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Richardot WH, Hamzai L, Ghukasyan T, Dodder NG, Quintana PJ, Matt GE, Sant KE, Lopez-Galvez N, Hoh E. Novel chemical contaminants associated with thirdhand smoke in settled house dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141138. [PMID: 38272136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the persistent and toxic residue from tobacco smoke in indoor environments. A comprehensive understanding of the chemical constituents of THS is necessary to assess the risks of long-term exposure and to establish reliable THS tracers. The objective of this study was to investigate compounds associated with THS through nontargeted analysis (NTA) of settled house dust samples from smokers' and non-smokers' homes, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS). Compounds that were either only present in dust from smokers' homes or that had significantly larger abundance than in non-smokers' homes were termed qualified compounds. We identified 140 qualified compounds, and of these, 42 compounds were tentatively identified by searching matching mass spectra in NIST electron impact (EI) mass spectral library including 20 compounds confirmed with their authentic standards. Among the 42 compounds, 26 compounds were statistically more abundant (p < 0.10) in dust from homes of smokers; seven were tobacco-specific compounds, two of which (nornicotyrine, 3-ethenylpyridine) have not been reported before in house dust. Two compounds, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (a toxic compound used as a flame retardant and reported in tobacco) and propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-propanediyl ester (highly abundant and reported in exhaled air of smokers), were found in dust from all smokers' homes and in zero non-smokers' homes, making these potential THS tracers, possibly associated with recent smoking. Benzyl methyl ketone was significantly higher in dust in smokers' homes, and was previously reported not as a product of tobacco but rather as a form of methamphetamine. This compound was recently reported in mainstream tobacco smoke condensate through NTA as well. These identified potential tracers and chemical components of THS in this study can be further investigated for use in developing THS contamination and exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Richardot
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Laila Hamzai
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Tigran Ghukasyan
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Penelope Je Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Karilyn E Sant
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
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Knapp DW, Dhawan D, Ruple A, Cooper BR, Zhang M, Liu D, Ramos-Vara JA, Bonney PL, Fourez LM, Enstrom AW, Lahrman SA, Tullius JA. Association between cigarette smoke exposure and urinary bladder cancer in Scottish terriers in a cohort study. Vet J 2024; 303:106044. [PMID: 38000695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) initially responds favorably to treatment, but is ultimately lethal in most cases. Research to identify modifiable risk factors to prevent the cancer is essential. The high breed-associated risk for UC, e.g. 20-fold higher in Scottish terriers, can facilitate this research. The objective was to identify environmental and host factors associated with UC in a cohort of Scottish terriers. Information was obtained through dog owner questionnaires for 120 Scottish terriers ≥ 6 years old participating in a bladder cancer screening study, with comparisons made between dogs that did or did not develop UC during the 3 years of screening. Univariable models were constructed, and variables with P < 0.20 were included when building the multivariable model, and then removed using a backward stepwise procedure. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Urine cotinine concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to further investigate potential cigarette smoke exposure. Biopsy-confirmed UC which was found in 32 of 120 dogs, was significantly associated with the dogs living in a household with cigarette smokers (odds ratio [OR], 6.34; 95 % confidence intervals [CI], 1.16-34.69; P = 0.033), living within a mile of a marsh or wetland (OR, 21.23; 95 % CI, 3.64-123.69; P = 0.001), and history of previous bladder infections (OR, 3.87; 95 % CI, 1.0-14.98; P = 0.050). UC was diagnosed in 18 of 51 dogs (35.3 %) with quantifiable cotinine concentrations, and six of 40 dogs (15.0 %) without quantifiable cotinine concentrations in their urine (P = 0.0165). In conclusion, the main modifiable risk factor for UC in this cohort of dogs was exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - D Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A Ruple
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Public Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, 700 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - B R Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 1203 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - M Zhang
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, 150 N. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D Liu
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, 150 N. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J A Ramos-Vara
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 725 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - P L Bonney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - L M Fourez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A W Enstrom
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - S A Lahrman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J A Tullius
