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Qiu J, Cheng Z, Jiang Z, Gan L, Zhang Z, Xie Z. Immunomodulatory Precision: A Narrative Review Exploring the Critical Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5490. [PMID: 38791528 PMCID: PMC11122264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
An immune checkpoint is a signaling pathway that regulates the recognition of antigens by T-cell receptors (TCRs) during an immune response. These checkpoints play a pivotal role in suppressing excessive immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis against viral or microbial infections. There are several FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and avelumab. These ICIs target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Furthermore, ongoing efforts are focused on developing new ICIs with emerging potential. In comparison to conventional treatments, ICIs offer the advantages of reduced side effects and durable responses. There is growing interest in the potential of combining different ICIs with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies. This article comprehensively reviews the classification, mechanism of action, application, and combination strategies of ICIs in various cancers and discusses their current limitations. Our objective is to contribute to the future development of more effective anticancer drugs targeting immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Qiu
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zilin Cheng
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Luhan Gan
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Huan Kui School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
- Queen Mary School, Medical Department, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- College of Basic Medical, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; (J.Q.); (Z.C.); (Z.J.); (L.G.); (Z.Z.)
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2
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Song J, Shao L, Yu H, Meng C, Li G. Self-Assembly of Sulfate-Containing Peptides Sequesters VEGF for Inhibiting Cancer Cell Invasion. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3087-3097. [PMID: 38584438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a crucial role in regulating cancer growth and migration by mediating interactions with growth factors. In this study, we developed a self-assembling peptide (S1) containing a sulfate group to simulate the contiguous sulfated regions (S-domains) in heparan sulfate for growth factor binding, aiming to sequester growth factors like VEGF. Spectral and structural studies as well as simulation studies suggested that S1 self-assembled into nanostructures similar to the heparan sulfate chains and effectively bound to VEGF. On cancer cell surfaces, S1 self-assemblies sequestered VEGF, leading to a reduction in VEGF levels in the medium, consequently inhibiting cancer cell growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. This study highlights the potential of self-assembling peptides to emulate extracellular matrix functions, offering insights for future cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Song
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P. R. China
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hongwen Yu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P. R. China
| | - Caiting Meng
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P. R. China
| | - Guanying Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P. R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P. R. China
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3
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He L, Nie X, Gao J, Yuan Y, Wang X, Li X, Guo F, Tang M, Zhang P, Li L. Metastasis ability, genomic profile, subtype characteristic and curative efficacy of multiple pulmonary hematogenous metastases in lung cancer. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1639. [PMID: 38530159 PMCID: PMC10964915 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liuer He
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiayi Gao
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xu Li
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fengzhu Guo
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Min Tang
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lin Li
- Department of OncologyBeijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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4
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Rinaldi L, Chiuso F, Senatore E, Borzacchiello D, Lignitto L, Iannucci R, Donne RD, Fuggi M, Reale C, Russo F, Russo NA, Giurato G, Rizzo F, Sellitto A, Santangelo M, De Biase D, Paciello O, D'Ambrosio C, Amente S, Garbi C, Dalla E, Scaloni A, Weisz A, Ambrosino C, Insabato L, Feliciello A. Downregulation of praja2 restrains endocytosis and boosts tyrosine kinase receptors in kidney cancer. Commun Biol 2024; 7:208. [PMID: 38379085 PMCID: PMC10879500 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common kidney cancer in the adult population. Late diagnosis, resistance to therapeutics and recurrence of metastatic lesions account for the highest mortality rate among kidney cancer patients. Identifying novel biomarkers for early cancer detection and elucidating the mechanisms underlying ccRCC will provide clues to treat this aggressive malignant tumor. Here, we report that the ubiquitin ligase praja2 forms a complex with-and ubiquitylates the AP2 adapter complex, contributing to receptor endocytosis and clearance. In human RCC tissues and cells, downregulation of praja2 by oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) and the proteasome markedly impairs endocytosis and clearance of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and amplifies downstream mitogenic and proliferative signaling. Restoring praja2 levels in RCC cells downregulates EGFR, rewires cancer cell metabolism and ultimately inhibits tumor cell growth and metastasis. Accordingly, genetic ablation of praja2 in mice upregulates RTKs (i.e. EGFR and VEGFR) and induces epithelial and vascular alterations in the kidney tissue.In summary, our findings identify a regulatory loop between oncomiRs and the ubiquitin proteasome system that finely controls RTKs endocytosis and clearance, positively impacting mitogenic signaling and kidney cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiuso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Senatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenica Borzacchiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Lignitto
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Rosa Iannucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Delle Donne
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariano Fuggi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Reale
- Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Filomena Russo
- Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Giurato
- Genome Research Center for Health, Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry SMS, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Genome Research Center for Health, Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry SMS, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Assunta Sellitto
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry SMS, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Michele Santangelo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Pathology Unit, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara D'Ambrosio
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Stefano Amente
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Corrado Garbi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Dalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Portici (Naples), Italy
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Genome Research Center for Health, Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry SMS, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Biogem, Biology and Molecular Genetics Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Department of Science and Technology University of Sannio, Sannio, Italy
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Feliciello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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5
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Abdelgalil AA, Monir R, Elmetwally M, Ghattas MH, Bazeed FB, Mesbah NM, Abo-Elmatty DM, Mehanna ET. The Relation of VEGFA, VEGFR2, VEGI, and HIF1A Genetic Variants and Their Serum Protein Levels with Breast Cancer in Egyptian Patients. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:547-573. [PMID: 37392242 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in Egyptian females. Polymorphisms in the angiogenesis pathway have been implicated previously in cancer risk and prognosis. The aim of the current study was to determine whether certain polymorphisms in the genes of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1A) associated with breast cancer development. The study included 154 breast cancer patients and 132 apparently healthy age-matched females as a control group. VEGFA rs25648 genotyping was performed using (ARMS) PCR technique; while VEGFR2 rs2071559, VEGI rs6478106, and HIF-1α rs11549465 were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. Serum levels of VEGF, VEGFR2, VEGI, and HIF1A proteins in breast cancer patients and controls were measured by ELISA. There was a significant association between the VEGFA rs25648 C allele and breast cancer risk (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.7-3.6, p < 0.001). VEGFA rs25648 C/C genotype was statistically significantly higher in breast cancer patients vs. control (p < 0.001). Participants with the T/T and T/C VEGFR2 rs2071559 genotypes had 5.46 and 5 higher odds, respectively, of having breast cancer than those with the C/C genotype. For the VEGI rs6478106 polymorphism, there was a higher proportion of C allele in breast cancer patients vs. control (p = 0.003). Moreover, the C/C genotype of VEGI rs6478106 was statistically significantly higher in breast cancer patients vs. control (p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in genotypes and allele frequencies of HIF1A rs11549465 polymorphism between breast cancer cases and control individuals (p > 0.05). Serum levels of VEGFA, VEGI, and HIF1A were considerably greater in women with breast cancer than in the control (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the genetic variants VEGFA rs25648, VEGFR2 rs2071559, and VEGI rs6478106 revealed a significant association with increased breast cancer risk in Egyptian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani A Abdelgalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Rehan Monir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elmetwally
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maivel H Ghattas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Fagr B Bazeed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Noha M Mesbah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Dina M Abo-Elmatty
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Eman T Mehanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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6
