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Fey C, Truschel T, Nehlsen K, Damigos S, Horstmann J, Stradal T, May T, Metzger M, Zdzieblo D. Enhancing pre-clinical research with simplified intestinal cell line models. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241228949. [PMID: 38449469 PMCID: PMC10916479 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241228949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional culture remains widely employed to determine the bioavailability of orally delivered drugs. To gain more knowledge about drug uptake mechanisms and risk assessment for the patient after oral drug admission, intestinal in vitro models demonstrating a closer similarity to the in vivo situation are needed. In particular, Caco-2 cell-based Transwell® models show advantages as they are reproducible, cost-efficient, and standardized. However, cellular complexity is impaired and cell function is strongly modified as important transporters in the apical membrane are missing. To overcome these limitations, primary organoid-based human small intestinal tissue models were developed recently but the application of these cultures in pre-clinical research still represents an enormous challenge, as culture setup is complex as well as time- and cost-intensive. To overcome these hurdles, we demonstrate the establishment of primary organoid-derived intestinal cell lines by immortalization. Besides exhibiting cellular diversity of the organoid, these immortalized cell lines enable a standardized and more cost-efficient culture. Further, our cell line-based Transwell®-like models display an organ-specific epithelial barrier integrity, ultrastructural features and representative transport functions. Altogether, our novel model systems are cost-efficient with close similarity to the in vivo situation, therefore favoring their use in bioavailability studies in the context of pre-clinical screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Fey
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT) Würzburg, Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Spyridon Damigos
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Horstmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Marco Metzger
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT) Würzburg, Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLZ-RT) Würzburg, Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering (PZ-SPT), Branch of the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
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Knight R, Board-Davies E, Brown H, Clayton A, Davis T, Karatas B, Burston J, Tabi Z, Falcon-Perez JM, Paisey S, Stephens P. Oral Progenitor Cell Line-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles as a Treatment for Preferential Wound Healing Outcome. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:861-875. [PMID: 35716044 PMCID: PMC9397654 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Scar formation during wound repair can be devastating for affected individuals. Our group previously documented the therapeutic potential of novel progenitor cell populations from the non-scarring buccal mucosa. These Oral Mucosa Lamina Propria-Progenitor Cells (OMLP-PCs) are multipotent, immunosuppressive, and antibacterial. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may play important roles in stem cell-mediated repair in varied settings; hence, we investigated sEVs from this source for wound repair. We created an hTERT immortalized OMLP-PC line (OMLP-PCL) and confirmed retention of morphology, lineage plasticity, surface markers, and functional properties. sEVs isolated from OMLP-PCL were analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, Cryo-EM and flow cytometry. Compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) sEVs, OMLP-PCL sEVs were more potent at driving wound healing functions, including cell proliferation and wound repopulation and downregulated myofibroblast formation. A reduced scarring potential was further demonstrated in a preclinical in vivo model. Manipulation of OMLP-PCL sEVs may provide novel options for non-scarring wound healing in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Knight
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,PETIC, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Emma Board-Davies
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Terence Davis
- PETIC, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Ben Karatas
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James Burston
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Zsuzsanna Tabi
- PETIC, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stephen Paisey
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK,PETIC, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Phil Stephens
- Corresponding author: Phil Stephens, Regenerative Biology Group, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, Wales, UK.
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Odiase E, Zhang X, Chang Y, Nelson M, Balaji U, Gu J, Zhang Q, Pan Z, Jon Spechler S, Souza RF. In Esophageal Squamous Cells From Eosinophilic Esophagitis Patients, Th2 Cytokines Increase Eotaxin-3 Secretion Through Effects on Intracellular Calcium and a Non-Gastric Proton Pump. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2072-2088.e6. [PMID: 33581123 PMCID: PMC9013281 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In upper airway cells, T helper 2 cytokines that signal through interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor-α have been shown to stimulate eotaxin-3 secretion via a nongastric proton pump (ngH+,K+ATPase). To seek novel targets for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) treatments, we evaluated ngH+,K+ATPase expression in EoE squamous cells, and explored molecular pathways involved in eotaxin-3 secretion by IL-4 receptor-α signaling. METHODS ngH+,K+ATPase expression in EoE cells was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. IL-4-stimulated eotaxin-3 secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after treatment with omeprazole, SCH 28080 (potassium-competitive acid blocker), ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetoxymethyl ester (calcium chelator), 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum calcium release), verapamil, and diltiazem (L-type calcium channel inhibitors). Intracellular calcium transients were measured by Fluo-4 fluorescence. Key experiments were confirmed in EoE primary cells and in RNA sequencing datasets from mucosal biopsies of patients with EoE and controls. RESULTS EoE cells expressed ngH+,K+ATPase messenger RNA and protein. Omeprazole and SCH 28080 decreased IL-4-stimulated eotaxin-3 secretion. IL-4 increased intracellular calcium transients, and IL-4-stimulated eotaxin-3 secretion was blocked by ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetoxymethyl ester, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, verapamil, and diltiazem. The combination of omeprazole and verapamil suppressed IL-4-stimulated eotaxin-3 secretion more than either agent alone. EoE biopsies expressed higher ngH+,K+ATPase and exhibited more calcium signaling than controls. CONCLUSIONS EoE cells express a nongastric proton pump that mediates T helper 2 cytokine-stimulated eotaxin-3 secretion. IL-4 induces calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum and calcium entry via L-type calcium channels, increasing intracellular calcium that contributes to eotaxin-3 secretion by EoE cells. L-type calcium channel inhibitors block T helper 2 cytokine-stimulated eotaxin-3 secretion, suggesting a potential role for these agents in EoE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Odiase
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas,Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yan Chang
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Melissa Nelson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Uthra Balaji
- Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jinghua Gu
- Biostatistics Core, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zui Pan
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Stuart Jon Spechler
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center and Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
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Petkov S, Kahland T, Shomroni O, Lingner T, Salinas G, Fuchs S, Debowski K, Behr R. Immortalization of common marmoset monkey fibroblasts by piggyBac transposition of hTERT. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204580. [PMID: 30261016 PMCID: PMC6160115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a certain type-specific number of mitotic divisions, terminally differentiated cells undergo proliferative senescence, thwarting efforts to expand different cell populations in vitro for the needs of scientific research or medical therapies. The primary cause of this phenomenon is the progressive shortening of the telomeres and the subsequent activation of cell cycle control pathways leading to a block of cell proliferation. Restoration of telomere length by transgenic expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) usually results in bypassing of the replicative senescence and ultimately in cell immortalization. To date, there have not been any reports regarding immortalization of cells from common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), an important non-human primate model for various human diseases, with the use of exogenous human TERT (hTERT). In this study, marmoset fibroblasts were successfully immortalized with transposon-integrated transgenic hTERT and expanded in vitro for over 500 population doublings. Calculation of population doubling levels (PDL) showed that the derived hTERT-transgenic lines had significantly higher proliferation potential than the wild-type fibroblasts, which reached only a maximum of 46 doublings. However, the immortalized cells exhibited differences in the morphology compared with the control fibroblasts and transcriptome analysis also revealed changes in the gene expression patterns. Finally, the karyotypes of all hTERT-transgenic cell lines showed various aberrations such as presence of extra Chromosome 17, isochromosome 21q, or tetraploidy. By single-cell expansion of the least affected monoclonal immortalized line, one sub-clonal line with normal karyotype was established, suggesting the possibility to derive immortal marmoset cells with normal karyotypes. The results of this study are an important step towards the development and optimization of methods for the production of immortalized cells from common marmoset monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Petkov
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kahland
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Fuchs
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Debowski
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Behr
- Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center- Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Li X, Kleeman S, Coburn SB, Fumagalli C, Perner J, Jammula S, Pfeiffer RM, Orzolek L, Hao H, Taylor PR, Miremadi A, Galeano-Dalmau N, Lao-Sirieix P, Tennyson M, MacRae S, Cook MB, Fitzgerald RC. Selection and Application of Tissue microRNAs for Nonendoscopic Diagnosis of Barrett's Esophagus. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:771-783.e3. [PMID: 29906417 PMCID: PMC6120784 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS MicroRNA (miRNA) is highly stable in biospecimens and provides tissue-specific profiles, making it a useful biomarker of carcinogenesis. We aimed to discover a set of miRNAs that could accurately discriminate Barrett's esophagus (BE) from normal esophageal tissue and to test its diagnostic accuracy when applied to samples collected by a noninvasive esophageal cell sampling device. METHODS We analyzed miRNA expression profiles of 2 independent sets of esophageal biopsy tissues collected during endoscopy from 38 patients with BE and 26 patients with normal esophagus (controls) using Agilent microarray and Nanostring nCounter assays. Consistently up-regulated miRNAs were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction in esophageal tissues collected by Cytosponge from patients with BE vs without BE. miRNAs were expressed from plasmids and antisense oligonucleotides were expressed in normal esophageal squamous cells; effects on proliferation and gene expression patterns were analyzed. RESULTS We identified 15 miRNAs that were significantly up-regulated in BE vs control tissues. Of these, 11 (MIR215, MIR194, MIR 192, MIR196a, MIR199b, MIR10a, MIR145, MIR181a, MIR30a, MIR7, and MIR199a) were validated in Cytosponge samples. The miRNAs with the greatest increases in BE tissues (7.9-fold increase in expression or more, P < .0001: MIR196a, MIR192, MIR194, and MIR215) each identified BE vs control tissues with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.82 or more. We developed an optimized multivariable logistic regression model, based on expression levels of 6 miRNAs (MIR7, MIR30a, MIR181a, MIR192, MIR196a, and MIR199a), that identified patients with BE with an AUC value of 0.89, 86.2% sensitivity, and 91.6% specificity. Expression level of MIR192, MIR196a, MIR199a, combined that of trefoil factor 3, identified patients with BE with an AUC of 0.93, 93.1% sensitivity, and 93.7% specificity. Hypomethylation was observed in the promoter region of the highly up-regulated cluster MIR192-MIR194. Overexpression of these miRNAs in normal esophageal squamous cells increased their proliferation, via GRHL3 and PTEN signaling. CONCLUSIONS In analyses of miRNA expression patterns of BE vs non-BE tissues, we identified a profile that can identify Cytosponge samples from patients with BE with an AUC of 0.93. Expression of MIR194 is increased in BE samples via epigenetic mechanisms that might be involved in BE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodun Li
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sam Kleeman
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sally B. Coburn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Carlo Fumagalli
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliane Perner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sriganesh Jammula
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth M. Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Linda Orzolek
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Deep Sequencing and Microarray Core, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Haiping Hao
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Deep Sequencing and Microarray Core, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Núria Galeano-Dalmau
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Lao-Sirieix
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Tennyson
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shona MacRae
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael B. Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Michael B. Cook, PhD, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Rebecca C. Fitzgerald, MD, MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK CB2 0XZ.
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Li JX, Said A, Ge XG, Wang W, Zhang Y, Jin T. Development and validation of immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line as an in vitro model for the study of mammary gland functions. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:67-82. [PMID: 28918563 PMCID: PMC5809642 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a bovine mammary epithelial (BME) cell line model, which provides a possibility to determine functional properties of the bovine mammary gland. The primary cell culture was derived from bovine mammary gland tissues and processed enzymatically to obtain cell colonies with epithelial-like morphology. The cultures of BME cells were purified and optimally cultured at 37 °C in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The BME cells were identified as epithelial cell line by the evaluating the expression of keratin-18 using immunofluorescence staining. A novel gene expression system strongly enhances the expression of telomerase, has been used to immortalize BME cell line termed hTBME cell line. Interestingly, telomerase remained active even after over 60 passages of hTBME cell line, required for immortalization of BME cells. In addition, the hTBME cell line was continuously subcultured with a spontaneous epithelial-like morphology, with a great proliferation activity, and without evidence of apoptotic and necrotic effects. Further characterization showed that hTBME cell line can be continuously propagated in culture with constant chromosomal features and without tumorigenic properties. Finally, established hTBME cell line was evaluated for mammary gland specific functions. Our results demonstrated that the hTBME cell line was able to retain functional-morphological structure, and functional differentiation by expression of beta (β)-casein as in the bovine mammary gland in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that the established hTBME cell line can serve as a valuable tool for the study of bovine mammary gland functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xia Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdelrahman Said
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Xiu-Guo Ge
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianming Jin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng E, Zhang X, Wilson KS, Wang DH, Park JY, Huo X, Yu C, Zhang Q, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. JAK-STAT6 Pathway Inhibitors Block Eotaxin-3 Secretion by Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts from Esophageal Eosinophilia Patients: Promising Agents to Improve Inflammation and Prevent Fibrosis in EoE. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157376. [PMID: 27310888 PMCID: PMC4911010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most studies on treatments for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have focused on effects in the epithelium, EoE is a transmural disease. Eosinophils that infiltrate the subepithelial layers of the esophagus lead to fibrosis and the serious complications of EoE, and current therapies have shown minimal effects on this fibrosis. We aimed to elucidate T helper (Th)2 cytokine effects on esophageal fibroblasts and to explore potential fibroblast-targeted therapies for EoE. METHODS We established telomerase-immortalized fibroblasts from human esophageal biopsies. We stimulated these esophageal fibroblasts with Th2 cytokines, and examined effects of omeprazole and inhibitors of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6) pathway (AS1517499, leflunomide, and ruxolitinib) on STAT6 phosphorylation, STAT6 nuclear translocation, and eotaxin-3 expression. We also measured the effects of these inhibitors in esophageal epithelial cells stimulated with Th2 cytokines. RESULTS As in esophageal epithelial cells, Th2 cytokines increased STAT6 phosphorylation, STAT6 nuclear translocation, eotaxin-3 transcription and protein secretion in esophageal fibroblasts. Unlike in epithelial cells, however, omeprazole did not inhibit cytokine-stimulated eotaxin-3 expression in fibroblasts. In contrast, JAK-STAT6 pathway inhibitors decreased cytokine-stimulated eotaxin-3 expression in both fibroblasts and epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Omeprazole does not inhibit Th2 cytokine-stimulated eotaxin-3 expression by esophageal fibroblasts, suggesting that PPIs will have limited impact on subepithelial EoE processes such as fibrosis. JAK-STAT6 pathway inhibitors block Th2 cytokine-stimulated eotaxin-3 expression both in fibroblasts and in epithelial cells, suggesting a potential role for JAK-STAT inhibitors in treating both epithelial inflammation and subepithelial fibrosis in EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edaire Cheng
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Health Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xi Zhang
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathleen S. Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - David H. Wang
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason Y. Park
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Health Children’s Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaofang Huo
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chunhua Yu
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stuart J. Spechler
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- Esophageal Diseases Center, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Medical Services, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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Wang DH, Souza RF. Transcommitment: Paving the Way to Barrett's Metaplasia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 908:183-212. [PMID: 27573773 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41388-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus is the condition in which metaplastic columnar epithelium that predisposes to cancer development replaces stratified squamous epithelium in the distal esophagus. Potential sources for the cell or tissue of origin for metaplastic Barrett's epithelium are reviewed including native esophageal differentiated squamous cells, progenitor cells native to the esophagus located within the squamous epithelium or in the submucosal glands or ducts, circulating bone marrow-derived stem cells, and columnar progenitor cells from the squamocolumnar junction or the gastric cardia that proximally shift into the esophagus to fill voids left by damaged squamous epithelium. Wherever its source the original cell must undergo molecular reprogramming (i.e., either transdifferentiation or transcommitment) to give rise to specialized intestinal metaplasia. Transcription factors that specify squamous, columnar, intestinal, and mucus-secreting epithelial differentiation are discussed. An improved understanding of how esophageal columnar metaplasia forms could lead to development of effective treatment or prevention strategies for Barrett's esophagus. It could also more broadly inform upon normal tissue development and differentiation, wound healing, and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Esophageal Diseases Center, Medical Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8852, USA.
