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Vermeulen R, van Dyk N, Whiteley R, Chamari K, Gregson W, Lolli L, Bahr R, Tol JL, Serner A. Injury-inciting circumstances of sudden-onset hamstring injuries: video analyses of 63 match injuries in male professional football players in the Qatar Stars League (2013-2020). Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2023-106722. [PMID: 39242176 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and categorise the injury-inciting circumstances of sudden-onset hamstring match injuries in professional football players using systematic video analysis. METHODS Using a prospective injury surveillance database, all sudden-onset hamstring match injuries in male football players (18 years and older) from the Qatar Stars League between September 2013 and August 2020 were reviewed and cross-referenced with broadcasted match footage. Videos with a clear observable painful event (ie, a player grabbing their posterior thigh) were included. Nine investigators independently analysed all videos to describe and categorise injury-inciting circumstances. We used three main categories: playing situation (eg, time of injury), player action(s) (eg, running) and other considerations (eg, contact). Player action(s) and other considerations were not mutually exclusive. RESULTS We included 63 sudden-onset hamstring match injuries out of 295 registered injuries between 2013 and 2020. Running was involved in 86% of injuries. Hamstring injuries occurred primarily during acceleration of 0-10 m (24% of all injuries) and in general at different running distances (0-50 m) and speeds (slow to fast). At 0-10 m distance, indirect player-to-player contact and inadequate balance were involved in 53% and 67% of the cases, respectively. Pressing occurred in 46% of all injuries (injured player pressing opponent: 25%; being pressed by opponent: 21%) and frequently involved player-to-player contact (69% of the cases when the injured player was pressing vs 15% of the cases when the opponent was pressing) and inadequate balance (82% vs 50%, respectively). Other player actions that did not involve running (n=9, 14% of all injuries) were kicking (n=6) and jumping (n=3). CONCLUSION The injury-inciting circumstances of sudden-onset hamstring match injuries in football varied. The most common single-player action (24%) was acceleration over a distance of <10 m. Pressing, inadequate balance and indirect contact were frequently seen player actions. Injury prevention research in football should look beyond high-speed running as the leading risk factor for sudden-onset hamstring injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vermeulen
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine, Amsterdam IOC Center, ACHSS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rod Whiteley
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Naufar, Wellness and Recovery Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Warren Gregson
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- Football Performance and Science Department, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Roald Bahr
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine, Amsterdam IOC Center, ACHSS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Serner
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- FIFA Medical, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ravi S, Dopke K, Richardson M, Vatsia S, Lynch S. Guide to Muscular Injuries and Common Ligamentous Injuries Among Soccer Players. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2024; 32:131-137. [PMID: 39087702 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
With over 250 million players worldwide, soccer is the most popular sport in the world. The overall number of players at professional, amateur, and recreational levels has increased along with an increase in player diversity, including age and sex. These increases in player numbers, as well as a variety of demographics, have resulted in an increase in soccer-related injuries. Injury in the professional setting can lead to time off the field and an effect on team results and earnings. Injury at the amateur and recreational levels can lead to time off work, away from other activities, and change in activities of daily living. We provide an extensive list of common injuries sustained by soccer players, their pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and general guidelines on return to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeram Ravi
- Penn State Health Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
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Smith RDJ, Hanrahan M, Gerber A, Tanaka MJ. Patellofemoral Disorders in Soccer Players. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2024; 32:146-155. [PMID: 39087704 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Patellofemoral disorders are common in the world of soccer and impact players across all levels and ages of the sport. Patellofemoral disorders encompass a spectrum of conditions, from anterior knee pain to patellar instability, and are often influenced by complex biomechanical factors and anatomic variations that can predispose to these conditions. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on injury prevention strategies and data-driven approaches, championed by organizations like the Union of European Football Associations and individual professional clubs. Conservative management remains the initial approach for many players, including physical therapy and supportive devices. However, surgical intervention, particularly in cases of recurrent patellar dislocations, is often necessary. The understanding of patellofemoral biomechanics in soccer continues to evolve and offers opportunities for more effective injury prevention and tailored treatment strategies. Despite the challenges, a comprehensive approach to patellofemoral disorders in soccer is essential to preserve player health, enhance performance, and sustain the sport's vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D J Smith
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Chebbi S, Bjerregaard A, Tabben M, Chamari K, Holtzhausen L. Injury surveillance of head and neck injuries with a special focus on sport-related concussions: Eight seasons observational study in professional football in Qatar. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00487-0. [PMID: 39242328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the head and neck injuries with a focus on Sport-Related Concussion (SRC) in professional football in Qatar (PFQ) during eight consecutive seasons. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS Seventeen PFQ teams were included over eight seasons (2013/14-2020/21) study. The injury data were collected by the respective clubs' medical staff using standardized (time-loss injuries) protocols. RESULTS Data were obtained from 119 teams' seasons resulting in a total of 87 head and neck injuries (1.8 % of the 4736 time-loss injuries). Head and neck injury rate was of 0.57 injury/squad-season (95%CI: 0.56-0.59), representing 0.12 injury/1000 h (95%CI: 0.09-0.14). Thirty-three concussions were recorded. The concussion rate was 0.25 injury/squad-season (95%CI: 0.23-0.26), representing 0.04 injury/1000 h (95%CI: 0.03-0.06). The concussion proportion of all head injuries was 31.7 % during the four initial seasons and 43.5 % during the following four seasons with a non-significant increase of 11.8 % (X2 = 1267, p = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS Injury rates in this cohort remain lower than comparable leagues elsewhere. Even though the incidence rate of SRC did not change significantly over the eight seasons, seasonal variations' trend may indicate that the medical staff are more aware of diagnosing head and neck injuries, including concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Louis Holtzhausen
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar; Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of the Free State, South Africa.
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Arliani GG, da Silva EHR, Fares H, Lara PHS, Pagura JR, Cohen M. ORTHOPEDIC INJURIES IN MEN'S PROFESSIONAL SOCCER DURING THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE PANDEMIC. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2024; 32:e273510. [PMID: 39119250 PMCID: PMC11308550 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220243203e273510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Objective To assess the incidence and characteristics of injuries that occurred in the 2020 season of the Paulista Football Championship during the novel coronavirus disease pandemic. Methods We conducted a prospective study using an electronic questionnaire developed by the Medical Committee of the Paulista Football Federation. Results were sent to the team doctors of series A1 and A2 after each round of the Paulista Football Championship. Results Series A1 and A2 presented 12.17 and 15.6 injuries, respectively, per 1000 gaming hours. The strikers were the most affected, with muscle injuries being the most frequent and the lower limbs being the most affected. Most injuries occurred within 31-45 minutes of playing; only 4.5% of injuries required surgery. Conclusion There was no statistical difference in the comparison between pre- and post-pandemic conditions. In relation to the variables studied, the most injuries occurred in the lower limbs; the most common type of injury was muscle strain, followed by sprain and contusion. The most requested exam was MRI; most injuries were classified as moderate (8-28 days). There was no difference between pre- and post-pandemic conditions. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gonçalves Arliani
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Henrique Schmidt Lara
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Roberto Pagura
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Moisés Cohen
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Centro de Traumatologia do Esporte, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Merčun A, Drobnič M, Žlak N, Krajnc Z. Knee osteoarthritis in the former elite football players and the ordinary population: a comparative cross-sectional study. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:196-200. [PMID: 37352118 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2023.2228279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional case-control study compared subjective knee function, quality of life and radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) between 45 former elite football players and an age-matched general male population. Participants completed the Knee OA Outcome Score (KOOS), a quality-of-life assessment (EQ-5D-3 L) and standing knee radiographs. Among the players, 24 (53%) sustained at least one moderate or severe knee injury, while 21 (47%) did not recall any injury. Players with previous knee injuries reported significantly lower knee-specific and general quality-of-life scores (KOOS 69; EQ-5D-3 L 0.69 (0.2)) compared to the non-injured players (KOOS 92; EQ-5D-3 L 0.81 (0.2)) or the control population (KOOS 90; EQ-5D-3 L 0.83 (0.2)). The injured knees had higher radiographic OA Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) scale grades 1.7 (1.3) than the knees of the non-injured players 0.8 (1.0) or the control knees 0.8 (1.0)Former elite football players who had previously sustained a moderate or severe knee injury reported inferior knee function and lower quality of life. Injured knees had higher levels of radiographic OA. Non-injured players reported similar knee and general function and their knees had similar grades of OA to those in the control group. The defining moment for long-term knee preservation in football should be injury prevention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljaž Merčun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Drobnič
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nik Žlak
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Chair of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zmago Krajnc
