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de Groen PC. A new, all-encompassing aetiology of type 1 diabetes. Immunology 2024; 171:77-91. [PMID: 37772700 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is considered multifactorial with the contribution of the MHC on chromosome 6 being most important. Multiple factors also contribute to the aetiology of colorectal neoplasia, but the final event causing the change from normal mucosa to polyp and from polyp to cancer is due to a single somatic mutation event. Repeated formation of colorectal neoplasia within an at-risk population results in a predictable, tapering, exponential neoplasia distribution. Critical mutations driving colorectal neoplasia formation occur in mutation-prone DNA. These observations led to three hypotheses related to T1D. First, a single somatic mutation within the MHC of antigen presenting cells results in a change in phenotype from normal to T1D. Second, the distribution of additional autoimmune diseases (AAIDs) among persons with T1D adheres to a predictable, tapering, exponential distribution. And third, critical mutations driving development of T1D occur in mutation-prone DNA. To address the hypotheses in an orderly fashion, a new analytical method called genome-wide aetiology analysis (GWEA) consisting of nine steps is presented. All data required for GWEA of T1D are obtained from peer-reviewed publications or publicly available genome and proteome databases. Critical GWEA steps include AAID distribution among persons with T1D, analysis of at-risk HLA loci for mutation-prone DNA, determination of the role of non-MHC genes on GWAS, and verification of human data by cell culture or animal experiments. GWEA results show that distribution of AAID among persons with T1D adheres to a predictable, tapering, exponential distribution. A single, critical, somatic mutation within the epitope-binding groove of at-risk HLA loci alters HLA-insulin-peptide-T-cell-receptor (TCR) complex binding affinity and creates a new pathway that leads to loss of self-tolerance. The at-risk HLA loci, in particular binding pockets P1, P4 and P9, are encoded by mutation-prone DNA: GC-rich DNA sequence and somatic hypermutation hotspots. All other genes on GWAS can but do not have to amplify the new autoimmune pathway by facilitating DNA mutations, changing peptide binding affinity, reducing signal inhibition or augmenting signal intensity. Animal experiments agree with human studies. In conclusion, T1D is caused by a somatic mutation within the epitope-binding groove of an at-risk HLA gene that affects HLA-insulin-peptide-TCR complex binding affinity and initiates an autoimmune pathway. The nature of the peptide that binds to a mutated epitope-binding groove of an at-risk HLA gene determines the type of autoimmune disease that develops, that is, one at-risk HLA locus, multiple autoimmune diseases. Thus, T1D and AAIDs, and therefore common autoimmune diseases, share a similar somatic mutation-based aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet C de Groen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Zhu K, Mukherjee K, Wei C, Hayek SS, Collins A, Gu C, Corapi K, Altintas MM, Wang Y, Waikar SS, Bianco AC, Koch A, Tacke F, Reiser J, Sever S. The D2D3 form of uPAR acts as an immunotoxin and may cause diabetes and kidney disease. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq6492. [PMID: 37729431 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq6492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a risk factor for kidney diseases. In addition to suPAR, proteolysis of membrane-bound uPAR results in circulating D1 and D2D3 proteins. We showed that when exposed to a high-fat diet, transgenic mice expressing D2D3 protein developed progressive kidney disease marked by microalbuminuria, elevated serum creatinine, and glomerular hypertrophy. D2D3 transgenic mice also exhibited insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus evidenced by decreased levels of insulin and C-peptide, impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, decreased pancreatic β cell mass, and high fasting blood glucose. Injection of anti-uPAR antibody restored β cell mass and function in D2D3 transgenic mice. At the cellular level, the D2D3 protein impaired β cell proliferation and inhibited the bioenergetics of β cells, leading to dysregulated cytoskeletal dynamics and subsequent impairment in the maturation and trafficking of insulin granules. D2D3 protein was predominantly detected in the sera of patients with nephropathy and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These sera inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release from human islets in a D2D3-dependent manner. Our study showed that D2D3 injures the kidney and pancreas and suggests that targeting this protein could provide a therapy for kidney diseases and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Changli Wei
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Salim S Hayek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Agnieszka Collins
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Changkyu Gu
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kristin Corapi
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mehmet M Altintas
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Section of Nephrology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sanja Sever
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Ingrosso DMF, Quarta MT, Quarta A, Chiarelli F. Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Children: A Worthy Challenge? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5962. [PMID: 37297566 PMCID: PMC10252671 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the development of new immuno-therapeutic drugs has made it possible to alter the course of many autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease with a progressive dependence on exogenous insulin administration. The ability to intercept individuals at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes is the first step toward the development of therapies that can delay the process of β-cell destruction, thus permitting a better glycemic control and reducing the incidence of ketoacidosis. The knowledge of the main pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the three stages of the disease may be helpful to identify the best immune therapeutic approach. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the most important clinical trials conducted during the primary, secondary and tertiary phases of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Sabetkam S, Kalarestaghi H, Mazloumi Z, Dizaji Asl K, Norouzi N, Rafat A. The dysfunction of natural killer cells is essential for the development of type 1 diabetes. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 247:154556. [PMID: 37216747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells by immune cells. In general, environmental and genetic factors can lead to immunological self-tolerance in TID. It is clear that the innate immune system, especially natural killer (NK) cells, is involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. Aberrant NK cell frequencies associated with dysregulation of inhibitory and activating receptors contribute to the initiation and progression of T1D. As T1D is incurable and the metabolic disturbances caused by T1D severely impact patients, a better understanding of NK cell behavior in T1D may facilitate disease treatment strategies. The current review focuses on the role of NK cell receptors in T1D and also highlights ongoing efforts to manipulate key checkpoints in NK cell-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Sabetkam
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kyrenia, Mersin 10, Kyrenia, Turkey; Department of Histopathology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medical sciences, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Kalarestaghi
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cell, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zeinab Mazloumi
- Department of Medical Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Dizaji Asl
- Department of Histopathology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medical sciences, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahid Norouzi
- Nursing Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ali Rafat
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Seidel A, Seidel CL, Weider M, Junker R, Gölz L, Schmetzer H. Influence of Natural Killer Cells and Natural Killer T Cells on Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249766. [PMID: 33371393 PMCID: PMC7767411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, as members of the innate immune system, and natural killer T (NKT) cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity, play a prominent role in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancerogenesis, yet have scarcely been examined in oral diseases. Therefore, systematic research on the latest literature focusing on NK/NKT cell-mediated mechanisms in periodontal disease, including the time period 1988–2020, was carried out in MEDLINE (PubMed) using a predetermined search strategy, with a final selection of 25 studies. The results showed that NK cells tend to have rather proinflammatory influences via cytokine production, cytotoxic effects, dendritic-cell-crosstalk, and autoimmune reactions, while contrarily, NKT cell-mediated mechanisms were proinflammatory and immunoregulatory, ranging from protective effects via B-cell-regulation, specific antibody production, and the suppression of autoimmunity to destructive effects via cytokine production, dendritic-cell-crosstalk, and T-/B-cell interactions. Since NK cells seem to have a proinflammatory role in periodontitis, further research should focus on the proinflammatory and immunoregulatory properties of NKT cells in order to create, in addition to antibacterial strategies in dental inflammatory disease, novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches modulating host immunity towards dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Seidel
- Dental Practice, Bahnhofstraße 10, 82223 Eichenau, Germany
| | - Corinna L Seidel
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstr. 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Weider
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstr. 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Junker
- Center for Dental Prosthetics and Biomaterials, Danube Private University Krems, Steiner Landstraße 124, 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria