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Esophageal Diseases Center, Medical Service (111B1), VA North Texas Health Care System, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 4500 S. Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX, 75216, USA
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Liu DSH, Read M, Cullinane C, Azar WJ, Fennell CM, Montgomery KG, Haupt S, Haupt Y, Wiman KG, Duong CP, Clemons NJ, Phillips WA. APR-246 potently inhibits tumour growth and overcomes chemoresistance in preclinical models of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut 2015; 64:1506-16. [PMID: 26187504 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES p53 is a critical tumour suppressor and is mutated in 70% of oesophageal adenocarcinomas (OACs), resulting in chemoresistance and poor survival. APR-246 is a first-in-class reactivator of mutant p53 and is currently in clinical trials. In this study, we characterised the activity of APR-246 and its effect on p53 signalling in a large panel of cell line xenograft (CLX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of OAC. DESIGN In vitro response to APR-246 was assessed using clonogenic survival, cell cycle and apoptosis assays. Ectopic expression, gene knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout studies of mutant p53 were performed to investigate p53-dependent drug effects. p53 signalling was examined using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. Synergistic interactions between APR-246 and conventional chemotherapies were evaluated in vitro and in vivo using CLX and PDX models. RESULTS APR-246 upregulated p53 target genes, inhibited clonogenic survival and induced cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis in OAC cells harbouring p53 mutations. Sensitivity to APR-246 correlated with cellular levels of mutant p53 protein. Ectopic expression of mutant p53 sensitised p53-null cells to APR-246, while p53 gene knockdown and knockout diminished drug activity. Importantly, APR-246 synergistically enhanced the inhibitory effects of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil through p53 accumulation. Finally, APR-246 demonstrated potent antitumour activity in CLX and PDX models, and restored chemosensitivity to a cisplatin/5-fluorouracil-resistant xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS APR-246 has significant antitumour activity in OAC. Given that APR-246 is safe at therapeutic levels our study strongly suggests that APR-246 can be translated into improving the clinical outcomes for OAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S H Liu
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Read
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Walid J Azar
- Cancer Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina M Fennell
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen G Montgomery
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Klas G Wiman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cuong P Duong
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Surgical Oncology Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Establishment and characterization of a telomerase-immortalized canine bronchiolar epithelial cell line. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:9135-46. [PMID: 26156242 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are susceptible to infectious diseases that occur primarily in the respiratory tract. The airway epithelium acts as a first line of defense and is constantly exposed to microorganisms present in the environment. Respiratory epithelial cells have recently gained wide use as a cell model for studying the pathogenesis of human, murine or swine respiratory pathogen infections. However, studies of the pathogenic mechanisms of canine pathogens have been hindered by the lack of reliable respiratory cell lines. Here, we cultured primary canine bronchiolar epithelial cells (CBECs), whose characteristics were confirmed by their expression of the epithelial cell-specific marker cytokeratin 18, and have provided protocols for their isolation and ex vivo expansion. Further, we established immortalized CBECs containing the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene via transfection of primary CBECs with the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-hTERT. Immortalized bronchiolar epithelial cells (hTERT-CBECs) retain the morphological and functional features of primary CBECs, as indicated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, proliferation assays, karyotype analysis, telomerase activity assay, and Western blotting, which demonstrate that hTERT-CBECs have higher telomerase activity, an extended proliferative lifespan, and a diploid complement of chromosomes, even after Passage 50. Moreover, this cell line is not transformed, as evaluated using soft agar assays and tumorigenicity analysis in nude mice, and can therefore be safely used in future studies. The isolation and establishment of stable hTERT-CBECs is of great importance for use as an in vitro model for mechanistic studies of canine pathogenic infections.
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11
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Nakagawa H, Whelan K, Lynch JP. Mechanisms of Barrett's oesophagus: intestinal differentiation, stem cells, and tissue models. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:3-16. [PMID: 25743452 PMCID: PMC4352719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Barrett's oesophagus (BE) is defined as any metaplastic columnar epithelium in the distal oesophagus which replaces normal squamous epithelium and which predisposes to cancer development. It is this second requirement, the predisposition to cancer, which makes this condition both clinically highly relevant and an important area for ongoing research. While BE has been defined pathologically since the 1950's (Allison and Johnstone, Thorax 1955), and identified as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma since the 1970's (Naef A.P., et al J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1975), our understanding of the molecular events giving rise to this condition remains limited. Herein we will examine what is known about the intestinal features of BE and how well it recapitulates the intestinal epithelium, including stem identity and function. Finally, we will explore laboratory models of this condition presently in use and under development, to identify new insights they may provide into this important clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Research Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 421 Curie Boulevard, 956 Biomedical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Office: 215-573-1867, Fax: 215-573-2024
| | - Kelly Whelan
- Division of Gastroenterology, 421 Curie Boulevard, 956 Biomedical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - John P Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, 421 Curie Boulevard, 956 Biomedical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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12
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Hartman KG, Bortner JD, Falk GW, Ginsberg GG, Jhala N, Yu J, Martín MG, Rustgi AK, Lynch JP. Modeling human gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases using microphysiological culture systems. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1108-23. [PMID: 24781339 PMCID: PMC4156523 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214529388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal illnesses are a significant health burden for the US population, with 40 million office visits each year for gastrointestinal complaints and nearly 250,000 deaths. Acute and chronic inflammations are a common element of many gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammatory processes may be initiated by a chemical injury (acid reflux in the esophagus), an infectious agent (Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach), autoimmune processes (graft versus host disease after bone marrow transplantation), or idiopathic (as in the case of inflammatory bowel diseases). Inflammation in these settings can contribute to acute complaints (pain, bleeding, obstruction, and diarrhea) as well as chronic sequelae including strictures and cancer. Research into the pathophysiology of these conditions has been limited by the availability of primary human tissues or appropriate animal models that attempt to physiologically model the human disease. With the many recent advances in tissue engineering and primary human cell culture systems, it is conceivable that these approaches can be adapted to develop novel human ex vivo systems that incorporate many human cell types to recapitulate in vivo growth and differentiation in inflammatory microphysiological environments. Such an advance in technology would improve our understanding of human disease progression and enhance our ability to test for disease prevention strategies and novel therapeutics. We will review current models for the inflammatory and immunological aspects of Barrett's esophagus, acute graft versus host disease, and inflammatory bowel disease and explore recent advances in culture methodologies that make these novel microphysiological research systems possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira G Hartman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - James D Bortner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Gregory G Ginsberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nirag Jhala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Martín G Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John P Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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13
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Cheng E, Zhang X, Huo X, Yu C, Zhang Q, Wang DH, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. Omeprazole blocks eotaxin-3 expression by oesophageal squamous cells from patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis and GORD. Gut 2013; 62:824-32. [PMID: 22580413 PMCID: PMC3552049 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) can have similar clinical and histological features. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used to distinguish the disorders, with the assumption that only GORD can respond to PPIs. Oesophageal expression of eotaxin-3 stimulated by Th2 cytokines might contribute to oesophageal eosinophilia in EoE. Th2 cytokine effects on the oesophagus in GORD are not known. The objective of the authors was to explore the molecular mechanisms of Th2 cytokines on eotaxin-3 expression by oesophageal squamous cells from patients with GORD and EoE, and the effects of omeprazole on that eotaxin-3 expression. DESIGN Using telomerase-immortalised and primary cultures of oesophageal squamous cells from GORD and EoE patients, the authors measured eotaxin-3 protein secretion stimulated by Th2 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13). Eotaxin-3 promoter constructs were used to study transcriptional regulation. Cytokine-induced eotaxin-3 mRNA and protein expression were measured in the presence or absence of omeprazole. RESULTS There were no significant differences between EoE and GORD primary cells in cytokine-stimulated eotaxin-3 protein secretion levels. In EoE and GORD cell lines, IL-4 and IL-13 activated the eotaxin-3 promoter, and significantly increased eotaxin-3 mRNA and protein expression. Omeprazole blocked the cytokine-stimulated increase in eotaxin-3 mRNA and protein expression in EoE and GORD cell lines. CONCLUSION Oesophageal squamous cells from GORD and EoE patients express similar levels of eotaxin-3 when stimulated by Th2 cytokines, and omeprazole blocks that eotaxin-3 expression. These findings suggest that PPIs might have eosinophil-reducing effects independent of effects on acid reflux and that response to PPIs might not distinguish EoE from GORD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edaire Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaofang Huo
- Departments of Internal Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chunhua Yu
