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da Silva Feltran G, Augusto da Silva R, da Costa Fernandes CJ, Ferreira MR, Dos Santos SAA, Justulin Junior LA, Del Valle Sosa L, Zambuzzi WF. Vascular smooth muscle cells exhibit elevated hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α expression in human blood vessel organoids, influencing osteogenic performance. Exp Cell Res 2024; 440:114136. [PMID: 38909881 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Considering the importance of alternative methodologies to animal experimentation, we propose an organoid-based biological model for in vitro blood vessel generation, achieved through co-culturing endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Initially, the organoids underwent comprehensive characterization, revealing VSMCs (α-SMA + cells) at the periphery and endothelial cells (CD31+ cells) at the core. Additionally, ephrin B2 and ephrin B4, genes implicated in arterial and venous formation respectively, were used to validate the obtained organoid. Moreover, the data indicates exclusive HIF-1α expression in VSMCs, identified through various methodologies. Subsequently, we tested the hypothesis that the generated blood vessels have the capacity to modulate the osteogenic phenotype, demonstrating the ability of HIF-1α to promote osteogenic signals, primarily by influencing Runx2 expression. Overall, this study underscores that the methodology employed to create blood vessel organoids establishes an experimental framework capable of producing a 3D culture model of both venous and arterial endothelial tissues. This model effectively guides morphogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells through paracrine signaling, ultimately leading to an osteogenic acquisition phenotype, with the dynamic involvement of HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geórgia da Silva Feltran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Augusto da Silva
- CEEpiRG, Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University - UNIP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célio Junior da Costa Fernandes
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Marcel Rodrigues Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Antônio Justulin Junior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliana Del Valle Sosa
- Electron Microscopy Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Willian Fernando Zambuzzi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil.
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2
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Balwierz R, Biernat P, Jasińska-Balwierz A, Siodłak D, Kusakiewicz-Dawid A, Kurek-Górecka A, Olczyk P, Ochędzan-Siodłak W. Potential Carcinogens in Makeup Cosmetics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4780. [PMID: 36981689 PMCID: PMC10048826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Facial makeup cosmetics are commonly used products that are applied to the skin, and their ingredients come into contact with it for many years. Consequently, they should only contain substances that are considered safe or used within an allowable range of established concentrations. According to current European laws, all cosmetics approved for use should be entirely safe for their users, and the responsibility for this lies with manufacturers, distributors, and importers. However, the use of cosmetics can be associated with undesirable effects due to the presence of certain chemical substances. An analysis of 50 random facial makeup cosmetics commercially available on the European Union market and manufactured in six European countries was carried out, concerning the presence of substances with potential carcinogenic properties, as described in recent years in the literature. Nine types of facial makeup cosmetics were selected, and their compositions, as declared on the labels, were analyzed. The carcinogens were identified with information present in the European CosIng database and according to the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee's (IRAC) classification. As a result, the following potential carcinogens were identified: parabens (methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and ethylparaben), ethoxylated compounds (laureth-4, lautreth-7, or ethylene glycol polymers known as PEG), formaldehyde donors (imidazolidinyl urea, quaternium 15, and DMDM hydantoin), and ethanolamine and their derivatives (triethanolamine and diazolidinyl urea), as well as carbon and silica. In conclusion, all of the analyzed face makeup cosmetics contain potential carcinogenic substances. The literature review confirmed the suppositions regarding the potential carcinogenic effects of selected cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, it seems necessary to carry out studies on the long-term exposure of compounds present in cosmetics and perhaps introduce stricter standards and laws regulating the potential presence of carcinogens and their activity in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Biernat
- Department of Drug Forms Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Dawid Siodłak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kurek-Górecka
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Paweł Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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3
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Harber P. Causal Inference Analysis for Poorly Soluble Low Toxicity Particles, Lung Function, and Malignancy. Front Public Health 2022; 10:863402. [PMID: 35865253 PMCID: PMC9294315 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.863402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly soluble low toxicity particles such as carbon black and titanium dioxide have raised concern about possible nonmalignant and malignant pulmonary effects. This paper illustrates application of causal inference analysis to assessing these effects. A framework for analysis is created using directed acyclic graphs to define pathways from exposure to potential lung cancer or chronic airflow obstruction outcomes. Directed acyclic graphs define influences of confounders, backdoor pathways, and analytic models. Potential mechanistic pathways such as intermediate pulmonary inflammation are illustrated. An overview of available data for each of the inter-node links is presented. Individual empirical epidemiologic studies have limited ability to confirm mechanisms of potential causal relationships due to the complexity of causal pathways and the extended time course over which disease may develop. Therefore, an explicit conceptual and graphical framework to facilitate synthesizing data from several studies to consider pulmonary inflammation as a common pathway for both chronic airflow obstruction and lung cancer is suggested. These methods are useful to clarify potential bona fide and artifactual observed relationships. They also delineate variables which should be included in analytic models for single study data and biologically relevant variables unlikely to be available from a single study.