| | - Lina Gölz
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstr. 11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helga Schmetzer
- Department of Med. III, University Hospital LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Schloss J, Ali R, Racine JJ, Chapman HD, Serreze DV, DiLorenzo TP. HLA-B*39:06 Efficiently Mediates Type 1 Diabetes in a Mouse Model Incorporating Reduced Thymic Insulin Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3353-3363. [PMID: 29632144 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreatic islets. Among the loci associated with T1D risk, those most predisposing are found in the MHC region. HLA-B*39:06 is the most predisposing class I MHC allele and is associated with an early age of onset. To establish an NOD mouse model for the study of HLA-B*39:06, we expressed it in the absence of murine class I MHC. HLA-B*39:06 was able to mediate the development of CD8 T cells, support lymphocytic infiltration of the islets, and confer T1D susceptibility. Because reduced thymic insulin expression is associated with impaired immunological tolerance to insulin and increased T1D risk in patients, we incorporated this in our model as well, finding that HLA-B*39:06-transgenic NOD mice with reduced thymic insulin expression have an earlier age of disease onset and a higher overall prevalence as compared with littermates with typical thymic insulin expression. This was despite virtually indistinguishable blood insulin levels, T cell subset percentages, and TCR Vβ family usage, confirming that reduced thymic insulin expression does not impact T cell development on a global scale. Rather, it will facilitate the thymic escape of insulin-reactive HLA-B*39:06-restricted T cells, which participate in β cell destruction. We also found that in mice expressing either HLA-B*39:06 or HLA-A*02:01 in the absence of murine class I MHC, HLA transgene identity alters TCR Vβ usage by CD8 T cells, demonstrating that some TCR Vβ families have a preference for particular class I MHC alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | | | | | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; .,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Jean-Baptiste VSE, Xia CQ, Clare-Salzler MJ, Horwitz MS. Type 1 Diabetes and Type 1 Interferonopathies: Localization of a Type 1 Common Thread of Virus Infection in the Pancreas. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:10-17. [PMID: 28663145 PMCID: PMC5552106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Increasing incidence of T1D worldwide is prompting researchers to adopt different approaches to explain the biology of T1D, beyond the presence and activity of autoreactive lymphocytes. In this review, we propose inflammatory pathways as triggers for T1D. Within the scope of those inflammatory pathways and in understanding the pathogenesis of disease, we suggest that viruses, in particular Coxsackieviruses, act by causing a type 1 interferonopathy within the pancreas and the microenvironment of the islet. As such, this connection and common thread represents an exciting platform for the development of new diagnostic, treatment and/or prevention options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie S E Jean-Baptiste
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (I3) Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Chang-Qing Xia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Michael J Clare-Salzler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (I3) Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Natural Killer Cells in the Orchestration of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:4218254. [PMID: 28428965 PMCID: PMC5385901 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4218254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, altered immune cell phenotype, and functions are key features shared by diverse chronic diseases, including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Natural killer cells are innate lymphoid cells primarily involved in the immune system response to non-self-components but their plasticity is largely influenced by the pathological microenvironment. Altered NK phenotype and function have been reported in several pathological conditions, basically related to impaired or enhanced toxicity. Here we reviewed and discussed the role of NKs in selected, different, and “distant” chronic diseases, cancer, diabetes, periodontitis, and atherosclerosis, placing NK cells as crucial orchestrator of these pathologic conditions.
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Mouat IC, Morse ZJ, Jean-Baptiste VSE, Allanach JR, Horwitz MS. Fresh Ideas, Foundational Experiments (FIFE): Immunology and Diabetes 2016 FIFE Symposium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:238. [PMID: 28974943 PMCID: PMC5610696 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first Fresh Ideas, Foundational Experiments (FIFE): Immunology and Diabetes symposia workshop took place in 2016 and exemplified the active interest of a number of several investigators interested the global rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This increase does not correlate with genetic drift and indicates that environmental exposures are playing an increasingly significant role. Despite major biomedical and technological advances in diagnosis and treatment, treatments are frequently insufficient as they do not inhibit the progression of the underlying autoimmune response and often fail to prevent life-threatening complications. T1D is the result of autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas, and the precise, mechanistic contribution of the immune system to disease pathogenesis and progression remains to be fully characterized. Ultimately, the combinatorial effect of concurrent factors, including beta cell fragility, exogenous stressors, and genetic priming of the innate and adaptive immune system, work together to induce T1D autoimmunity. Thus, T1D is the result of immunological defects and environmental pathogens, requiring the sustained attention of collaborative research teams such as FIFE: I & D with varied perspectives, unified by the universally held goal of finding a sustainable, life-long cure. Herein, the authors provide perspective on various fields in T1D research highlighted by speakers participating in the inaugural FIFE symposium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C. Mouat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zachary J. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jessica R. Allanach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Marc S. Horwitz,
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Abou Khalil NS, Abou-Elhamd AS, Wasfy SIA, El Mileegy IMH, Hamed MY, Ageely HM. Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Impacts of Desert Date (Balanites aegyptiaca) and Parsley (Petroselinum sativum) Aqueous Extracts: Lessons from Experimental Rats. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:8408326. [PMID: 27019854 PMCID: PMC4785268 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8408326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are effective in controlling plasma glucose level with minimal side effects and are commonly used in developing countries as an alternative therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential antidiabetic and antioxidant impacts of Balanites aegyptiaca and Petroselinum sativum extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic and normal rats. The influences of these extracts on body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and liver-pyruvate kinase (L-PK) levels were assessed. Furthermore, the weight and histomorphological changes of the pancreas were studied in the different experimental groups. The herbal preparations significantly reduced the mean plasma glucose and MDA levels and significantly increased the mean plasma insulin, L-PK, and TAC levels in the treated diabetic groups compared to the diabetic control group. An obvious increase in the weight of the pancreas and the size of the islets of Langerhans and improvement in the histoarchitecture were evident in the treated groups compared to untreated ones. In conclusion, the present study provides a scientific evidence for the traditional use of these extracts as antidiabetic and antioxidant agents in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S. Abou Khalil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Alaa S. Abou-Elhamd
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Salwa I. A. Wasfy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Y. Hamed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hussein M. Ageely
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia
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Hamari S, Kirveskoski T, Glumoff V, Kulmala P, Simell O, Knip M, Ilonen J, Veijola R. CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation responses to wheat polypeptide stimulation in children at different stages of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity. Pediatr Diabetes 2015; 16:177-88. [PMID: 25643742 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our aim was to study whether immune responses to wheat-based proteins are related to the development of type 1 diabetes. METHODS We analysed proliferative T-cell responses after in vitro gliadin, gluten, whole wheat, and tetanus toxoid stimulation with a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) based T-cell proliferation assay in children at various phases of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity and in healthy autoantibody-negative control children. RESULTS At an early stage of beta cell autoimmunity the strength and frequencies of positive proliferation responses to gliadin, gluten, and whole wheat did not differ between newly seroconverted children positive for one islet autoantibody and the controls. However, in prediabetic children with at least two islet autoantibodies and also in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes positive T-cell responses to gliadin were significantly less frequent and the strength of gliadin responses was reduced when compared to the controls. No differences were seen in T-cell responses to wheat-based antigens when comparing children with long-lasting type 1 diabetes with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Decreased in vitro T-cell responses to wheat-based antigens were observed in children with multiple islet autoantibodies and in those with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, probably reflecting a generally aberrant immune response during the development of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Hamari