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Bezuglov E, Malyakin G, Emanov A, Baranova I, Stepanov I, Goncharov E, Shoshorina M, Izmailov S, Morgans R. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures in Russian Premier League Soccer Players During the 2010 to 2021/2022 Competitive Seasons: The Epidemiology and Details of Return to Sports. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671241261957. [PMID: 39131096 PMCID: PMC11307334 DOI: 10.1177/23259671241261957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited data on the epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures in elite adult soccer players, especially in the Russian Premier League (RPL). There is an increased risk of injury due to a combination of additional risk factors such as playing in extremely high and low temperatures, frequent long flights, and regular play on natural and artificial surfaces. Purpose To study the epidemiology of ACL ruptures and determine the patterns associated with their occurrence in RPL soccer players. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods All ACL ruptures requiring surgery sustained by players competing in the RPL across 12 competitive seasons between 2010 and 2022 were analyzed. All required data were collected from media analysis and confirmed by club doctors. Results A total of 85 players sustained 100 injuries during 12 competitive seasons. A total of 96.5% of players returned to competitive play. The injury incidence in RPL and during participation of RPL teams in European Cups were 0.4760 and 0.5622 per 1000 playing hours, respectively. When analyzing the outcomes of the primary ACL surgery (a total of 76 operations), the following data were obtained: in 11 cases (14.5%), there was a reinjury on the ipsilateral knee joint and in 4 cases (5.3%) on the contralateral knee joint. The mean return-to-play time after all operations was 284 ± 116 days. The time of return to play after primary reconstruction was 289 ± 136 days, 278 ± 91 days after reconstruction on the contralateral knee and 271 ± 51.5 days after the first ACL revision reconstruction on the ipsilateral knee joints. Conclusion RPL ACL injury epidemiology is similar to that in the other leagues from around the world, although there are factors that can potentially influence the number of these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sport Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- PFC CSKA, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgiy Malyakin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sport Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Emanov
- High Performance Sport Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Evgeniy Goncharov
- Scientific and Clinical Center No. 2 of the Petrovskiy Russian Scientific Center for Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Kepir E, Demiral F, Akaras E, Paksoy AE, Sevindik Aktas B, Yilmaz Cankaya B, Oztop B, Yagiz G, Owen JA. Hamstring Muscle Stiffness in Athletes with and without Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction History: A Retrospective Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4370. [PMID: 39124637 PMCID: PMC11313014 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13154370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sports requiring sprinting, jumping, and kicking tasks frequently lead to hamstring strain injuries (HSI). One of the structural risk factors of HSI is the increased passive stiffness of the hamstrings. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury history is associated with a 70% increase in the incidence of HSI, according to a recent meta-analysis. The same report recommended that future research should concentrate on the relationships between the HSI risk factors. Hence, the present study aimed to retrospectively compare changes in the passive stiffness of the hamstrings in athletes with and without ACL reconstruction history. Methods: Using ultrasound-based shear-wave elastography, the mid-belly passive muscle stiffness values of the biceps femoris long head, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus muscles were assessed and compared amongst athletes with and without a history of ACL reconstruction. Results: There were no significant differences in the biceps femoris long head (injured leg (IL): 26.19 ± 5.28 KPa, uninjured contralateral (UL): 26.16 ± 7.41 KPa, control legs (CL): 27.64 ± 5.58 KPa; IL vs. UL: p = 1; IL vs. CL: p = 1; UL vs. CL: p = 1), semimembranosus (IL: 24.35 ± 5.58 KPa, UL: 24.65 ± 8.35 KPa, CL: 22.83 ± 5.67 KPa; IL vs. UL: p = 1; IL vs. CL: p = 1; UL vs. CL, p = 1), or semitendinosus (IL: 22.45 ± 7 KPa, UL: 25.52 ± 7 KPa, CL: 22.54 ± 4.4 KPa; IL vs. UL: p = 0.487; IL vs. CL: p = 1; UL vs. CL, p = 0.291) muscle stiffness values between groups. Conclusions: The passive mid-muscle belly stiffness values of the biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles did not significantly differ between previously injured and uninjured athletes; therefore, further assessment for other muscle regions of hamstrings may be necessary. To collect more comprehensive data related to the structural changes that may occur following ACL reconstructions in athletes, a future study should examine the passive stiffness of wider muscle regions from origin to insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersagun Kepir
- Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK;
| | - Furkan Demiral
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Esedullah Akaras
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, 25050 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Emre Paksoy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | | | - Bahar Yilmaz Cankaya
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Bilgehan Oztop
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Gokhan Yagiz
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amasya University, 05100 Amasya, Türkiye
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Julian Andrew Owen
- Institute for Applied Human Physiology, School of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2DG, UK;
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Bordalo M, de Aysa PN, Helito PVP, Djadoun MA, Gulde MLS, Alonso JM. Degloving intramuscular injuries of the semimembranosus and adductor longus muscles in adolescent soccer players. Skeletal Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00256-024-04757-6. [PMID: 39042199 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-024-04757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Degloving muscle injury was described for the rectus femoris where the inner bipennate component is dissociated from its superficial unipennate component. The semimembranosus muscle displays a distinctive dual morphology, featuring both unipennate and bipennate muscle fibers. Nevertheless, this specific tear pattern has not been previously documented. Conversely, the adductor longus muscle showcases an elongated intramuscular tendon segment, indicating a multipennate morphology. We present two separate cases of previous undescribed degloving injuries of the semimembranosus and the adductor longus in teenage soccer players with MRI and ultrasound diagnosis, ultrasound-guided hematoma aspiration, and recovery timelines for return-to-play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Bordalo
- Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
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10
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Nosaka K, Chen TC. Recovery from sport-induced muscle damage in relation to match-intervals in major events. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1422986. [PMID: 39086854 PMCID: PMC11288855 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1422986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle damage could affect the next match performance in sports when the time to recover from a previous match is shorter. We examined the interval between matches in nine team sports (e.g., soccer, rugby, field hockey, basketball, volleyball, baseball) and two racket sports (badminton, tennis) in World Cups held in 2022-2023, 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games and Gland Slam in 2023. We then performed narrative review using three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) to get information about muscle damage and recovery in the 11 sports, and discussed whether the intervals in the events would be enough for athletes. We found that the match intervals varied among sports and events ranging from 0 to 17 days. The interval was the shortest for softball (0-2 days) and the longest (5-17 days) for rugby. Regarding muscle damage, changes in muscle function and/or performance measures after a match were not reported for cricket, volleyball and softball, but some information was available for other sports, although the studies did not necessarily use athletes who participated in the major events. It was found that recovery was longer for soccer and rugby than other sports. Importantly, the match-intervals in the events did not appear to accommodate the recovery time required from the previous match in many sports. This could increase a risk of injury and affect players' conditions and health. Changing the match-intervals may be difficult, since it affects the budget of sporting events, but an adequate interval between matches should be considered for each sport from the player's and coach's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Trevor C. Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee J, Tang JCY, Dutton J, Dunn R, Fraser WD, Enright K, Clark DR, Stewart CE, Erskine RM. The Collagen Synthesis Response to an Acute Bout of Resistance Exercise Is Greater when Ingesting 30 g Hydrolyzed Collagen Compared with 15 g and 0 g in Resistance-Trained Young Men. J Nutr 2024; 154:2076-2086. [PMID: 38007183 PMCID: PMC11282471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance exercise (RE) stimulates collagen synthesis in skeletal muscle and tendon but there is limited and equivocal evidence regarding an effect of collagen supplementation and exercise on collagen synthesis. Furthermore, it is not known if a dose-response exists regarding the effect of hydrolyzed collagen (HC) ingestion and RE on collagen synthesis. OBJECTIVE To determine the HC dose-response effect on collagen synthesis after high-intensity RE in resistance-trained young men. METHODS Using a double-blind, randomized crossover design, 10 resistance-trained males (age: 26 ± 3 y; height: 1.77 ± 0.04 m; mass: 79.7 ± 7.0 kg) ingested 0 g, 15 g, or 30 g HC with 50 mg vitamin C 1 h before performing 4 sets' barbell back squat RE at 10-repetition maximum load, after which they rested for 6 h. Blood samples were collected throughout each of the 3 interventions to analyze procollagen type Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide (PINP) and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) concentration, and the concentration of 18 collagen amino acids. RESULTS The serum PINP concentration × time area under the curve (AUC) was greater for 30 g (267 ± 79 μg·L-1·h) than for 15 g (235 ± 70 μg·L-1·h, P = 0.013) and 0 g HC (219 ± 88 μg·L-1·h, P = 0.002) but there was no difference between 0 and 15 g HC (P = 0.225). The AUCs of glycine and proline were greater for 30 g than for 15 and 0 g HC (P < 0.05). Plasma β-CTX concentration decreased from -1 to +6 h (P < 0.05), with no differences between interventions. CONCLUSIONS Ingesting 30 g HC before high-intensity RE augments whole-body collagen synthesis more than 15 g and 0 g HC in resistance-trained young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsung Lee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan C Y Tang
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - John Dutton
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Dunn
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - William D Fraser
- Bioanalytical Facility, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK; Departments of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | - Kevin Enright
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Clark
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK.
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Cerrillo-Sanchis J, Ricart-Luna B, Rodrigo-Mallorca D, Muñoz-Gómez E, Domínguez-Navarro F, Mollà-Casanova S, Chulvi-Medrano I. Relationship between ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and sprinting and jumping ability in young athletes. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:43-49. [PMID: 38876663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between predicted risk of injury based on the dichotomous classification of the weight-bearing lunge (WBL) test scores and variables related to jumping and sprinting ability in young athletes. Furthermore, to compare the impact of the classical dichotomous classification versus a more specific quartile subdivision of the WBL test scores on the explored variables. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 125 healthy athletes (mean age 10.38 (SD = 2.28) years) were recruited. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ankle dorsiflexion was evaluated with the WBL test, jumping distance with the standing long jump (SLJ) test, and maximal running speed with the 14-m and 28-m sprint test. RESULTS Athletes with WBL test scores lower than 10 cm exhibited significantly poorer results for the SLJ test as well as lower 14-m and 28-m sprint times than those with WBL test scores higher than 10 cm (p < 0.05). Likewise, when WBL test scores were subdivided by quartiles, a positive trend between range of motion and improved performance was shown. CONCLUSIONS Reduced ankle dorsiflexion mobility may affect sprinting and jumping ability in young athletes. In addition, a more detailed classification of ankle restriction by quartiles is proposed in this study in order to prevent injury and enhance athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darío Rodrigo-Mallorca
- Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group (UIRFIDE), Physical Education and Sport Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Muñoz-Gómez
- UBIC. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Domínguez-Navarro
- Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Calle Gascó Oliag 5, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Mollà-Casanova
- UBIC. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Spain.