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4
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Tapangnoi P, Sae-Oui P, Naebpetch W, Siriwong C. Preparation of purified spent coffee ground and its reinforcement in natural rubber composite. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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5
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Nayak Y, Chakradhari S, Patel KS, Patel RK, Yurdakul S, Saathoff H, Martín-Ramos P. Distribution, Variations, Fate and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Carbon in Particulate Matter, Road Dust, and Sediments in Central India. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2026991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Nayak
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | - Suryakant Chakradhari
- School of Studies in Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, India
| | | | - Raj Kishore Patel
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundargarh, Odisha, India
| | - Sema Yurdakul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Harald Saathoff
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pablo Martín-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), EPS, Universito Zaragoza, Carretera de Cuarte, s/n, Huesca, Spain
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6
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Boopasiri S, Sae-Oui P, Lundee S, Takaewnoi S, Siriwong C. Reinforcing Efficiency of Pyrolyzed Spent Coffee Ground in Styrene-Butadiene Rubber. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Cao X, Lin L, Sood A, Ma Q, Zhang X, Liu Y, Liu H, Li Y, Wang T, Tang J, Jiang M, Zhang R, Yu S, Yu Z, Zheng Y, Han W, Leng S. Small Airway Wall Thickening Assessed by Computerized Tomography Is Associated With Low Lung Function in Chinese Carbon Black Packers. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:26-35. [PMID: 32818265 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale carbon black as virtually pure elemental carbon can deposit deep in the lungs and cause pulmonary injury. Airway remodeling assessed using computed tomography (CT) correlates well with spirometry in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Structural airway changes caused by carbon black exposure remain unknown. Wall and lumen areas of sixth and ninth generations of airways in 4 lobes were quantified using end-inhalation CT scans in 58 current carbon black packers (CBPs) and 95 non-CBPs. Carbon content in airway macrophage (CCAM) in sputum was quantified to assess the dose-response. Environmental monitoring and CCAM showed a much higher level of elemental carbon exposure in CBPs, which was associated with higher wall area and lower lumen area with no change in total airway area for either airway generation. This suggested small airway wall thickening is a major feature of airway remodeling in CBPs. When compared with wall or lumen areas, wall area percent (WA%) was not affected by subject characteristics or lobar location and had greater measurement reproducibility. The effect of carbon black exposure status on WA% did not differ by lobes. CCAM was associated with WA% in a dose-dependent manner. CBPs had lower FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) than non-CBPs and mediation analysis identified that a large portion (41-72%) of the FEV1 reduction associated with carbon black exposure could be explained by WA%. Small airway wall thickening as a major imaging change detected by CT may underlie the pathology of lung function impairment caused by carbon black exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Akshay Sood
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xiangyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuansheng Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health
| | - Jinglong Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health
| | - Menghui Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Shanfa Yu
- Henan Institute of Occupational Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131.,Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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8
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Lin Y, Huang X, Liu Y, Cao D, Lu D, Feng Z, Liu Q, Lin Z, Jiang G. Identification, Quantification, and Imaging of the Biodistribution of Soot Particles by Mass Spectral Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6665-6672. [PMID: 33881821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soot is ubiquitous and has large detrimental effects on climate, air quality, and human health. However, identification of soot in carbonaceous media is very challenging due to its nanoscale carbon nature and complex sources. Due to the shortage in the methodology, until now, the fate and health effect of soot particles after inhalation are still poorly understood. Here, we report a new method for label-free identification, quantification, and imaging of soot particles in complex media based on laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry fingerprinting. We found that soot particles from different origins and with different morphologies showed highly consistent mass spectral fingerprints deriving from peak ratios of small carbon cluster anions (C2--C10-), which enabled both accurate quantification of soot in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples and label-free imaging of soot particles in biological media. By using this technique, we tracked and imaged the suborgan distribution of soot particles in mice after exposure to PM2.5. The results showed that the lung is the main target organ for short-term inhalation exposure to soot particles. This study helps to better understand the inhalation toxicology of soot and also provides a practical novel methodological platform for identification, tracing, and toxicological studies of elemental carbon-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zeming Feng
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Zarus GM, Muianga C, Hunter CM, Pappas RS. A review of data for quantifying human exposures to micro and nanoplastics and potential health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144010. [PMID: 33310215 PMCID: PMC7775266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris have been shown to degenerate to particle sizes that can be transported in air, water, and food. Small particles are documented to enter and exit our bodies and translocate to and from some internal organs. Health effects on respiratory, hepatic, immune, and gastrointestinal systems have been reported in humans and other mammals in response to elevated particle or fiber exposures. These health effects differed by plastic type and size, and there was evidence of dose response for a few health endpoints. We conducted a systematic word search and reviewed published literature to identify microplastic and nanoplastic studies that quantified exposure via the ingestion, inhalation, and subcutaneous absorption (not dermal) exposure pathways; identified translocation, internal dose, and associations with health effects and markers related to exposures to specific sizes and types of plastics. We identified the data gaps in relating exposure data to health effects and biomarkers, most notably the lack of characterization of plastic particles and fibers smaller than 10 μm in most media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Zarus
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Custodio Muianga
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Candis M Hunter
- National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - R Steven Pappas
- National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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10
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Anil I, Alagha O. Source Apportionment of Ambient Black Carbon During the COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9021. [PMID: 33287365 PMCID: PMC7730409 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) particles being emitted from mobile and stationary emission sources as a result of combustion activities have significant impacts on human health and climate change. A lot of social activities have been halted during the COVID-19 lockdowns, which has evidently enhanced the ambient and indoor air quality. This paper investigates the possible emission sources and evaluates the meteorological conditions that may affect the dispersion and transport of BC locally and regionally. Ground-level equivalent BC (eBC) measurements were performed between January 2020 and July 2020 at a university campus located in Dammam city of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The fossil fuel (eBCff) and biomass burning (eBCbb) fractions of total eBC (eBCt) concentrations were estimated as 84% and 16%, respectively, during the entire study period. The mean eBCbb, eBCff, and eBCt concentrations during the lockdown reduced by 14%, 24%, and 23%, respectively. The results of statistical analyses indicated that local fossil fuel burning emissions and atmospheric conditions apparently affected the observed eBC levels. Long-range potential source locations, including Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, distributed zones in the Arabian Gulf, and United Arab Emirates and regional source areas, such as the Arabian Gulf coastline of the KSA, Bahrain, and Qatar, were associated with moderate to high concentrations observed at the receptor site as a result of cluster analysis and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Anil
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, East Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Alagha