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Xie Z, Chang C, Zhou Z. Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes: a Critical Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 47:174-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Safarzade A, Talebi-Garakani E. Short term resistance training enhanced plasma apoA-I and FABP4 levels in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:41. [PMID: 24593955 PMCID: PMC3946130 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-13-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with a high risk for early atherosclerotic complications. Altered lipids and lipoprotein metabolism in chronic diabetes mellitus is associated with pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 4 weeks resistance training on plasma lipid profile, fatty acid binding protein (FABP) 4 and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I levels in type 1 diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty two male Wister rats (12-14 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups: non-diabetic control; non-diabetic trained; diabetic control; diabetic trained. The rats in training groups were subjected to a resistance training program (3 days/wk, for 4 wk) consisted of climbing a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. RESULTS Diabetic inducing increased plasma apoA-I and decreased FABP4 levels compared with non-diabetic control group (respectively, P = 0.001 & P = 0.041). After 4 weeks' resistance training, plasma levels of apoA-I and FABP4 in the diabetic trained rats were significantly higher compared with the diabetic control group (respectively, P = 0.003 & P = 0.017). Plasma HDL-C level in diabetic trained group was higher than diabetic control group (P = 0.048). Liver triglycerides concentrations were significantly lower in both trained (non-diabetic and diabetic) groups compared with their control groups (respectively, P = 0.041 and P = 0.002). CONCLUSION These data indicated that resistance training may be an efficient intervention strategy to increase plasma apoA-I, HDL-C and FABP4 concentrations, along with decreases liver triglycerides in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Further research is needed to elucidate physiological significance of circulating FABP4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Safarzade
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
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Mehra N, Kaur G. HLA genetics and disease with particular reference to Type 1 diabetes and HIV infection in Asian Indians. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:901-13. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.6.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Thongsai S, Watanabenjasopa S, Youjaiyen M. Depression in patients with type II diabetes: case study at diabetic outpatient clinic, in Samut Prakan. Glob J Health Sci 2013; 6:127-34. [PMID: 24373272 PMCID: PMC4825390 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n1p127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This descriptive research studied the depression level of patients with diabetes type II at diabetic clinics in Samut Prakarn, and, identified the causes of severe depression in patients with type 2. There were 209 participants enrolled in the study. The samples were selected by opportunistic sampling technique. The data were collected from May 2013 to July 2013, using the CES-D questionnaire, with Cronbach's coefficient alpha 0.82 and guidelines for interviews. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. RESEARCH RESULTS 1. 66 percent of participants had a depression score at a low level. 2. The CES-D showed that, 44 percent were unhappy and 38 percent did not feel that their life was enjoyable. 29 percent felt no hope for the future, 5.6 percent were easily upset and 8.3 percent suffered from insomnia and severe depression. 3. Half of the participants mentioned that troubled family relationships was a main cause of their depression, 42.9 percents felt worrying about their illness, 35.3 percent blamed over work and almost 15 percent identified loss of love as the cause of depression.
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Raha O, Sarkar B, Lakkakula BVKS, Pasumarthy V, Godi S, Chowdhury S, Raychaudhuri P, Vadlamudi RR. HLA class II SNP interactions and the association with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Bengali speaking patients of Eastern India. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:12. [PMID: 23441825 PMCID: PMC3599455 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated a fundamental role for the HLA in the susceptibility of, or protection to, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, this has not been adequately studied in Asian Indian populations. To assess the frequency of HLA class II (DPA1, DPB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DRB1) associated to susceptibility or protection toT1DM in a Bengali population of India with diabetes. RESULTS Single nucleotide polymorphism study. The HLA genotyping was performed by a polymerase chain reaction followed by their HLA-DP, DQ, and DRB1 genotypes and haplotypes by sequencing method. The results are studied by Plink software. The χ2 tests were used for the inferential statistics. To our knowledge, this study is the first of a kind which has attempted to check the HLA association with T1DM by SNPs analysis. The study recruited 151 patients with T1DM and same number of ethno-linguistic, sex matched non-diabetic controls. The present study found a significant SNP rs7990 of HLA-DQA1 (p = 0.009) negative correlation, again indicating that risk from HLA is considerably more with T1DM. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the HLA class-II alleles play a major role in genetic basis of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Raha
- Anthropological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal 700016, India
| | - Biswanath Sarkar
- Anthropological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal 700016, India
| | - Bhaskar VKS Lakkakula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai 600 116, India
| | - Veerraju Pasumarthy
- Department of Human Genetics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India
| | - Sudhakar Godi
- Department of Human Genetics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, India
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Baxter AG, Jordan MA. From markers to molecular mechanisms: type 1 diabetes in the post-GWAS era. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 9:201-23. [PMID: 23804261 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2012.9.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By the year 2000, a draft of the human genome sequence was completed. Millions of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) had been deposited into public databases, and high throughput technologies were under development for SNP genotyping. At that time, it was predicted that large case control association studies would provide far better resolution and power than genome-wide linkage studies. Type 1 diabetes was one of the first phenotypes to be examined by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and to date over 50 genomic regions have been associated with the disease. In general, the great majority of these loci individually contribute a relatively small degree of risk, and most loci lie outside of coding sequences. The identification of molecular mechanisms from these genomic data therefore remains a significant challenge. Here, we summarize genetic candidate, linkage, and association studies of type 1 diabetes and discuss a potential strategy to identify mechanisms of disease from genomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Baxter
- Comparative Genomics Centre, Molecular Sciences Building 21, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.
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18
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Sugihara S, Ogata T, Kawamura T, Urakami T, Takemoto K, Kikuchi N, Takubo N, Tsubouchi K, Horikawa R, Kobayashi K, Kasahara Y, Kikuchi T, Koike A, Mochizuki T, Minamitani K, Takaya R, Mochizuki H, Nishii A, Yokota I, Kizaki Z, Mori T, Shimura N, Mukai T, Matsuura N, Fujisawa T, Ihara K, Kosaka K, Kizu R, Takahashi T, Matsuo S, Hanaki K, Igarashi Y, Sasaki G, Soneda S, Teno S, Kanzaki S, Saji H, Tokunaga K, Amemiya S. HLA-class II and class I genotypes among Japanese children with Type 1A diabetes and their families. Pediatr Diabetes 2012; 13:33-44. [PMID: 22128760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the HLA-DRB1, DQB1, DPB1, A, C, and B genotypes among Japanese children with autoimmune type 1 diabetes. METHODS Four hundred and thirty patients who were GADAb and/or IA-2Ab-positive (Type 1A) were recruited from 37 medical centers as part of a nationwide multicenter collaborative study. DNA samples from 83 siblings of the children with Type 1A diabetes and 149 parent-child trios were also analyzed. A case-control study and a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) were then performed. RESULTS The susceptible and protective DRB1 and DQB1 alleles and haplotypes were confirmed. DPB1 alleles unique to the Japanese population and those common to multiple ethnic groups were also present. A linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed both susceptible and protective haplotypes. The TDT did not reveal any alleles that were transmitted preferentially from the mother or father to children with Type 1A. Homozygosity for DRB1-09:01-DQB1-03:03 and heterozygosity for DRB1-04:05-DQB1-04:01 and DRB1-08:02-DQB1-03:02 were associated with an extremely high risk of Type 1A. A comparison of children with Type 1A and their parents and siblings suggested a dose effect of susceptible DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes and an effect of protective alleles on immunological pathogenesis. DRB1-09:01 appeared to be strongly associated with an early onset in preschool children with Type 1A diabetes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the characteristic association of HLA-class II and class I genes with Type 1A diabetes among Japanese children. A TDT did not reveal the genomic imprinting of HLA-class II and class I genes in Type 1A diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetaka Sugihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan.