| | - Iván Chulvi-Medrano
- Sport Performance and Physical Fitness Research Group (UIRFIDE), Physical Education and Sport Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Flore Z, Hambly K, De Coninck K, Welsch G. A Rehabilitation Algorithm After Lateral Ankle Sprains in Professional Football (Soccer): An Approach Based on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2024; 19:910-922. [PMID: 38966831 PMCID: PMC11221331 DOI: 10.26603/001c.120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is one of the most common types of injury in professional football (soccer) players with high risk of recurrence. The rehabilitation after LAS in professional football players is often still time-based and relies on anecdotal experience of clinicans. There is still a lack of utilization of criteria-based rehabilitation concepts after LAS in professional football. The aims of this clinical commentary are (1) to critically discuss the need for criteria-based rehabilitation concepts after LAS in professional football players, (2) to highlight the current lack of these approaches and (3) to present a novel clinical guideline-based rehabilitation algorithm. Short time-loss (15 days) and high recurrence rate (17%) raise the question of trivialization of LAS in professional football. Despite consequences for many stakeholders involved (players, teams, clubs, insurers), there is still a lack of of criteria-based, step-by-step approaches. The use of a criteria-based rehabilitation approach might reduce the high recurrence rate after LAS in professional football players and will lead, in turn, to increased long-term player availability. Practical experiences of he authors demonstrate the feasibility of such an approach. The effectiveness of this novel rehabilitation algorithm remains to be evaluated in future studies. Level of Evidence: 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Flore
- School of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Kent
- Medical Department1. FC Magdeburg
| | - Karen Hambly
- School of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Kent
| | | | - Götz Welsch
- UKE-AthleticumUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
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14
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Obërtinca R, Meyer T, Aus der Fünten K. Epidemiology of football-related injuries in young male football players. An additional analysis of data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38922821 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2369545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Football carries a high risk of injury for youth players. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of football-related injuries in young male players. The data stems from a previously conducted cluster-randomised controlled trial that investigated the efficacy of 'FUNBALL', a new injury prevention programme. This study contains the data of the 503 players of the control arm. The players belonged to 22 football teams of the Under-(U)15, U17 and U19 age groups. The time-loss injuries were recorded during the season 2021-2022 according to the Football Consensus Statement. An analysis on the injury incidence (IR, calculated per 1000 hours of exposure), location, severity, category, and type was performed. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were used to compare the variables between the specific age groups. 187 injuries (96 in training and 91 in matches) occurred during 52 938 hours of exposure. The overall IR was 3.53 injuries/1000 h (95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.06 to 4.07). The training IR was 2.16 injuries/1000 h (95% CI 1.17 to 2.64). The match IR was 10.50 injuries/1000 h (95% CI 8.55 to 12.89). In the U19s, the overall IRR was higher compared to the U17s (IRR 1.57, CI 1.12 to 2.19; p = 0.008) and compared to the U15s (IRR 1.82, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.62; p = 0.001). The thigh was the most commonly affected body region (IR 0.92/1000 h, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.22). Muscle injuries were the most common injury type (IR 1.05/1000 h, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.37). Injury burden was 74 lost days/1000 h. The findings of this study indicate a lower injury incidence in youth players than in adult ones. We observed a higher injury incidence towards the older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilind Obërtinca
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Gjakova "Fehmi Agani", Gjakova, Kosovo
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karen Aus der Fünten
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Demeco A, Salerno A, Gusai M, Vignali B, Gramigna V, Palumbo A, Corradi A, Mickeviciute GC, Costantino C. The Role of Virtual Reality in the Management of Football Injuries. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1000. [PMID: 38929617 PMCID: PMC11205647 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60061000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Injuries represent a serious concern for football players, with a significant loss in terms of sport participation and long periods of rehabilitation. According to the 2019/20 UEFA Élite Club Injury Report, the average incidence of injuries during training is 2.8 per 1000 h of training, with an average absence from training of 20 days. In addition, injured athletes are 4 to 7 times more likely to relapse than uninjured athletes. High workloads and reduced recovery periods represent two of the most important modifiable risk factors. In this context, prevention and an adequate rehabilitation protocol are vital in managing injuries, reducing their incidence, and improving the return to competition. In recent years, technological development has provided new tools in rehabilitation, and Virtual reality (VR) has shown interesting results in treating neurologic and orthopedic pathologies. Virtual Reality (VR) technology finds application in the sports industry as a tool to examine athletes' technical movements. The primary objective is to detect the biomechanical risk factors associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Additionally, VR can be used to train athletes in field-specific techniques and create safe and controlled therapeutic environments for post-injury recovery. Moreover, VR offers a customizable approach to treatment based on individual player data. It can be employed for both prevention and rehabilitation, tailoring the rehabilitation and training protocols according to the athletes' specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Demeco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonello Salerno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Gusai
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Beatrice Vignali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Vera Gramigna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Arrigo Palumbo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (V.G.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Corradi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Goda Camille Mickeviciute
- Center of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sport Medicine, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Cosimo Costantino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.); (B.V.); (A.C.)
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Della Villa F, Buckthorpe M, Pellegrini A, Ranzini A, Esposito F, Crescenzo C, Nanni G, Zago M. A comparative video analysis of hamstring injuries mechanism and situational pattern in men's and women's football (soccer). Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024. [PMID: 38881374 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the injury mechanism and situational patterns of severe (absence >28 days) hamstring muscle injuries in professional male and female football (soccer) players. METHODS The data for males were sourced from Serie A clubs participating in both national and international competitions from 2018 to 2021. For the female cohort, hamstring injuries were identified during matches of the top national/international competitions from 2017 to 2023. Video footage was obtained, and three raters categorised injury mechanisms and situational patterns. Injuries were also examined according to the month, minute and location. RESULTS A total of 129 severe hamstring injuries were identified, with 64 occurring in females and 65 in males. Video analysis was possible for 29 (45%) female cases and 61 (94%) male cases. Female injuries had longer lay-off times (97.8 ± 77.1 days) than males (39.6 ± 20.9 days). Females had a higher proportion of indirect contact injuries (34%) than males (13%) and a lower proportion of non-contact injuries (66% vs. 87%). Four situational patterns were identified: running was the most common for both sexes, representing 59% of female injuries and 41% of male injuries. Over-stretching injuries were split across open and CKC scenarios but collectively explained nearly half (48%) of male injuries but only one in five (21%) female injuries. Kicking injuries had a higher proportion in females (17%) than males (10%). Injuries were more common in the second half for females and the first half for males. CONCLUSION Females had a higher proportion of indirect contact, running and kicking injuries and a lower proportion of non-contact and stretch-type injuries than males. Understanding injury patterns can inform tailored prevention programs, considering sex-specific differences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Buckthorpe
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Pellegrini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Ranzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Gianni Nanni
- Medical Area, Bologna Football Club 1909, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Zago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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17
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Palau M, Baiget E, Cortés J, Martínez J, Crespo M, Casals M. Retirements of professional tennis players in second- and third-tier tournaments on the ATP and WTA tours. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304638. [PMID: 38829827 PMCID: PMC11146734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The demands of professional tennis, including physical and psychological aspects, contribute to the frequency of retirements at elite levels of the sport. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiological patterns and risk factors associated with retirements in previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments. A retrospective cohort study was conducted. This study focused on previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments. The ATP database encompassed 584,806 matches, while the WTA database included 267,380 matches. To assess retirements, potential risk factors such as playing surface, tournament category, match round, and player age were analyzed. Incidence rates were calculated for the period between 1978-2019 for men and 1994-2018 for women. The overall incidence rate was 1.56 (95%CI: 1.54, 1.59) and 1.36 (95%CI: 1.33, 1.39) retirements per 1000 games played in male and female competitions, respectively. Retirements increased over the years. Higher incidence rates were observed on hard (1.59 [95%CI: 1.56, 1.63] and 1.39 [95%CI: 1.34, 1.44]) and clay (1.60 [95%CI: 1.57, 1.63] and 1.36 [95%CI: 1.32, 1.41]) compared to grass courts (0.79 [95%CI: 0.65, 0.94] and 1.06 [95%CI: 0.88, 1.27]). Risk factors differed by gender, with tournament category significant in males (IRR: 1.23 [95%CI: 1.19, 1.28] in ITF vs ATP) and match round in females (IRR: 0.92 [95%CI: 0.88, 0.98] in preliminary vs final). This study provides valuable insights for coaches, players, support teams, and epidemiologists regarding retirements and associated risk factors in previous ATP and WTA Tour tournaments, contributing to injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Palau
- Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Baiget
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Cortés
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Martínez
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBGI, Salt, Spain
| | - Miguel Crespo
- Development Department, International Tennis Federation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martí Casals
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre (CEEAF), Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Pi-Rusiñol R, Verhagen E, Blanch M, Rodas Font G. Process mining to investigate the relationship between clinical antecedents and injury risk, severity and return to play in professional sports. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001890. [PMID: 38835540 PMCID: PMC11149139 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This paper presents an exploratory case study focusing on the applicability and value of process mining in a professional sports healthcare setting. We explore whether process mining can be retrospectively applied to readily available data at a professional sports club (Football Club Barcelona) and whether it can be used to obtain insights related to care flows. Design Our study used discovery process mining to detect patterns and trends in athletes' Post-Pre-Participation Medical Evaluation injury route, encompassing five phases for analysis and interpretation. Results We examined preprocessed data in event log format to determine the injury status of athletes in respective baseline groups (healthy or pathological). Our analysis found a link between thigh muscle injuries and later ankle joint problems. The process model found three loops with recurring injuries, the most common of which were thigh muscle injuries. There were no differences in injury rates or the median number of days to return to play between the healthy and pathological groups. Conclusions This study explored the applicability and value of process mining in a professional sports healthcare setting. We established that process mining can be retrospectively applied to readily available data at a professional sports club and that this approach can be used to obtain insights related to sports healthcare flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Pi-Rusiñol
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FIFA Medical Excellence Center, and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miriam Blanch
- ITEREM BPM Consulting Barcelona Spain, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas Font
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FIFA Medical Excellence Center, and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