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Arnhold J. Inflammation-Associated Cytotoxic Agents in Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:81. [PMID: 38201509 PMCID: PMC10778456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory processes are related to all stages of tumorigenesis. As inflammation is closely associated with the activation and release of different cytotoxic agents, the interplay between cytotoxic agents and antagonizing principles is highlighted in this review to address the question of how tumor cells overcome the enhanced values of cytotoxic agents in tumors. In tumor cells, the enhanced formation of mitochondrial-derived reactive species and elevated values of iron ions and free heme are antagonized by an overexpression of enzymes and proteins, contributing to the antioxidative defense and maintenance of redox homeostasis. Through these mechanisms, tumor cells can even survive additional stress caused by radio- and chemotherapy. Through the secretion of active agents from tumor cells, immune cells are suppressed in the tumor microenvironment and an enhanced formation of extracellular matrix components is induced. Different oxidant- and protease-based cytotoxic agents are involved in tumor-mediated immunosuppression, tumor growth, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. Considering the special metabolic conditions in tumors, the main focus here was directed on the disturbed balance between the cytotoxic agents and protective mechanisms in late-stage tumors. This knowledge is mandatory for the implementation of novel anti-cancerous therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Shirole NH, Kaelin WG. von-Hippel Lindau and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor at the Center of Renal Cell Carcinoma Biology. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2023; 37:809-825. [PMID: 37270382 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The most common form of kidney cancer is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Biallelic VHL tumor suppressor gene inactivation is the usual initiating event in both hereditary (VHL Disease) and sporadic ccRCCs. The VHL protein, pVHL, earmarks the alpha subunits of the HIF transcription factor for destruction in an oxygen-dependent manner. Deregulation of HIF2 drives ccRCC pathogenesis. Drugs inhibiting the HIF2-responsive growth factor VEGF are now mainstays of ccRCC treatment. A first-in-class allosteric HIF2 inhibitor was recently approved for treating VHL Disease-associated neoplasms and appears active against sporadic ccRCC in early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin H Shirole
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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8
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Ismail MMF, Shawer TZ, Ibrahim RS, Allam RM, Ammar YA. Novel quinoxaline-based VEGFR-2 inhibitors to halt angiogenesis. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106735. [PMID: 37531818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 is a dynamic target for therapeutic intervention in various types of cancer. This study was aimed at exploring the VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity of a novel library of quinoxalin-2-one derivatives such as 3-furoquinoxaline carboxamides, 3-pyrazolylquinoxalines, and 3-pyridopyrimidyl-quinoxalines. Among them, 6c, 7a, and 7d-f produced remarkable cytotoxicity against HCT-116 (IC50's 4.28-9.31 µM) and MCF-7 (IC50's 3.57-7.57 µM) cell lines using the MTT assay and doxorubicin (DOX) as a reference standard. Interestingly, results of cytotoxicity towards the human fibroblast cell line WI38 revealed that these hits demonstrated higher selectivity indices towards both HCT-116 (SI 8.69-23.19) and MCF-7 (SI 9.48-27.80) than DOX, SI 0.72 and 0.90, respectively. Then, these hits were subjected to a mechanistic study; they showed direct inhibition of VEGFR-2. Impressively, compound 7f displayed 1.2 times the VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity of sorafenib. The antiangiogenic potential of 7f was proved via lowering the level of VEGF-A, than that of control. It as well, exhibited scratch closure percent of 61.8%, compared with 74.5% of control at 48 hrs, indicating the potential anti-migratory effect of the compound 7f. It significantly increased the expression of tumor suppressor gene (p53) on MCF-7 cells by almost 18 folds and upregulated the caspase-3 level by 10.7 folds, compared to the control. Cell cycle analysis revealed cell cycle arrest at G2/M together with a PreG increase which indicated apoptosis induction potential. Annexin V-FITC apoptosis results proposed the two modes of cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) as an inherent mechanism of cytotoxicity of compound 7f. Molecular docking further supported the mechanism showing the affinity of target compounds for VEGFR-2 active site. Moreover, physicochemical and drug-like properties were assessed from the ADME properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M F Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), 11754 Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Taghreed Z Shawer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), 11754 Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), 11754 Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Allam
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical and Clinical Research Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousry A Ammar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, 11754 Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Alchahin AM, Tsea I, Baryawno N. Recent Advances in Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing of Primary and Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4734. [PMID: 37835428 PMCID: PMC10571653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), with a shift towards adopting new treatment approaches ranging from monotherapy to triple-combination therapy. This progress has been spearheaded by fundamental technological advancements that have allowed a deeper understanding of the various biological components of this cancer. In particular, the rapid commercialization of transcriptomics technologies, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) methodologies, has played a crucial role in accelerating this understanding. Through precise measurements facilitated by these technologies, the research community has successfully identified and characterized diverse tumor, immune, and stromal cell populations, uncovering their interactions and pathways involved in disease progression. In localized ccRCC, patients have shown impressive response rates to treatment. However, despite the emerging findings and new knowledge provided in the field, there are still patients that do not respond to treatment, especially in advanced disease stages. One of the key challenges lies in the limited study of ccRCC metastases compared to localized cases. This knowledge gap may contribute to the relatively low survival rates and response rates observed in patients with metastatic ccRCC. To bridge this gap, we here delve into recent research utilizing scRNA-seq technologies in both primary and metastatic ccRCC. The goal of this review is to shed light on the current state of knowledge in the field, present existing treatment options, and emphasize the crucial steps needed to improve survival rates, particularly in cases of metastatic ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ninib Baryawno
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 10000-19999 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.M.A.); (I.T.)
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10
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Cao Y, Langer R, Ferrara N. Targeting angiogenesis in oncology, ophthalmology and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:476-495. [PMID: 37041221 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process in normal development and in adult physiology, but can be disrupted in numerous diseases. The concept of targeting angiogenesis for treating diseases was proposed more than 50 years ago, and the first two drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bevacizumab and pegaptanib, were approved in 2004 for the treatment of cancer and neovascular ophthalmic diseases, respectively. Since then, nearly 20 years of clinical experience with anti-angiogenic drugs (AADs) have demonstrated the importance of this therapeutic modality for these disorders. However, there is a need to improve clinical outcomes by enhancing therapeutic efficacy, overcoming drug resistance, defining surrogate markers, combining with other drugs and developing the next generation of therapeutics. In this Review, we examine emerging new targets, the development of new drugs and challenging issues such as the mode of action of AADs and elucidating mechanisms underlying clinical benefits; we also discuss possible future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Robert Langer
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Napoleone Ferrara
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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11
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Yuan T, Jia Q, Zhu B, Chen D, Long H. Synergistic immunotherapy targeting cancer-associated anemia: prospects of a combination strategy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:117. [PMID: 37208766 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01145-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated anemia promotes tumor progression, leads to poor quality of life in patients with cancer, and even obstructs the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy. However, the precise mechanism for cancer-associated anemia remains unknown and the feasible strategy to target cancer-associated anemia synergizing immunotherapy needs to be clarified. Here, we review the possible mechanisms of cancer-induced anemia regarding decreased erythropoiesis and increased erythrocyte destruction, and cancer treatment-induced anemia. Moreover, we summarize the current paradigm for cancer-associated anemia treatment. Finally, we propose some prospective paradigms to slow down cancer-associated anemia and synergistic the efficacy of immunotherapy. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yuan
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qingzhu Jia
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Degao Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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12
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Downstream Targets of VHL/HIF-α Signaling in Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma Progression: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041316. [PMID: 36831657 PMCID: PMC9953937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The clear cell variant of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal epithelial malignancy and responsible for most of the deaths from kidney cancer. Patients carrying inactivating mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene have an increased proclivity to develop several types of tumors including ccRCC. Normally, the Hypoxia Inducible Factor alpha (HIF-α) subunits of the HIF heterodimeric transcription factor complex are regulated by oxygen-dependent prolyl-hydroxylation, VHL-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Loss of pVHL function results in elevated levels of HIF-α due to increased stability, leading to RCC progression. While HIF-1α acts as a tumor suppressor, HIF-2α promotes oncogenic potential by driving tumor progression and metastasis through activation of hypoxia-sensitive signaling pathways and overexpression of HIF-2α target genes. One strategy to suppress ccRCC aggressiveness is directed at inhibition of HIF-2α and the associated molecular pathways leading to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Indeed, clinical and pre-clinical data demonstrated the effectiveness of HIF-2α targeted therapy in attenuating ccRCC progression. This review focuses on the signaling pathways and the involved genes (cyclin D, c-Myc, VEGF-a, EGFR, TGF-α, GLUT-1) that confer oncogenic potential downstream of the VHL-HIF-2α signaling axis in ccRCC. Discussed as well are current treatment options (including receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sunitinib), the medical challenges (high prevalence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis, refractory nature of advanced disease to current treatment options), scientific challenges and future directions.