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Jiang YL, Ning Y, Liu YY, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yin LM, Xu YD, Wei Y, Yang YQ. Effects of preventive acupuncture on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:e355-61. [PMID: 21750401 DOI: 10.3275/7859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes prevention has received increasing attention recently. Clinical and experimental studies showed that acupuncture could produce hypoglycemic effect. However, little is known about the effectiveness of acupuncture in diabetes prevention. AIM To investigate the preventive effects of acupuncture on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia in rats. METHODS Hyperglycemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). Rats were randomly divided into six groups (no.=8 each group): control, diabetes, preventive acupuncture plus STZ injection, STZ injection plus therapeutic acupuncture, STZ injection plus preventive and therapeutic acupuncture, and preventive and therapeutic acupuncture control. Body weight, blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes were measured by routine standard methods. Histological analysis of pancreatic islets was conducted. RESULTS Preventive acupuncture significantly relieved hyperglycemia, insulin deficiency, weight loss, and pancreatic islet damage in rats with STZ injection; it also significantly reduced serum lipid peroxidation and enhanced superoxide dismutase in the serum and the pancreas without significantly affecting serum glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Therapeutic acupuncture exhibited a hypoglycemic effect in the late stage, but did not significantly improve other parameters. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that preventive acupuncture is beneficial to the control of STZ-induced hyperglycemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Jiang
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 650 South Wanping Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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Wang J, Miao D, Wang Y, Lu B, Babu S, Klingensmith G, Rewers M, Eisenbarth GS, Yu L. Analysis of pathogenesis of juvenile new-onset diabetes. J Diabetes 2011; 3:132-7. [PMID: 21138544 PMCID: PMC4948857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2010.00105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of anti-islet autoantibodies at the time of disease onset contributes greatly to the differentiation of Type 1A diabetes with HLA Class II subtyping also contributing. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 900 patients with age from 1 month to 25 years (median age 11.1 years) within 2 weeks of diabetes onset to test anti-islet autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma antigen (IA-2AA), the zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8AA), and islet-cell antibodies (ICA). Polymorphisms of the HLA Class II gene were typed in 547 randomly selected patients. RESULTS Of the 900 subjects analyzed, 145 (16.1%) were negative for all five anti-islet autoantibodies, and autoantibody negativity significantly increased with age: 10.2% (38/372) among children <10 years of age, 14.2% (46/325) in those 10-14 years of age, and 30.1% (61/203) in those >14 years of age (P < 0.001). The prevalence of IA-2AA was the highest among young children. The prevalence of GADA increased with age while the prevalence of IAA was inversely correlated with age. At diagnosis, the subjects with negative antibodies had a higher body mass index (P < 0.001) and less high risk HLA genotype DR3-DQ2/DR4-DQ8 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION A large percentage of children and youths negative for all anti-islet autoantibodies at the onset of diabetes are likely to have the non-immune form, especially those without DR3/DR4 and obese patients. Among autoantibody-positive Type 1A patients, IAA and GADA showed a reciprocal prevalence, suggesting differential disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Moura LP, Puga GM, Beck WR, Teixeira IP, Ghezzi AC, Silva GA, Mello MAR. Exercise and spirulina control non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and lipid profile in diabetic Wistar rats. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:77. [PMID: 21569626 PMCID: PMC3112424 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is associated with metabolic dysfunctions, including alterations in circulating lipid levels and fat tissue accumulation, which causes, among other pathologies, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of this study was to analyse the effects of physical exercise and spirulina intake on the control of NAFLD in diabetic Wistar rats. METHODS Diabetes was induced in the animals through intravenous administration of alloxan. The rats were divided into four groups: Diabetic Control (DC) - diabetic rats fed with a control diet and no physical exercise; Diabetic Spirulina (DS) - diabetic rats fed with a diet that included spirulina; Diabetic Spirulina and Exercise (DSE) - diabetic rats fed with a diet that included Spirulina and that exercised; and Diabetic Exercise (DE) - diabetic rats fed with a control diet and that exercised. RESULTS The groups DS, DSE, and DE presented lower plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol than DC, as well as lower levels of total liver lipids in groups DS, DSE, and DE in comparison to DC. CONCLUSION Thus, spirulina appears to be effective in reducing total circulating levels of LDL-cholesterol and hepatic lipids, alone or in conjunction with physical exercise in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro P Moura
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Department of Physical Education. Institute of Biosciences. Laboratory of nutrition, metabolism and exercise. Av 24A, 1.515, Bela Vista - 13.506-900 - Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Puga
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Department of Physical Education. Institute of Biosciences. Laboratory of nutrition, metabolism and exercise. Av 24A, 1.515, Bela Vista - 13.506-900 - Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Wladimir R Beck
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Department of Physical Education. Institute of Biosciences. Laboratory of nutrition, metabolism and exercise. Av 24A, 1.515, Bela Vista - 13.506-900 - Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Inaian P Teixeira
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Department of Physical Education. Institute of Biosciences. Laboratory of nutrition, metabolism and exercise. Av 24A, 1.515, Bela Vista - 13.506-900 - Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Ghezzi
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Department of Physical Education. Institute of Biosciences. Laboratory of nutrition, metabolism and exercise. Av 24A, 1.515, Bela Vista - 13.506-900 - Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Gláucio A Silva
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Department of Physical Education. Institute of Biosciences. Laboratory of nutrition, metabolism and exercise. Av 24A, 1.515, Bela Vista - 13.506-900 - Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice R Mello
- São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho". Department of Physical Education. Institute of Biosciences. Laboratory of nutrition, metabolism and exercise. Av 24A, 1.515, Bela Vista - 13.506-900 - Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Kim WS, Lee SU. Harmful effect of land-based endurance exercise in rats with diabetic nerve. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:1625-31. [PMID: 20142779 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181d58e09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repetitive limb movements made during aerobic exercises, such as walking and jogging that are frequently prescribed for diabetes control, can induce nerve strain, which has been reported to induce nerve ischemia. Nerves in a diabetic background are more vulnerable to ischemia. We investigated the effects of repetitive treadmill and swimming exercises on nerves in diabetic rats. METHODS Rats with diabetic neuropathy were randomly allocated to one of three groups, namely, control (n = 7), treadmill (n = 8), and swimming (n = 8) groups. After 12 wk of exercise, sural and sciatic nerves were harvested and analyzed by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Western blotting. RESULTS In sural nerves, percentages of TUNEL-positive cells and BAX/GAPDH level were higher in the treadmill than that in the swimming group. In sciatic nerves, there was no significant difference among three groups. CONCLUSIONS : Endurance exercises increase Schwann cell apoptosis in distal peripheral nerves. Greater loadings during exercise were found to increase Schwann cell apoptosis. Land-based endurance exercises may have a harmful effect on peripheral nerves in certain individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Seok Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Boramae Medical Center, 395 Shindaebang 2 dong, Dongjak ku, Seoul, Korea
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Gil-Del Valle L, de la C Milian L, Toledo A, Avila J, Tápanes R, Llera I, Otero MA, Martínez-Sánchez G. WITHDRAWN: Modification in redox status of diabetes mellitus type 1 patients after insulin transition. Biomed Pharmacother 2010:S0753-3322(10)00186-1. [PMID: 21067888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2010.09.005. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Gil-Del Valle
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), Autopista Novia del Mediodía, Km 6½, P.O. Box 601, Marianao 13, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
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Csorba TR, Lyon AW, Hollenberg MD. Autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2010; 47:51-71. [DOI: 10.3109/10408361003787171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Raha O, Chowdhury S, Dasgupta S, Raychaudhuri P, Sarkar BN, Raju PV, Rao VR. Approaches in type 1 diabetes research: A status report. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2010; 29:85-101. [PMID: 20142874 PMCID: PMC2812756 DOI: 10.4103/0973-3930.53126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial disease with an early age of onset, in which the insulin producing beta cell of the pancreas are destroyed because of autoimmunity. It is the second most common chronic disease in children and account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. India is having an incidence of 10.6 cases/year/100,000, and recent studies indicate that the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in India is increasing. However in view of poor health care network, there is no monitoring system in the country. Of the 18 genomic intervals implicated for the risk to develop type 1 diabetes, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p21.31 has been the major contributor estimated to account for 40-50%, followed by 10% frequency of INS-VNTR at 5' flanking region of the insulin gene on chromosome 11p15.5. However, population studies suggest that > 95% of type 1 diabetes have HLA-DR3 or DR4, or both, and in family studies, sibling pairs affected with type 1 diabetes have a non-random distribution of shared HLA haplotypes. As predisposing genetic factors such as HLA alleles are known, immunological interventions to prevent type 1 diabetes are of great interest. In the present study we have reviewed the status of molecular genetics of the disease and the approaches that need to be adopted in terms of developing patient and suitable control cohorts in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Raha
