer membrane antigens (OMAs) and citrullinated enolase from P gingivalis. RESULTS Approximately 19.5% of plasmablast-derived antibodies from anti-CCP-positive RA patients, but none from 1 anti-CCP-negative RA patient or the healthy controls, specifically recognized citrullinated antigens. The immunoglobulin genes encoding these ACPAs were highly mutated, with increased ratios of replacement mutations to silent mutations, suggesting the involvement of active antigen selection in ACPA generation. Interestingly, 63% of the ACPAs cross-reacted with OMAs and/or citrullinated enolase from P gingivalis. The reactivity of ACPAs against citrullinated proteins from P gingivalis was confirmed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, some germline-reverted ACPAs retained their reactivity with P gingivalis antigens but completely lost their reactivity with citrullinated human antigens. CONCLUSION These results suggest that circulating plasmablasts in RA patients produce ACPAs and that this process may be facilitated by anti-P gingivalis immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | | | - Yinshi Yue
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | | | - Wanqin Xie
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | | | - Ted R Mikuls
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Geoffrey M Thiele
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Michael J Duryee
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | | | - Jeffrey B Payne
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln
| | - Lynell W Klassen
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - James R O'Dell
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, and The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha
| | - Kaihong Su
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, and The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Omaha
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Kerkman PF, Kempers AC, van der Voort EIH, van Oosterhout M, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM, Scherer HU. Synovial fluid mononuclear cells provide an environment for long-term survival of antibody-secreting cells and promote the spontaneous production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 75:2201-2207. [PMID: 27069015 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), observations point to a crucial role for (autoreactive) B cells in disease pathogenesis. Here, we studied whether cells from the synovial environment impact on the longevity of autoreactive B cell responses against citrullinated antigens. METHODS Synovial fluid mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (SFMC/PBMC) were obtained from patients with established RA and assessed for the presence of B cell subpopulations. Cells spontaneously secreting anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA-IgG) directly ex vivo were detected by antigen-specific Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay. SFMC and PBMC were cultured to assess the degree of spontaneous ACPA-IgG secretion. Cells surviving for several weeks were characterised by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labelling and Ki-67 staining. RESULTS Cells spontaneously secreting ACPA-IgG were readily detectable in peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) of patients with ACPA-positive RA. SFMC showed an up to 200-fold increase in ex vivo ACPA-IgG secretion compared with PBMC despite lower numbers of B cells in SFMC. ELISpot confirmed the presence of spontaneously ACPA-IgG-secreting cells, accounting for up to 50% (median 12%) of all IgG-secreting cells in SF. ACPA-IgG secretion was remarkably stable in SFMC cultures, maintained upon depletion of the CD20+ B cell compartment and detectable for several months. CFSE labelling and Ki-67 staining confirmed the long-term survival of non-dividing plasma cells (PCs). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a high frequency of differentiated, spontaneously ACPA-IgG-secreting cells in SF. These cells are supported by SFMC for prolonged survival and autoantibody secretion, demonstrating that the synovial compartment is equipped to function as inflammatory niche for PC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F Kerkman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ayla C Kempers
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans U Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cambridge G, Leandro MJ, Lahey LJ, Fairhead T, Robinson WH, Sokolove J. B cell depletion with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Multiplex bead array reveals the kinetics of IgG and IgA antibodies to citrullinated antigens. J Autoimmun 2016; 70:22-30. [PMID: 27055777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The serology of patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by persistently raised levels of autoantibodies: Rheumatoid Factors (RhF) against Fc of IgG, and to citrullinated (Cit) protein/peptide sequences: ACPA, recognizing multiple Cit-sequences. B cell depletion therapy based on rituximab delivers good clinical responses in RA patients, particularly in the seropositive group, with responses sometimes lasting beyond the phase of B cell reconstitution. In general, ACPA