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13
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Bazarbashi S, Alzahrani A, Aljubran A, Elshenawy M, Mostafa Gad A, Maraiki F, Alzannan N, Elhassan T, Badran A. Combining Sunitinib and Bevacizumab for the Management of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Phase I/II Trial. Oncologist 2023; 28:e254-e262. [PMID: 36648325 PMCID: PMC10166178 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine kinase inhibitors remain a cornerstone in managing metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The 4 weeks on/2 weeks off intermittent sunitinib schedule could result in rebound angiogenesis and tumor progression in the 2-week rest period. We propose using bevacizumab during this period for continuous antiangiogenic effects. METHOD This was a phase I/II study of patients with advanced clear cell RCC. Sunitinib was given 50 mg daily on a 4-week on/2-week off schedule. Bevacizumab was given on day 29 of each sunitinib cycle. The bevacizumab starting dose was 5 mg/kg, and the dose was escalated to 10 mg if there was no dose-limiting toxicity. The primary endpoints were response rate and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Twenty-five patients were recruited. The study was closed prematurely because of poor accrual. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed with 5 mg bevacizumab. One patient achieved a complete response, and 12 achieved a partial response (52% response rate). At a median follow-up of 42.2 months (95%, confidence interval (CI) 32.9 to 51.4), the median PFS duration was 16.5 months (95% CI 4.1-28.8), and the median overall survival time was 33.3 months (95% CI 19.4-47.3). Twenty-two patients (88%) had at least one grade 3 or 4 toxicity; the most common were thrombocytopenia (32%), lymphopenia (32%), hypertension (28%), and fatigue (24%). CONCLUSION Continuous angiogenesis blockade by adding bevacizumab to the sunitinib on/off regimen for advanced RCC yields significant antitumor activity with manageable increased toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouki Bazarbashi
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alzahrani
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Aljubran
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Elshenawy
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El Kom, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa Gad
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatima Maraiki
- Department of Pharmacy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Alzannan
- Research Unit, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tusneem Elhassan
- Research Unit, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Badran
- Medical Oncology, Oncology Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Qin S, Xv Z, Chen X, Wang S, Lu H, Li J, Guo X, Yang J, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang H. Comparing efficacy and safety of first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A Bayesian network meta-regression analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1072634. [PMID: 36910649 PMCID: PMC9992527 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1072634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This Bayesian network meta-regression analysis provides a head-to-head comparison of first-line therapeutic immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) combinations for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) using median follow-up time as covariate. Methods We searched Six databases for a comprehensive analysis of randomised clinical trials (RCTs). Comparing progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of different interventions at the same time node by Bayesian network meta-analysis. Bayesian network meta-regression analysis was performed on objective response rate (ORR), adverse events (AEs) (grade ≥ 3) and the hazard ratios (HR) associated with PFS and OS, with the median follow-up time as the covariate. Results Eventually a total of 22 RCTs reporting 11,090 patients with 19 interventions. Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab (LenPem) shows dominance of PFS, and Pembrolizumab plus Axitinib (PemAxi) shows superiority in OS at each time point. After meta-regression analysis, for HRs of PFS, LenPem shows advantages; for HRs of OS, PemAxi shows superiority; For ORR, LenPem provides better results. For AEs (grade ≥ 3), Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab (AtezoBev) is better. Conclusion Considering the lower toxicity and the higher quality of life, PemAxi should be recommended as the optimal therapy in treating mRCC. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD4202236775.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Qin
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xv
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Health, Brooks College, Sunnyvale, CA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shurui Wang
- School of Nursing, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinglin Guo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengjiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaoguang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- School of Health Sciences and Engineering, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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15
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Yao C, Zhang T, Wu T, Brugarolas J. Facts and Hopes for Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:5013-5020. [PMID: 35819272 PMCID: PMC9835201 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has made a significant impact in many tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC has been known to be immunoresponsive since the cytokine era of IFNα and IL2, but only a small number of patients had durable clinical benefit. Since then, discoveries of key tumor drivers, as well as an understanding of the contribution of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment (TME), has led to advances in drug development, ultimately transforming patient outcomes. Combinations of anti-angiogenic agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors are now standard of care. Current challenges include patient selection for immunotherapy combinations, resistance acquisition, and optimally sequencing therapies. Further discoveries about RCC biology, the TME, and resistance mechanisms will likely pave the way for the next generation of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tian Zhang
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tuoqi Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James Brugarolas
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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16
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Alva R, Moradi F, Liang P, Stuart JA. Culture of Cancer Cells at Physiological Oxygen Levels Affects Gene Expression in a Cell-Type Specific Manner. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1684. [PMID: 36421698 PMCID: PMC9688152 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Standard cell culture is routinely performed at supraphysiological oxygen levels (~18% O2). Conversely, O2 levels in most mammalian tissues range from 1-6% (physioxia). Such hyperoxic conditions in cell culture can alter reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, metabolism, mitochondrial networks, and response to drugs and hormones. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional response to different O2 levels and determine whether it is similar across cell lines, or cell line-specific. Using RNA-seq, we performed differential gene expression and functional enrichment analyses in four human cancer cell lines, LNCaP, Huh-7, PC-3, and SH-SY5Y cultured at either 5% or 18% O2 for 14 days. We found that O2 levels affected transcript abundance of thousands of genes, with the affected genes having little overlap between cell lines. Functional enrichment analysis also revealed different processes and pathways being affected by O2 in each cell line. Interestingly, most of the top differentially expressed genes are involved in cancer biology, which highlights the importance of O2 levels in cancer cell research. Further, we observed several hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targets, HIF-2α targets particularly, upregulated at 5% O2, consistent with a role for HIFs in physioxia. O2 levels also differentially induced the transcription of mitochondria-encoded genes in most cell lines. Finally, by comparing our transcriptomic data from LNCaP and PC-3 with datasets from the Prostate Cancer Transcriptome Atlas, a correlation between genes upregulated at 5% O2 in LNCaP cells and the in vivo prostate cancer transcriptome was found. We conclude that the transcriptional response to O2 over the range from 5-18% is robust and highly cell-type specific. This latter finding indicates that the effects of O2 levels are difficult to predict and thus highlights the importance of regulating O2 in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Moradi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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17
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Yang Y, Cao Y. The impact of VEGF on cancer metastasis and systemic disease. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:251-261. [PMID: 35307547 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality and the underlying mechanisms of cancer metastasis remain elusive. Both blood and lymphatic vasculatures are essential structures for mediating distal metastasis. The vasculature plays multiple functions, including accelerating tumor growth, sustaining the tumor microenvironment, supplying growth and invasive signals, promoting metastasis, and causing cancer-associated systemic disease. VEGF is one of the key angiogenic factors in tumors and participates in the initial stage of tumor development, progression and metastasis. Consequently, VEGF and its receptor-mediated signaling pathways have become one of the most important therapeutic targets for treating various cancers. Today, anti-VEGF-based antiangiogenic drugs (AADs) are widely used in the clinic for treating different types of cancer in human patients. Despite nearly 20-year clinical experience with AADs, the impact of these drugs on cancer metastasis and systemic disease remains largely unknown. In this review article, we focus our discussion on tumor VEGF in cancer metastasis and systemic disease and mechanisms underlying AADs in clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Pandey SK, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Chalifa-Caspi V, Shoshan-Barmatz V. Non-apoptotic activity of the mitochondrial protein SMAC/Diablo in lung cancer: Novel target to disrupt survival, inflammation, and immunosuppression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:992260. [PMID: 36185255 PMCID: PMC9515501 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.992260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial SMAC/Diablo induces apoptosis by binding the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), thereby activating caspases and, subsequently, apoptosis. Previously, we found that despite its pro-apoptotic activity, SMAC/Diablo is overexpressed in cancer, and demonstrated that in cancer it possesses new essential and non-apoptotic functions that are associated with regulating phospholipid synthesis including modulating mitochondrial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity. Here, we demonstrate additional functions for SMAC/Diablo associated with inflammation and immunity. CRISPR/Cas9 SMAC/Diablo-depleted A549 lung cancer cells displayed inhibited cell proliferation and migration. Proteomics analysis of these cells revealed altered expression of proteins associated with lipids synthesis and signaling, vesicular transport and trafficking, metabolism, epigenetics, the extracellular matrix, cell signaling, and neutrophil-mediated immunity. SMAC-KO A549 cell-showed inhibited tumor growth and proliferation and activated apoptosis. The small SMAC-depleted “tumor” showed a morphology of alveoli-like structures, reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and altered tumor microenvironment. The SMAC-lacking tumor showed reduced expression of inflammation-related proteins such as NF-kB and TNF-α, and of the PD-L1, associated with immune system suppression. These results suggest that SMAC is involved in multiple processes that are essential for tumor growth and progression. Thus, targeting SMAC’s non-canonical function is a potential strategy to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaroop Kumar Pandey
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Anna Shteinfer-Kuzmine
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vered Chalifa-Caspi
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Varda Shoshan-Barmatz,
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19
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Lee MH, Laajala E, Kreutzman A, Järvinen P, Nísen H, Mirtti T, Hollmén M, Mustjoki S. The tumor and plasma cytokine profiles of renal cell carcinoma patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13416. [PMID: 35927313 PMCID: PMC9352752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 90% of all renal cancers and is considered highly immunogenic. Although many studies have reported the circulating peripheral cytokine profiles, the signatures between the tumor tissue and matching healthy adjacent renal tissue counterparts have not been explored. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the cytokine landscape of RCC tumors and its correlation between the amount and phenotype of the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We analyzed the secretion of 42 cytokines from the tumor (n = 46), adjacent healthy kidney tissues (n = 23) and matching plasma samples (n = 33) with a Luminex-based assay. We further explored the differences between the tissue types, as well as correlated the findings with clinical data and detailed immunophenotyping of the TILs. Using an unsupervised clustering approach, we observed distinct differences in the cytokine profiles between the tumor and adjacent renal tissue samples. The tumor samples clustered into three distinct profiles based on the cytokine expressions: high (52.2% of the tumors), intermediate (26.1%), and low (21.7%). Most of the tumor cytokines positively correlated with each other, except for IL-8 that showed no correlation with any of the measured cytokine expressions. Furthermore, the quantity of lymphocytes in the tumor samples analyzed with flow cytometry positively correlated with the chemokine-family of cytokines, CXCL10 (IP-10) and CXCL9 (MIG). No significant correlations were found between the tumor and matching plasma cytokines, suggesting that circulating cytokines poorly mirror the tumor cytokine environment. Our study highlights distinct cytokine profiles in the RCC tumor microenvironment and provides insights to potential biomarkers for the treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Hee Lee
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, N00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Essi Laajala
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, N00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kreutzman
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, N00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petrus Järvinen
- Abdominal Center, Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Nísen
- Abdominal Center, Urology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomas Mirtti
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Systems Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Haartmaninkatu 8, N00290, Helsinki, Finland. .,Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, Helsinki, Finland.