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, East Campus, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Tang J, Cheng W, Gao J, Li Y, Yao R, Rothman N, Lan Q, Campen MJ, Zheng Y, Leng S. Occupational exposure to carbon black nanoparticles increases inflammatory vascular disease risk: an implication of an ex vivo biosensor assay. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:47. [PMID: 32993720 PMCID: PMC7523398 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among manufactured or engineered nanoparticles, carbon black (CB) has largest production worldwide and is also an occupational respiratory hazard commonly seen in rubber industry. Few studies have assessed the risk for cardiovascular disease in carbon black exposed populations. An endothelial biosensor assay was used to quantify the capacity of sera from 82 carbon black packers (CBP) and 106 non-CBPs to induce endothelial cell activation ex vivo. The mediation effect of circulatory proinflammatory factors on the association between carbon black exposure and endothelial cell activation was assessed and further validated using in vitro intervention experiments. Results The average elemental carbon level inside carbon black bagging facilities was 657.0 μg/m3, which was 164-fold higher than that seen in reference areas (4.0 μg/m3). A global index was extracted from mRNA expression of seven candidate biosensor genes using principal component analysis and used to quantify the magnitude of endothelial cell activation. This global index was found to be significantly altered in CBPs compared to non-CBPs (P < 0.0001), however this difference did not vary by smoking status (P = 0.74). Individual gene analyses identified that de novo expression of key adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM and VCAM) and chemotactic factors (e.g., CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL8) responsible for the recruitment of leukocytes was dramatically induced in CBPs with CXCL8 showing the highest fold of induction (relative quantification = 9.1, P < 0.0001). The combination of mediation analyses and in vitro functional validation confirmed TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 as important circulatory factors mediating the effects of carbon black exposure on endothelial cell activation responses. Conclusions Inflammatory mediators in sera from CBPs may bridge carbon black exposure and endothelial cell activation response assessed ex vivo. CBPs may have elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases when comorbidity exists. Our study may serve as a benchmark for understanding health effects of engineered carbon based nanoparticles with environmental and occupational health relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Wenting Cheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Jinling Gao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yanting Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Ruyong Yao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87131, USA
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA. .,Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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12
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Lin H, Fu G, Yu Q, Wang Z, Zuo Y, Shi Y, Zhang L, Gu Y, Qin L, Zhou T. Carbon black nanoparticles induce HDAC6-mediated inflammatory responses in 16HBE cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:759-768. [PMID: 32783763 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720947214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term inhalation of carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs) leads to pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been identified as an important regulator in the development of inflammatory disorders. However, the direct involvement of HDAC6 in CBNPs-induced pulmonary inflammatory responses remains unclear. To explore whether HDAC6 participates in CBNPs-induced pulmonary inflammation, human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE cells) was transfected with HDAC6 small interference RNA (siRNA) and then exposed to CBNPs at concentrations of 0, 25, and 50 µg/ml for 24 h. Intracellular HDAC6 and intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88) mRNA and protein were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. The secretions of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CBNPs induced a significant increase in the expressions of IL-8 and IL-6, accompanied by a high level of intracellular HDAC6 mRNA when compared with a blank control group (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes in the levels of TNF-α secretion, intracellular HDAC6 and IFT88 protein induced by CBNPs (p > 0.05). The HDAC6 mRNA expression was significantly suppressed in HDAC6 siRNA-transfected cells (p < 0.05). The secretions of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 were significantly less in HDAC6 siRNA-transfected cells than that in normal 16HBE cells with exposure to 25 or 50 µg/ml of CBNPs, but intracellular IFT88 mRNA expression was markedly increased in HDAC6 siRNA-transfected cells when compared with normal 16HBE cells exposed to 50 µg/ml of CBNPs (all p < 0.05). Downregulation of the HDAC6 gene inhibits CBNPs-induced inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelial cells, partially through regulating IFT88 expression. It is suggested that CBNPs may trigger inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelial cells by an HDAC6/IFT88-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoqing Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qimei Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Zuo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuqin Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yingying Gu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingzhi Qin
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, 481115Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Schulte PA, Leso V, Niang M, Iavicoli I. Current state of knowledge on the health effects of engineered nanomaterials in workers: a systematic review of human studies and epidemiological investigations. Scand J Work Environ Health 2019; 45:217-238. [PMID: 30653633 PMCID: PMC6494687 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The widespread application of nano-enabled products and the increasing likelihood for workplace exposures make understanding engineered nanomaterial (ENM) effects in exposed workers a public and occupational health priority. The aim of this study was to report on the current state of knowledge on possible adverse effects induced by ENM in humans to determine the toxicological profile of each type of ENM and potential biomarkers for early detection of such effects in workers. Methods A systematic review of human studies and epidemiological investigations of exposed workers relative to the possible adverse effects for the most widely used ENM was performed through searches of major scientific databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Results Twenty-seven studies were identified. Most of the epidemiological investigations were cross-sectional. The review found limited evidence of adverse effects in workers exposed to the most commonly used ENM. However, some biological alterations are suggestive for possible adverse impacts. The primary targets of some ENM exposures were the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Changes in biomarker levels compared with controls were also observed; however, limited exposure data and the relatively short period since the first exposure may have influenced the incidence of adverse effects found in epidemiological studies. Conclusions There is a need for longitudinal epidemiologic investigations with clear exposure characterizations for various ENM to discover potential adverse health effects and identify possible indicators of early biological alterations. In this state of uncertainty, precautionary controls for each ENM are warranted while further study of potential health effects continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1150 Tusculum Avenue, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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Dai Y, Niu Y, Duan H, Bassig BA, Ye M, Zhang X, Meng T, Bin P, Jia X, Shen M, Zhang R, Hu W, Yang X, Vermeulen R, Silverman D, Rothman N, Lan Q, Yu S, Zheng Y. Effects of occupational exposure to carbon black on peripheral white blood cell counts and lymphocyte subsets. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:615-622. [PMID: 27671983 PMCID: PMC6759205 DOI: 10.1002/em.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified carbon black (CB) as a possible (Group 2B) human carcinogen. Given that most CB manufacturing processes result in the emission of various types of chemicals, it is uncertain if the adverse health effects that have been observed in CB-exposed workers are related to CB specifically or are due to other exposures. To address this issue, we conducted a cross-sectional molecular epidemiology study in China of 106 male factory workers who were occupationally exposed to pure CB and 112 unexposed male workers frequency-matched by age and smoking status from the same geographic region. Repeated personal exposure measurements were taken in workers before biological sample collection. Peripheral blood from all workers was used for the complete blood cell count and lymphocyte subsets analysis. Compared to unexposed workers, eosinophil counts in workers exposed to CB were increased by 30.8% (P = 0.07) after adjusting for potential confounders. When stratified by smoking status, statistically significant differences in eosinophils between CB exposed and unexposed workers were only present among never smokers (P = 0.040). Smoking is associated with alterations in various cell counts; however, no significant interaction between CB exposure and smoking status for any cell counts was observed. Given that inflammation, characterized in part by elevated eosinophils in peripheral blood, may be associated with increased cancer risk, our findings provide new biologic insights into the potential relationship between CB exposure and lung carcinogenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:589-604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bryan A Bassig
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Meng Ye
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ping Bin
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Meili Shen
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Toxicology School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Xiaofa Yang
- Jiao Zuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Debra Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
| | - Shanfa Yu
- Henan Provincial Institute for Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Cohort Study of Carbon Black Exposure and Risk of Malignant and Nonmalignant Respiratory Disease Mortality in the US Carbon Black Industry. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 57:984-97. [PMID: 26340287 PMCID: PMC4556099 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate lung cancer and respiratory disease mortality associations with cumulative inhalable carbon black exposure among 6634 US carbon black workers. METHODS This analysis was performed using standardized mortality ratio (SMRs) and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS Lung cancer mortality was decreased overall (SMR = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.89) but less so among hourly male workers (SMR = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.05). No exposure-response association was observed with time-dependent cumulative inhalable carbon black: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.0 (95% CI, 0.6 to 1.6) for 20 to less than 50 mg/m·yr); HR = 1.3 (95% CI, 0.8 to 2.1) for 50 to less than 100 mg/m·yr; and HR = 1.4 (95% CI, 0.9 to 2.1) for 100 mg/m·yr or more compared with referent (<20 mg/m·yr). No consistent associations were observed between cumulative inhalable carbon black exposure and respiratory disease mortality. CONCLUSION Quantitative carbon black exposure estimates were not related to lung cancer or nonmalignant respiratory disease mortality.