levels fall following rituximab, but fluctuations with respect to predicting relapse have proved disappointing. In order to identify possible immunodominant specificities within either IgG- or IgA-ACPA we used a Multiplex bead-based array consisting of 30 Cit-peptides/proteins and 22 corresponding native sequences. The kinetics of the serum ACPA response to individual specificities was measured at key points (Baseline, B cell depletion phase, Relapse) within an initial cycle of rituximab therapy in 16 consecutive patients with severe, active RA. All had achieved significant decreases in Disease Activity Scores-28 and maintained B cell depletion in the peripheral blood (<5 CD19+cells/μl) for at least 3 months. At Baseline, mean fluorescence intensity shown by individual IgG- and IgA-ACPA were strongly correlated (R(2) = 0.75; p < 0.0001) but IgA-ACPA were approximately 10-fold lower. Data were Z-normalised in order to compare serial results and antibody classes. At Baseline, a total of 68 IgG- and 51 IgA-ACPA had Z-scores ≥ 1 (above population mean) were identified, with at least one Cit-antigen identified in each serum. ACPA to individual specificities subsequently fluctuated with 3 different patterns. Most 51/68 (75%) IgG- and 48/51 IgA-ACPA (94%) fell between Baseline and Depletion, of which 57% IgG- and 65% IgA-ACPA rebounded pre-Relapse. Interestingly, 17/68 IgG-ACPA (25%) and some IgA-ACPA (3/51; 6%) transiently increased from Baseline, subsequently falling pre-Relapse. Individual responses to particular Cit-epitopes were not linked to particular patterns of fluctuation, but IgG- and IgA-ACPA to individual Cit-antigens often followed similar courses. Some new IgG- and IgA-ACPA, generally to different Cit-antigens however, arose at Relapse in 4 patients. The complexities of the ACPA response after rituximab may therefore reflect its ability to deplete or modify the function of parent B cell clones, which varies between patients. Although relapse following rituximab invariably follows naïve B cell exit from the bone marrow, these studies show that interactions between both 'new' and residual autoreactive memory B cells may be key to resumption of symptoms. The lack of identification of any immunodominant specificity suggests that the process of citrullination, rather than any particular Cit-antigen drives the autoimmune response in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren J Lahey
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System and Stanford University, USA
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Della-Torre E, Lanzillotta M, Doglioni C. Immunology of IgG4-related disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:191-206. [PMID: 25865251 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibroinflammatory condition that derives its name from the characteristic finding of abundant IgG4(+) plasma cells in affected tissues, as well as the presence of elevated serum IgG4 concentrations in many patients. In contrast to fibrotic disorders, such as systemic sclerosis or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in which the tissues fibrosis has remained largely intractable to treatment, many IgG4-RD patients appear to have a condition in which the collagen deposition is reversible. The mechanisms underlying this peculiar feature remain unknown, but the remarkable efficacy of B cell depletion in these patients supports an important pathogenic role of B cell/T cell collaboration. In particular, aberrant T helper type 2 (Th2)/regulatory T cells sustained by putative autoreactive B cells have been proposed to drive collagen deposition through the production of profibrotic cytokines, but definitive demonstrations of this hypothesis are lacking. Indeed, a number of unsolved questions need to be addressed in order to fully understand the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. These include the identification of an antigenic trigger(s), the implications (if any) of IgG4 antibodies for pathophysiology and the precise immunological mechanisms leading to fibrosis. Recent investigations have also raised the possibility that innate immunity might precede adaptive immunity, thus further complicating the pathological scenario. Here, we aim to review the most recent insights on the immunology of IgG4-RD, focusing on the relative contribution of innate and adaptive immune responses to the full pathological phenotype of this fibrotic condition. Clinical, histological and therapeutic features are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Della-Torre
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Medicine and Clinical immunology, Milan, Italy
| | - M Lanzillotta
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Medicine and Clinical immunology, Milan, Italy
| | - C Doglioni