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Merianos AL, Matt GE, Stone TM, Jandarov RA, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Quintana PJE, Lopez-Galvez N, Stone L, Mahabee-Gittens EM. Contamination of surfaces in children's homes with nicotine and the potent carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023:10.1038/s41370-023-00629-8. [PMID: 38104233 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) through secondhand and thirdhand smoke is a modifiable risk factor that contributes to childhood morbidity. Limited research has assessed surface TSE pollution in children's environments as a potential source of thirdhand smoke exposure, and none have examined levels of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on surfaces. OBJECTIVE This study measured surface NNK and nicotine in children's homes and associations with sociodemographics and parent-reported TSE behaviors. We assessed correlations of surface NNK and nicotine with dust NNK, dust nicotine, and child cotinine. METHODS Home surface wipe NNK and nicotine data from 84 children who lived with smokers were analyzed. Tobit and simple linear regression analyses were conducted to assess associations of surface NNK and nicotine with child characteristics. Spearman's (ρ) correlations assessed the strength of associations between environmental markers and child cotinine. RESULTS Nearly half (48.8%) of children's home surfaces had detectable NNK and 100% had detectable nicotine. The respective geometric means (GMs) of surface NNK and nicotine loadings were 14.0 ng/m2 and 16.4 µg/m2. Surface NNK positively correlated with surface nicotine (ρ = 0.54, p < 0.001) and dust NNK (ρ = 0.30, p = 0.020). Surface nicotine positively correlated with dust NNK (ρ = 0.42, p < 0.001) and dust nicotine (ρ = 0.24, p = 0.041). Children with household incomes ≤$15,000 had higher surface NNK levels (GM = 18.7 ng/m2, p = 0.017) compared to children with household incomes >$15,000 (GM = 7.1 ng/m2). Children with no home smoking bans had higher surface NNK (GM = 18.1 ng/m2, p = 0.020) and surface nicotine (GM = 17.7 µg/m2, p = 0.019) levels compared to children with smoking bans (GM = 7.5 ng/m2, 4.8 µg/m2, respectively). IMPACT Although nicotine on surfaces is an established marker of thirdhand smoke pollution, other thirdhand smoke contaminants have not been measured on surfaces in the homes of children living with smokers. We provide evidence that the potent carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK was detectable on surfaces in nearly half of children's homes, and nicotine was detectable on all surfaces. Surface NNK was positively correlated with surface nicotine and dust NNK. Detectable surface NNK levels were found in homes with indoor smoking bans, indicating the role of NNK as a persistent thirdhand smoke pollutant accumulating on surfaces as well as in dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Merianos
- University of Cincinnati, School of Human Services, PO Box 210068, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0068, USA.
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Timothy M Stone
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0056, USA
| | - Roman A Jandarov
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0056, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Lara Stone
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
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Continente X, Henderson E, López-González L, Fernández E, Tigova O, Semple S, O'Donnell R, Navas-Acién A, Cortés-Francisco N, Ramírez N, Dobson R, López MJ. Exposure to secondhand and thirdhand smoke in private vehicles: Measurements in air and dust samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116681. [PMID: 37474087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to estimate airborne nicotine concentrations and nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in settled dust from private cars in Spain and the UK. METHODS We measured vapor-phase nicotine concentrations in a convenience sample of 45 private cars from Spain (N = 30) and the UK (N = 15) in 2017-2018. We recruited non-smoking drivers (n = 20), smoking drivers who do not smoke inside the car (n = 15), and smoking drivers who smoke inside (n = 10). Nicotine, cotinine, and three TSNAs (NNK, NNN, NNA) were also measured in settled dust in a random subsample (n = 20). We computed medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) of secondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS) compounds according to the drivers' profile. RESULTS 24-h samples yielded median airborne nicotine concentrations below the limit of quantification (LOQ) (IQR: CONCLUSIONS All cars of smokers had measurable SHS and THS pollution, the exposure levels markedly higher in vehicles of drivers where smoking took place. Our results evidence the need for policies to prohibit smoking in vehicles, but also urge for more comprehensive strategies aiming towards the elimination of tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Continente
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elisabet Henderson
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Esteve Fernández
- Unitat de Control de Tabac, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Campus de Bellvitge, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga, S/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Olena Tigova
- Unitat de Control de Tabac, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Institut D'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Campus de Bellvitge, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Feixa Llarga, S/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Rachel O'Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Ana Navas-Acién
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY, 10032, United States.