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Morfeld P, Bruch J, Levy L, Ngiewih Y, Chaudhuri I, Muranko HJ, Myerson R, McCunney RJ. Translational toxicology in setting occupational exposure limits for dusts and hazard classification - a critical evaluation of a recent approach to translate dust overload findings from rats to humans. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:3. [PMID: 25925672 PMCID: PMC4443602 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyze the scientific basis and methodology used by the German MAK Commission in their recommendations for exposure limits and carcinogen classification of "granular biopersistent particles without known specific toxicity" (GBS). These recommendations are under review at the European Union level. We examine the scientific assumptions in an attempt to reproduce the results. MAK's human equivalent concentrations (HECs) are based on a particle mass and on a volumetric model in which results from rat inhalation studies are translated to derive occupational exposure limits (OELs) and a carcinogen classification. METHODS We followed the methods as proposed by the MAK Commission and Pauluhn 2011. We also examined key assumptions in the metrics, such as surface area of the human lung, deposition fractions of inhaled dusts, human clearance rates; and risk of lung cancer among workers, presumed to have some potential for lung overload, the physiological condition in rats associated with an increase in lung cancer risk. RESULTS The MAK recommendations on exposure limits for GBS have numerous incorrect assumptions that adversely affect the final results. The procedures to derive the respirable occupational exposure limit (OEL) could not be reproduced, a finding raising considerable scientific uncertainty about the reliability of the recommendations. Moreover, the scientific basis of using the rat model is confounded by the fact that rats and humans show different cellular responses to inhaled particles as demonstrated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) studies in both species. CONCLUSION Classifying all GBS as carcinogenic to humans based on rat inhalation studies in which lung overload leads to chronic inflammation and cancer is inappropriate. Studies of workers, who have been exposed to relevant levels of dust, have not indicated an increase in lung cancer risk. Using the methods proposed by the MAK, we were unable to reproduce the OEL for GBS recommended by the Commission, but identified substantial errors in the models. Considerable shortcomings in the use of lung surface area, clearance rates, deposition fractions; as well as using the mass and volumetric metrics as opposed to the particle surface area metric limit the scientific reliability of the proposed GBS OEL and carcinogen classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morfeld
- Institute for Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Evonik Industries, AG Rellinghauser Straße 1-11, Essen, 45128, Germany.
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bruch
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany.
- IBE GmbH, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Len Levy
- Cranfield University, ᅟ, Cranfield, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Ross Myerson
- Department of Occupational Health, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- The George Washington University School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Robert J McCunney
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhang R, Dai Y, Zhang X, Niu Y, Meng T, Li Y, Duan H, Bin P, Ye M, Jia X, Shen M, Yu S, Yang X, Gao W, Zheng Y. Reduced pulmonary function and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in nanoscale carbon black-exposed workers. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:73. [PMID: 25497989 PMCID: PMC4318129 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although major concerns exist regarding the potential consequences of human exposures to nanoscale carbon black (CB) particles, limited human toxicological data is currently available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if nanoscale CB particles could be responsible, at least partially, for the altered lung function and inflammation observed in CB workers exposed to nanoscale CB particles. METHODS Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller were used to characterize CB. Eighty-one CB-exposed male workers and 104 non-exposed male workers were recruited. The pulmonary function test was performed and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. To further assess the deposition and pulmonary damage induced by CB nanoparticles, male BALB/c mice were exposed to CB for 6 hours per day for 7 or 14 days. The deposition of CB and the pathological changes of the lung tissue in mice were evaluated by paraffin sections and TEM. The cytokines levels in serum and lung tissue of mice were evaluated by ELISA and immunohistochemical staining (IHC). RESULTS SEM and TEM images showed that the CB particles were 30 to 50 nm in size. In the CB workplace, the concentration of CB was 14.90 mg/m³. Among these CB particles, 50.77% were less than 0.523 micrometer, and 99.55% were less than 2.5 micrometer in aerodynamic diameter. The reduction of lung function parameters including FEV1%, FEV/FVC, MMF%, and PEF% in CB workers was observed, and the IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1beta, and TNF- alpha had 2.86-, 6.85-, 1.49-, 3.35-, and 4.87-folds increase in serum of CB workers, respectively. In mice exposed to the aerosol CB, particles were deposited in the lung. The alveolar wall thickened and a large amount of inflammatory cells were observed in lung tissues after CB exposure. IL-6 and IL-8 levels were increased in both serum and lung homogenate. CONCLUSIONS The data strongly suggests that nanoscale CB particles could be responsible for the lung function reduction and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in CB workers. These results, therefore, provide the first evidence of a link between human exposure to CB and long-term pulmonary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yufei Dai
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yong Niu
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Tao Meng
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Huawei Duan
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ping Bin
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Meng Ye
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Meili Shen
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shanfa Yu
- Henan Provincial Institute for Occupational Health, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiaofa Yang
- Jiao Zuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaozuo, China.