- Anthropological Survey of India, 27-Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata, West-Bengal - 700 016, India
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Zhang S, Zhong J, Yang P, Gong F, Wang CY. HMGB1, an innate alarmin, in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2009; 3:24-38. [PMID: 19918326 PMCID: PMC2776260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
HMGB1, an evolutionarily conserved chromosomal protein, was recently re-discovered to act as a "danger signal" (alarmin) to alert the innate immune system for the initiation of host defense or tissue repair. Extracellular HMGB1 can be either passively released from damaged/necrotic cells or secreted by activated immune cells. Upon stimulation, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells secrete high levels of HMGB1 into the intercellular milieu. HMGB1 is potent to target DCs, macrophages, neutrophils and CD4(+) T cells. It also upregulates the expression of BCL-XL by which it may prevent the elimination of activated immune cells. As a result, HMGB1 has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Given the similarities of autoimmune response against beta cell self-antigens in type 1 diabetes (T1D), in this view we will discuss the possible implications of HMGB1 in T1D pathogenesis. Specifically, we will summarize and update the advancement of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune initiation and progression during T1D development, as well as islet allograft rejection of diabetic patients after islet transplantation. Elucidation of the role for HMGB1 in T1D pathogenesis would not only enhance the understanding of disease etiology, but also have the potential to shed new insight into the development of therapeutic strategies for prevention or intervention of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua-Zhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua-Zhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia1120 15th Street, CA4098, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Ping Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hua-Zhong University of Science and Technology1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia1120 15th Street, CA4098, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Hua-Zhong University of Science and Technology13 Hong Kong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia1120 15th Street, CA4098, Augusta, GA 30912
- Georgia Esoteric & Molecular laboratories, Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
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Caputo M, Cerrone GE, Mazza C, Cédola N, Targovnik HM, Gustavo DF. No Evidence of Association of CTLA-4 -318 C/T, 159 C/T, 3′ STR and SUMO4 163 AG Polymorphism with Autoimmune Diabetes. Immunol Invest 2009; 36:259-70. [PMID: 17558709 DOI: 10.1080/08820130601109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is an organ specific and multifactorial disorder including insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1 Diabetes) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), which progresses to insulin dependency because of the beta cells destruction. Several polymorphisms in different genes have been associated with diabetes. The CTLA4 gene is considered a down regulator of T cell function, and the SUMO4 gene encodes a small ubiquitin-like modifier implicated in the intensity and duration of the immune response. We selected 62 LADA patients, 123 patients with Type 1 diabetes patients and 136 unrelated volunteers to study CTLA4 -318 C/T, 159 C/T, 3' STR and SUMO4 163 A/G polymorphisms by PCR. There was a statistical difference significant in the frequency of the allele 209pb for the 3'STR between LADA and Type 1 diabetes patients but not with respect the normal group, the frequencies were found to be 6.9%, 1.0% and 1.9%, respectively. However, no association with either of the polymorphisms has been found in the studied population. The knowledge of the several susceptibility loci in autoimmune diabetes will enhanced the prediction of individuals at high risk of developing the disease in order to establish the best treatment and the prevention of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Caputo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, and Nutrition Unit, Hospital of Pediatry, Argentina
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Caputo M, Cerrone GE, López AP, Villalba A, Krochik GA, Cédola FN, Targovnik HM, Frechtel GD. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 heterozygous codon 49 A/G dimorphism is associated to latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Autoimmunity 2009; 38:277-81. [PMID: 16206510 DOI: 10.1080/08916930500158203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is an organ specific and multifactorial disorder with a classical onset as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and with another form of onset as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), which has a slower onset and a later progress to insulin dependency as a result of the beta cells destruction. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-antigen 4 (CTLA4) has been identified as a susceptible marker of the disease; it is considered a down regulator of T cell function, playing a key role in autoimmunity. We analyzed CTLA4 codon 49 A/G polymorphism in 123 IDDM patients, 63 LADA patients and 168 healthy non-diabetic control individuals. The frequency of the heterozygous A/G genotype in LADA patients was significantly increased compared to IDDM patients (55.6 vs. 39.8%, p = 0.0415). There was no statistical significant difference in the distribution of the A/G dimorphism between autoimmune diabetes patients (LADA or IDDM) and non-diabetic control individuals. HLA DQ region is responsible for the genetic susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes in IDDM patients in about 50% and it has a lower effect in genetic susceptibility in LADA patients. Several other genetic loci are needed to develop autoimmune diabetes in adult patients. Therefore, LADA may be the result of a combined minor risk loci effect in a major risk haplotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Caputo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Visser J, Rozing J, Sapone A, Lammers K, Fasano A. Tight junctions, intestinal permeability, and autoimmunity: celiac disease and type 1 diabetes paradigms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1165:195-205. [PMID: 19538307 PMCID: PMC2886850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by tissue damage and loss of function due to an immune response that is directed against specific organs. This review is focused on celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy, and type 1 diabetes (T1D), a hyperglycosaemia caused by a destructive autoimmune process targeting the insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells. Even if environmental factors and genetic susceptibility are clearly involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, for most autoimmune disorders there is no or little knowledge about the causing agent or genetic makeup underlying the disease. In this respect, CD represents a unique autoimmune disorder because a close genetic association with HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes and, more importantly, the environmental trigger (the gliadin fraction of gluten-containing grains wheat, barley, and rye) are known. Conversely, the trigger for autoimmune destruction of pancreatic ss cells in T1D is unclear. Interestingly, recent data suggest that gliadin is also involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. There is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability plays a pathogenic role in various autoimmune diseases including CD and T1D. Therefore, we hypothesize that besides genetic and environmental factors, loss of intestinal barrier function is necessary to develop autoimmunity. In this review, each of these components will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Visser
- Department of Cell Biology, Section Immunology and Histology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Rozing
- Department of Cell Biology, Section Immunology and Histology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Sapone
- Mucosal Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karen Lammers
- Mucosal Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Silva MERD, Mory D, Davini E. [Genetic and humoral autoimmunity markers of type 1 diabetes: from theory to practice]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:166-80. [PMID: 18438527 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 A diabetes mellitus (T1AD) results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing pancreatic beta-cells. The largest contribution to genetic susceptibility comes from several genes located in the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6p21.3 (IDDM1 locus), accounting for at least 40% of the family aggregation of this disease. The highest-risk human leukocyte antigen HLA genotype for T1AD is DR3-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201/DR4-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302, whereas -DR15-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 haplotype is associated with dominant protection. Three other T1D loci associated with predisposition are the Variable Number for Tandem Repeats (VNTR) near the insulin gene (IDDM2), which accounts to 10% of genetic susceptibility, the Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-associated Antigen (CTLA-4)(IDDM 12) and the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatasis Nonreceptor-type 22 (PTPN22). Many other gene suspected to predispose to autoimmunity have been investigated. T1AD is frequently associated with autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disase, Addison s disease and many other autoimmune diseases, characterized by organ-specific autoantibodies and related to the same genetic background. Using these autoantibodies, organ specific autoimmunity may be detected before the development of clinical disease preventing significant morbidity.