- Barnaclinic Sports Medicine Unit, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Tamujo AC, Flores HN, Cetolin T, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Haupenthal A, Baroni BM. Creatine kinase concentration on the second post-match day is not associated with risk of subsequent muscle injury in professional football players: a four-season cohort study. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:271-276. [PMID: 37548364 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2246175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between creatine kinase (CK) concentration following official matches and the risk of subsequent muscle injury in professional male football (soccer) players. METHODS Blood samples were collected on the second post-match day for CK analysis over four consecutive seasons in a professional football club. Players were then followed for five days to observe any occurrence of indirect muscle injury (structural or functional in nature). Players exposed to at least 45 minutes in two consecutive matches within seven days were considered valid cases for analysis. RESULTS Eighty players participated in the study, generating 1,656 cases eligible for analysis, of which 229 resulted in muscle injuries. The hamstrings were the most frequently injured muscle group (54%), followed by the adductor (21%), triceps surae (19%), quadriceps (5%), and psoas (1%). While CK concentration was higher in muscle injury cases [783 ± 507 U/L (95%CI, 717 to 849; min-max, 105-2,800)] compared with uninjured cases [688 ± 446 U/L (95%CI, 665 to 711; min-max, 100-2,950)], it was not an accurate predictor of subsequent muscle injury risk in professional football players (sensitivity = 56%; specificity = 55%; odds ratio = 1.00; area under curve = 0.557). CONCLUSION CK concentration on the second post-match day cannot be used to effectively screen subsequent muscle injury risk in professional male football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Camillo Tamujo
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Hebert Nunes Flores
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Cetolin
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - João Breno Ribeiro-Alvares
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Haupenthal
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Schneider KN, Zafeiris T, Gosheger G, Klingebiel S, Rickert C, Schachtrup T, Theil C. Shoulder dislocations in professional male football (soccer): A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the German Bundesliga from season 2012/2013 until 2022/2023. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:1591-1598. [PMID: 38643395 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Injuries exert a detrimental impact on the team performance in professional football. Shoulder dislocations are known for their severity and often cause substantial lay-off times. However, there is a notable gap in the general understanding regarding the frequency and convalescence of these events in professional football. Thus, the aims of this study were (1) to determine the incidence, (2) to evaluate return to competition (RTC) and redislocation events (RDEs) and (3) to identify relevant player-, match- and injury-related parameters. METHODS All shoulder dislocations within the highest three German football leagues (1.-3. Bundesliga) during the seasons 2012/2013 until 2022/2023 were identified. Player-, injury- and match-related data were obtained by performing a media analysis. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. p Value was set at 0.05. RESULTS A total of 90 first-time shoulder dislocations in 89 players with a median age of 25 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23-28) were available for analysis. The incidence was 9.1 per 1000 Bundesliga matches played and increased over time. Forty-four (49%) shoulder dislocations were treated conservatively and 46 (51%) operatively. Median RTC was 24 days (IQR: 12-43) following conservative and 103 days (IQR: 85-135) following surgical treatment (p < 0.001). Twenty-two (24%) players suffered a redislocation, of whom 13 (59%) underwent initial conservative and nine (41%) initial surgical treatment (not significant [n.s.]). RDE following conservative treatment was after a median of 4 months (IQR: 2-22) and 7 months (IQR: 3-23) following surgical treatment (n.s.). CONCLUSION The incidence of shoulder dislocation within professional football is increasing and currently amounts to 9.1 per 1000 matches played. A conservative treatment leads to a quicker RTC, while frequency and time to RDE were similar regardless of treatment. The increasing incidence of shoulder dislocations in professional football necessitates an analysis of relevant injury mechanisms and the implementation of specific preventive measures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodoros Zafeiris
- Department of Orthopaedics and Tumor Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Gosheger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Tumor Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klingebiel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Tumor Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carolin Rickert
- Department of Orthopaedics and Tumor Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Schachtrup
- Department of Orthopaedics and Tumor Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Theil
- Department of Orthopaedics and Tumor Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
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21
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Thompson JW, Plastow R, Kayani B, Moriarty P, Stirling B, Haddad FS. Operative Repair of Hamstring Injuries From the Jackling Position in Rugby. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671241246699. [PMID: 38840794 PMCID: PMC11151762 DOI: 10.1177/23259671241246699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The jackling position within rugby has not been previously described as a mechanism for proximal hamstring injuries. Hypothesis Acute surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsion injuries sustained from the jackling contact position enables a return to a previous level of sporting activity with low risk of recurrence. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods This study included 54 professional rugby players (mean age, 26 ± 4.8 years) who underwent acute primary surgical repair of complete, proximal hamstring avulsion injuries. The mean follow-up time was 17 months (range, 12-24 months). Mean isometric hamstring strength and function testing was performed at 3 months and 1 year after repair. Results Of the 54 players, 51 (94.4%) returned to their preinjury level of sporting activity. The mean time from surgical repair to full sporting activity was 7 months (range, 4-12 months). No patients had recurrence of the primary injury. At 1 year postoperatively, patients had significantly restored mean isometric hamstring muscle strength when compared with the uninjured leg at 0° (98.4% ± 2.8%), 15° (95.9% ± 2.9%), and 45° (92.9% ± 4.1%); improved Lower Extremity Functional Score (78.0 ± 2.0); and improved Marx activity rating score (14.3 ± 1.5) (P < .001 for all). Conclusion Acute surgical repair of proximal hamstring avulsion injuries caused by the contact jackling position produced a high return to preinjury level of sporting activity, increased muscle strength, and improved functional outcome scores, with a low risk of recurrence at short-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. Thompson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricci Plastow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Babar Kayani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Moriarty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fares S. Haddad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Princess Grace Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Lima EBDS, Belangero PS, Lara PHS, Ribeiro LM, de Figueiredo EA, Andreoli CV, Pochini ADC, Ejnisman B, Pagura JR, Cohen M, Arliani GG. Shoulder injuries in Brazilian professional football players: epidemiological analysis of 3828 games. J ISAKOS 2024; 9:290-295. [PMID: 38296185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Football is a globally played sport that poses potential risks for musculoskeletal injuries. Upper-limb injuries have a lower incidence rate than lower-limb injuries but can still cause absenteeism and performance impairment in football players. This descriptive epidemiological study aimed to evaluate and compare the epidemiological data on shoulder injuries among professional football players in two major Brazilian football championships. METHODS Data were collected throughout the championships, and club physicians medically evaluated each player during official games using two online forms. The collected information included the player's age and position, injury diagnosis, laterality, location on the field where the injury occurred, playing time, imaging examinations performed, need for surgical treatment, time to return to play (TRP), and recurrence of the injury. The incidence of injuries was evaluated using the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) incidence formula. RESULTS A total of 107 shoulder injuries were recorded (4.3% of all injuries), with a FIFA incidence of 0.847. Glenohumeral dislocations (GHDs) and acromioclavicular dislocations (ACDs) accounted for 37.38% and 35.51% of all shoulder injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers and defenders presented, respectively, a 2.15 and 1.57 times increased risk of suffering shoulder injuries, while attackers presented a 0.63 times decreased risk. Injury recurrence was observed in 14.95% of cases, with GHDs and ACDs showing recurrence rates of 35.00% and 5.26%, respectively. Surgery was performed in 9.35% of cases, with GHDs representing 50% of all surgeries. The average TRP was 22.37 days, with severe and major injuries accounting for 11.21% and 10.28% of all injuries, respectively. Goalkeepers had the highest average TRP of 36.15 days. Recurring injuries had a higher average TRP of 33.44 days compared to nonrecurring injuries, which had an average TRP of 20.43 days. Surgically treated injuries had the highest average TRP of 112.5 days. CONCLUSION Shoulder injuries in the professional football scenario are of great concern due to the high recurrence rate and need for surgical treatment, which will lead to a long TRP. These findings emphasize the need to implement prevention protocols and effective treatments to reduce the consequences of such injuries, which are usually underestimated in this sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewerton Borges de Souza Lima
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
| | - Paulo Santoro Belangero
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Schmidt Lara
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
| | - Leandro Masini Ribeiro
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio de Figueiredo
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vicente Andreoli
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Castro Pochini
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
| | - Benno Ejnisman
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Roberto Pagura
- Brazilian Football Confederation, Avenida Luis Carlos Prestes, 130 - Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22775-055, Brazil
| | - Moisés Cohen
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gonçalves Arliani
- Sports Traumatology Center, Discipline of Sports Medicine and Physical Activity, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, R. Estado de Israel, 713 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04022-002, Brazil
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Flores HN, Tamujo AC, Cetolin T, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, de Noronha M, Baroni BM, Haupenthal A. Muscle Pain Code: a novel tool for screening the risk of time-loss muscle injury in professional male football players. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38651766 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2024.2346463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of a novel post-match muscle pain map, named Muscle Pain Code (MPC), with the risk of subsequent time-loss muscle injury in a cohort of professional football (soccer) players. METHODS The MPC classifies pain in four codes: code 0, 'no pain;' code 1, 'generalized muscle pain;' code 2, 'diffused site muscle pain;' and code 3, 'specific site muscle pain.' Over four consecutive seasons, MPC was collected on the second post-match day and players were followed for occurrence of time-loss muscle injury over the next five days. Players exposed to at least 45 minutes in two consecutive matches within seven days were included as cases for analysis. RESULTS Eighty players participated in the study. Of 1,656 cases analyzed, 229 resulted in time-loss muscle injuries. Only 2% of cases with codes 0 and 1 resulted in time-loss muscle injuries. Conversely, 63% and 78% of codes 2 and 3 were followed by time-loss muscle injuries, respectively. Compared with the reference scenario (i.e. code 0 on MPC), the risk of subsequent time-loss muscle injury was significantly higher when players recorded code 2 (odds ratio, 4.29; 95%CI, 3.62 to 4.96) or code 3 (odds ratio, 5.01; 95%CI, 4.05 to 5.98) on MPC, but not when they recorded code 1 (odds ratio = -0.27; 95%CI, 1.05 to 0.56). CONCLUSIONS Players experiencing well-outlined pain area on the second post-match day were more likely to incur a time-loss muscle injury in the subsequent days compared to those experiencing spreading pain or no pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebert Nunes Flores
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Augusto Camillo Tamujo
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Cetolin
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - João Breno Ribeiro-Alvares
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcos de Noronha
- Department of Community and Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Autralia
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Haupenthal
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá, SC, Brazil
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Obërtinca R, Meha R, Hoxha I, Shabani B, Meyer T, Aus der Fünten K. Efficacy of a new injury prevention programme (FUNBALL) in young male football (soccer) players: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:548-555. [PMID: 38499320 PMCID: PMC11103335 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of a new multicomponent, exercise-based injury prevention programme in football players 13-19 years old. METHODS Two-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial with clubs as the unit of randomisation. 55 football teams from Kosovo of the under 15, under 17 and under 19 age groups were randomly assigned to the intervention (INT; 28 teams) or the control group (CON; 27 teams) and were followed for one football season (August 2021-May 2022). The INT group performed the 'FUNBALL' programme after their usual warm-up at least twice per week, while the CON group followed their usual training routine. The primary outcome measure was the overall number of football-related injuries. Secondary outcomes were region-specific injuries of the lower limbs (hip/groin, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle and foot) and injury severity. RESULTS 319 injuries occurred, 132 in the INT and 187 in the CON group. The INT group used the 'FUNBALL' programme in 72.2% of all training sessions, on average 2.2 times per week. There was a significantly lower incidence in the INT group regarding the overall number of injuries (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.87), the number of thigh injuries (IRR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.98), of moderate (time loss between 7 and 28 days) (IRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.97) and of severe injuries (time loss >28 days) (IRR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.91). CONCLUSION The 'FUNBALL' programme reduced the incidence of football-related injuries among male adolescent football players, and its regular use for injury prevention in this population is recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05137015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rilind Obërtinca
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