- Departments of Internal Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David H. Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stuart J. Spechler
- Departments of Internal Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- Departments of Internal Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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14
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Ambagala AP, Marsh AK, Chan JK, Mason R, Pilon R, Fournier J, Sandstrom P, Willer DO, MacDonald KS. Establishment of an immortal cynomolgus macaque fibroblast cell line for propagation of cynomolgus macaque cytomegalovirus (CyCMV). Arch Virol 2012; 158:955-65. [PMID: 23232747 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques are widely used as an animal model in biomedical research. We have established an immortalized cynomolgus macaque fibroblast cell line (MSF-T) by transducing primary dermal fibroblasts isolated from a 13-year-old male cynomolgus macaque with a retrovirus vector expressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The MSF-T cells showed increased telomerase enzyme activity and reached over 200 in vitro passages compared to the non-transduced dermal fibroblasts, which reached senescence after 43 passages. The MSF-T cell line is free of mycoplasma contamination and is permissive to the newly identified cynomolgus macaque cytomegalovirus (CyCMV). CyCMV productively infects MSF-T cells and induces down-regulation of MHC class I expression. The MSF-T cell line will be extremely useful for the propagation of CyCMV and other cynomolgus herspesviruses in host-derived fibroblast cells, allowing for the retention of host-specific viral genes. Moreover, this cell line will be beneficial for many in vitro experiments related to this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna P Ambagala
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
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15
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Garman KS, Orlando RC, Chen X. Review: Experimental models for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1231-43. [PMID: 22421618 PMCID: PMC4380479 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00509.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several different cell culture systems and laboratory animal models have been used over the years to study Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Most of the existing models have key differences with the human esophagus and complex pathogenesis of disease. None of the models offers an ideal system for the complex study of environmental exposure, genetic risk, and prevention strategies. In fact, different model systems may be required to answer different specific research questions about the pathogenesis of BE and EAC. Given the high mortality associated with EAC and the fact that current screening strategies miss most cases of EAC, advances in basic and translational science related to esophageal injury, repair, and carcinogenesis are clearly needed. This review describes several of the existing and potential model systems for BE and EAC with their benefits and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Garman
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham;
| | - Roy C. Orlando
- 2Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; and
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- 3Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Evidence for a functional role of epigenetically regulated midcluster HOXB genes in the development of Barrett esophagus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:9077-82. [PMID: 22603795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1116933109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrett esophagus (BE) is a human metaplastic condition that is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. BE is characterized by a posterior intestinal-like phenotype in an anterior organ and therefore it is reminiscent of homeotic transformations, which can occur in transgenic animal models during embryonic development as a consequence of mutations in HOX genes. In humans, acquired deregulation of HOX genes during adulthood has been linked to carcinogenesis; however, little is known about their role in the pathogenesis of premalignant conditions. We hypothesized that HOX genes may be implicated in the development of BE. We demonstrated that three midcluster HOXB genes (HOXB5, HOXB6, and HOXB7) are overexpressed in BE, compared with the anatomically adjacent normal esophagus and gastric cardia. The midcluster HOXB gene signature in BE is identical to that seen in normal colonic epithelium. Ectopic expression of these three genes in normal squamous esophageal cells in vitro induces markers of intestinal differentiation, such as KRT20, MUC2, and VILLIN. In BE-associated adenocarcinoma, the activation midcluster HOXB gene is associated with loss of H3K27me3 and gain of AcH3, compared with normal esophagus. These changes in histone posttranslational modifications correlate with specific chromatin decompaction at the HOXB locus. We suggest that epigenetically regulated alterations of HOX gene expression can trigger changes in the transcriptional program of adult esophageal cells, with implications for the early stages of carcinogenesis.
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17
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Stacey G. Current developments in cell culture technology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:1-13. [PMID: 22437809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ideal features of a cell culture system for in vitro investigation depend on what questions the system is to address. However, in general, highly valuable systems will replicate the characteristics and more specifically, the responses, of normal human tissues. Systems that can faithfully replicate different tissue types provide tremendous potential value for in vitro research and have been the subject of much research effort in this area over many years. Furthermore, a range of such systems that could mimic key genetic variations or diseases would have special value for toxicology and drug discovery. In the pursuit of such model systems, there are a number of significant practical issues to consider for their application, which includes ability to deliver with ease, the required quantities of cells at the time needed. In addition any cell culture assay will need to be robust and reliable and provide readily interpreted and quantified endpoints. Other general criteria for cell culture systems include scalability to provide the very large cell numbers that may be required for high throughput systems, with a high degree of reliability and reproducibility. The amenability of the cell culture for down-scaling may also be important, to permit the use of very small test samples (e.g., in 96-well arrays), even down to the level of single cell analysis. This chapter explores the range of new cell culture systems for scaling up cell cultures that will be needed for high throughput toxicology and drug discovery assays. It also reviews the increasing range of novel systems that enable high content analysis from small cell numbers or even single cells. The hopes and challenges for the use of human stem cell lines are also investigated in comparison with the range of eukaryotic cells types currently in use in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn Stacey
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK.
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18
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Lee KM, Choi KH, Ouellette MM. Use of exogenous hTERT to immortalize primary human cells. Cytotechnology 2011; 45:33-8. [PMID: 19003241 DOI: 10.1007/10.1007/s10616-004-5123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to the immortalization of primary human cells and the establishment of human cell lines is telomere-controlled senescence. Telomere-controlled senescence is caused by the shortening of telomeres that occurs each time somatic human cells divide. The enzyme telomerase can prevent the erosion of telomeres and block the onset of telomere-controlled senescence, but its expression is restricted to the early stages of embryonic development, and in the adult, to rare cells of the blood, skin and digestive track. However, we and others have shown that the transfer of an exogenous hTERT cDNA, encoding the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, can be used to prevent telomere shortening, overcome telomere-controlled senescence, and immortalize primary human cells. Most importantly, hTERT alone can immortalize cells without causing cancer-associated changes or altering phenotypic properties. Primary human cells that have so far been established by the forced expression of hTERT alone include fibroblasts, retinal pigmented epithelial cells, endothelial cells, oesophageal squamous cells, mammary epithelial cells, keratinocytes, osteoblasts, and Nestin-positive cells of the pancreas. In this article, we discuss the use of hTERT to immortalize of human cells, the properties of hTERT-immortalized cells, and their applications to cancer research and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang M Lee
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
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19
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Gamble CM, Barton PA. Baculoviral expression of telomerase in primary human fibroblasts to rejuvenate cells for tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:414-20. [PMID: 21751423 DOI: 10.1002/term.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering involves the use of synthetic or natural materials as a scaffold to support the growth of replacement tissue or organs. The use of autologous cells to populate the scaffold avoids problems associated with rejection; however, a major limitation of this approach is the finite lifespan of primary cells in culture. This finite lifespan is due to the shortening of telomeres, short repetitive sequences of DNA located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Ectopic expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is able to reconstitute telomerase activity and maintain the length of telomeres. This study investigated an alternative gene delivery vector, baculovirus, for the expression of hTERT in primary human cells. A recombinant baculovirus was used to efficiently deliver the hTERT gene to primary fibroblasts and the telomerase enzyme was found to be active. Although no increase in telomere length was detected, expression of hTERT in primary fibroblasts resulted in a significant extension of replicative lifespan. To our knowledge this is a novel attempt to use a recombinant baculovirus for the extension of cellular lifespan by exogenous expression of telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gamble
- Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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20
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Zhang X, Yu C, Wilson K, Zhang HY, Melton SD, Huo X, Wang DH, Genta RM, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. Malignant transformation of non-neoplastic Barrett's epithelial cells through well-defined genetic manipulations. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20927195 PMCID: PMC2948040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human Barrett's cancer cell lines have numerous, poorly-characterized genetic abnormalities and, consequently, those lines have limited utility as models for studying the early molecular events in carcinogenesis. Cell lines with well-defined genetic lesions that recapitulate various stages of neoplastic progression in Barrett's esophagus would be most useful for such studies. Methodology/Principal Findings To develop such model cell lines, we started with telomerase-immortalized, non-neoplastic Barrett's epithelial (BAR-T) cells, which are spontaneously deficient in p16, and proceeded to knock down p53 using RNAi, to activate Ras by introducing oncogenic H-RasG12V, or both. BAR-T cells infected with either p53 RNAi or oncogenic H-RasG12V alone maintained cell-to-cell contact inhibition and did not exhibit anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. In contrast, the combination of p53 RNAi knockdown with expression of oncogenic H-RasG12V transformed the p16-deficient BAR-T cells, as evidenced by their loss of contact inhibition, by their formation of colonies in soft agar, and by their generation of tumors in immunodeficient mice. Conclusions/Significance Through these experiments, we have generated a number of transformed and non-transformed cell lines with well-characterized genetic abnormalities recapitulating various stages of carcinogenesis in Barrett's esophagus. These lines should be useful models for the study of carcinogenesis in Barrett's esophagus, and for testing the efficacy of chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chunhua Yu