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Ounissi-Benkalha H, Polychronakos C. The molecular genetics of type 1 diabetes: new genes and emerging mechanisms. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:268-75. [PMID: 18482868 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) is determined by complex interactions between several genetic loci and environmental factors. Alleles at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus explain up to 50% of the familial clustering of T1D, and the remainder is contributed to by multiple loci, of which only four were known until recently. First-stage results of genome-wide association (GWA) studies performed with high-density genotyping arrays have already produced four novel loci and the promise that, with the completion of the second stage of the GWA studies, most of the genetic basis of T1D will be known. We will review what is known to date about the mechanisms of genetic susceptibility to T1D, with special emphasis on possible diagnostic and therapeutic applications of these recent genetic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Ounissi-Benkalha
- Endocrine Genetics Laboratory, McGill University Health Center, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, 2300 Tupper, Montréal, Québec H3H 1P3, Canada
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Abstract
Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D) is determined by interactions of multiple genes with unknown environmental factors. Despite the characterization of over 20 susceptibility regions for T1D, identification of specific genes in these regions is still a formidable challenge. In 2004, we first reported the cloning of a novel, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) gene, SUMO4, in the IDDM5 interval on chromosome 6q25, and presented strong genetic and functional evidence suggesting that SUMO4 is a T1D susceptibility gene. Subsequent studies have consistently confirmed this association in multiple Asian populations despite controversial observations in Caucasians. In this review, we will update the genetic evidence supporting SUMO4 as a T1D susceptibility gene and discuss the possible explanations for the discrepant associations observed in Caucasians. We will then discuss the mechanisms through which SUMO4 contributes to the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Yi Wang
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Rajasalu T, Haller K, Salur L, Kisand K, Tillmann V, Schlosser M, Uibo R. Insulin VNTR I/III genotype is associated with autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007; 23:567-71. [PMID: 17461431 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the influence of age at diagnosis and of the IDDM1 and IDDM2 genetic susceptibility loci on the profile of beta-cell autoantibodies has been demonstrated. We studied these associations in a group of 92 patients (children, adolescents and adults, aged 2-62 years) with newly diagnosed T1D. METHODS The prevalence of the HLA-DQB1*02 and *0302 alleles and of the classes of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of the insulin gene (INS), and of beta-cell autoantibodies (GADA, IA-2A, ICA and IAA) was determined. Statistical analysis was performed using linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS The presence of IAA, IA-2A and ICA, but not of GADA, was negatively associated with age at diagnosis. Younger patients were more likely to have multiple autoantibodies. There was a tendency of a higher prevalence of IAA in patients with the HLA-DQB1*02/0302 genotype or with the DQB1*0302 allele compared to patients lacking these markers. As a novel observation, the INS VNTR I/III genotype was significantly associated with the presence of GADA (OR = 4.79; p = 0.018). CONCLUSION The association between the INS VNTR I/III genotype and GADA may suggest that in patients with T1D lacking the INS VNTR I/I genotype, the effect of other susceptibility factors prevails, which promotes the development of autoimmunity to beta-cell antigens other than insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rajasalu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
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de Oliveira CAM, Luciano E, Marcondes MCCG, de Mello MAR. Effects of swimming training at the intensity equivalent to aerobic/anaerobic metabolic transition in alloxan diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 2007; 21:258-64. [PMID: 17616357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the exercise intensity equivalent to the metabolic aerobic/anaerobic transition of alloxan diabetic rats, through lactate minimum test (LMT), and to evaluate the effects of swimming exercise at this intensity (LM) on the glucose and protein metabolism of these animals. Adult male Wistar rats received alloxan (SD, alloxan-injected rats that remained sedentary) intravenously (30 mg kg(-1) body weight) for diabetes induction. As controls (SC, vehicle-injected rats that remained sedentary), vehicle-injected rats were utilized. Two weeks later, the animals were submitted to oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) and LMT. After the tests, some of the animals were submitted to swimming exercise training [TC (vehicle-injected rats that performed a 6-week exercise program) and TD (alloxan-injected rats that performed a 6-week exercise program)] for 1 h day(-1), 5 days week(-1), with an overload equivalent to LM determined by LMT, for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were submitted to a second LMT and oGTT, and blood and skeletal muscle assessments (protein synthesis and degradation in the isolated soleus muscle) were made. The overload equivalent to LM at the beginning of the experiment was lower in the SD group than in the SC group. After training, the overload equivalent to LM was higher in the TC and TD groups than in the SC and SD groups. The blood glucose of TD rats during oGTT was lower than that of SD rats. Protein degradation was higher in the SD group than in other groups. We conclude that LMT was sensitive to metabolic and physiologic alterations caused by uncontrolled diabetes. Training at LM intensity improved aerobic condition and the glucose and protein metabolism of alloxan diabetic rats.