| | - Weimin Gao
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Moroni B, Viti C, Cappelletti D. Exposure vs toxicity levels of airborne quartz, metal and carbon particles in cast iron foundries. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:42-50. [PMID: 23385294 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol dust samples and quartz raw materials from different working stations in foundry plants were characterized in order to assess the health risk in this working environment. Samples were analysed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy coupled with image analysis and microanalysis, and by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. In addition, the concentration and the solubility degree of Fe and other metals of potential health effect (Mn, Zn and Pb) in the bulk samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Overall, the results indicate substantial changes in quartz crystal structure and texture when passing from the raw material to the airborne dust, which include lattice defects, non-bridging oxygen hole centres and contamination of quartz grains by metal and/or graphite particles. All these aspects point towards the relevance of surface properties on reactivity. Exposure doses have been estimated based on surface area, and compared with threshold levels resulting from toxicology. The possible synergistic effects of concomitant exposure to inhalable magnetite, quartz and/or graphite particles in the same working environment have been properly remarked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Moroni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, University of Perugia, Via Duranti 93, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Viti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, University of Siena, Via Laterina 8, Siena, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- 1] Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, University of Perugia, Via Duranti 93, Perugia, Italy [2] SMAArt Research Center, Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, Italy
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Schulte PA, Geraci CL, Murashov V, Kuempel ED, Zumwalde RD, Castranova V, Hoover MD, Hodson L, Martinez KF. Occupational safety and health criteria for responsible development of nanotechnology. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013; 16:2153. [PMID: 24482607 PMCID: PMC3890581 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-013-2153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organizations around the world have called for the responsible development of nanotechnology. The goals of this approach are to emphasize the importance of considering and controlling the potential adverse impacts of nanotechnology in order to develop its capabilities and benefits. A primary area of concern is the potential adverse impact on workers, since they are the first people in society who are exposed to the potential hazards of nanotechnology. Occupational safety and health criteria for defining what constitutes responsible development of nanotechnology are needed. This article presents five criterion actions that should be practiced by decision-makers at the business and societal levels-if nanotechnology is to be developed responsibly. These include (1) anticipate, identify, and track potentially hazardous nanomaterials in the workplace; (2) assess workers' exposures to nanomaterials; (3) assess and communicate hazards and risks to workers; (4) manage occupational safety and health risks; and (5) foster the safe development of nanotechnology and realization of its societal and commercial benefits. All these criteria are necessary for responsible development to occur. Since it is early in the commercialization of nanotechnology, there are still many unknowns and concerns about nanomaterials. Therefore, it is prudent to treat them as potentially hazardous until sufficient toxicology, and exposure data are gathered for nanomaterial-specific hazard and risk assessments. In this emergent period, it is necessary to be clear about the extent of uncertainty and the need for prudent actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - C. L. Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - V. Murashov
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - E. D. Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - R. D. Zumwalde
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - V. Castranova
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - M. D. Hoover
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - L. Hodson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - K. F. Martinez
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
- Hassett Willis and Co., Washington, DC USA
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Brüske I, Thiering E, Heinrich J, Huster K, Nowak D. Biopersistent granular dust and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80977. [PMID: 24278358 PMCID: PMC3835577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Applying a systematic review to identify studies eligible for meta-analysis of the association between occupational exposure to inorganic dust and the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and conducting a meta-analysis. Data Sources Searches of PubMed and Embase for the time period 1970–2010 yielded 257 cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on people exposed to inorganic dust at the workplace with data on lung function. These studies were independently abstracted and evaluated by two authors; any disagreement was resolved by a third reviewer. Of 55 publications accepted for meta-analysis, 27 investigated the effects of occupational exposure to biopersistent granular dust (bg-dust). Methods A random effects meta-analysis allowed us to provide an estimate of the average exposure effect on spirometric parameters presented in forest plots. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by using I2 statistics, with I2>25% indicating significant heterogeneity. Publication bias was investigated by visual inspection of funnel plots. The influence of individual studies was assessed by dropping the respective study before pooling study-specific estimates. Results The mean FEV1 of workers exposed to bg-dust was 160 ml lower or 5.7% less than predicted compared to workers with no/low exposure. The risk of an obstructive airway disease—defined as FEV1/FVC < 70%—increased by 7% per 1 mg· m-3 respirable bg-dust. Conclusion Occupational inhalative exposure to bg-dust was associated with a statistically significant decreased FEV1 and FEV1/FVC revealing airway obstruction consistent with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Brüske
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Huster
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinical Centre, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinical Centre, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
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Low-Toxicity Dusts: Current Exposure Guidelines Are Not Sufficiently Protective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:685-91. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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A road map toward a globally harmonized approach for occupational health surveillance and epidemiology in nanomaterial workers. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 54:1214-23. [PMID: 22995812 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31826e27f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few epidemiological studies have addressed the health of workers exposed to novel manufactured nanomaterials. The small current workforce will necessitate pooling international cohorts. METHOD A road map was defined for a globally harmonized framework for the careful choice of materials, exposure characterization, identification of study populations, definition of health endpoints, evaluation of appropriateness of study designs, data collection and analysis, and interpretation of the results. RESULTS We propose a road map to reach global consensus on these issues. The proposed strategy should ensure that the costs of action are not disproportionate to the potential benefits and that the approach is pragmatic and practical. CONCLUSIONS We should aim to go beyond the collection of health complaints, illness statistics, or even counts of deaths; the manifestation of such clear endpoints would indicate a failure of preventive measures.