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Wilson
- Department of Pathology, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui Ying Zhang
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shelby D. Melton
- Department of Pathology, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Caris Life Sciences, Inc., Irving, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaofang Huo
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - David H. Wang
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Genta
- Department of Pathology, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Caris Life Sciences, Inc., Irving, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stuart J. Spechler
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- Department of Medicine, VA North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Liu S, Hatton MP, Khandelwal P, Sullivan DA. Culture, immortalization, and characterization of human meibomian gland epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:3993-4005. [PMID: 20335607 PMCID: PMC2910637 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Meibomian gland epithelial cells are essential in maintaining the health and integrity of the ocular surface. However, very little is known about their physiological regulation. In this study, the cellular control mechanisms were explored, first to establish a defined culture system for the maintenance of primary epithelial cells from human meibomian glands and, second, to immortalize these cells, thereby developing a preclinical model that could be used to identify factors that regulate cell activity. METHODS Human meibomian glands were removed from lid segments after surgery, enzymatically digested, and dissociated. Isolated epithelial cells were cultured in media with or without serum and/or 3T3 feeder layers. To attempt immortalization, the cells were exposed to retroviral human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and/or SV40 large T antigen cDNA vectors, and antibiotic-resistant cells were selected, expanded, and subcultured. Analyses for possible biomarkers, cell proliferation and differentiation, lipid-related enzyme gene expression, and the cellular response to androgen were performed with biochemical, histologic, and molecular biological techniques. RESULTS It was possible to isolate viable human meibomian gland epithelial cells and to culture them in serum-free medium. These cells proliferated, survived through at least the fifth passage, and contained neutral lipids. Infection with hTERT immortalized these cells, which accumulated neutral lipids during differentiation, expressed multiple genes for lipogenic enzymes, responded to androgen, and continued to proliferate. CONCLUSIONS The results show that human meibomian gland epithelial cells may be isolated, cultured, and immortalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Liu
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Mark P. Hatton
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Payal Khandelwal
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - David A. Sullivan
- From the Schepens Eye Research Institute and
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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22
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Cheung PY, Deng W, Man C, Tse WW, Srivastava G, Law S, Tsao SW, Cheung ALM. Genetic alterations in a telomerase-immortalized human esophageal epithelial cell line: implications for carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2010; 293:41-51. [PMID: 20092939 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of viral oncoproteins disrupts cellular functions and limits the value of many existing immortalization models as models for carcinogenesis, especially for cancers without definitive viral etiology. Our newly established telomerase-immortalized human esophageal epithelial cell line, NE2-hTERT, retained nearly-diploid and non-tumorigenic characteristics, but exhibited genetic and genomic alterations commonly found in esophageal cancer, including progressive loss of the p16(INK4a) alleles, upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, whole-chromosome 7 gain and duplicated 5q arm. Our data also revealed a novel positive regulation of p16(INK4a) on cyclin D1. These findings probably represent early crucial events and mechanisms in esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Yan Cheung
- Cancer Biology Group, Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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23
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Chapman EJ, Williams SV, Platt FM, Hurst CD, Chambers P, Roberts P, Knowles MA. Integrated genomic and transcriptional analysis of the in vitro evolution of telomerase-immortalized urothelial cells (TERT-NHUC). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:694-710. [PMID: 19405089 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made in identifying the molecular genetic alterations that occur in bladder cancer. However, in many cases the genes targeted by these alterations are not known. Telomerase immortalized human urothelial cells (TERT-NHUC) are a useful resource for in vitro studies of genes involved in urothelial transformation. When cultured under standard conditions they remain genetically stable but when cultured under low-density conditions they exhibit genetic instability and acquire chromosomal alterations. TERT-NHUC from three donors were cultured at low plating density and examined at four time-points during a culture period of 600 days. Analyses included population doubling kinetics, array-based CGH (aCGH), chromosome counts, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), mutation analysis, Affymetrix gene expression analysis, Western blotting for p16, anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity assays. Alterations acquired during continued culture of TERT-NHUC at low density (TERT-NHUC-L) included some observed in urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines and primary UC. Examination of gene expression in TERT-NHUC with distinct acquired genetic aberrations may pinpoint genes targeted by these alterations. Data from an aCGH study of UC cell lines and primary tumors were examined for changes in chromosomal regions that also showed alterations in TERT-NHUC-L. Loss of a region on 2q including BOK was identified in UC cell lines and primary tumors. DNER and FRAS1 were identified as potential candidate genes, whose expression is altered independently of the acquisition of any genetic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Chapman
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS97TF, UK
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24
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Qi YJ, He QY, Ma YF, Du YW, Liu GC, Li YJ, Tsao GSW, Ngai SM, Chiu JF. Proteomic identification of malignant transformation-related proteins in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1625-35. [PMID: 18320592 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) persists to be a leading cancer-related death in northern China. Clinical outcome of EC is the most dismal among many types of digestive tumors because EC at early stage is asymptomatic. The current study used 2-DE-based proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins between esophageal cancer cell lines and immortal cell line. Fifteen proteins were identified with differences of more than five folds, comprising the down-regulation of annexin A2, histone deacetylase 10 isoform beta and protein disulfide-isomerase ER-60 precursor, and the up-regulation of heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B precursor, solute carrier family 44 Member 3, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNP L), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A isoform 2, triosephosphate isomerase1 (TPI), peroxiredoxin1 (PRX1), forminotransferase cyclodeaminase form (FTCD), fibrinogen gamma-A chain precursor, kinesin-like DNA binding protein, lamin A/C, cyclophilin A (CypA), and transcription factor MTSG1. Expression pattern of annexin A2 was verified by Western blotting, immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry analysis. The implication of these protein alterations correlated to the esophageal malignant transformation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, Henan University, Keifeng, Henan 475000, China
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25
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Zhang HY, Zhang X, Chen X, Thomas D, Hormi-Carver K, Elder F, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. Differences in activity and phosphorylation of MAPK enzymes in esophageal squamous cells of GERD patients with and without Barrett's esophagus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G470-8. [PMID: 18617556 PMCID: PMC2536777 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90262.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that, in esophageal squamous epithelial cells, there are differences among individuals in the signal transduction pathways activated by acid reflux that might underlie the development of Barrett's esophagus. To explore that hypothesis, we immortalized nonneoplastic, esophageal squamous cells from patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with (NES-B3T) and without (NES-G2T) Barrett's esophagus and used those cells to study acid effects on MAPK proteins. During endoscopy in patients with GERD with and without Barrett's esophagus, we took biopsy specimens from the distal squamous esophagus to study MAPK proteins before and after esophageal perfusion with 0.1 N HCl. We used immunoblotting and Western blotting to study MEK1/2 phosphorylation at two activating sites (serines 217/221), MEK1 phosphorylation at an inhibitory site (threonine 286), and MEK1/2 activity. After acid exposure, both cell lines exhibited increased MEK1/2 phosphorylation at the activating sites; the NES-B3T cells had higher levels of MEK1 phosphorylation at the inhibitory site, however, and only the NES-G2T cells showed an acid-induced increase in MEK1/2 activity. Similarly, in the squamous epithelium of patients with GERD with and without Barrett's esophagus, acid perfusion increased MEK1/2 phosphorylation at the activating sites in both patient groups; the Barrett's patients had higher levels of MEK1 phosphorylation at the inhibitory site, however, and only the patients without Barrett's demonstrated an acid-induced increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In esophageal squamous cell lines and biopsies from patients with GERD with and without Barrett's esophagus, we have found differences in MAPK pathways activated by acid exposure. We speculate that these differences might underlie the development of Barrett's metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xi Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xi Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Deena Thomas
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathy Hormi-Carver
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Frederick Elder
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stuart J. Spechler
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rhonda F. Souza
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School; and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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26