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Zunino SJ, Storms DH, Stephensen CB. Diets rich in polyphenols and vitamin A inhibit the development of type I autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Nutr 2007; 137:1216-21. [PMID: 17449584 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.5.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I juvenile diabetes mellitus is characterized by the infiltration of activated T lymphocytes and monocytes into the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, resulting in inflammation and progressive destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. We hypothesized that feeding nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice diets rich in polyphenols or vitamin A, both known modulators of immune function, would decrease the autoimmune inflammatory process associated with type I diabetes. NOD mice were fed a control diet (C) and diets containing either 1% freeze-dried grape powder (GP) or 250 IU vitamin A/g (VA; 0.262 micromol retinyl acetate/g) of food. Mice were considered diabetic and killed when blood glucose reached 13.9 mmol/L or greater. By approximately 7 mo of age, 71% of C mice progressed to diabetes. Incidence of diabetes was reduced to 33% (P < 0.05) and 25% (P < 0.05) in mice receiving 1% dietary grape powder and VA, respectively. Splenocytes from mice receiving both GP and VA had lower TNF-alpha production after LPS stimulation than C mice (P < 0.05). Histological analysis of pancreatic tissue showed a significant reduction in the severity of insulitis in the mice receiving GP and VA compared with C mice. These data suggest that diets rich in polyphenols or vitamin A have protective effects against autoimmune inflammatory attack of the islet beta cells and have the potential to reduce the onset and pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Zunino
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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36
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Cannon MJ, Davis JS, Pate JL. The class II major histocompatibility complex molecule BoLA-DR is expressed by endothelial cells of the bovine corpus luteum. Reproduction 2007; 133:991-1003. [PMID: 17616728 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells expressing class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are found within the corpus luteum (CL) of several species. Expression and localization of class II MHC molecules in the bovine CL were examined in the present study. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed class II MHC molecules on single cells in early CL (days 4 and 5 post-estrus). Two class II MHC-expressing cell types were observed in midcycle CL (days 10–12 post-estrus), single cells similar to those observed in the early CL, and endothelial cells. Not all endothelial cells expressed class II MHC, and further investigation revealed expression of only one type of class II MHC molecule, DR, on endothelial cells. Class II MHC was also localized to endothelial cells in late CL (day 18 post-estrus). Steroidogenic luteal cells were negative for class II MHC throughout the estrous cycle. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed higher (P< 0.05) concentrations of mRNA encoding the α-subunit of DR (DRA) in late CL when compared with those in the early CL.DRAmRNA abundance was also measured in cultures of mixed luteal and luteal endothelial (CLENDO) cells, in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF). No differences were found in theDRAmRNA concentration between mixed luteal and CLENDO cell cultures, and TNF had no effect onDRAmRNA concentration in both cell types. Expression of DR by endothelial cells of the midcycle CL may induce anergy of T lymphocytes, or stimulate them to secrete products that enhance normal luteal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cannon
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Wiwanitkit V. Type I diabetes mellitus in human and chimpanzee: a comparison of kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007; 9:145-8. [PMID: 17425439 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2006.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a worldwide medical problem and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The identification of causative genes for the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes in humans has made significant progress in recent years. Studies of pathways for type 1 diabetes in other living things can give useful information on the nature of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Here, the author used a new pathway technology to compare type 1 diabetes mellitus in the human and the chimpanzee. RESULTS According to the comparison, the mainframes of pathways are similar for both the human and the chimpanzee. CONCLUSIONS These results can imply a close relation between the human and the chimpanzee. They also confirm usage of the chimpanzee model for studies of type 1 diabetes pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viroj Wiwanitkit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Rodacki M, Svoren B, Butty V, Besse W, Laffel L, Benoist C, Mathis D. Altered natural killer cells in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2007; 56:177-85. [PMID: 17192480 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from animal models suggests that natural killer (NK) cells can be important players in the development of type 1 diabetes, although data in humans are still sparse. We studied the frequency and activation state of blood NK cells at different stages of human type 1 diabetes, and whether genetic or phenotypic NK cell peculiarities could be associated with an early onset of diabetes. The onset period is marked by a slight reduction in blood NK cells, but these are unusually activated in some patients (gamma-interferon expression). This activation status does not correlate, however, with a particularly young age at onset. In contrast, NK cells in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes had a markedly lower expression of p30/p46 NK-activating receptor molecules compared with those of control subjects. A slightly decreased expression of NKG2D in all type 1 diabetic patients relative to control subjects was observed, independent of the duration of disease, parallel to prior observations in the NOD mouse. Finally, type 1 diabetic patients had an increased frequency of KIR gene haplotypes that include the activating KIR2DS3 gene, with a genetic interaction between the KIR and HLA complexes. The reduced activation of NK cells in individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes would seem to be a consequence rather than a cause, but other peculiarities may relate to type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
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Sobel DO, Creswell K. Characterization of anti-islet cytotoxic human T-cell clones from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Autoimmunity 2006; 39:323-32. [PMID: 16891221 DOI: 10.1080/08916930600720753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To identify important anti-islet T-cells and their target antigen(s), we have isolated and characterized seventeen human T-cell clones which are reactive to an extract of rat insulinoma (RIN) cells from three children with new onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Of these 17 clones, 15 were found tissue specific. Six of eight tested tissue specific clones did not recognize known islet antigens such as GAD, 52 kDa islet protein, insulin, ICA512, and heat shock protein 60 (hsp60), suggesting that these clones recognize an autoantigen not previously identified. All tested clones were phenotypically CD4 and functionally Th0 or Th0/Th1 cells. One RIN extract reactive clone (2E9) recognized hsp60 and was CD4 and TCR alpha/beta positive. This clone also proliferated in response to human and rat islets suggesting that the antigen is conserved between species. This clone and 75% of all the tested RIN reactive clones exhibited anti-islet cytotoxicity by lysing target cells coated with RIN extract. HLA DR determinants may play a role in this cytotoxic activity since preincubation with HLA DR antibody decreased the anti-islet cytoxicity of the two tested clones. In conclusion, we have isolated RIN reactive CD4+T-cell clones from diabetic subjects, six of which appears tissue specific and non-reactive to putative important islet antigens, and in turn may be recognizing yet undiscovered islet antigens. The high frequency anti-islet cytotoxic properties of the islet reactive clones provides evidence for a role of CD4+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the diabetic process. Further, the isolation of hsp60 reactive clone with anti-islet cytotoxic properties suggests that cell mediated immunity against hsp60 may be important in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas O Sobel
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007-2197, USA.
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Zhernakova A, Alizadeh BZ, Eerligh P, Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Schloot NC, Diosdado B, Wijmenga C, Roep BO, Koeleman BPC. Genetic variants of RANTES are associated with serum RANTES level and protection for type 1 diabetes. Genes Immun 2006; 7:544-9. [PMID: 16855620 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) is a T-helper type 1 (Th1) chemokine that promotes T-cell activation and proliferation. RANTES is genetically associated with asthma, sarcoidosis and multiple sclerosis. The concentration of RANTES is increased at inflammation sites in different autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a Th1-mediated disease with complex genetic predisposition. We tested RANTES as a candidate gene for association with T1D using three single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants (rs4251719, rs2306630 and rs2107538) to capture haplotype information. The minor alleles of all SNPs were transmitted less frequently to T1D offspring (transmission rates 37.3% (P=0.002), 38.7% (P=0.007) and 41.0% (P=0.01)) and were less frequently present in patients compared to controls (P=0.009, 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). A similar protective effect was observed for the haplotype carrying three minor alleles (transmission disequilibrium test (TDT): P=0.003; odds ratio (OR)=0.55; confidence interval (CI): 0.37-0.83; case/control: P=0.03; OR=0.74; CI: 0.55-0.98). Both patients and controls carrying the protective haplotype express significantly lower serum levels of RANTES compared to non-carriers. Subsequently, we tested a cohort of 310 celiac disease patients, but failed to detect association. RANTES SNPs are significantly associated with RANTES serum concentration and development of T1D. The rs4251719*A-rs2306630*A-rs2107538*A haplotype associated with low RANTES production confers protection from T1D. Our data imply that RANTES is associated with T1D both genetically and functionally, and contributes to diabetes-prone Th1 cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zhernakova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The polygenic HLA system is a well known region of the human genome. Its main function is to present antigenic peptides to the immune system and thereby regulate induction of immune responses. Extensive genetic polymorphisms characterize some HLA genes. Initially, genetic variations were analyzed by a serological typing technique (microlymphocytotoxicity). The introduction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the mid-1980s led the development of a variety of methods that use molecular biology. An international nomenclature, regularly updated, governs the names of HLA antigens defined by serology as well as of HLA alleles. Knowledge of the specific polymorphisms of individuals is essential in organ and stem cell transplantation and highly useful in disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moalic
- Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire et d'histocompatibilité, CHU Augustin Morvan, Brest (29).