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Lim CH, Kang M, Han JH, Yang JS. Effect of Agglomeration on the Toxicity of Nano-sized Carbon Black in Sprague-Dawley Rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:e2012015. [PMID: 23106037 PMCID: PMC3479240 DOI: 10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have shown that nano-sized carbon black is more toxic than large respirable carbon black because of its higher surface area. However, it is not clear if carbon black made larger by agglomeration demonstrates decreased toxicity. The purpose of this study was to verify if agglomeration affects the toxicity of carbon black using three differently prepared nano-sized carbon black aerosols in nose-only inhalation chambers for 13 weeks. METHODS Printex 90 was selected as a representative nano-sized carbon black. To generate aerosols of three different types of agglomerates, Printex 90 was dispersed in distilled water by three different methods: vortex, vortex+sonication, and vortex+sonication with dispersion in a stabilizer. Then, the three differently prepared solutions were aerosolized through venturi nozzles. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to Printex 90 aerosols in a nose-only exposure chamber for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 13 weeks at a concentration of approximately 9 mg/m(3). RESULTS Numbers of total cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were increased and carbon black masses were clearly seen in BAL cells and lung tissues of rats exposed to Printex 90. However, few differences were found between the three differently agglomerated aerosols. In addition, there were no significant differences in other parameters, such as body weight, lung function or cytokine levels in BAL fluid following carbon black exposure. CONCLUSIONS Only mild to moderate respiratory effects were found in rats exposed to nano-sized carbon black at 9 mg/m(3) for 13 weeks. Agglomeration did not affect the toxicity of nano-sized carbon particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Hong Lim
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mingu Kang
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hee Han
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Chemical Safety and Health Research Center, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
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Hailemariam Y, Amiri HM, Nugent K. Acute respiratory symptoms following massive carbon black exposure. Occup Med (Lond) 2012; 62:578-80. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqs149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Batistatou E, McNamee R. Performance of bias-correction methods for exposure measurement error using repeated measurements with and without missing data. Stat Med 2012; 31:3467-80. [DOI: 10.1002/sim.5422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Batistatou
- Biostatistics, Health Sciences-Methodology Group, Community based Medicine; University of Manchester; U.K
| | - Roseanne McNamee
- Biostatistics, Health Sciences-Methodology Group, Community based Medicine; University of Manchester; U.K
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Khatri M, Bello D, Gaines P, Martin J, Pal AK, Gore R, Woskie S. Nanoparticles from photocopiers induce oxidative stress and upper respiratory tract inflammation in healthy volunteers. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:1014-27. [PMID: 22632457 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2012.691998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photocopiers emit large quantities of nanoparticles (NPs); however, their toxicological properties have not been studied. Here we investigate for the first time early human responses following a day's exposure to NPs from photocopiers. Nine healthy subjects spent 6 h at a busy photocopy centre on 2-3 randomly selected days. Matched nasal lavage and urine samples were collected before and at different time points post-exposure. Nasal lavage samples were analysed for 14 cytokines, inflammatory cells and total protein. Urine samples were analysed for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG). Exposure assessment was conducted using a suite of instruments. The mean total particle number on exposure days was >5 times higher than background, with size distributions in nanoscale range (peak 30-40 nm). Following exposure, 8-OH-dG and several pro-inflammatory cytokines were elevated 2-10 folds compared with pre-exposure levels and remained elevated for up to 36 h. We conclude that NPs from photocopiers induce upper airway inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khatri
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts-Lowell , Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Bourdon JA, Halappanavar S, Saber AT, Jacobsen NR, Williams A, Wallin H, Vogel U, Yauk CL. Hepatic and pulmonary toxicogenomic profiles in mice intratracheally instilled with carbon black nanoparticles reveal pulmonary inflammation, acute phase response, and alterations in lipid homeostasis. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:474-84. [PMID: 22461453 PMCID: PMC3355316 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Global pulmonary and hepatic messenger RNA profiles in adult female C57BL/6 mice intratracheally instilled with carbon black nanoparticles (NPs) (Printex 90) were analyzed to identify biological perturbations underlying systemic responses to NP exposure. Tissue gene expression changes were profiled 1, 3, and 28 days following exposure to 0.018, 0.054, and 0.162 mg Printex 90 alongside controls. Pulmonary response was marked by increased expression of inflammatory markers and acute phase response (APR) genes that persisted to day 28 at the highest exposure dose. Genes in the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase pathway were increased, and those involved in cholesterol efflux were decreased at least at the highest dose on days 1 and 3. Hepatic responses mainly consisted of the HMG-CoA reductase pathway on days 1 (high dose) and 28 (all doses). Protein analysis in tissues and plasma of 0.162 mg Printex 90-exposed mice relative to control revealed an increase in plasma serum amyloid A on days 1 and 28 (p < 0.05), decreases in plasma high-density lipoprotein on days 3 and 28, an increase in plasma low-density lipoprotein on day 28 (p < 0.05), and marginal increases in total hepatic cholesterol on day 28 (p = 0.06). The observed changes are linked to APR. Although further research is needed to establish links between observations and the onset and progression of systemic disorders, the present study demonstrates the ability of NPs to induce systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Bourdon
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Mechanistic Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Mechanistic Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Anne T. Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R. Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Mechanistic Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Håkan Wallin
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Carole L. Yauk
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Mechanistic Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0K9
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Workshop summary: epidemiologic design strategies for studies of nanomaterial workers. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:S87-90. [PMID: 21654425 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31821b1af5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potential health consequences of exposure to nanomaterials have yet to be elucidated though increasing evidence points to the potential for nanomaterials to cause adverse human health effects. This workshop addressed the feasibility of developing studies to measure health risks among nanomaterial workers. METHODS Breakout groups discussed different epidemiologic designs and methods to encourage companies to collect and retain exposure and health data. RESULTS Major challenges include defining and recruitment of appropriate study populations and obtaining adequate exposure data. Both prospective cohort studies and small cross-sectional panel studies utilizing biomarkers of exposure and effect offer approaches to study occupational groups. CONCLUSIONS Potential exists to assemble cohorts to study the human health effects associated with nanomaterial exposure. Stakeholder partnerships are critical to the success of these studies and international partnerships hold great potential.