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20
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The multifaceted role of EGLN family prolyl hydroxylases in cancer: going beyond HIF regulation. Oncogene 2022; 41:3665-3679. [PMID: 35705735 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
EGLN1, EGLN2 and EGLN3 are proline hydroxylase whose main function is the regulation of the HIF factors. They work as oxygen sensors and are the main responsible of HIFα subunits degradation in normoxia. Being their activity strictly oxygen-dependent, when oxygen tension lowers, their control on HIFα is released, leading to activation of systemic and cellular response to hypoxia. However, EGLN family members activity is not limited to HIF modulation, but it includes the regulation of essential mechanisms for cell survival, cell cycle metabolism, proliferation and transcription. This is due to their reported hydroxylase activity on a number of non-HIF targets and sometimes to hydroxylase-independent functions. For these reasons, EGLN enzymes appear fundamental for development and progression of different cancer types, playing either a tumor-suppressive or a tumor-promoting role, according to EGLN isoform and to tumor context. Notably, EGLN1, the most studied isoform, has been shown to have also a central role in tumor micro-environment modulation, mediating CAF activation and impairing HIF1α -related angiogenesis, thus covering an important function in cancer metastasis promotion. Considering the recent knowledge acquired on EGLNs, the possibility to target these enzymes for cancer treatment is emerging. However, due to their multifaceted and controversial roles in different cancer types, the use of EGLN inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs should be carefully evaluated in each context.
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21
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Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy and Antiangiogenic Treatments in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235981. [PMID: 34885091 PMCID: PMC8656474 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common histological subtype arising from renal cell carcinomas. This tumor is characterized by a predominant angiogenic and immunogenic microenvironment that interplay with stromal, immune cells, and tumoral cells. Despite the obscure prognosis traditionally related to this entity, strategies including angiogenesis inhibition with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), as well as the enhancement of the immune system with the inhibition of immune checkpoint proteins, such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4, have revolutionized the treatment landscape. This approach has achieved a substantial improvement in life expectancy and quality of life from patients with advanced ccRCC. Unfortunately, not all patients benefit from this success as most patients will finally progress to these therapies and, even worse, approximately 5 to 30% of patients will primarily progress. In the last few years, preclinical and clinical research have been conducted to decode the biological basis underlying the resistance mechanisms regarding angiogenic and immune-based therapy. In this review, we summarize the insights of these molecular alterations to understand the resistance pathways related to the treatment with TKI and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Moreover, we include additional information on novel approaches that are currently under research to overcome these resistance alterations in preclinical studies and early phase clinical trials.
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22
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Shulman M, Shi R, Zhang Q. Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor pathways & corresponding therapeutics in kidney cancer. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:552-559. [PMID: 34376376 PMCID: PMC8453047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification and application of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene is a seminal breakthrough in kidney cancer research. VHL and its protein pVHL are the root cause of most kidney cancers, and the cascading pathway below them is crucial for understanding hypoxia, in addition to the aforementioned tumorigenesis routes and treatments. We reviewed the history and functions of VHL/pVHL and Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), their well-known activities under low-oxygen environments as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and as a transcription factor, respectively, as well as their non-canonical functions revealed recently. Additionally, we discussed how their dysregulation promotes tumorigenesis: beginning with chromosome 3 p-arm (3p) loss/epigenetic methylation, followed by two-allele knockout, before the loss of complimentary tumor suppressor genes leads cells down predictable oncological paths. These different pathways can ultimately determine the grade, outcome, and severity of the deadliest genitourinary cancer. We finished by investigating current and proposed schemes to therapeutically treat clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) by manipulating the hypoxic pathway utilizing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitors, small molecule HIF inhibitors, immune checkpoint blockade therapy, and synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Shulman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rachel Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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23
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Spisarová M, Melichar B, Vitásková D, Študentová H. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:693-703. [PMID: 33794744 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1903321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The dominant paradigm of sequential therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with single agents has recently been challenged by improved outcomes obtained with combined regimens with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These combined regimens include the combination of pembrolizumab plus axitinib.Areas covered: Here, we provide a brief overview of the current clinical data on the pembrolizumab plus axitinib combination including mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety profile.Expert opinion: Both agents targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and immune checkpoint inhibitors are active as single agents in mRCC. Improved outcomes have been demonstrated in phase 3 trials in comparison with sunitinib for the combinations of axitinib plus pembrolizumab, axitinib plus avelumab, bevacizumab plus atezolizumab, and ipilimumab plus nivolumab. Among these combinations, an OS benefit has, so far, demonstrated only for the combinations of axitinib with pembrolizumab and ipilimumab with nivolumab. Although there are currently no prospective data comparing the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab with the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and VEGF inhibitors, currently available retrospective analyses indicate that these two approaches achieve comparable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Spisarová
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacký University Medical School Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Vitásková
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Republic
| | - Hana Študentová
- Department of Oncology, Palacký University Medical School Teaching Hospital, Olomouc, Republic
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Braun DA, Bakouny Z, Hirsch L, Flippot R, Van Allen EM, Wu CJ, Choueiri TK. Beyond conventional immune-checkpoint inhibition - novel immunotherapies for renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:199-214. [PMID: 33437048 PMCID: PMC8317018 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-00455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The management of advanced-stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been transformed by the development of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nonetheless, most patients do not derive durable clinical benefit from these agents. Importantly, unlike other immunotherapy-responsive solid tumours, most RCCs have only a moderate mutational burden, and paradoxically, high levels of tumour CD8+ T cell infiltration are associated with a worse prognosis in patients with this disease. Building on the successes of antibodies targeting the PD-1 and CTLA4 immune checkpoints, multiple innovative immunotherapies are now in clinical development for the treatment of patients with RCC, including ICIs with novel targets, co-stimulatory pathway agonists, modified cytokines, metabolic pathway modulators, cell therapies and therapeutic vaccines. However, the successful development of such novel immune-based treatments and of immunotherapy-based combinations will require a disease-specific framework that incorporates a deep understanding of RCC immunobiology. In this Review, using the structure provided by the well-described cancer-immunity cycle, we outline the key steps required for a successful antitumour immune response in the context of RCC, and describe the development of promising new immunotherapies within the context of this framework. With this approach, we summarize and analyse the most encouraging targets of novel immune-based therapies within the RCC microenvironment, and review the landscape of emerging antigen-directed therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Braun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ziad Bakouny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laure Hirsch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Ronan Flippot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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Wojtukiewicz MZ, Mysliwiec M, Matuszewska E, Sulkowski S, Zimnoch L, Politynska B, Wojtukiewicz AM, Tucker SC, Honn KV. Heterogeneous Expression of Proangiogenic and Coagulation Proteins in Gliomas of Different Histopathological Grade. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:605017. [PMID: 34257567 PMCID: PMC8262224 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.605017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Brain gliomas are characterized by remarkably intense invasive growth and the ability to create new blood vessels. Angiogenesis is a key process in the progression of these tumors. Coagulation and fibrinolysis factors play a role in promoting angiogenesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of proangiogenic proteins (VEGF and bFGF) and hemostatic proteins (TF, fibrinogen, fibrin, D-dimers) associated with neoplastic cells and vascular endothelial cells in brain gliomas of various degrees of malignancy. Immunohistochemical tests were performed using the ABC method with the use of mono- and polyclonal antibodies. The obtained results indicated that both neoplastic cells and vascular endothelial cells in gliomas of various degrees of malignancy are characterized by heterogeneous expression of proteins of the hemostatic system and angiogenesis markers. The strongest expression of proangiogenic factors and procoagulant factors was demonstrated in gliomas of higher-grade malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Z Wojtukiewicz
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marta Mysliwiec
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elwira Matuszewska
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Sulkowski
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lech Zimnoch
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Politynska
- Department of Philosophy and Human Psychology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Robinson College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Wojtukiewicz
- Department of Philosophy and Human Psychology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stephanie C Tucker
- Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Stühler V, Rausch S, Maas JM, Stenzl A, Bedke J. Combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1215-1226. [PMID: 33576709 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1890713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have experienced several paradigm shifts and substantial changes in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) over the last two decades. Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) as a dual combination (ICI-ICI) or with VEGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGF-TKI) has shown remarkable efficacy in mRCC patients and has become the standard of care in first-line therapy. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will discuss the background as well as the benefits of combining ICI with TKI compared to ICI-ICI combination therapy for mRCC treatment and will also briefly highlight biomarkers for patient selection on therapies to improve patient outcomes and limit toxicities. EXPERT OPINION Due to the mediated additional anti-tumor effects, there is a strong rationale to combine ICIs and TKIs for mRCC therapy. When comparing first-line therapy options, the exceptionally higher ORR and PFS for the ICI-TKI combinations should be highlighted, whereas, nevertheless, the complete response rate is slightly higher for the ICI-ICI combination. In terms of an individualized therapeutic approach, biomarkers predicting the success or failure of an anti-VEGF-based regimen or ICI therapy as a corresponding mono - or combination therapy are lacking so far, however, gene expression signatures can be a landmark in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Stühler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Moritz Maas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Ways into Understanding HIF Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010159. [PMID: 33466454 PMCID: PMC7796500 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cells adapt to hypoxia, survive, and grow. To that aim, they engage hypoxia-inducible pathways. These pathways are under intense investigation in search of new therapies to interfere with signaling components to kill cancer cells. Nowadays, new technologies enable more in-depth studies of hypoxia-induced signaling including protein–protein interaction and transcriptional processes, as well as the mode of action of different inhibitors. In this review, we give insight into useful techniques for studying the components of the hypoxia-inducible pathway and current inhibitors. Abstract Hypoxia is a key characteristic of tumor tissue. Cancer cells adapt to low oxygen by activating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), ensuring their survival and continued growth despite this hostile environment. Therefore, the inhibition of HIFs and their target genes is a promising and emerging field of cancer research. Several drug candidates target protein–protein interactions or transcription mechanisms of the HIF pathway in order to interfere with activation of this pathway, which is deregulated in a wide range of solid and liquid cancers. Although some inhibitors are already in clinical trials, open questions remain with respect to their modes of action. New imaging technologies using luminescent and fluorescent methods or nanobodies to complement widely used approaches such as chromatin immunoprecipitation may help to answer some of these questions. In this review, we aim to summarize current inhibitor classes targeting the HIF pathway and to provide an overview of in vitro and in vivo techniques that could improve the understanding of inhibitor mechanisms. Unravelling the distinct principles regarding how inhibitors work is an indispensable step for efficient clinical applications and safety of anticancer compounds.
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28
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Serzan MT, Atkins MB. Current and emerging therapies for first line treatment of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2021; 7. [PMID: 35295921 PMCID: PMC8923624 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2021.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is rapidly evolving with improved knowledge of the biology of disease leading to the incorporation of a variety of antiangiogenic agents and immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss historical, current, and emerging first line treatment options for patients with advanced ccRCC. These include data with single agent vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs): sunitinib, pazopanib and cabozantinib as well as the recently reported results for the combination of lenvatinib and everolimus (mTOR inhibitor). We also discuss results of the nivolumab anti-programmed cell death (PD-1)/ipilimumab (anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4) combination as well as emerging front-line data with nivolumab and pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) monotherapy. Finally, we review data supporting recent approvals of TKI and anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) combinations (e.g., axitinib/pembrolizumab, axitinib/avelumab and cabozantinib/nivolumab) and initial outcomes of lenvatinib (multi-kinase inhibitor) and pembrolizumab. With many individual and combination treatment options and the lack of head-to-head comparisons, treatment selection will depend on the goals of therapy (endpoints) and the identification and validation of clinical and tumor-based predictive biomarkers that are linked to the desired treatment endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Serzan
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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29
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Choueiri TK, Kaelin WG. Targeting the HIF2-VEGF axis in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Med 2020; 26:1519-1530. [PMID: 33020645 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the role of the tumor suppressor pVHL in oxygen sensing motivated the testing of drugs that target the transcription factor HIF or HIF-responsive growth factors, such as VEGF, for the treatment of cancers caused by VHL inactivation, such as clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Multiple VEGF inhibitors are now approved for the treatment of ccRCC, and a HIF2α inhibitor has advanced to phase 3 development for this disease. These inhibitors are now also increasingly combined with immune-checkpoint blockers. In this Perspective, we describe the understanding of the mechanisms of oxygen sensing and hypoxia signaling that resulted in the development of HIF2α-targeted therapies for patients with VHL-associated tumors. We also present future directions for extending the use of these therapies to other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K Choueiri
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - William G Kaelin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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30
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Rozga P, Kloska D, Pawlak S, Teska-Kaminska M, Galazka M, Bukato K, Pieczykolan A, Jaworski A, Molga-Kaczmarska A, Kopacz A, Badyra B, Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Zolnierkiewicz O, Targosz-Korecka M, Poleszak K, Szymanik M, Zerek B, Pieczykolan J, Jozkowicz A, Grochot-Przeczek A. Novel engineered TRAIL-based chimeric protein strongly inhibits tumor growth and bypasses TRAIL resistance. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1117-1130. [PMID: 31863596 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of the TRAIL-DR4/5 pathway was proposed as a promising approach for specific induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Clinical trials, however, showed inadequate efficiency of TRAIL as a monotherapy. It is a widely held view that the application of multifunctional molecules or combination therapy may lead to substantial improvement. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of a novel chimeric protein, AD-O51.4, which is a TRAIL equipped with positively charged VEGFA-derived effector peptides. The study was performed in multiple cancer cell line- and patient-derived xenografts. A pharmacokinetic profile was established in monkeys. AD-O51.4 strongly inhibits tumor growth, even leading to complete long-term tumor remission. Neither mice nor monkeys treated with AD-O51.4 demonstrate symptoms of drug toxicity. AD-O51.4 exhibits a satisfactory half-life in plasma and accumulates preferentially in tumors. The cellular mechanism of AD-O51.4 activity involves both cytotoxic effects in tumor cells and antiangiogenic effects on the endothelium. The presence of DRs in cancer cells is crucial for AD-O51.4-driven apoptosis execution. The TRAIL component of the fusion molecule serves as an apoptosis inducer and a cellular anchor for the effector peptides in TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant cancer cells, respectively. The FADD-dependent pathway, however, seems to be not indispensable in death signal transduction; thus, AD-O51.4 is capable of bypassing the refractoriness of TRAIL. AD-O51.4-driven cell death, which exceeds TRAIL activity, is achieved due to the N-terminally fused polypeptide, containing VEGFA-derived effector peptides. The high anticancer efficiency of AD-O51.4 combined with its safety has led to the entry of AD-O51.4 into toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rozga
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Damian Kloska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Pawlak
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | | | - Marlena Galazka
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bukato
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Anna Pieczykolan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Albert Jaworski
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Kopacz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bogna Badyra
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Neli Kachamakova-Trojanowska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Zolnierkiewicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Targosz-Korecka
- Department of Physics of Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Poleszak
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Michal Szymanik
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Zerek
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Pieczykolan
- Department of Drug Discovery, Adamed Pharma S.A. Pienkow, Czosnow, Poland
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Grochot-Przeczek
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Dong Z, Yu C, Rezhiya K, Gulijiahan A, Wang X. Downregulation of miR-146a promotes tumorigenesis of cervical cancer stem cells via VEGF/CDC42/PAK1 signaling pathway. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3711-3719. [PMID: 31522559 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1664560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Dong
- Gynecology Department, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Chunxia Yu
- Gynecology Department, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Kuerban Rezhiya
- Gynecology Department, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Aier Gulijiahan
- Gynecology Department, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Gynecology Department, Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Urumqi, China
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Liu L, Wang W, Huang J, Zhao Z, Li H, Xu Y. Novel benzoyl thioureido benzene sulfonamides as highly potent and selective inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX: optimization and bioactive studies. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:2100-2105. [PMID: 30746068 PMCID: PMC6335998 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00392k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CA IX has attracted much attention as a promising target for the development of new anticancer agents. In this study, a series of sulfonamide derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential CA IX inhibitors from a lead compound (benzoyl thioureido benzene sulfonamide) discovered by virtual screening. The bioassay demonstrated that some of the synthesized compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activity against CA IX in the subnanomolar range and high selectivity over isozymes CA I and CA II. Among them, compound 6a displayed inhibitory activity against CA IX with an IC50 value of 0.48 nM and about 1500-fold selectivity over CA II. The structure-activity relationship and CA IX selectivity of the new sulfonamide derivatives were also analyzed by molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China .
| | - Wanqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China .
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: +86 21 64251399
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: +86 21 64251399
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: +86 21 64251399
| | - Yufang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China .
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Kim ST, Kim HK, Lee J, Park SH, Lim HY, Park YS, Kang WK, Park JO. The impact of microsatellite instability status and sidedness of the primary tumor on the effect of bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:1791-1796. [PMID: 29805705 PMCID: PMC5968767 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effect of bevacizumab in metastatic CRC (colorectal cancer) regarding to microsatellite instability (MSI) and the sidedness of the primary tumor. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 CRC patients were retrospectively analyzed, who received bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy between April 2008 and January 2013. MSI status and Kirsten RSAS (KRAS) mutational status were available in all 140 patients, but BRAF (the gene for the B-type Raf kinase) mutational status was only available in 74 patients (52.9%). Results: MSI-high (MSI-H) was detected in 4.3% of analyzed patients. Characteristics of patients, with the exception of BRAF mutational status, were generally similar between those with right- (RC) and left-sided colon cancer (LC). Right-sided tumors were significantly associated with a BRAF mutation (p=0.025). In addition, patient characteristics with a microsatellite stable (MSS) tumor were not different from those with an MSI-H tumor. For all 140 patients, the most commonly used regimen with bevacizumab was capecitabine plus oxaliplain (XELOX), irrespective of treatment line, followed by 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI), 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX), intravenous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and capecitabine plus irinotecan (XELIRI). There was no significant difference between the MSI-H and MSS groups in treatment efficacy, including response rate (RR) and disease control rate (DCR). There was also no difference in RR and DCR according to the sidedness of the primary tumor. No significant difference in progression-free survival (PFS) was observed between MSI-H and MSS groups (5.93 months vs. 7.37 months; p=0.801) or between LC and RC groups (7.37 months vs. 5.83 months; p=0.801). Conclusions: The effect of bevacizumab was not different between LC and RC and between MSS and the MSI-H tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Liu C, Shui CL, Wang Q, Luo H, Gu CG. Mechanism of hif-1α mediated hypoxia-induced permeability changes in bladder endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 51:e6768. [PMID: 29267502 PMCID: PMC5734185 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) mediated hypoxia-induced permeability changes in bladder endothelial cells. Models of in vitro hypoxic cell culture of bladder cancer, bladder cancer cells with low HIF-1α expression and HIF-1α RNA interference (RNAi) expression vector were established. Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in each group. Bladder cell permeability was determined. Results showed that protein and mRNA expression of HIF-1α and VEGF at 3 and 12 h of hypoxia were significantly higher than normal control (P<0.05), and peaked at 12 h. HIF-1α and VEGF expression in the hypoxic group and hypoxic+3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1) group were significantly higher than normal control (P<0.05), while expression in the hypoxic+YC-1 group was significantly lower than the hypoxic group (P<0.05). Bladder cell permeability in the hypoxic and hypoxic+YC-1 group were significantly increased compared to normal control (P<0.05), while in the hypoxic+YC-1 group was significantly decreased compared to the hypoxic group (P<0.05). Most of the cells in the stably transfected HIF-1α RNAi expression vector pcDNA6.2-GW/EmGFP-miR-siHIF-1α expressed green fluorescence protein (GFP) under fluorescence microscope. pcDNA6.2-GW/EmGFP-miR-siHIF-1α could significantly inhibit HIF-1α gene expression (P<0.05). HIF-1α and VEGF expression in the hypoxic group and siHIF-1α hypoxic group were significantly higher than normal group (P<0.05), while expression in the siHIF-1α hypoxic group was significantly lower than the hypoxic group (P<0.05). Findings suggest that HIF-1α is an important factor in the increase of bladder cancer cell permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan Province, China
| | - C L Shui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Q Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - H Luo
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, Sichuan Province, China
| | - C G Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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D'Ignazio L, Batie M, Rocha S. Hypoxia and Inflammation in Cancer, Focus on HIF and NF-κB. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E21. [PMID: 28536364 PMCID: PMC5489807 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is often characterised by the presence of hypoxia and inflammation. Paramount to the mechanisms controlling cellular responses under such stress stimuli, are the transcription factor families of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) and Nuclear Factor of κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Although, a detailed understating of how these transcription factors respond to their cognate stimulus is well established, it is now appreciated that HIF and NF-κB undergo extensive crosstalk, in particular in pathological situations such as cancer. Here, we focus on the current knowledge on how HIF is activated by inflammation and how NF-κB is modulated by hypoxia. We summarise the evidence for the possible mechanism behind this activation and how HIF and NF-κB function impacts cancer, focusing on colorectal, breast and lung cancer. We discuss possible new points of therapeutic intervention aiming to harness the current understanding of the HIF-NF-κB crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D'Ignazio
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK.
| | - Michael Batie
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK.
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK.
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Jain H, Jackson T. Mathematical Modeling of Cellular Cross-Talk Between Endothelial and Tumor Cells Highlights Counterintuitive Effects of VEGF-Targeted Therapies. Bull Math Biol 2017; 80:971-1016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Seeley TW, Sternlicht MD, Klaus SJ, Neff TB, Liu DY. Induction of erythropoiesis by hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors without promotion of tumor initiation, progression, or metastasis in a VEGF-sensitive model of spontaneous breast cancer. HYPOXIA 2017; 5:1-9. [PMID: 28331872 PMCID: PMC5354531 DOI: 10.2147/hp.s130526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of pharmacological hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilization were investigated in the MMTV-Neundl-YD5 (NeuYD) mouse model of breast cancer. This study first confirmed the sensitivity of this model to increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), using bigenic NeuYD;MMTV-VEGF-25 mice. Tumor initiation was dramatically accelerated in bigenic animals. Bigenic tumors were also more aggressive, with shortened doubling times and increased lung metastasis as compared to NeuYD controls. In separate studies, NeuYD mice were treated three times weekly from 7 weeks of age until study end with two different HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs), FG-4497 or roxadustat (FG-4592). In NeuYD mice, HIF-PHI treatments elevated erythropoiesis markers, but no differences were detected in tumor onset or the phenotypes of established tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Seeley
- Therapeutics R&D, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas B Neff
- Therapeutics R&D, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Y Liu
- Therapeutics R&D, FibroGen, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zarei Mahmudabadi A, Masoomi Karimi M, Bahabadi M, Bagheri Hoseinabadi Z, JafariSani M, Ahmadi R. Inhibition of AGS Cancer Cell Proliferation following siRNA-Mediated Downregulation of VEGFR2. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:381-8. [PMID: 27602320 PMCID: PMC5011326 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) play
important roles in angiogenesis of different developmental mechanisms such as wound
healing, embryogenesis and diseases, including different types of cancer. VEGFR2 is
associated with cell proliferation, migration, and vascular permeability of endothelial cells.
Blocking VEGF and its receptors is suggested as a therapeutic approach to prevent tumor
growth. In this study, we aim to block VEGF signaling via small interfering RNA (siRNA)
inhibition of VEGFR2.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we used the RNA interference (RNAi)
mechanism to suppress expression of the VEGFR2 gene. We conducted the 3-(4,5-di-
methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, real-time polymerase
chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, and flow cytometry analyses of VEGFR2 expression.