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Rodacki M, Zajdenverg L, Tortora RP, Reis FA, Albernaz MS, Goncalves MRB, Milech A, de Oliveira JEP. Characteristics of childhood and adult-onset type 1 diabetes in a multi-ethnic population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 69:22-8. [PMID: 15955384 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 10/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare patients with classic type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosed in childhood and adulthood regarding clinical presentation, GADA and HLA DR B1*03/04 prevalence in a multi-ethnic population. METHODS We studied 83 Brazilian patients with classic T1D divided in 2 groups: (1) diagnosed before 20 years old (n=42); (2) diagnosed at age 20 and up (n=41). All were interviewed and blood was sampled for GADA measurement and HLA DR B1 typing. RESULTS The study population comprised 52 women and 31 men, 52 white and 31 non-white individuals with mean age of 29.94 (+/-10.95) years and mean disease duration of 10.37 (+/-7.37) years. The mean age at onset in groups 1 and 2 were, respectively, 11.48 and 27.2 years old. There were no significant differences between groups regarding diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation. A longer symptomatic period preceding the diagnosis was observed in group 2 (p=0.039). The prevalence of GADA and HLA DR B1*03/04 was similar between groups. HLA DR B1*13 was significantly more common in the group 1 (p=0.024). GADA was more prevalent among patients with HLA DR B1*03 (p=0.02). CONCLUSION In this study, T1D diagnosed in adulthood was associated with longer symptomatic period preceding diagnosis and lower prevalence of HLA DR B1*13, but there were no differences regarding ketoacidosis as a form of disease presentation, GADA (+) or HLA DR B1* 03/04.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rodacki
- Diabetes and Immunology Sections, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
Poteomics is the investigation of all the proteins and their various modifications making up a system, be that a cell, tissue or organism. The techniques involved in proteomics allow the global screening of complex samples of proteins and provide qualitative and quantitative evidence of altered protein expression. This lends itself to the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning disease processes and the effects of treatment. This review describes the main techniques of proteomics and how they have begun to be applied to diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M Scott
- Academic Unit of Molecular Vascular Medicine, The LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Bouwman LH, Ling Z, Duinkerken G, Pipeleers DG, Roep BO. HLA incompatibility and immunogenicity of human pancreatic islet preparations cocultured with blood cells of healthy donors. Hum Immunol 2005; 66:494-500. [PMID: 15935886 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. An attractive novel therapy for type 1 diabetes is pancreatic islet transplantation, provided that recurrent islet autoimmunity and allograft rejection can be prevented. We analyzed the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy blood donors to human islet-cell preparations with a composition similar to that of islet grafts used in clinical transplantation trials. It was examined whether the degree of major histocompatibility complex incompatibility between PBMC and donor islet cells is related to the degree of proliferative T-cell responses during coculture of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched and mismatched PBMC with human islet cell-preparations (i.e., mixed islet/lymphocyte reaction). Prominent T-cell responses were observed in the vast majority of cases of double HLA class II mismatches. Intermediate T-cell responsiveness was observed in single HLA class II mismatches, whereas HLA matches did not induce a T-cell response. Our results identify the potential immunogenicity of islet preparations transplanted between HLA-DR incompatible subjects regardless of an autoimmune background of the recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee H Bouwman
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Cerrone GE, Caputo M, Lopez AP, González C, Massa C, Cédola N, Targovnik HM, Frechtel GD. Variable number of tandem repeats of the insulin gene determines susceptibility to latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 8:43-9. [PMID: 15230641 DOI: 10.1007/bf03260046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The different clinical presentations of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 1 diabetes mellitus may be the result of susceptibility genes in determining the mode of onset. We analyzed the 5' polymorphisms of the insulin mini-satellite region (INS), a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) [repeat units; RU]. We evaluated the association of the different INS-VNTR alleles in patient susceptibility to LADA autoimmune diabetes. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first study of this kind performed in a Caucasian population. METHODS From an group of 160 Argentinean patients previously characterized as having LADA, we selected 44 patients who presented with humoral autoimmunity for genotyping and compared them to 88 patients with type 1 diabetes and 138 healthy individuals. The INS-VNTR allele classes were determined by Southern blotting (class I: 21-44RU; class III: 138-159RU). Subjects with class I alleles were further studied using PCR amplification to determine the exact length of the alleles (short 1S: 22-37RU; medium 1M: 38-41RU; large 1L: 42-43RU). Allelic and genotype frequencies were estimated by chi(2) tests for independence with 2 x 2 contingency tables and the relative risks (RR) were determined using GraphPad InStat software. RESULTS We observed differential associations among the class I alleles when comparing patients with LADA (80.6%) and type 1 diabetes (81.3%) with the controls (70%; p < 0.005). This increase was largely due to the high frequency of the 1S/S genotype (63.6% LADA vs 37% controls, with a p-value of 0.0019 [p1]; 53.4% type 1 diabetes vs 37% controls, with a p-value of 0.0149 [p2]). Remarkably, all LADA patients genotyped as class I homozygous had the shorter (S) class I allele (100%). Differences in the overall 1S distribution were observed: in LADA the 94.4% of the alleles were equal to or smaller than 35RU, while in patients with type 1 diabetes it was 78.3% and in controls 74.1%. Moreover, the relative risks associated with the 1S/S genotype for patients with LADA showed a substantial increase with respect to those with type 1 diabetes (52%) when we compare them to the controls (1S/S LADA/control, 2.282 [RR1] vs type 1 diabetes/control, 1.497 [RR2]). CONCLUSION The presence of the 1S allele could be considered a risk factor in LADA patients, as previously reported for type 1 diabetes. The class I INS-VNTR allele in LADA increases genetic susceptibility to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Edith Cerrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Trent RJ. COMPLEX GENETIC TRAITS. Mol Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012699057-7/50004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Gould SJ, Hildreth JEK, Booth AM. The Evolution of Alloimmunity and the Genesis of Adaptive Immunity. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2004; 79:359-82. [PMID: 15669770 DOI: 10.1086/426088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Infectious agents select for host immune responses that destroy infectious nonself yet maintain tolerance to self. Here we propose that retroviruses and other host-antigen associated pathogens (HAAPs) select for the genetic, biochemical, and cell biological properties of alloimmunity, also known as the histocompatibility or tissue rejection response. This hypothesis predicts the major observations regarding histocompatibility responses, including: (i) their existence in animals as diverse as sponges and humans; (ii) extreme polymorphism and balanced allele frequencies at histocompatibility loci, including the human MHC and blood group loci; (iii) the frequency dependent selection of histocompatibility alleles; (iv) the ancient age of many alloantigenic polymorphisms; (v) the high ratio of nonsynonymous mutations to synonymous mutations at histocompatibility loci; (vi) disassortative mating based on MHC alleles; (vii) the inability to explain the existence and continuing selection of histocompatibility alleles by other more conventional biochemical and genetic paradigms; and (viii) the susceptibility of HAAPs, particularly retroviruses such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), to histocompatibility reactions. In addition, the hypothesis that HAAPs select the forms and molecules of alloimmunity offers simple explanations for the evolution of histocompatibility systems over time, the initial selection of hypervariable immune mechanisms, and the genesis of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Current literature in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2003; 19:248-55. [PMID: 12789659 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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