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Neghab M, Mohraz MH, Hassanzadeh J. Symptoms of respiratory disease and lung functional impairment associated with occupational inhalation exposure to carbon black dust. J Occup Health 2011; 53:432-8. [PMID: 21996929 DOI: 10.1539/joh.11-0083-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to ascertain whether symptoms of respiratory disorders and lung functional impairments are associated with occupational inhalation exposure to carbon black (CB) in a group of rubber workers. METHODS The study population consisted of 72 male workers with a past history of and current exposure to CB and 69, randomly selected, healthy unexposed male office workers that served as the referent group. Subjects were interviewed and given standardized respiratory symptom questionnaires to answer. Furthermore, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed before and after the work shift for exposed subjects and once during the work shift for referent subjects. Furthermore, to assess the extent to which workers were exposed to CB, using standard methods, inhalable and respirable dust fractions of CB were measured in different dusty worksites. RESULTS The levels of exposure to inhalable and respirable CB dust were estimated to be 6.2 ± 1.7 and 2.3 ± 0.29 mg/m(3) respectively (mean ± SD). Respiratory symptom questionnaires revealed that regular cough, phlegm, wheezing and shortness of breath were significantly (p<0.05) more prevalent among exposed workers. Furthermore, significant decreases in some preshift and postshift parameters of pulmonary function of exposed workers with a spirometric pattern consistent with restrictive ventilatory disorder were found. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide circumstantial evidence to support the notion that exposure to CB exceeding its current TLV is associated with a significant increase in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms along with both acute, partially reversible and chronic irreversible significant decreases in some parameters of pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Neghab
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Health and Nutrition and Research Center for Health Sciences
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Kim HM, Richardson D, Loomis D, Van Tongeren M, Burstyn I. Bias in the estimation of exposure effects with individual- or group-based exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2011; 21:212-221. [PMID: 20179749 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop models of bias in estimates of exposure-disease associations for epidemiological studies that use group- and individual-based exposure assessments. In a study that uses a group-based exposure assessment, individuals are grouped according to shared attributes, such as job title or work area, and assigned an exposure score, usually the mean of some concentration measurements made on samples drawn from the group. We considered bias in the estimation of exposure effects in the context of both linear and logistic regression disease models, and the classical measurement error in the exposure model. To understand group-based exposure assessment, we introduced a quasi-Berkson error structure that can be justified with a moderate number of exposure measurements from each group. In the quasi-Berkson error structure, the true value is equal to the observed one plus error, and the error is not independent of the observed value. The bias in estimates with individual-based assessment depends on all variance components in the exposure model and is smaller when the between-group and between-subject variances are large. In group-based exposure assessment, group means can be assumed to be either fixed or random effects. Regardless of this assumption, the behavior of estimates is similar: the estimates of regression coefficients were less attenuated with a large sample size used to estimate group means, when between-subject variability was small and the spread between group means was large. However, if groups are considered to be random effects, bias is present, even with large number of measurements from each group. This does not occur when group effects are treated as fixed. We illustrate these models in analyses of the associations between exposure to magnetic fields and cancer mortality among electric utility workers and respiratory symptoms due to carbon black.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang-Mi Kim
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Hamasha KM, Arnott WP. Photoacoustic measurements of black carbon light absorption coefficients in Irbid city, Jordan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 166:485-494. [PMID: 19479334 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to recognize air pollution levels by particles, especially in developing countries such as Jordan where data are scarce due to the absence of routine monitoring of ambient air quality. This study aims at studying the air quality in different locations at Irbid, Jordan through the measurement and analysis of the time series of black carbon light absorption coefficients (B (abs)). Black carbon light absorption coefficients were measured with a photoacoustic instrument at a wavelength of 870 nm. The measurements were conducted during July 2007 at six sites in Irbid city, Jordan. Comparisons of black carbon concentrations at various locations were conducted to understand where values tend to be largest. The average value of B (abs) of all sites was 40.4 Mm(-1). The largest value of B (abs) was 61.2 Mm(-1) at Palestine Street which is located at a very crowded street in a highly populated region in the city center. The lowest value was 14.1 Mm(-1) at Thirtieth Street which is located at a main street in an open plain region in the east of the city. The black carbon light absorption coefficients fluctuate above a background level (transported black carbon from the neighboring states), which are almost identical at all sampling sites. The light absorption coefficients will be used as a benchmark in later years as combustion efficiencies and population patterns change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeejeh M Hamasha
- Environmental Physics, Physics Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
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Schleicher N, Norra S, Chai F, Chen Y, Wang S, Stüben D. Anthropogenic versus geogenic contribution to total suspended atmospheric particulate matter and its variations during a two-year sampling period in Beijing, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:434-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b914739j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morimoto Y, Kitamura H, Kuga H, Ide R, Myojo T, Higashi T, Satoh T, Aizawa Y. [New investigation of the effect of toner and its by-products on human health and occupational health management of toner]. SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI = JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2009; 51:1-10. [PMID: 19110528 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.a8001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We need a new investigation of the effect of not only toner but also of its by-products on human health, because of the generation of fine particles and the release of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the process of photocopy. Therefore, we gathered epidemiological and animal data on toner and its by-products, and examined the occupational health management of toner. We examined the effect of carbonblack as the main component of toner, and titanium dioxide and amorphous silica as surface-adhesive nanomaterials, and VOC on human health, and reviewed them. We summarize the results as follows. 1) High sensitive c-reactive protein in serum, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in urine, and heart rate variability (HRV) are useful for biological monitoring of exposure to toner and its by-products. 2) Particle number concentrations have been often measured by scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) compared with other apparatus, although this is not measurement gold standard. Taken together, we have examined whole occupational health management of toner and its by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Morimoto
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Norra S, Schleicher N, Stüben D, Chai F, Chen Y, Wang S. Assessment of Aerosol Concentration Sampled at Five Sites in Beijing from 2005 Till 2007. HIGHWAY AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3043-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Valberg PA, Long CM, Sax SN. Integrating Studies on Carcinogenic Risk of Carbon Black: Epidemiology, Animal Exposures, and Mechanism of Action. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:1291-307. [PMID: 17159645 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000215342.52699.2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to address the toxicology literature on carbon black (CB) since 1996, when IARC reclassified CB from group 3 to group 2B. METHODS We reviewed epidemiology and laboratory studies from 1996 to 2006, focusing on new analyses of worker populations, on species differences in tumorigenicity of poorly soluble particles, and on the role of particle-bound organics in tumorigenicity. RESULTS Some epidemiology studies have reported positive associations between cancer risk and worker's possible exposure to CB, but larger studies, in more highly exposed populations, have not shown consistent patterns of either elevated risk or dose-response. High levels of inhaled CB were linked with rat lung tumors in 1996, but today scientists increasingly recognize that rats exhibit a unique lung tumor response to all inert inhaled particles that is unlikely to be relevant to humans. On mechanism of action, new reports have continued to show that CB has a high surface area of elemental carbon, and a low quantity of organic material, which is poorly bioavailable. CONCLUSION Overall, the new epidemiological evidence decreases concerns for cancer risk compared with pre-1996 evidence. Laboratory studies support a conclusion that the mechanism of tumorigenicity of CB in rats is no different from that of any poorly soluble particle, ie, toxicity results from the particle overload per se, and not from the particles' chemistry. Thus, research published after 1996 has not identified an increase in support for CB cancer risk, but rather, points to limited and inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Valberg
- Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138-5756, USA.