Results Real-time PCR and Western blot results showed that VEGFR2 expression
significantly downregulated. This suppression was followed by inhibition of cell prolifera-
tion, reduction of viability, and induction of apoptosis in the cancer cells.
Conclusion These findings suggest that VEGFR2 has a role in cell proliferation and
tumor growth. Accordingly, it is suggested that VEGFR2 can be a therapeutic target
for controlling tumor growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zarei Mahmudabadi
- Department of Biochemical, Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Masoomi Karimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Majid Bahabadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Moslem JafariSani
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Biochemistry Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Discontinuation of anti-VEGF cancer therapy promotes metastasis through a liver revascularization mechanism. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12680. [PMID: 27580750 PMCID: PMC5025794 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of discontinuation of anti-VEGF cancer therapy in promoting cancer metastasis is unknown. Here we show discontinuation of anti-VEGF treatment creates a time-window of profound structural changes of liver sinusoidal vasculatures, exhibiting hyper-permeability and enlarged open-pore sizes of the fenestrated endothelium and loss of VE-cadherin. The drug cessation caused highly leaky hepatic vasculatures permit tumour cell intravasation and extravasation. Discontinuation of an anti-VEGF antibody-based drug and sunitinib markedly promotes liver metastasis. Mechanistically, host hepatocyte, but not tumour cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is responsible for cancer metastasis. Deletion of hepatocyte VEGF markedly ablates the ‘off-drug'-induced metastasis. These findings provide mechanistic insights on anti-VEGF cessation-induced metastasis and raise a new challenge for uninterrupted and sustained antiangiogenic therapy for treatment of human cancers. Anti-VEGF therapy often produces limited beneficial effects in cancer patients. Here, the authors show that discontinuation of anti-VEGF cancer therapy in xenografts-bearing mice increases cancer cells extravasation and intravasation in liver through the host-derived VEGF.
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Botrel TEA, Clark LGDO, Paladini L, Clark OAC. Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab plus chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone in previously untreated advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:677. [PMID: 27558497 PMCID: PMC4997727 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of neoplasm-related death in the United States. Several studies analyzed the efficacy of bevacizumab combined with different chemotherapy regimens consisting on drugs such as 5-FU, capecitabine, irinotecan and oxaliplatin. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of chemotherapy plus bevacizumab versus chemotherapy alone in patients with previously untreated advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). METHODS Several databases were searched, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and CENTRAL. The primary endpoints were overall survival and progression-free survival. Data extracted from the studies were combined by using hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio (RR) with their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). RESULTS The final analysis included 9 trials comprising 3,914 patients. Patients who received the combined treatment (chemotherapy + bevacizumab) had higher response rates (RR = 0.89; 95 % CI: 0.82 to 0.96; p = 0.003) with heterogeneity, higher progression-free survival (HR = 0.69; 95 % CI: 0.63 to 0.75; p < 0.00001) and also higher overall survival rates (HR = 0.87; 95 % CI: 0.80 to 0.95; p = 0.002) with moderate heterogeneity. Regarding adverse events and severe toxicities (grade ≥ 3), the group receiving the combined therapy had higher rates of hypertension (RR = 3.56 95 % CI: 2.58 to 4.92; p < 0.00001), proteinuria (RR = 1.89; 95 % CI: 1.26 to 2.84; p = 0.002), gastrointestinal perforation (RR = 3.63; 95 % CI: 1.31 to 10.09; p = 0.01), any thromboembolic events (RR = 1.44; 95 % CI: 1.20 to 1.73; p = 0.0001), and bleeding (RR = 1.81; 95 % CI: 1.22 to 2.67; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION The combination of chemotherapy with bevacizumab increased the response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with mCRC without prior chemotherapy. The results of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were comparatively higher in those subgroups of patients receiving bolus 5-FU or capecitabine-based chemotherapy plus bevacizumab, when compared to patients treated with infusional %-FU plus bevacizumab (no difference in PFS and OS). Regarding the type of cytotoxic scheme, regimens containing irinotecan and fluoropyrimidine monotherapy showed superior efficacy results when combined to bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engel Ayer Botrel
- Evidencias - A Kantar Health Company, Av. José de Souza Campos, 550 - 7°. andar (salas 71 e 72), Nova Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 13092-123.
- CIOP - Centro Integrado de Oncologia e Pesquisa, Rua Santo Antônio 200, sala 301, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 37701-036.
| | - Luciana Gontijo de Oliveira Clark
- Evidencias - A Kantar Health Company, Av. José de Souza Campos, 550 - 7°. andar (salas 71 e 72), Nova Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 13092-123
| | - Luciano Paladini
- Evidencias - A Kantar Health Company, Av. José de Souza Campos, 550 - 7°. andar (salas 71 e 72), Nova Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 13092-123
| | - Otávio Augusto C Clark
- Evidencias - A Kantar Health Company, Av. José de Souza Campos, 550 - 7°. andar (salas 71 e 72), Nova Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 13092-123
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Yang SL, Ren QG, Wen L, Hu JL. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in lung cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:321-327. [PMID: 27376798 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) plays a vital role in the initiation, evaluation and prognosis in lung cancer. The prognostic value of HIF-1α reported in diverse study remains disputable. Accordingly, a meta-analysis was implemented to further understand the prognostic role of HIF-1α in lung cancer. The relationship between HIF-1α and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of lung cancer were investigated by a meta-analysis. PubMed and Embase were searched from their inception to January 2015 for observational studies. Fixed-effects or random-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of different comparisons. A total of 20 studies met the criteria. The results showed that HIF-1α expression in lung cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissues. Expression of HIF-1α in patients with squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that of patients with adenocarcinomas. Similarly, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients had higher HIF-1α expression than small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. Moreover, lymph node metastasized tissues had higher HIF-1α expression than non-lymph node metastasized tissues. A high level HIF-1α expression was well correlated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor in the NSCLC. Notably, NSCLC or SCLC patients with positive HIF-1α expression in tumor tissues had lower overall survival rate than patients with negative HIF-1α expression. It was suggested that HIF-1α expression may be a prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Odds Ratio
- Prognosis
- Survival Analysis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Quan-Guang Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lu Wen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jian-Li Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Kim EH, Lee H, Jeong YK, Jung WG. Mechanisms of SU5416, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, as a radiosensitizer for colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:763-70. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Heng DYC, Choueiri TK. The evolving landscape of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016:299-302. [PMID: 24451753 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2012.32.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The treatment paradigm in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has evolved over the last 5 years. There are now seven approved targeted therapies against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. The use of targeted therapy, sequences, combinations, and investigational compounds will be discussed. Prognostic and predictive tools are detailed, although much work must be done to find predictive biomarkers in an effort to individualize therapy for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y C Heng
- From the Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- From the Tom Baker Cancer Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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44
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Abu N, Yeap SK, Pauzi AZM, Akhtar MN, Zamberi NR, Ismail J, Zareen S, Alitheen NB. Dual Regulation of Cell Death and Cell Survival upon Induction of Cellular Stress by Isopimara-7,15-Dien-19-Oic Acid in Cervical Cancer, HeLa Cells In vitro. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 27065873 PMCID: PMC4814465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fritillaria imperialis is an ornamental flower that can be found in various parts of the world including Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Himalayas. The use of this plant as traditional remedy is widely known. This study aims to unveil the anti-cancer potentials of Isopimara-7,15-Dien-19-Oic Acid, extracted from the bulbs of F. imperialis in cervical cancer cell line, HeLa cells. Flow cytometry analysis of cell death, gene expression analysis via cDNA microarray and protein array were performed. Based on the results, Isopimara-7,15-Dien-19-Oic acid simultaneously induced cell death and promoted cell survival. The execution of apoptosis was apparent based on the flow cytometry results and regulation of both pro and anti-apoptotic genes. Additionally, the regulation of anti-oxidant genes were up-regulated especially thioredoxin, glutathione and superoxide dismutase- related genes. Moreover, the treatment also induced the activation of pro-survival heat shock proteins. Collectively, Isopimara-7,15-Dien-19-Oic Acid managed to induce cellular stress in HeLa cells and activate several anti- and pro survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Abu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Swee K Yeap
- Laboratory of Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine (LIVES), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Z Mat Pauzi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M Nadeem Akhtar
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur R Zamberi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Jamil Ismail
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Seema Zareen
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan B Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
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Cao Y. Future options of anti-angiogenic cancer therapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:21. [PMID: 26879126 PMCID: PMC4753668 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In human patients, drugs that block tumor vessel growth are widely used to treat a variety of cancer types. Many rigorous phase 3 clinical trials have demonstrated significant survival benefits; however, the addition of an anti-angiogenic component to conventional therapeutic modalities has generally produced modest survival benefits for cancer patients. Currently, it is unclear why these clinically available drugs targeting the same angiogenic pathways produce dissimilar effects in preclinical models and human patients. In this article, we discuss possible mechanisms of various anti-angiogenic drugs and the future development of optimized treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden. .,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.