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Kerkman PF, Fabre E, van der Voort EIH, Zaldumbide A, Rombouts Y, Rispens T, Wolbink G, Hoeben RC, Spits H, Baeten DLP, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM, Scherer HU. Identification and characterisation of citrullinated antigen-specific B cells in peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:1170-6. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-207182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesImmunity to citrullinated antigens is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We set out to elucidate its biology by identifying and characterising citrullinated antigen-specific B cells in peripheral blood of patients with RA.MethodsDifferentially labelled streptavidin and extravidin tetramers were conjugated to biotinylated CCP2 or control antigens and used in flow cytometry to identify citrullinated antigen-specific B cells in peripheral blood. Tetramer-positive and tetramer-negative B cells were isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) followed by in vitro culture and analysis of culture supernatants for the presence of antibodies against citrullinated protein antigens (ACPA) by ELISA. Cells were phenotypically characterised by flow cytometry.ResultsBy combining differentially labelled CCP2 tetramers, we successfully separated citrullinated antigen-specific B cells from non-specific background signals. Isolated tetramer-positive B cells, but not tetramer-negative cells, produced large amounts of ACPA upon in vitro stimulation. Phenotypic analyses revealed that citrullinated antigen-specific B cells displayed markers of class-switched memory B cells and plasmablasts, whereas only few cells displayed a naïve phenotype. The frequency of tetramer-positive cells was high (up to 1/500 memory B cells with a median of 1/12 500 total B cells) and correlated with ACPA serum titres and spontaneous ACPA production in culture.ConclusionsWe developed a technology to identify and isolate citrullinated antigen-specific B cells from peripheral blood of patients with RA. Most cells have a memory phenotype, express IgA or IgG and are present in relatively high frequencies. These data pave the path for a direct and detailed molecular characterisation of ACPA-expressing B cells and could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Coeliac disease and rheumatoid arthritis: similar mechanisms, different antigens. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 11:450-61. [PMID: 25986717 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and coeliac disease are inflammatory diseases that both have a strong association with class II HLAs: individuals carrying HLA-DQ2.5 and/or HLA-DQ8 alleles have an increased risk of developing coeliac disease, whereas those carrying HLA-DR shared epitope alleles exhibit an increased risk of developing RA. Although the molecular basis of the association with specific HLA molecules in RA remains poorly defined, an immune response against post-translationally modified protein antigens is a hallmark of each disease. In RA, understanding of the pathogenetic role of B-cell responses to citrullinated antigens, including vimentin, fibrinogen and α-enolase, is rapidly growing. Moreover, insight into the role of HLAs in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease has been considerably advanced by the identification of T-cell responses to deamidated gluten antigens presented in conjunction with predisposing HLA-DQ2.5 molecules. This article briefly reviews these advances and draws parallels between the immune mechanisms leading to RA and coeliac disease, which point to a crucial role for T-cell-B-cell cooperation in the development of full-blown disease. Finally, the ways in which these novel insights are being exploited therapeutically to re-establish tolerance in patients with RA and coeliac disease are described.
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Abstract
The development of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies has enabled large-scale characterization of functional antibody repertoires, a new method of understanding protective and pathogenic immune responses. Important parameters to consider when sequencing antibody repertoires include the methodology, the B-cell population and clinical characteristics of the individuals analysed, and the bioinformatic analysis. Although focused sequencing of immunoglobulin heavy chains or complement determining regions can be utilized to monitor particular immune responses and B-cell malignancies, high-fidelity analysis of the full-length paired heavy and light chains expressed by individual B cells is critical for characterizing functional antibody repertoires. Bioinformatic identification of clonal antibody families and recombinant expression of representative members produces recombinant antibodies that can be used to identify the antigen targets of functional immune responses and to investigate the mechanisms of their protective or pathogenic functions. Integrated analysis of coexpressed functional genes provides the potential to further pinpoint the most important antibodies and clonal families generated during an immune response. Sequencing antibody repertoires is transforming our understanding of immune responses to autoimmunity, vaccination, infection and cancer. We anticipate that antibody repertoire sequencing will provide next-generation biomarkers, diagnostic tools and therapeutic antibodies for a spectrum of diseases, including rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, CCSR 4135, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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