- Department of Physiotherapy, University 'Fehmi Agani' in Gjakova, Gjakova, Kosovo
| | - Rina Meha
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Ilir Hoxha
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Evidence Synthesis Group, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Bujar Shabani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
- Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Karen Aus der Fünten
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
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25
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Kalkhoven JT. Athletic Injury Research: Frameworks, Models and the Need for Causal Knowledge. Sports Med 2024; 54:1121-1137. [PMID: 38507193 PMCID: PMC11127898 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Within applied sports science and medicine research, many challenges hinder the establishment and detailed understanding of athletic injury causality as well as the development and implementation of appropriate athletic injury prevention strategies. Applied research efforts are faced with a lack of variable control, while the capacity to compensate for this lack of control through the application of randomised controlled trials is often confronted by a number of obstacles relating to ethical or practical constraints. Such difficulties have led to a large reliance upon observational research to guide applied practice in this area. However, the reliance upon observational research, in conjunction with the general absence of supporting causal inference tools and structures, has hindered both the acquisition of causal knowledge in relation to athletic injury and the development of appropriate injury prevention strategies. Indeed, much of athletic injury research functions on a (causal) model-blind observational approach primarily driven by the existence and availability of various technologies and data, with little regard for how these technologies and their associated metrics can conceptually relate to athletic injury causality and mechanisms. In this article, a potential solution to these issues is proposed and a new model for investigating athletic injury aetiology and mechanisms, and for developing and evaluating injury prevention strategies, is presented. This solution is centred on the construction and utilisation of various causal diagrams, such as frameworks, models and causal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), to help guide athletic injury research and prevention efforts. This approach will alleviate many of the challenges facing athletic injury research by facilitating the investigation of specific causal links, mechanisms and assumptions with appropriate scientific methods, aiding the translation of lab-based research into the applied sporting world, and guiding causal inferences from applied research efforts by establishing appropriate supporting causal structures. Further, this approach will also help guide the development and adoption of both relevant metrics (and technologies) and injury prevention strategies, as well as encourage the construction of appropriate theoretical and conceptual foundations prior to the commencement of applied injury research studies. This will help minimise the risk of resource wastage, data fishing, p-hacking and hypothesising after the results are known (HARK-ing) in athletic injury research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd T Kalkhoven
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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26
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Kekelekis A, Manuel Clemente F, Kellis E. Muscle injury characteristics and incidence rates in men's amateur soccer: A one season prospective study. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:411-424. [PMID: 36120742 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2122827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to examine the incident rate (IR), characteristics, and mechanisms of muscle injuries of 121 men amateur soccer players that voluntarily participated in this project. Sixty-five muscle injuries with an overall IR of 3.62/1000 h, 95% CI 2.7-4.5, were reported. The most frequently injured muscle groups were the hamstrings (IR 1.78/1000 h, 95% CI 1.1-2.3), followed by the adductors (IR 1.5/1000 h, 95% CI 0.93-2.06). Most muscle injuries were characterized as mild (IR 2.3/1000 h, 95% CI 1.53-2.92) or minimal (IR 1.28/1000 h, 95% CI 1.16-2.39. Higher incidence of injury sustained during matches (IR 14.09 injuries/1000 h, 95% CI 9.49-18.7), than in training (IR 1.88 injuries/1000 h, 95% CI 1.19-2.56). The most frequent injury mechanisms were high-speed running (84.4%) and change of direction (44.4%), for hamstring and adductors-related groin injuries, respectively. Players aged over 24 years had a 7-fold increased risk to sustain a hamstring injury but a lower risk to sustain an adductor-related groin injury. Injury prevention and rehabilitation management strategies may reduce muscle injury rates in amateur soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afxentios Kekelekis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Serres, Greece
- Departement of Rehabilitation, Sport Injury Clinic for Prevention & Rehabilitation, Crete, Aghios Nikolaos, Greece
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola SuperiorDesporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Instituto Politécnico deViana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Serres, Greece
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Liukkonen R, Vaajala M, Tarkiainen J, Kuitunen I. The incidence of floorball injuries-A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 67:110-117. [PMID: 38663160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Floorball is a swift sport; players perform multiple quick turns during practices and games. The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of floorball injuries. In addition, we aimed to examine the differences in the incidences between sexes and anatomical locations. METHODS The PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Web of Science (Clarivate), Scopus (Elsevier), and SPORTDiscus (EBSCO) databases were searched from inception to January 6th, 2023. A study was eligible for analysis if the number of injuries per exposure time was reported. The study protocol was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023390659). RESULTS The total pooled incidence of floorball injuries was 2.28 (confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 4.10) injuries per 1000 h for all included studies. For females, the pooled incidence was 2.33 (CI 1.22 to 4.46) injuries per 1000 h, and for males, the incidence was 1.98 (CI 1.83 to 2.14) injuries per 1000-h. For adults, the pooled incidence was 3.11 (CI 1.58 to 6.12) injuries per 1000 h and for youths, the incidence was 1.40 (CI 0.50 to 3.94) injuries per 1000 h. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of floorball injuries is high, especially among women. When considering the growing popularity of floorball, these pooled incidences serve as reference values for future injury prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Liukkonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Matias Vaajala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jeremias Tarkiainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Ilari Kuitunen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Pirri C, Pirri N, Guidolin D, Macchi V, Porzionato A, De Caro R, Stecco C. Ultrasound Imaging in Football Players with Previous Multiple Ankle Sprains: Keeping a Close Eye on Superior Ankle Retinaculum. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:419. [PMID: 38790287 PMCID: PMC11117889 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The superior extensor ankle retinaculum (SEAR), a transversely fascial thickening positioned above the tibia-talar joint, serves as a crucial anatomical structure in ankle stability. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare by ultrasound (US) imaging the bilateral thickness and echogenicity of SEAR in football players with previous multiple ankle sprains (group 1) and healthy volunteers (group 2). A cross-sectional study was performed using ultrasound imaging to measure longitudinal and transversal axes using a new protocol in a sample of 50 subjects: 25 football players with previous multiple ankle sprains and 25 healthy subjects. The findings for SEAR thickness revealed statistically significant differences for both axes (p = 0.0011 and p = 0.0032) between the healthy side and the previously sprained side, and with the corresponding side of group 2 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.004). Moreover, in group 1, regarding the ROI echogenicity, a statistically significant difference was found between the sides (p = 0.0378). These findings suggest that the football players with previous ankle sprains showed a thicker and inhomogeneous SEAR on the sprain side, unveiling a remodeling of this structure compared to the other side and to the healthy volunteers. In these athletes, during US examination, one needs to keep "a US eye" on side-to-side SEAR comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Pirri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.G.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Nina Pirri
- Department of Medicine—DIMED, School of Radiology, Radiology Institute, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.G.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.G.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.G.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.G.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.C.); (C.S.)
| | - Carla Stecco
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Human Anatomy, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy; (D.G.); (V.M.); (A.P.); (R.D.C.); (C.S.)
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Lazarczuk SL, Collings TJ, Hams AH, Timmins RG, Opar DA, Edwards S, Shield AJ, Barrett RS, Bourne MN. Biceps femoris long head muscle and aponeurosis geometry in males with and without a history of hamstring strain injury. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14619. [PMID: 38572910 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) commonly affect the proximal biceps femoris long head (BFlh) musculotendinous junction. Biomechanical modeling suggests narrow proximal BFlh aponeuroses and large muscle-to-aponeurosis width ratios increase localized tissue strains and presumably risk of HSI. This study aimed to determine if BFlh muscle and proximal aponeurosis geometry differed between limbs with and without a history of HSI. METHODS Twenty-six recreationally active males with (n = 13) and without (n = 13) a history of unilateral HSI in the last 24 months underwent magnetic resonance imaging of both thighs. BFlh muscle and proximal aponeurosis cross-sectional areas, length, volume, and interface area between muscle and aponeurosis were extracted. Previously injured limbs were compared to uninjured contralateral and control limbs for discrete variables and ratios, and along the relative length of tissues using statistical parametric mapping. RESULTS Previously injured limbs displayed significantly smaller muscle-to-aponeurosis volume ratios (p = 0.029, Wilcoxon effect size (ES) = 0.43) and larger proximal BFlh aponeurosis volumes (p = 0.019, ES = 0.46) than control limbs with no history of HSI. No significant differences were found between previously injured and uninjured contralateral limbs for any outcome measure (p = 0.216-1.000, ES = 0.01-0.36). CONCLUSIONS Aponeurosis geometry differed between limbs with and without a history of HSI. The significantly larger BFlh proximal aponeuroses and smaller muscle-to-aponeurosis volume ratios in previously injured limbs could alter the strain experienced in muscle adjacent to the musculotendinous junction during active lengthening. Future research is required to determine if geometric differences influence the risk of re-injury and whether they can be altered via targeted training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Lazarczuk
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tyler J Collings
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrea H Hams
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryan G Timmins
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzi Edwards
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony J Shield
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rod S Barrett
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Gurchiek RD, Teplin Z, Falisse A, Hicks JL, Delp SL. Hamstrings are stretched more and faster during accelerative running compared to speed-matched constant speed running. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.586659. [PMID: 38585841 PMCID: PMC10996654 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Hamstring strain injuries are associated with significant time away from sport and high reinjury rates. Recent evidence suggests that hamstring injuries often occur during accelerative running, but investigations of hamstring mechanics have primarily examined constant speed running on a treadmill. To help fill this gap in knowledge, this study compares hamstring lengths and lengthening velocities between accelerative running and constant speed overground running. Methods We recorded 2 synchronized videos of 10 participants (5 female, 5 male) during 6 accelerative running trials and 6 constant speed running trials. We used OpenCap (a markerless motion capture system) to estimate body segment kinematics for each trial and a 3-dimensional musculoskeletal model to compute peak length and step-average lengthening velocity of the biceps femoris (long head) muscle-tendon unit. To compare running conditions, we used linear mixed regression models with running speed (normalized by the subject-specific maximum) as the independent variable. Results At running speeds below 75% of top speed accelerative running resulted in greater peak lengths than constant speed running. For example, the peak hamstring muscle-tendon length when a person accelerated from running at only 50% of top speed was equivalent to running at a constant 88% of top speed. Lengthening velocities were greater during accelerative running at all running speeds. Differences in hip flexion kinematics primarily drove the greater peak muscle-tendon lengths and lengthening velocities observed in accelerative running. Conclusion Hamstrings are subjected to longer muscle-tendon lengths and faster lengthening velocities in accelerative running compared to constant speed running. This provides a biomechanical explanation for the observation that hamstring strain injuries often occur during acceleration. Our results suggest coaches who monitor exposure to high-risk circumstances (long lengths, fast lengthening velocities) should consider the accelerative nature of running in addition to running speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed D. Gurchiek
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zachary Teplin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Antoine Falisse
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hicks
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott L. Delp