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Koivu H, Takakubo Y, Mackiewicz Z, Al-Samadi A, Soininen A, Peled N, Kukis M, Trokovic N, Konttinen YT. Autoinflammation Around AES Total Ankle Replacement Implants. Foot Ankle Int 2015. [PMID: 26219907 DOI: 10.1177/1071100715596608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure of total ankle replacement (TAR) can be characterized by early peri-implant osteolysis even in the presence of very modest numbers of wear particles. The hypothesis of the study was that this reaction is in part mediated by autoinflammatory responses mediated via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, danger signals) and pattern-recognizing danger signal receptors (PRRs). METHODS Peri-implant tissue and control samples from 10 patients with AES implants were immunostained for hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), activated caspase-3, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE), and toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4. Results were evaluated on a 0 to 4 scale (from 0% to >50% stained area). RESULTS Peri-implant tissue around failed TAR implants had a relatively high mean HIF-1α score of 3 on a scale, which however was similar in control samples. HMGB1 (a DAMP) was seen to be mobilized from nuclei to cellular cytoplasm, and the active caspase-3(+) cells were increased. All PRRs were increased in revision samples. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of HMGB1 and other danger signals together with increased PRR-dependent responsiveness could contribute to autoinflammatory peri-implantitis, multilocular cyst formation, and osteolysis in failed TAR implants. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helka Koivu
- Hospital Terveystalo Pulssi, and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Yuya Takakubo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, UH/HUCH, Helsinki, Finland Department of Orthopedics, Yamagata School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Zygmunt Mackiewicz
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, UH/HUCH, Helsinki, Finland State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, UH/HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Soininen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, UH/HUCH, Helsinki, Finland ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital of the ORTON Foundation, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nitai Peled
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, UH/HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Modestas Kukis
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nina Trokovic
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, UH/HUCH, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yrjö T Konttinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, UH/HUCH, Helsinki, Finland ORTON Orthopaedic Hospital of the ORTON Foundation, Helsinki, Finland
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Yang YJ, Na HJ, Suh MJ, Ban MJ, Byeon HK, Kim WS, Kim JW, Choi EC, Kwon HJ, Chang JW, Koh YW. Hypoxia Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Follicular Thyroid Cancer: Involvement of Regulation of Twist by Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α. Yonsei Med J 2015; 56:1503-14. [PMID: 26446630 PMCID: PMC4630036 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.6.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) has a relatively fair prognosis, distant metastasis sometimes results in poor prognosis and survival. There is little understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the aggressiveness potential of thyroid cancer. We showed that hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) induced aggressiveness in FTC cells and identified the underlying mechanism of the HIF-1α-induced invasive characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were cultured under controlled hypoxic environments (1% O₂) or normoxic conditions. The effect of hypoxia on HIF-1α, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related markers were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Invasion and wound healing assay were conducted to identify functional character of EMT. The involvement of HIF-1α and Twist in EMT were studied using gene overexpression or silencing. After orthotopic nude mouse model was established using the cells transfected with lentiviral shHIF-1α, tissue analysis was done. RESULTS Hypoxia induces HIF-1α expression and EMT, including typical morphologic changes, cadherin shift, and increased vimentin expression. We showed that overexpression of HIF-1α via transfection resulted in the aforementioned changes without hypoxia, and repression of HIF-1α with RNA interference suppressed hypoxia-induced HIF-1α and EMT. Furthermore, we also observed that Twist expression was regulated by HIF-1α. These were confirmed in the orthotopic FTC model. CONCLUSION Hypoxia induced HIF-1α, which in turn induced EMT, resulting in the increased capacity for invasion and migration of cells via regulation of the Twist signal pathway in FTC cells. These findings provide insight into a possible therapeutic strategy to prevent invasive and metastatic FTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ju Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwi Jung Na
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michelle J Suh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Ban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Kwon Byeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Shik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Chang Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Ju Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yoon Woo Koh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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48
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Kim EH, Kim MS, Jeong YK, Cho I, You SH, Cho SH, Lee H, Jung WG, Kim HD, Kim J. Mechanisms for SU5416 as a radiosensitizer of endothelial cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1440-50. [PMID: 26314590 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs), that comprise the tumor vasculature, are critical targets for anticancer radiotherapy. The aim of this work was to study the mechanism by which SU5416, a known anti-angiogenesis inhibitor, modifies the radiation responses of human vascular ECs. Two human endothelial cell lines (HUVEC and 2H11) were treated with SU5416 alone, radiation alone, or a combination of both. In vitro tests were performed using colony forming assays, FACS analysis, western blotting, immunohistochemistry, migration assay, invasion assays and endothelial tube formation assays. The combination of radiation and SU5416 significantly inhibited cell survival, the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage, and induced apoptosis. It also caused cell cycle arrest, inhibited cell migration and invasion, and suppressed angiogenesis. In this study, our results first provide a scientific rationale to combine SU5416 with radiotherapy to target ECs and suggest its clinical application in combination cancer treatment with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ho Kim
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilsung Cho
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon You
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Lee
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gyun Jung
- Division of Heavy Ion Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hag Dong Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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VEGF-B promotes cancer metastasis through a VEGF-A-independent mechanism and serves as a marker of poor prognosis for cancer patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2900-9. [PMID: 25991856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503500112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological functions of VEGF-B in cancer progression remain poorly understood. Here, we report that VEGF-B promotes cancer metastasis through the remodeling of tumor microvasculature. Knockdown of VEGF-B in tumors resulted in increased perivascular cell coverage and impaired pulmonary metastasis of human melanomas. In contrast, the gain of VEGF-B function in tumors led to pseudonormalized tumor vasculatures that were highly leaky and poorly perfused. Tumors expressing high levels of VEGF-B were more metastatic, although primary tumor growth was largely impaired. Similarly, VEGF-B in a VEGF-A-null tumor resulted in attenuated primary tumor growth but substantial pulmonary metastases. VEGF-B also led to highly metastatic phenotypes in Vegfr1 tk(-/-) mice and mice treated with anti-VEGF-A. These data indicate that VEGF-B promotes cancer metastasis through a VEGF-A-independent mechanism. High expression levels of VEGF-B in two large-cohort studies of human patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma correlated with poor survival. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that VEGF-B is a vascular remodeling factor promoting cancer metastasis and that targeting VEGF-B may be an important therapeutic approach for cancer metastasis.
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50
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Iwamoto H, Zhang Y, Seki T, Yang Y, Nakamura M, Wang J, Yang X, Torimura T, Cao Y. PlGF-induced VEGFR1-dependent vascular remodeling determines opposing antitumor effects and drug resistance to Dll4-Notch inhibitors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1400244. [PMID: 26601163 PMCID: PMC4640632 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of Dll4 (delta-like ligand 4)-Notch signaling-mediated tumor angiogenesis is an attractive approach in cancer therapy. However, inhibition of Dll4-Notch signaling has produced different effects in various tumors, and no biomarkers are available for predicting the anti-Dll4-Notch-associated antitumor activity. We show that human and mouse tumor cell-derived placental growth factor (PlGF) is a key determinant of the Dll4-Notch-induced vascular remodeling and tumor growth. In natural PlGF-expressing human tumors, inhibition of Dll4-Notch signaling markedly accelerated tumor growth by increasing blood perfusion in nonleaking tumor vasculatures. Conversely, in PlGF-negative tumors, Dll4 inhibition suppressed tumor growth by the formation of nonproductive and leaky vessels. Surprisingly, genetic inactivation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) completely abrogated the PlGF-modulated vascular remodeling and tumor growth, indicating a crucial role for VEGFR1-mediated signals in modulating Dll4-Notch functions. These findings provide mechanistic insights on PlGF-VEGFR1 signaling in the modulation of the Dll4-Notch pathway in angiogenesis and tumor growth, and have therapeutic implications of PlGF as a biomarker for predicting the antitumor benefits of Dll4 and Notch inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Iwamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masaki Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 831 0011 Kurume, Japan
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
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