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Dell LD, Mundt KA, Luippold RS, Nunes AP, Cohen L, Burch MT, Heidenreich MJ, Bachand AM. A Cohort Mortality Study of Employees in the U.S. Carbon Black Industry. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:1219-29. [PMID: 17159639 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000218701.62658.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to evaluate historical mortality patterns, especially due to cancers, among employees of the U.S. carbon black industry and to address the methodological shortcomings of previous U.S. mortality studies. METHODS We followed mortality of 5011 workers employed 1 year or more since the 1930s at 18 carbon black facilities through December 31, 2003. Age-, race-, sex-, and calendar year-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated using state-specific mortality rates. RESULTS Follow up was 96% complete. All-cause (SMR = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70-0.78) and all-cancer mortality (SMR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.92) showed significant deficits. No excess was observed from lung (SMR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.82-1.15) or bladder (SMR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.47-1.87) cancers or from nonmalignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.83-1.18). No trends were seen with duration of employment or time since hire for any cause of death. CONCLUSION Employment in carbon black production in the United States seems not to be associated with increased mortality overall, cancer overall and, in particular, lung cancer. Further research, however, incorporating a detailed exposure assessment is needed to determine whether exposure to carbon black at high levels may be associated with an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Dell
- ENVIRON International Corporation, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez LA, Duffin R, Newby DE, Mills N, MacNee W, Stone V. Combustion-derived nanoparticles: a review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2005; 2:10. [PMID: 16242040 PMCID: PMC1280930 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-2-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the molecular toxicology of combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) following inhalation exposure. CDNP originate from a number of sources and in this review we consider diesel soot, welding fume, carbon black and coal fly ash. A substantial literature demonstrates that these pose a hazard to the lungs through their potential to cause oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer; they also have the potential to redistribute to other organs following pulmonary deposition. These different CDNP show considerable heterogeneity in composition and solubility, meaning that oxidative stress may originate from different components depending on the particle under consideration. Key CDNP-associated properties of large surface area and the presence of metals and organics all have the potential to produce oxidative stress. CDNP may also exert genotoxic effects, depending on their composition. CDNP and their components also have the potential to translocate to the brain and also the blood, and thereby reach other targets such as the cardiovascular system, spleen and liver. CDNP therefore can be seen as a group of particulate toxins unified by a common mechanism of injury and properties of translocation which have the potential to mediate a range of adverse effects in the lungs and other organs and warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Donaldson
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Park North, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Luis Albert Jimenez
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - Nicholas Mills
- Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical and Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SU, UK
| | - William MacNee
- ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Napier University, School of Life Sciences, 10 Colinton Rd, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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Hoppin JA, Ulmer R, London SJ. Phthalate exposure and pulmonary function. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:571-574. [PMID: 15064163 PMCID: PMC1241923 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.6564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to phthalates is widespread because of their use in plastics, cosmetics, and other consumer products. Phthalate exposure has been associated with adverse respiratory outcomes in children. With urinary phthalate measures, we assessed the association between phthalate exposure and four pulmonary function parameters [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and maximum mid-expiratory flow] among the 240 adult Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) participants with urinary phthalate data. Linear regression models controlled for race, age, age squared, standing height, body mass index, cumulative smoking, and current smoking. Monobutyl phthalate (MBP) was significantly associated with decrements in three measures of pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1, PEF) in males but not in females. For a change from the 25th to the 75th percentile in MBP level among men, FEV1 decreased 112 mL (SE = 51, p = 0.03). Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was associated with lower FVC and FEV1 values in men. Monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), the metabolite of the plasticizer commonly used in medical tubing, was not adversely associated with any of the pulmonary function parameters evaluated. Our results suggest that MBP and MEP, but not MEHP, may influence pulmonary function among adult males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Hoppin
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health/DHHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA.
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Harber P, Muranko H, Solis S, Torossian A, Merz B. Effect of carbon black exposure on respiratory function and symptoms. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45:144-55. [PMID: 12625230 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000052955.59271.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon black is a widely used pigment and filler. Some, but not all, previous studies have suggested an effect of long-term exposure upon the lungs. Carbon black production facility employees (1755) participated in the third round of the industry-wide medical surveillance testing. They were employed in 22 North American plants. Spirometry and a systematically administered questionnaire were included in the year 2000 round of the industry-wide medical surveillance program. Industrial hygiene data from an industry-wide survey in 2000-2001, as well as all available exposure assessment data collected since 1979, were integrated with process questionnaires and exposure rating questionnaires completed by plant personnel. Analyses included multiple linear regression and categorical data analyses. Multiple regression analyses showed statistically significant, consistent relationships between cumulative exposure and small reductions in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) but not with other spirometry parameters. The estimated slopes were -2 mL FEV1 per mg-year/m3 of cumulative 'total' dust exposure and -0.7 mL FEV1 per mg-year/m3 of cumulative exposure for the inhalable fraction. In addition, heavy cumulative exposures were associated with a small increase in chronic bronchitis in nonsmokers. Recent exposures, typically much lower than in the past, were not demonstrated to be associated with these effects. Consistent with good occupational hygiene practice for any contaminant, workplace exposures to carbon black should be controlled to lowest practical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Harber
- Division of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10940 Wilshire Blvd, Ste #1220, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Harber P, Muranko H, Shvartsblat S, Solis S, Torossian A, Oren T. A triangulation approach to historical exposure assessment for the carbon black industry. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45:131-43. [PMID: 12625229 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000052956.59271.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The determination of cumulative exposures for individual workers is necessary for research and practice of occupational health and hygiene. Reconstruction of exposures for a study of respiratory morbidity was needed to study the effects of exposure to carbon black production. Approximately 15,800 exposure estimates were needed. There were 22 plants, a 40-year time span, six job categories, and three types of dust-exposure metrics (respirable, inhalable, and "total" dust). Three information sources were used: 1) Industrial hygiene air level measurements where available (several industry-wide surveys had been conducted). 2) A formal process survey identifying specific dates and types of process and control changes. 3) An Historical Relative Exposure Rating Scale; plant health and safety personnel used this spreadsheet-based rating scheme to quantify exposures before and between years of actual measurement relative to a reference year in which measurements were available. A job-exposure matrix was calculated by integrating these three methods. Linear scaling factors were identified to interconvert geometric to arithmetic means and to interconvert total and inhalable dust. Individual worker cumulative exposures were then calculated based upon job histories linked with the job-exposure matrix. The nine-step process for integrating all available relevant data was effective in estimating the exposures for each of the cells of the job-exposure matrix. Among the 1680 workers participating, the mean cumulative inhalable dust exposure was 48.4 mg-years/m3. Early years contribute disproportionately to the cumulative exposures of individuals since levels have declined significantly over time. The use of multiple sources of information, including a relative exposure rating instrument, significantly facilitates reconstruction of historical exposures. Inadequate adjustment for temporal trends can lead to underestimation of cumulative exposures and significantly affect estimation of dose-effect relationships. These methods are applicable to other situations requiring estimation of cumulative exposure with sparse industrial hygiene data in early years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Harber
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10940 Wilshire Blvd, Ste #1220, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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