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Del Coso J, Rodas G, Soler-Aguinaga A, López-Del Campo R, Resta R, González-Rodenas J, Ferrandis J, Moreno-Pérez V. ACTN3 XX Genotype Negatively Affects Running Performance and Increases Muscle Injury Incidence in LaLiga Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:386. [PMID: 38540445 PMCID: PMC10969915 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the ACTN3 rs1815739 polymorphism with match running performance and injury incidence in top-level professional football players. A total of 315 top-level professional football players from the first division of Spanish football (i.e., LaLiga) participated in this prospective and descriptive study. The ACTN3 rs1815739 genotype was identified for each player using genomic DNA samples. During LaLiga 2021-2022, players' performance was obtained through a validated camera system in all official matches. Additionally, the incidence of non-contact injuries was obtained by each team's medical staff according to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) statement. From the study sample, 116 (36.8%) players had the RR genotype, 156 (49.5%) had the RX genotype, and 43 (13.7%) had the XX genotype. The anthropometric characteristics of the players were similar across genotypes. However, the total running distance (p = 0.046), the distance at 21.0-23.9 km/h (p = 0.042), and the number of sprints (p = 0.042) were associated with the ACTN3 genotype. In all these variables, XX players had lower match performance values than RR players. Additionally, total and match injury incidences were higher in XX players than in RR players (p = 0.026 and 0.009, respectively). The rate of muscle injuries was also higher in XX players (p = 0.016). LaLiga football players with the ACTN3 XX genotype had lower match running performance and a higher incidence of non-contact injuries over the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department & Barça Innovation Hub, Fútbol Club Barcelona, 08038 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | | | - Ricardo Resta
- Department of Competitions, La Liga, 28043 Madrid, Spain; (R.L.-D.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Joaquín González-Rodenas
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
| | - Jordi Ferrandis
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain; (J.G.-R.); (J.F.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, “San Vicente Mártir”, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain;
- Department of Pathology and Surgery, Translational Research Centre of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Castilla-López C, Romero-Franco N. Well-being fluctuations and injuries during an entire season in male professional soccer players: an observational study. Res Sports Med 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38501730 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2024.2330959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe and relate the well-being perception and injury incidence of soccer players in an entire soccer season. For 37 weeks, twenty-eight male professional soccer players (25.2 ± 4.3 years old; 22.8 ± 1.4 kg/m2) daily scored (from 1: bad; to 5: perfect) well-being perception (fatigue, sleep, muscle soreness, stress and mood and Hooper Index (HI) as general status). Injuries were also registered. Results showed that players had the lowest well-being perception during Preseason (in terms of HI, fatigue, muscle soreness and stress), being lower than EarlySeason (ps < 0.05, ds > 1.0) and/or InSeason (ps < 0.05, ds > 1.0). The injury incidence was 8.3 ± 9.2/1000 h, being always higher in training compared to competition (35.0 vs 11.1/1000 h). A lower stress perception (worse) correlated with a higher rate of new injuries during PreSeason (r = -0.84), while a greater muscle soreness and fatigue correlated with the new injuries occurring in the following week during the whole season (r = -0.38 and r = -0.39, respectively). As a conclusion, the well-being perception of professional soccer players was especially low during Preseason, with fatigue, muscle soreness and stress as the most affected items that correlated with injury incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Romero-Franco
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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Massidda M, Flore L, Cugia P, Piras F, Scorcu M, Kikuchi N, Cięszczyk P, Maciejewska-Skrendo A, Tocco F, Calò CM. Association Between Total Genotype Score and Muscle Injuries in Top-Level Football Players: a Pilot Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:22. [PMID: 38448778 PMCID: PMC10917720 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, genetic predisposition to injury has become a popular area of research and the association between a few single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the susceptibility to develop musculoskeletal injuries has been shown. This pilot study aimed to investigate the combined effect of common gene polymorphisms previously associated with muscle injuries in Italian soccer players. RESULTS A total of 64 Italian male top football players (age 23.1 ± 5.5 years; stature 180.2 ± 7.4 cm; weight 73.0 ± 7.9 kg) were genotyped for four gene polymorphisms [ACE I/D (rs4341), ACTN3 c.1729C > T (rs1815739), COL5A1 C > T (rs2722) and MCT1 c.1470A > T (rs1049434)]. Muscle injuries were gathered for 10 years (2009-2019). Buccal swabs were used to obtain genomic DNA, and the PCR method was used to genotype the samples. The combined influence of the four polymorphisms studied was calculated using a total genotype score (TGS: from 0 to 100 arbitrary units; a.u.). A genotype score (GS) of 2 was assigned to the "protective" genotype for injuries, a GS of 1 was assigned to the heterozygous genotype while a GS of 0 was assigned to the "worst" genotype. The distribution of genotype frequencies in the ACE I/D (rs4341), ACTN3 c.1729C > T (rs1815739) and MCT1 c.1470A > T (rs1049434) polymorphisms was different between non-injured and injured football players (p = 0.001; p = 0.016 and p = 0.005, respectively). The incidence of muscle injuries was significantly different among the ACE I/D (rs4341), ACTN3 c.1729C > T (rs1815739) and COL5A1 C > T (rs2722) genotype groups, showing a lower incidence of injuries in the "protective" genotype than "worse" genotype (ACE, p < 0.001; ACTN3, p = 0.005) or intermediate genotype (COL5A1, p = 0.029). The mean TGS in non-injured football players (63.7 ± 13.0 a.u.) was different from that of injured football players (42.5 ± 12.5 a.u., p < 0.001). There was a TGS cut-off point (56.2 a.u.) to discriminate non-injured from injured football players. Players with a TGS beyond this cut-off had an odds ratio of 3.5 (95%CI 1.8-6.8; p < 0.001) to suffer an injury when compared with players with lower TGS. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest that carrying a high number of "protective" gene variants could influence an individual's susceptibility to developing muscle injuries in football. Adapting the training load parameters to the athletes' genetic profile represents today the new frontier of the methodology of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotis Massidda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Flore
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Cugia
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio SpA, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Piras
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio SpA, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Scorcu
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio SpA, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Nippon Sport Science University (NSSU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pawel Cięszczyk
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Maciejewska-Skrendo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 71-065, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filippo Tocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Herring SA, Kibler WB, Putukian M, Boyajian-O'Neill LA, Chang CJ, Franks RR, Hutchinson M, Indelicato PA, O'Connor FG, Powell A, Roach R, Safran M, Statuta SM, Sutton K. Initial Assessment and Management of Select Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Team Physician Consensus Statement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:385-401. [PMID: 37847756 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently in sport during practice, training, and competition. Injury assessment and management are common responsibilities for the team physician. Initial Assessment and Management of Musculoskeletal Injury-A Team Physician Consensus Statement is title 23 in a series of annual consensus documents written for the practicing team physician. This statement was developed by the Team Physician Consensus Conference, an annual project-based alliance of six major professional associations. The goal of this document is to help the team physician improve the care and treatment of the athlete by understanding the initial assessment and management of selected musculoskeletal injuries.
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Herring SA, Kibler WB, Putukian M, Boyajian-O'Neill LA, Chang CJ, Franks RR, Hutchinson M, Indelicato PA, O'Connor FG, Powell A, Roach R, Safran M, Statuta SM, Sutton K. Initial Assessment and Management of Select Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Team Physician Consensus Statement. Curr Sports Med Rep 2024; 23:86-104. [PMID: 38437494 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Musculoskeletal injuries occur frequently in sport during practice, training, and competition. Injury assessment and management are common responsibilities for the team physician. Initial Assessment and Management of Musculoskeletal Injury-A Team Physician Consensus Statement is title 23 in a series of annual consensus documents written for the practicing team physician. This statement was developed by the Team Physician Consensus Conference, an annual project-based alliance of six major professional associations. The goal of this document is to help the team physician improve the care and treatment of the athlete by understanding the initial assessment and management of selected musculoskeletal injuries.
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Ross AG, McKay MJ, Pappas E, Bhimani N, Peek K. 'Benched' the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on injury incidence in sub-elite football in Australia: a retrospective population study using injury insurance records. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024; 8:21-31. [PMID: 36327493 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2143551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to compare injury rates pre- and post-COVID-19 lockdown in sub-elite football (soccer) players by analysing the full season and the first month of each season between 2018 and 2020. Secondary aims were to describe the incidence, location and type of injuries and to compare injuries by age group and sex. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS A de-identified insurance database was retrospectively coded using the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System. Injury incidence per 1000 hours as well as incidence rate ratios (IRR) with confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS No significant difference was found in the overall incidence rate in 2020 compared with the 2018 and 2019 seasons (IRR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.96-1.13]; p = 0.294). However, overall injuries increased by 26% (IRR: 1.26 [95% CI 1.07-1.47]; p < 0.005) and joint sprains increased by 45% (IRR: 1.45 [95% CI 1.14-1.84]; p < 0.005) in the first month of 2020 compared with 2018-2019. Between 2018 and 2020, there were 4149 injury insurance claims, with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures accounting for 19% of all injuries. When comparing sex, female players had significantly more ankle sprains whilst male players suffered more dental injuries. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to a growing body of evidence investigating injury rates post-COVID-19 lockdowns in sport. Sub-elite players appear to be at higher risk of joint injuries within the first month of training following a period of lockdown. Overall, stakeholders involved in sub-elite football should prioritise knee and ankle joint injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Ross
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marnee J McKay
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nazim Bhimani
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kerry Peek
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Gudelis M, Pruna R, Trujillano J, Lundblad M, Khodaee M. Epidemiology of hamstring injuries in 538 cases from an FC Barcelona multi sports club. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:57-64. [PMID: 36695100 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2170684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hamstring injuries are the most common muscle injuries in team sports. The aims of this study were to describe the epidemiology of hamstring muscle injuries in the professional and amateur sport sections of a multi-sport club Football Club Barcelona (FCB) and to determine any potential correlation between return-to-play (RTP) and injury location, severity of connective tissue damage, age, sex, and athlete's level of competition. METHODS This descriptive epidemiological study with data collected from September 2007 to September 2017 stored in the FCB database. The study included non-contact hamstring injuries sustained during training or competition. RESULTS A total of 538 hamstring injuries were reported in the club's database, of which 240 were structurally verified by imaging as hamstring injuries. The overall incidence for the 17 sports studied was 1.29 structurally verified hamstring injuries per 100 athletes per year. The muscle most commonly involved in hamstring injuries was the biceps femoris, and the connective tissue most frequently involved was the myofascial. There was no evidence of a statistically significant association between age and RTP after injury, and no statistically significant difference between sex and RTP. However, the time loss by professionals was shorter than for amateurs, and proximal hamstring injuries took longer RTP than distal ones. CONCLUSION In the 17 sports practiced at multi-sport club, the incidence of hamstring injury was 1.29 per 100 athletes per year. Players from sports in which high-speed sprinting and kicking are necessary, and amateurs, were at higher risk of suffering a hamstring injury. In addition, proximally located hamstring injuries involving tendinous connective tissue showed the longest RTP time. Age did not seem to have any influence on RTP. Documenting location and the exact tissue involved in hamstring injuries may be beneficial for determining the prognosis and RTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Gudelis
- Medical Department of Football Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence), Barcelona, Spain
- Barça Innovation Hub of Football Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinica Tenis Teknon, Bracelona, Spain
- Reabilitacijos ir sporto medicinos centras, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ricard Pruna
- Medical Department of Football Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence), Barcelona, Spain
- Barça Innovation Hub of Football Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Matilde Lundblad
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition and Sports Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Morteza Khodaee