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Gertler R, Doll D, Maak M, Feith M, Rosenberg R. Telomere length and telomerase subunits as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in Barrett carcinoma. Cancer 2008; 112:2173-80. [PMID: 18348304 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of telomeres has been identified as an essential regulator of proliferative capacity and genomic integrity in malignant tumors. The authors evaluated telomere length and telomerase subunits, hTR and hTERT, as prognostic markers in patients with Barrett carcinoma. METHODS Telomere length was measured by Southern blot analysis and hTR expression and hTERT expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction in both cancer tissue and adjacent noncancerous Barrett mucosa in resection specimens from 46 patients with Barrett carcinoma (International Union Against Cancer [UICC] stages I-III). The median follow-up time of the surviving patients was 79 months. RESULTS Cancer tissue expressed more hTERT-mRNA than noncancerous mucosa (P < .05). Telomere lengths in cancer tissue and in noncancerous mucosa increased with higher pT category (P = .08 and P = .05, respectively). Twenty-one patients who died of tumor recurrence showed significantly longer telomeres in cancer tissue compared with 25 patients without tumor-related deaths (P < .05). Telomere length in both cancer tissue and in noncancerous mucosa and the telomere-length ratio cancer:noncancerous tissue were correlated with overall survival. In multivariate analysis, the telomere-length ratio proved to be an independent prognostic parameter (P < .02; relative risk of death 3.4; confidence interval, 1.3-8.9). Ten patients with telomere-length ratios >1.17 had a significantly poorer overall survival compared with 36 patients with telomere-length ratios <or=1.17 with 5-year survival rates of 0% and 60%, respectively (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS Telomere length and telomerase subunits were identified as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for Barrett carcinoma. Genetic alterations found in adjacent noncancerous mucosa suggested a "field effect" in Barrett carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Gertler
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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27
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Feagins LA, Zhang HY, Zhang X, Hormi-Carver K, Thomas T, Terada LS, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. Mechanisms of oxidant production in esophageal squamous cell and Barrett's cell lines. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G411-7. [PMID: 18063706 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00373.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that differences among individuals in reflux-induced oxidant production by esophageal squamous epithelial cells might contribute to the development of Barrett's esophagus. We studied the effects of acid and bile acids on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in esophageal squamous cell lines derived from gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with (NES-B3T) and without (NES-G2T) Barrett's esophagus and in a Barrett's epithelial cell line (BAR-T). Cells were incubated with an ROS-sensitive probe and exposed to acidic medium, neutral bile acid medium, or acidic bile acid medium. ROS were quantified in the presence and absence of diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor), N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), and rotenone (a mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitor). Acidic bile acid medium induced ROS production in both squamous cell lines; however, only DPI blocked ROS production by NES-B3T cells, whereas both DPI and l-NMMA blocked ROS production by NES-G2T cells. In BAR-T cells, acidic medium and acidic bile acid medium induced the production of ROS; l-NMMA prevented ROS production after exposure to acidic medium, whereas ROS production induced by acidic bile acid medium was blocked by DPI. These studies demonstrate that there are differences between esophageal squamous cells and Barrett's epithelial cells and between esophageal squamous cells from gastroesophageal reflux disease patients with and without Barrett's esophagus in the mechanisms of oxidant production induced by exposure to acid and bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Feagins
- Department of Medicine, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
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28
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Haker B, Fuchs S, Dierlamm J, Brümmendorf TH, Wege H. Absence of oncogenic transformation despite acquisition of cytogenetic aberrations in long-term cultured telomerase-immortalized human fetal hepatocytes. Cancer Lett 2007; 256:120-7. [PMID: 17630152 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As a culture model to study hepatocarcinogenesis, telomerase-immortalized human fetal hepatocytes were monitored for karyotype changes evolving in long-term culture and development of functional defects in DNA damage response. G-banding revealed acquisition of characteristic karyotype abnormalities, e.g., trisomy 7 and monosomy X, in two independently immortalized and cultured populations after 80-100 population doublings. Interestingly, the detected aneuploidies resemble some of the genetic events observed in hepatocellular cancer. However, these genetic changes were not sufficient to induce oncogenic transformation reflected by absence of anchorage-independent growth. Furthermore, long-term cultured telomerase-immortalized cells preserved p53 expression levels and effective p53-mediated damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Haker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Buz'Zard AR, Lau BHS. Pycnogenol reduces talc-induced neoplastic transformation in human ovarian cell cultures. Phytother Res 2007; 21:579-86. [PMID: 17357971 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Talc and poor diet have been suggested to increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer; which can be reduced by a diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Talc is ubiquitous despite concern about its safety, role as a possible carcinogen and known ability to cause irritation and inflammation. It was recently shown that Pycnogenol (Pyc; a proprietary mixture of water-soluble bioflavonoids extracted from French maritime pine bark) was selectively toxic to established malignant ovarian germ cells. This study investigated talc-induced carcinogenesis and Pyc-induced chemoprevention. Normal human epithelial and granulosa ovarian cell lines and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were treated with talc, or pretreated with Pyc then talc. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and neoplastic transformation by soft agar assay were measured. Talc increased proliferation, induced neoplastic transformation and increased ROS generation time-dependently in the ovarian cells and dose-dependently in the PMN. Pretreatment with Pyc inhibited the talc-induced increase in proliferation, decreased the number of transformed colonies and decreased the ROS generation in the ovarian cells. The data suggest that talc may contribute to ovarian neoplastic transformation and Pyc reduced the talc-induced transformation. Taken together, Pyc may prove to be a potent chemopreventative agent against ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Buz'Zard
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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30
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Si J, Fu X, Behar J, Wands J, Beer DG, Souza RF, Spechler SJ, Lambeth D, Cao W. NADPH oxidase NOX5-S mediates acid-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression via activation of NF-kappaB in Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16244-55. [PMID: 17403674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700297200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that the NADPH oxidase NOX5-S may play an important role in the progression from Barrett's esophagus to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) by increasing cell proliferation and decreasing apoptosis. However, the mechanism of the acid-induced NOX5-S-mediated increase in cell proliferation is not known. We found that, in SEG1 EA cells, the acid-induced increase in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was mediated by activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) but not by COX1. Acid treatment increased intracellular Ca2+, and a blockade of intracellular Ca2+ increase inhibited the acid-induced increase in COX2 expression and PGE2 production. Knockdown of NOX5-S or NF-kappaB1 p50 by their small interfering RNA significantly inhibited acid-induced COX2 expression and PGE2 production in SEG1 cells. Acid treatment significantly decreased IkappaBalpha and increased luciferase activity when SEG1 cells were transfected with an NF-kappaB in vivo activation reporter plasmid, pNF-kappaB-Luc. In a novel Barrett's cell line overexpressing NOX5-S, IkappaBalpha was significantly reduced, and luciferase activity increased when these Barrett's cells were transfected with pNF-kappaB-Luc. Overexpression of NOX5-S in Barrett's cells significantly increased H2O2 production, COX2 expression, PGE2 production, and thymidine incorporation. The increase in thymidine incorporation occurring in NOX5-S-overexpressing Barrett's cells or induced by acid treatment in SEG1 EA cells was significantly decreased by COX2 inhibitors or small interfering RNA. We conclude that acid-induced COX2 expression and PGE2 production depend on an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and sequential activation of NOX5-S and NF-kappaB in SEG1 cells. COX2-derived PGE2 production may contribute to NOX5-S-mediated cell proliferation in SEG1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Si
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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31
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Vaughan MB, Ramirez RD, Wright WE, Minna JD, Shay JW. A three-dimensional model of differentiation of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells. Differentiation 2007; 74:141-8. [PMID: 16683984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A therapeutic approach being investigated for a variety of pathologies is tissue regeneration using a patient's own cells. Such studies have been hampered due to the difficulty in growing epithelial cells for prolonged periods in culture. Replicative senescence due to short telomeres and p16 induced by culture stress work together to inhibit cell growth. Forced expression of telomerase (hTERT) can prevent replicative senescence, and expression of the cell cycle protein cdk4 can sequester p16, thereby immortalizing epithelial cells in culture. In the present study, we used this method to immortalize human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) to determine whether immortalized HBECs retain the ability to differentiate normally. HBECs were plated atop contracted collagen gels containing lung fibroblasts. This three-dimensional (3D) tissue model was cultured initially submerged, then raised to the air/liquid interface for up to 28 days. Normal differentiation was assessed by the presence of ciliated cells, goblet (mucin-producing) cells, and basal epithelial cells. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed both ciliated and non-ciliated cells in these 3D tissues. Histological examination revealed the presence of mucin-producing cells, and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against p63 and keratin 14 showed the presence of basal cells. These results demonstrate that immortalized HBECs retain the capacity to differentiate into each of three cell types: basal, mucin-producing, and columnar ciliated epithelial cells. Such cells will be useful cellular reagents for research in aging, cancer progression, as well as normal bronchial epithelial differentiation and will help progress the use of engineered cells to enhance tissue regeneration.