- Department of Family Medicine Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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Rojas-Jaramillo A, León-Sánchez G, Calvo-Lluch Á, González-Badillo JJ, Rodríguez-Rosell D. Comparison of 10% vs. 30% Velocity Loss during Squat Training with Low Loads on Strength and Sport-Specific Performance in Young Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:43. [PMID: 38393263 PMCID: PMC10892717 DOI: 10.3390/sports12020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two velocity-based resistance training (RT) programs using moderate loads (45-60% 1RM) but different magnitudes of velocity loss (VL) limits (10% vs. 30%) on the changes in physical performance in young soccer players. Twenty young soccer players were randomly allocated into two groups: VL10% (n = 10) and VL30% (n = 10). All participants were assessed before and after the 8-week RT program (twice a week) involving the following tests: 20 m running sprint (T20), countermovement jump (CMJ), kicking a ball (KB), and progressive loading test in the full squat (SQ) exercise. The RT program was conducted using only the SQ exercise and movement velocity was monitored in all repetitions. Significant 'time × group' interaction (p < 0.05) was observed for sprint performance, KB and 1RM in the SQ exercise in favor of VL10%. No significant changes between groups at post-test were observed. The VL10% resulted in significant (p < 0.05-0.001) intra-group changes in all variables analyzed, except for KB, whereas VL30% only showed significant (p < 0.05) performance increments in a sprint test and 1RM in the SQ exercise. The percentage of change and the intra-group's effect size were of greater magnitude for VL10% in all variables analyzed compared to VL30%. In conclusion, our results suggest that, for non-trained young soccer players, squat training with low to moderate relative loads and 10%VL is sufficient to elicit significant increases in muscle strength and sport-specific actions compared to 30%VL in the set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rojas-Jaramillo
- Research Group of Sciences Applied to Physical Activity and Sport, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Gustavo León-Sánchez
- Antioqueño Sports Research Center (CINDA) Indeportes, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - África Calvo-Lluch
- Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | | | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Department of Sport and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Research, Development and Innovation (R&D+i) Area, Investigation in Medicine and Sport Department, Sevilla Football Club, 41005 Seville, Spain
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Amundsen R, Thorarinsdottir S, Larmo A, Pedersen R, Andersen TE, Møller M, Bahr R. #ReadyToplay: hamstring injuries in women's football - a two-season prospective cohort study in the Norwegian women's premier league. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38243669 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2305389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
In this two-season prospective cohort study (2020-2021), we aimed to describe the characteristics, clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of hamstring injuries in the Norwegian women's premier league. Hamstring injuries were examined by team physiotherapists using a standardised clinical examination and injury form. Injury location and severity (modified Peetrons classification) were graded based on MRI by two independent radiologists. Fifty-three hamstring injuries were clinically examined, 31 of these with MRI. Hamstring injuries caused 8 days (median) lost from football (interquartile range: 3-15 days, range: 0-188 days), most were non-contact and occurred during sprinting. Gradual-onset (53%) and sudden-onset injuries (47%) were evenly distributed. The injuries examined with MRI were classified as grade 0 (52%), grade 1 (16%) or grade 2 (29%). One proximal tendinopathy case was not graded. Grade 2 injuries caused more time loss than grade 0 (19 ± 8 vs. 7 ± 7 days, p = 0.002). Of injuries with MRI changes, 60% were in the m. biceps femoris, mainly the muscle-tendon junction, and 40% in the m. semimembranosus, most in the proximal tendon. Compared to previous findings from men's football, a higher proportion of hamstring injuries in women's football had a gradual onset and involved the m. semimembranosus, particularly its proximal tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Amundsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Thorarinsdottir
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Larmo
- Radiology Department, Evidia Norge AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Pedersen
- Radiology Department, Unilabs Norge AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - T E Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Football Association Medical Centre (Idrettens helsesenter), The Norwegian Football Association, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Møller
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Stathas I, Kalliakmanis A, Kekelekis A, Danassi Afentaki D, Tsepis E, Fousekis K. Effectiveness of an On-Field Rehabilitation framework for return to sports in injured male professional football players: a single-blinded, prospective, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001849. [PMID: 38268525 PMCID: PMC10806762 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives In football, on-field rehabilitation (OFR) is critical during injury recovery for a player's safe return to sports (RTS). The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an OFR framework for RTS in injured male professional football players. Trial design A prospective block-randomised controlled-parallel trial was conducted (level of evidence 1b). Methods Male professional football players (mean age, 26.3±3.6 years) from Greece diagnosed with an acute, lower limb musculoskeletal (MSK) injury (confirmed clinically and through imaging) participated in the study. During rehabilitation, the participants' OFR was guided by either the On-Field Rehabilitation (On FI.RE.) accelerated framework (experimental group) or a traditional OFR framework for a late injury recovery phase (comparison group). Between July 2021 and January 2022, 76 players were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n=38) and the comparison group (n=38). Participants were blinded during the study regarding intervention therapeutic protocols. The primary outcome measure was the effect of On FI.RE. framework on the time needed to return to team training (RTT) participation. The correlation between the time needed to return to on-field activity and RTT was calculated. Subsequent injuries were registered for a 12-month follow-up period. Results The intervention protocol, On FI.RE. framework, had a statistically significant effect on the time needed to RTT (F(1) = 49 626, p<0.001) with a large effect size (ES; η2=0.422) and fewer days (mean=23.8±9.1 days) needed than the comparison group (mean=30.3±9.8 days). There was a strong correlation between return to on-field activity and the time needed to RTT (r(76) = 0.901, p<0001) with a large ES (r>0.5). Six subsequent injuries were registered in the traditional OFR framework group, and one subsequent injury in the On FI.RE. framework group after a follow-up period of 12 months. Conclusion The On FI.RE., an accelerated OFR framework during injury recovery, is more effective than a traditional OFR framework, reducing the time a player needs to RTS. It entails a very low risk of reinjury. Trial registration number NCT05163470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stathas
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
- Head of Physiotherapy and rehabilitation department, OFI Crete FC, Herakleion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Afxentios Kekelekis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Elias Tsepis
- Physiotherapy Dept School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fousekis
- Physiotherapy Department Therapeutic exercise and Sports Rehabilitation exercise laboratory, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
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Wirdnam M, Ferrar K, Mayes S, MacMahon C, Cook J, Rio E. "A sprained ankle is the biggest sign of mental fatigue": A qualitative study of the perceptions and experiences of mental fatigue in professional ballet. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 65:154-161. [PMID: 38218024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Mental fatigue is known to influence endurance, skill, and tactical performance in sport. Research investigating the impact of mental fatigue on tasks that combine physical, cognitive, and aesthetic performance such as professional ballet does not exist. OBJECTIVE To understand the perceptions and experiences of mental fatigue in professional ballet. DESIGN Qualitative, focus groups and semi-structured interviews. SETTING The Australian Ballet. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-nine professional ballet dancers (53% of the company) and six dance staff members aged 18 years or above (53% female). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES N/a. RESULTS The average focus group and interview length was 48 ± 7 min and 41 ± 8 min. Key categories were; (1) Dancers and dance staff perceive that new learning contributes to mental fatigue, (2) Dancers perceive changes to their mood and perception of effort when they are mentally fatigued, and (3) Dancers and dance staff perceive that mental fatigue negatively affects their physical and cognitive performance and, increases their risk of injury. CONCLUSION This is the first study where participants associated mental fatigue with injury risk and provides a springboard to measure the impact of mental fatigue on learning, injury, and performance in professional ballet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wirdnam
- School of Allied Health, Physiotherapy, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; The Australian Ballet, Kavanagh Street, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia.
| | - Katia Ferrar
- Sports & Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; The Australian Ballet, Kavanagh Street, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia; South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Susan Mayes
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; The Australian Ballet, Kavanagh Street, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia. https://twitter.com/S_Maysey
| | - Clare MacMahon
- School of Sports & Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia. https://twitter.com/ProfJillCook
| | - Jill Cook
- Sports & Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ebonie Rio
- Sports & Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; The Australian Ballet, Kavanagh Street, Southbank, VIC, 3006, Australia. https://twitter.com/tendonpain
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Hageman G, Hageman I, Nihom J. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Soccer Players: Review of 14 Cases. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:69-80. [PMID: 37403989 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to repetitive sports-related concussions or (sub)concussive head trauma may lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Which impact (heading or concussion) poses the greatest risk of CTE development in soccer players? DESIGN Narrative review. SETTING Teaching hospital and University of Applied sciences. PATIENTS A literature search (PubMed) was conducted for neuropathologic studies in the period 2005-December 2022, investigating soccer players with dementia and a CTE diagnosis, limited to English language publications. 210 papers were selected for final inclusion, of which 7 papers described 14 soccer players. ASSESSMENT Magnetic resonance imaging studies in soccer players show that lifetime estimates of heading numbers are inversely correlated with cortical thickness, grey matter volume, and density of the anterior temporal cortex. Using diffusion tensor imaging-magnetic resonance imaging, higher frequency of headings-particularly with rotational accelerations-are associated with impaired white matter integrity. Serum neurofilament light protein is elevated after heading. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Chronic traumatic encephalopathy pathology, history of concussion, heading frequency. RESULTS In 10 of 14 soccer players, CTE was the primary diagnosis. In 4 cases, other dementia types formed the primary diagnosis and CTE pathology was a concomitant finding. Remarkably, 6 of the 14 cases had no history of concussion, suggesting that frequent heading may be a risk for CTE in patients without symptomatic concussion. Rule changes in heading duels, management of concussion during the game, and limiting the number of high force headers during training are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that heading frequency and concussions are associated with higher risk of developing CTE in (retired) soccer players. However based on this review of only 14 players, questions persist as to whether or not heading is a risk factor for CTE or long-term cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Hageman
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Hospital Enschede, Enschede, the Netherlands; and
| | - Ivar Hageman
- Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Jik Nihom
- Department of Neurology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Hospital Enschede, Enschede, the Netherlands; and
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Andersen TR, Drevsfeldt A, Möller S, Møller M. Injuries in male youth football: a one season prospective cohort study of 223 Danish elite players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1250223. [PMID: 38164442 PMCID: PMC10757927 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1250223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study prospectively investigated injury prevalence, incidence, and burden in male elite under-17 football players (N = 223) during a full season. Methods The players weekly completed a standardized web-based injury survey (OSTRC-H2) and a physical exposure report throughout the study. Results Average weekly response rate was 89.5%. Football exposure accounted for 52.4% of total physical exposure. On average (±SD), the players participated in individual football, strength, and rehabilitation practices for 1.2 ± 1.5, 3.0 ± .2.1, and 1.9 ± 3.4 h/week, respectively. In total, 742 health problems were reported. Mean weekly prevalence of health problems, injuries and illnesses were 20.1%, 16.5% and 3.8%, respectively. The injury incidence per 1,000 h of football exposure, match play and team practice were 8.28 (95% CI: 7.54-9.08), 16.77 (95% CI: 13.65-20.4), and 7.24 (95% CI: 6.5-8.04), respectively. Sudden-onset and gradual-onset injuries accounted for 36.7% and 43.4% of the total proportion of health problems. Hip/groin injuries had the highest incidence (1.58/1,000 h), whereas knee injuries had the highest burden (20.86 days lost/1,000 h). On average, the players experienced 3.33 health problems (average duration: 7.8 days). On average pr. player, 2.7 (95% CI: 2.2-3.3) wks of football exposure were lost. Conclusion Sudden and gradual-onset injuries influenced player availability during the season. Health problem prevalence fluctuated markedly, and injury incidence was higher during match play than training. The players had substantial volumes of training beyond football-specific training and matches. Our findings could assist medical and sports science practitioneers in enhancing training and recovery processes to maximize player availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rostgaard Andersen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Football Association, Brondby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Drevsfeldt
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sören Möller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Merete Møller
- Research Unit for Musculoskeletal Function and Physiotherapy, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Durán-Custodio R, Castillo D, Raya-González J, Yanci J. Is a Maximal Strength-Training Program Effective on Physical Fitness, Injury Incidence, and Injury Burden in Semi-Professional Soccer Players? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:3195. [PMID: 38132085 PMCID: PMC10742471 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11243195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were to analyze the effects of a 12-week maximal strength- training program on injury incidence, injury burden, and physical fitness in semi-professional soccer players and to compare the perceived exertion load and well-being state between injured and non-injured soccer players. Twenty semi-professional male soccer players participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (EG, n = 10 players), who performed a maximal strength-training program, or to a control group (CG, n = 10 players), who only performed their regular soccer training. Physical fitness was measured at baseline and after the training program. In addition, the injury incidence, burden, training/match load, and the state of well-being of the players were recorded. The EG showed significant improvements in vertical jumps, change in direction ability, linear sprints, repeated sprint ability, isometric strength (p < 0.003; effect size = 1.78-11.86), and quadriceps-hamstring imbalance in both legs (p < 0.001; effect size = 2.37-3.71) in comparison to the CG. In addition, the EG players showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower injury burden (p < 0.001, relative risk = 5.05, 95% confidence interval = 3.27-7.79). This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of a 12-week maximal strength-training program on physical fitness attributes and injury burden in semi-professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Durán-Custodio
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, International University of La Rioja (UNIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | | | - Javier Yanci
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
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45
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Chen TC, Chou TY, Nosaka K. Adequate Interval between Matches in Elite Female Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:614-625. [PMID: 38045739 PMCID: PMC10690515 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared four different intervals between three simulated soccer matches for changes in muscle damage and performance parameters. Thirteen well-trained female university soccer players performed three bouts of 90-min Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) with four different intervals between bouts; one (1d), two (2d), three (3d) and four days (4d), with >12-weeks between conditions in a counterbalanced order. Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion and distance covered in each LIST were measured. Changes in several muscle damage markers (e.g., maximal voluntary isometric torque of the knee extensors: MVC-KE, muscle soreness), performance parameters (e.g., Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1: Yo-Yo IR1), and blood measures (e.g., osmolality, high sensitivity cardiac troponin T) before the first LIST, 1 h after each LIST, and one to five days after the third LIST were compared among the conditions. The total distance covered during the first two LISTs was not different among the conditions, but that during the third LIST was shorter (P < 0.05) for the 1d (9,416 ± 885 m) and 2d conditions (9,737 ± 246 m) than the 3d (10,052 ± 490 m) and 4d conditions (10,432 ± 538 m). Changes in all measures were smaller (P < 0.05) in the 3d and 4d conditions (e.g., the decrease in MVC-KE at one day after the third LIST was -13 ± 4% and -10 ± 3%, respectively) when compared with the 1d and 2d conditions (-20 ± 7%, -18 ± 5%). Performance parameters showed smaller (P < 0.05) changes in the 4d (e.g., the decrease in Yo-Yo IR1 at one day after the third LIST was -9 ± 3%) and 3d (-13 ± 6%) conditions when compared with the 1d (-19 ± 4%) and 2d (-20 ± 8%) conditions. These results suggest that muscle damage and fatigue accumulate when soccer matches are performed three consecutive days or every other day, but if more than three days are inserted between matches, this could be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ying Chou
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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46
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Phillips DA, Buckalew BR, Keough B, Alencewicz JS. Preparing to Land: Hamstring Preactivation Is Higher in Females and Is Inhibited by Fatigue. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:370-376. [PMID: 37491013 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The hamstring plays an important role in reducing loads born by the anterior cruciate ligament. As anterior cruciate ligament injuries occur rapidly after ground contact, how the hamstring is activated prior to landing can influence injury risk. The purpose was to determine sex-related differences in hamstring activation immediately before landing and the effect of fatigue on "preactivation." Twenty-four participants (13 males and 11 females, age = 24.3 [6.5] y, mass = 72.2 [19.3] kg, height = 169 [9.7] cm) participated in this study. Participants completed a drop-vertical jump protocol before and after a lower body fatigue protocol. Hamstring electromyography (EMG) amplitude at 5 periods prior to landing, peak vertical ground reactions forces (in newtons/body weight), rate of loading (in body weight/second), and landing error scoring system were measured. Females had higher EMG amplitude before and after fatigue (P < .024), with decreased EMG amplitude for both sexes after fatigue (P = .025). There was no change on vertical ground reaction force, rate of loading, or landing error scoring system. Males and females demonstrated similar landing performance before and after fatigue but have different hamstring neuromuscular coordination strategies. The acute reduction in hamstring EMG amplitude following fatigue may increase loading on the anterior cruciate ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alan Phillips
- Program in Kinesiology, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University-Cascades, Bend, OR,USA
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ,USA
| | - Bridgette Rae Buckalew
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ,USA
| | - Bridget Keough
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ,USA
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47
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Murtagh CF, Hall ECR, Brownlee TE, Drust B, Williams AG, Erskine RM. The Genetic Association with Athlete Status, Physical Performance, and Injury Risk in Soccer. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:941-960. [PMID: 37253386 DOI: 10.1055/a-2103-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to critically appraise the literature concerning the genetic association with athlete status, physical performance, and injury risk in soccer. The objectives were to provide guidance on which genetic markers could potentially be used as part of future practice in soccer and to provide direction for future research in this area. The most compelling evidence identified six genetic polymorphisms to be associated with soccer athlete status (ACE I/D; ACTN3 rs1815739; AGT rs699; MCT1 rs1049434; NOS3 rs2070744; PPARA rs4253778), six with physical performance (ACTN3 rs1815739; AMPD1 rs17602729; BDNF rs6265; COL2A1 rs2070739; COL5A1 rs12722; NOS3 rs2070744), and seven with injury risk (ACTN3 rs1815739; CCL2 rs2857656; COL1A1 rs1800012; COL5A1 rs12722; EMILIN1 rs2289360; IL6 rs1800795; MMP3 rs679620). As well as replication by independent groups, large-scale genome-wide association studies are required to identify new genetic markers. Future research should also investigate the physiological mechanisms associating these polymorphisms with specific phenotypes. Further, researchers should investigate the above associations in female and non-Caucasian soccer players, as almost all published studies have recruited male participants of European ancestry. Only after robust, independently replicated genetic data have been generated, can genetic testing be considered an additional tool to potentially inform future practice in soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conall F Murtagh
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Sports Science Department, Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds Ltd, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott C R Hall
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Brownlee
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alun G Williams
- Manchester Metropolitan Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Erskine
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Della Villa F, Massa B, Bortolami A, Nanni G, Olmo J, Buckthorpe M. Injury mechanisms and situational patterns of severe lower limb muscle injuries in male professional football (soccer) players: a systematic video analysis study on 103 cases. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1550-1558. [PMID: 37898508 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to describe the mechanism of injury and situational patterns (based on ball possession and playing action leading to injury) of severe (lay-off time >28 days) lower limb muscle injuries in professional male football (soccer) players during match play. METHODS Players experiencing a severe muscle injury of the lower limb during Italian first (Serie A) division male football matches over three consecutive seasons (2018-2021) were identified. Video footage was obtained and three raters independently categorised injury mechanism and situational patterns using a standardised checklist. Injury epidemiology (month), timing of injuries within the match and location of injuries on the pitch were also examined. RESULTS We identified 121 lower limb severe muscle injuries. Videos of sufficient quality were available for 103 (85%) cases, including 61 (60%) hamstring, 17 (16%) calf, 16 (15%) adductor and 9 (9%) quadricep muscle injuries. Nearly two-thirds of injuries involved the dominant/kicking leg (n=65, 63%). Eighty-five (83%) injuries were non-contact and 18 (17%) indirect contact. Four main situational patterns were identified and accounted for 88% of injuries: (1) running/acceleration (n=35, 34%); (2) closed kinetic chain stretching (n=21, 20%); (3) open kinetic chain stretching (n=19, 18%) and (4) kicking (n=16, 16%), with differences between muscle groups. 71% of injuries occurred in the first half of the match (p<0.01), with a gradual increase through the first half. CONCLUSION Most severe muscle injuries during football matches were non-contact and occurred in the first half during running/acceleration, open and closed kinetic chain stretching, or kicking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Della Villa
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Massa
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Bortolami
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianni Nanni
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jesus Olmo
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matthew Buckthorpe
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
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49
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Ekstrand J, Van Zoest W, Gauffin H. Changes in head staff members in male elite-level football teams are associated with increased hamstring injury burden for that season: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001640. [PMID: 38022762 PMCID: PMC10660205 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate whether a change of head coach or other head staff before or during a season is correlated to hamstring injury (HI) burden in male elite-level football (soccer) in Europe. Methods The survey was conducted using a questionnaire reporting any staff change within the team. Data about the head staff changes and hamstring injury burdens were collected from 14 teams participating in the Elite Club Injury Study (ECIS) during the 2019/2020, 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. Results On average, replacing the head coach before or during a season happens in every second season. All changes, except for the change of the head coach during a season, indicate an association with an increase in HI burden (ranging from 10% to 81%). However, only changes in the fitness coach and team doctor roles reached statistical significance. The HI burden seems to be influenced by adding new staff members, such as the head of fitness/performance coach in 36% of the teams and the team doctor in 17%. New head coaches starting the season with their own, for the team new, fitness/performance coach was highly associated with increased HI burden (p<0.001). Conclusions Bringing their own fitness/performance coaches is common for managers entering a new elite male football club. However, this paper has highlighted that this trend seems to lead to a three times increase in HI burden. Similarly, replacing the team doctor was also associated with increased HI burden. Instability among head staff members in male elite-level football teams seems associated with increased HI burden during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wart Van Zoest
- Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Anna Hospital, Geldrop, The Netherlands
- PSV, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Orthopaedics Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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50
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Partenheimer A, Warnhoff M, Lill H. [Management of muscle trauma in popular sports]. UNFALLCHIRURGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 126:895-903. [PMID: 37870560 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-023-01377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Muscle injuries make up the majority of injuries in popular sports. The causes for the development are multifactorial and can be divided into functional disorders and a lack of knowledge regarding training control. Insufficient warm-up and overtraining both increase the danger of the occurrence of the injury. Knowledge of the different types of muscle injuries and their incorporation into an exact classification enable the establishment of a correct treatment plan and can have a positive influence on the healing process. In addition to acute treatment the knowledge and application of preventive programs are necessary as these can significantly reduce the prevalence of muscle injuries in sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Partenheimer
- Spine & Sport, Herrenhäuser Kirchweg 38, 30167, Hannover, Deutschland.
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, DIAKOVERE Friederikenstift, Hannover, Deutschland.
| | | | - Helmut Lill
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, DIAKOVERE Friederikenstift, Hannover, Deutschland
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