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32
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Feagins LA, Zhang HY, Hormi-Carver K, Quinones MH, Thomas D, Zhang X, Terada LS, Spechler SJ, Ramirez RD, Souza RF. Acid has antiproliferative effects in nonneoplastic Barrett's epithelial cells. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:10-20. [PMID: 17266684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For patients with Barrett's esophagus, physicians commonly prescribe antisecretory medications in dosages above those required to heal reflux esophagitis because acid has been shown to have proproliferative and antiapoptotic effects on Barrett's cancer cells and on Barrett's mucosal explants. For a number of reasons, these model systems may not be ideal for determining the effects of acid on benign Barrett's epithelial cells, however. We studied the effects of acid on proliferation and apoptosis in a nonneoplastic, telomerase-immortalized Barrett's epithelial cell line. METHODS Barrett's cells were treated with two 3-minute exposures to acidic media. Cell growth was determined using cell counts, proliferation was studied by flow cytometry, cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining, and apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL and Annexin V. The expression levels of p53 and p21 were determined by Western blotting. p53 siRNA was used to study the effect of p53 inhibition on total cell numbers after acid exposure. RESULTS Acid exposure significantly decreased total cell numbers at 24 h without affecting either cell viability or apoptosis. Acid exposure resulted in cell cycle prolongation that was associated with greater expression of p53, but not p21. The acid-induced decrease in total cell numbers was abolished by p53 RNAi. CONCLUSIONS Acid exposure has p53-mediated, antiproliferative effects in nonneoplastic Barrett's epithelial cells. These findings contradict the results of prior in vitro and ex vivo studies. We speculate that the prescription of antisecretory medications in dosages beyond those required to heal gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and endoscopic signs could be detrimental. Controlled, prospective clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal level of acid suppression for patients with Barrett's esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Feagins
- Department of Medicine, Dallas VA Medical Center, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA
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33
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Lewis CM, Herbert BS, Bu D, Halloway S, Beck A, Shadeo A, Zhang C, Ashfaq R, Shay JW, Euhus DM. Telomerase immortalization of human mammary epithelial cells derived from a BRCA2 mutation carrier. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 99:103-15. [PMID: 16541310 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel human mammary epithelial cell line, HME348, was established from benign breast tissue from a 44-year-old germ-line BRCA2 mutation carrier with a history of stage 1 breast cancer. Mutation analysis showed that the patient had a known 6872del4 BRCA2 heterozygous mutation. The human mammary epithelial cells passaged in culture exhibited cellular replicative aging as evidenced by telomere shortening, lack of telomerase activity, and senescence. Ectopic expression of telomerase (hTERT) reconstituted telomerase activity in these cells and led to the immortalization of the cells. When grown on glass, the majority of immortalized HME348 cells expressed ESA and p63 with a small population also expressing EMA. In three-dimensional Matrigel culture, HME348 cells formed complex branching acini structures that expressed luminal (EMA, CK18) and myoepithelial (p63, CALLA, CK14) markers. Three clones derived from this culture were also p63(+)/ESA(+)/EMA(+/-) on glass but formed similar acinar structures with both luminal and myoepithelial cell differentiation in Matrigel confirming the mammary progenitor nature of these cells. Additionally, the experimentally immortalized HME348 cells formed acini in cleared mammary fat pads in vivo. As this is the first report establishing and characterizing a benign human mammary epithelial cell line derived from a BRCA2 patient without the use of viral oncogenes, these cells may be useful for the study of BRCA2 function in breast morphogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Lewis
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA
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34
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Zhang H, Jin Y, Chen X, Jin C, Law S, Tsao SW, Kwong YL. Papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase in esophageal cell immortalization and early transformation. Cancer Lett 2006; 245:184-94. [PMID: 16488074 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and up-regulation of telomerase in esophageal adenocarcinoma. We immortalized normal esophageal epithelial cells by over-expression of the HPV16 E6/E7 and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) genes. HPV16 E6/E7-induced immortalization was accompanied by reduced RB and p53, but increased p16 and p21, protein expression. hTERT-immortalized cells had unaffected RB and p53, but significantly decreased p16 and p21, protein expression. Aurora-A protein was also up-regulated in E6E7 immortalized cells, and to a less extent in hTERT immortalized cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the Aurora-A gene locus was amplified in E6E7 immortalized cells, which might account in part for the Aurora-A over-expression. These molecular changes led to an abrogation of the G2 checkpoint. E6E7 and hTERT immortalized esophageal cells recapitulated many of the molecular changes observed in esophageal carcinomas, where RB and p53 are frequently down-regulated. However, down-regulation of p16 and p21 occurred frequently in esophageal cancer, owing to aberrant gene promoter methylation. We showed in the immortalized cells that aberrant methylation had not yet set in, suggesting that promoter methylation might not be necessary for cellular immortalization. In addition to supporting the role of HPV and telomerase in esophageal carcinogenesis, our cell lines may also be useful in vitro models for further studies of esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Klinger RY, Blum JL, Hearn B, Lebow B, Niklason LE. Relevance and safety of telomerase for human tissue engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2500-5. [PMID: 16477025 PMCID: PMC1413782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508184103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering holds the promise of replacing damaged or diseased tissues and organs. The use of autologous donor cells is often not feasible because of the limited replicative lifespan of cells, particularly those derived from elderly patients. Proliferative arrest can be overcome by the ectopic expression of telomerase via human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene transfection. To study the efficacy and safety of this potentially valuable technology, we used differentiated vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and vascular tissue engineering as a model system. Although we previously demonstrated that vessels engineered with telomerase-expressing SMC had improved mechanics over those grown with control cells, it is critical to assess the phenotypic impact of telomerase expression in donor cells, because telomerase up-regulation is observed in >95% of human malignancies. To study the impact of telomerase in tissue engineering, expression of hTERT was retrovirally induced in SMC from eight elderly patients and one young donor. In hTERT SMC, significant lifespan extension beyond that of control was achieved without population doubling time acceleration. Karyotype changes were seen in both control and hTERT SMC but were not clonal nor representative of cancerous change. hTERT cells also failed to show evidence of neoplastic transformation in functional assays of tumorigenicity. In addition, the impact of donor age on cellular behavior, particularly the synthetic capability of SMC, was not affected by hTERT expression. Hence, this tissue engineering model system highlights the impact of donor age on cellular synthetic function that appears to be independent of lifespan extension by hTERT.
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MESH Headings
- Blood Vessels/cytology
- Blood Vessels/enzymology
- Blood Vessels/physiology
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chromosome Aberrations
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Telomere/enzymology
- Telomere/genetics
- Tissue Engineering/methods
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Y. Klinger
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; and
| | - Juliana L. Blum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Bevin Hearn
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; and
| | - Benjamin Lebow
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; and
| | - Laura E. Niklason
- *Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; and
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Jaiswal K, Lopez-Guzman C, Souza RF, Spechler SJ, Sarosi GA. Bile salt exposure increases proliferation through p38 and ERK MAPK pathways in a non-neoplastic Barrett's cell line. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G335-42. [PMID: 16239404 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00167.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile reflux has been implicated in the neoplastic progression of Barrett's esophagus (BE). Bile salts increase proliferation in a Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma cell line (SEG-1 cells) by activating ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. However, it is not clear that these findings in cancer cells are applicable to non-neoplastic cells of benign BE. We examined the effect of bile salts on three human cell lines: normal esophageal squamous (NES) cells, non-neoplastic Barrett's cells (BAR cells), and SEG-1 cells. We hypothesized that bile salt exposure activates proproliferative and antiapoptotic pathways to promote increased growth in BE. NES, BAR, and SEG-1 cells were exposed to glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDA) at a neutral pH for 5 min. Proliferation was measured by Coulter counter cell counts and a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. GCDA-induced MAPK activation was examined by Western blot analysis for phosphorylated ERK and p38. Apoptosis was measured by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling and annexin V staining after GCDA and UV-B exposure. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA. NES cells exposed to 5 min of GCDA did not increase cell number. In BAR cells, GCDA exposure increased cell number by 31%, increased phosphorylated p38 and ERK levels by two- to three-fold, increased BrdU incorporation by 30%, and decreased UV-induced apoptosis by 15-20%. In conclusion, in a non-neoplastic Barrett's cell line, GCDA exposure induces proliferation by activation of both ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. These findings suggest a potential mechanism whereby bile reflux may facilitate the neoplastic progression of BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Jaiswal
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA
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Langley C, Brock C, Brouwer G, Brown A, Clapp L, Cohen J, Evans T, Newman C, Orr S, Phillips B, Rhodes A, Webster N, Wooldridge K. Opportunities to Replace the Use of Animals in Sepsis Research. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33:641-8. [PMID: 16372837 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and multiple organ failure are common causes of death in patients admitted to intensive care units. The incidence of sepsis and associated mortalities has been steadily increasing over the past 20 years. Sepsis is a complex inflammatory condition, the precise causes of which are still poorly understood. Animal models of sepsis have the potential to cause substantial suffering, and many of them have been poorly representative of the human syndrome. However, a number of non-animal approaches, including in vitro, in silico and clinical studies, show promise for addressing this situation. This report is based on discussions held at an expert workshop convened by Focus on Alternatives and held in 2004 at the Wellcome Trust, London. It provides an overview of some non-animal approaches to sepsis research, including their strengths and weaknesses, and argues that they should be prioritised for further development.
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Püttmann S, Senner V, Braune S, Hillmann B, Exeler R, Rickert CH, Paulus W. Establishment of a benign meningioma cell line by hTERT-mediated immortalization. J Transl Med 2005; 85:1163-71. [PMID: 15965488 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningioma represents the most common intracranial tumor, but well-characterized cell lines derived from benign meningiomas are not available. A major reason for the lack of benign tumor cell lines is senescence of nonmalignant cells in vitro, while malignant cells are often immortal. We have developed a meningioma cell line by retrovirally transducing primary cells derived from a human WHO grade I meningothelial meningioma with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, which enables bypassing cellular senescence. Five clones have been cultured for more than 21 months so far, while corresponding nontransfected cells ceased proliferation within 3 months. Quantitative RT-PCR and a telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay revealed high hTERT mRNA levels and high telomerase activity in all transduced populations, while nontransduced cells were negative. The average telomere size of transduced cells was considerably longer than that of parental cells and the biopsy specimen. One clone, designated Ben-Men-1, was characterized in more detail, and exhibited typical cytological, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and genetical features of meningioma, including whorl formation, expression of epithelial membrane antigen, desmosomes and interdigitating cell processes, as well as -22q. Following subdural transplantation into nude mice, tumor tissue with typical histological features of meningothelial meningioma was found. We conclude that Ben-Men-1 represents an immortalized yet differentiated cell line useful for biological and therapeutical studies on meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Püttmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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Abstract
Stem cell research is a burgeoning field with an alluring potential for therapeutic intervention, and thus begs a critical understanding of the long-term consequences of stem cell replacement. Operationally, a stem cell may be defined as a rarely dividing cell with the capacity for self-renewal throughout the lifetime of the organism, and an ability to reconstitute its appropriate lineages via proliferation and differentiation. In many differentiated normal and cancer cell types, the maintenance of telomeres plays a pivotal role in their continued division potential. Taken together with the presence of the enzymatic activity responsible for telomere addition, telomerase, in several progenitor cell lineages, it is presumed that telomere maintenance will be critical for the replenishment of stem cells or their successors. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of telomere length maintenance in self-renewal, and the consequent challenges and potential pitfalls to the manipulation of normal and cancer-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Harrington
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Canada M5G 2C1.
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Smith SK, Kipling D. The role of replicative senescence in cancer and human ageing: utility (or otherwise) of murine models. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 105:455-63. [PMID: 15237234 DOI: 10.1159/000078219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicative senescence has the potential both to act as an anti-tumour mechanism, and to contribute to age-related changes in tissue function. Studies on human cells have revealed much, both about the nature of cell division counters, some of which utilize the gradual erosion of chromosomal telomeres, and the downstream signalling pathways that initiate and maintain growth arrest in senescence. A powerful test of the hypothesis that senescence is linked to either ageing or tumour prevention now requires a suitable animal model system. Here we overview the current understanding of replicative senescence in human cells, and address to what extent the senescence of murine cells in culture mirrors this phenomenon. We also discuss whether examples of telomere-independent senescence, such as those seen in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and several human cells types, should be viewed not as a consequence of "inadequate growth conditions", but rather as a powerful potential model system to dissect the selective pressures that occur in the early stages of tumour development, ones that we speculate lead to the observed high frequency of abrogation of p16INK4a function in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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Shammas MA, Koley H, Beer DG, Li C, Goyal RK, Munshi NC. Growth arrest, apoptosis, and telomere shortening of Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma cells by a telomerase inhibitor. Gastroenterology 2004; 126:1337-46. [PMID: 15131795 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Barrett's esophageal adenocarcinoma (BEAC) is a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease, with no effective chemotherapy and poor prognosis. BEAC cells, like many other types of cancers, may reactivate telomerase to achieve unlimited proliferative potential, making telomerase a unique therapeutic target. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of telomerase inhibition on BEAC. METHODS We examined the effect of a selective G-quadruplex intercalating telomerase inhibitor, 2,6-bis[3-(N-Piperidino)propionamido]anthracene-9,10-dione (PPA), on telomerase activity, telomere length, colony size distribution, and proliferative potential in 2 BEAC cell lines, BIC-1 and SEG-1. RESULTS Telomerase activity was >10-fold and >600-fold elevated in the adenocarcinoma cells as compared with normal gastric/intestinal cells and normal diploid fibroblasts, respectively. Telomeres were short, being less than 4 kilobase pair in both tumor cell lines. Exposure to PPA effectively inhibited telomerase activity and shortened telomeres. PPA also arrested cell proliferation and reduced colony number and size after a lag period of about 10 cell generations, consistent with the attrition of telomeres. The growth arrest was not due to senescence but was due to apoptosis. Expression analysis of the cells following PPA treatment did not show significant change in the expression of genes involved in cell-cycle proliferation and apoptosis. Exposure to PPA had no effect on proliferative potential of normal intestinal cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that telomerase inhibition by PPA induces cell growth arrest in BEAC cells and demonstrate the potential of telomerase inhibitors in chemoprevention and treatment of Barrett's-associated esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Research into the basic biology of telomeres continues to reveal details relevant to fundamental aspects of human cancer. The goal of this review is to highlight discoveries made within the last year, with emphasis on their relevance to cancer prevention, diagnosis, prognostics, and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Increasing evidence indicates that dysfunctional telomeres likely play a causal role in the process of malignant transformation, in at least a fraction of human cancers, by initiating chromosomal instability. Telomeres form protective capping structures composed of telomeric DNA complexed with a multitude of associated proteins, the loss of which can have profound effects on telomeric stability. Critical telomeric shortening can lead to telomere "uncapping" and may occur at the earliest recognizable stages of malignant transformation in epithelial tissues. The widespread activation of the telomere synthesizing enzyme telomerase in human cancers not only confers unlimited replicative potential but also prevents intolerable levels of chromosomal instability. Several details regarding telomere structure and telomerase regulation have recently been elucidated, providing new targets for therapeutic exploitation. Various therapeutic strategies aimed at either telomerase or its telomeric substrate are showing promise and may synergize with established anti-cancer agents. Further support for anti-telomerase approaches comes from recent studies indicating that telomerase may possess additional functions, beyond telomere maintenance, that support the growth and survival of tumor cells. SUMMARY Substantial progress has been made in understanding the complex relationships that exist between telomeres and cancer. However, important issues, such as transient activation of telomerase in normal cells and the potential for tumor cell immortalization via telomerase independent means, remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA.
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