| | - Núria Cortés-Francisco
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Noelia Ramírez
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Dr. Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007, Tarragona, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering, Escorxador, s/n, 43003, Tarragona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Maria José López
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Guan Q, Mai J, Teng K, Liu Z, Lin L, Zhou L, Huang T, Tan X, Sun X. Thirdhand smoke beliefs, exposure status and associated factors among young people in China: A cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:132. [PMID: 37842546 PMCID: PMC10571098 DOI: 10.18332/tid/171352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thirdhand smoke is an emerging threat to global public health. There is no research on young people's exposure to thirdhand smoke in China. This study aims to investigate the exposure status and beliefs of thirdhand smoke among young Chinese people and provide a reference for policy regarding thirdhand smoke. METHODS Data from the 2022 Chinese Resident Psychological and Behavioral Survey were used to select young people aged 15-24 years. A total of 11781 subjects were included in this study. Demographic information, beliefs about thirdhand smoke, and exposure status to thirdhand smoke were investigated. RESULTS Among the participants, 47.8% reported being exposed to thirdhand smoke (males: 49.1%, females: 47.0%). Young people living in urban areas (AOR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.77-0.91, p<0.001) and those with a monthly family income >12000 RMB (AOR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.92, p=0.001) were less likely to be exposed to thirdhand smoke. Young people with junior high school education or higher, and current or former smokers, were more likely to be exposed to thirdhand smoke. There is room for improvement in the beliefs about thirdhand smoke among young people. CONCLUSIONS Thirdhand smoke exposure is an issue that should be addressed in public health policy. Young people with low income and current or former smokers are populations that should be mainly focused on in public education and prevention work on thirdhand smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyi Guan
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning,China
| | - Jianrong Mai
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaisheng Teng
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning,China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Lin
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingfen Huang
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tan
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Sun
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Tripathi O, Bellettiere J, Liles S, Shi Y. Location and home rules of cannabis use - Findings from marijuana use and environmental survey 2020, a nationally representative survey in the United States. Prev Med Rep 2023; 35:102289. [PMID: 37408996 PMCID: PMC10319339 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis combustion and aerosolization may be associated with adverse health for users and nonusers through secondhand and thirdhand exposure. As cannabis regulation becomes more lenient, understanding where cannabis is used and whether homes have rules restricting use is needed. This study aimed to identify locations, presence of other people, and in-home rules of cannabis use in the United States (U.S.). This secondary analysis of 3,464 inhalation-based (smoking, vaping, dabbing) cannabis users in past 12 months drew from a cross-sectional probability-based online panel of 21,903 U.S. adults in early 2020, providing nationally representative estimates. We describe presence of other people and location at most recent use (smoking, vaping, dabbing, respectively). We also describe household restrictions on in-home cannabis smoking by cannabis smokers vs non-smokers, and by presence of children in home. Cannabis smoking, vaping, and dabbing most often occurred at users' own homes (65.7%, 56.8%, and 46.9%, respectively). More than 60% of smoking, vaping, and dabbing occurred with someone else present. About 68% of inhalation-based cannabis users (70% and 55%, smokers and non-smokers, respectively) did not have complete restrictions on in-home cannabis smoking; among them, over a quarter lived with children under 18. In the U.S., inhalation-based cannabis use most commonly occurs at home, with others present and a substantial proportion of users lacking complete in-home cannabis smoking restrictions, raising risks of secondhand and thirdhand smoke exposure. These circumstances demand residential interventions for developing bans on indoor cannabis smoking, especially around vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osika Tripathi
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - John Bellettiere
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandy Liles
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Yuyan Shi
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Tang X, Gambier C, López-Gálvez N, Padilla S, Rapp VH, Russell ML, Klivansky LM, Mayorga R, Perrino C, Gundel LA, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Hammond SK, Zhang H, Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Destaillats H. Remediation of Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke with Ozone: Probing Deep Reservoirs in Carpets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37366549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the efficacy of ozonation as an indoor remediation strategy by evaluating how a carpet serves as a sink and long-term source of thirdhand tobacco smoke (THS) while protecting contaminants absorbed in deep reservoirs by scavenging ozone. Specimens from unused carpet that was exposed to smoke in the lab ("fresh THS") and contaminated carpets retrieved from smokers' homes ("aged THS") were treated with 1000 ppb ozone in bench-scale tests. Nicotine was partially removed from fresh THS specimens by volatilization and oxidation, but it was not significantly eliminated from aged THS samples. By contrast, most of the 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in both samples were partially removed by ozone. One of the home-aged carpets was installed in an 18 m3 room-sized chamber, where its nicotine emission rate was 950 ng day-1 m-2. In a typical home, such daily emissions could amount to a non-negligible fraction of the nicotine released by smoking one cigarette. The operation of a commercial ozone generator for a total duration of 156 min, reaching concentrations up to 10,000 ppb, did not significantly reduce the carpet nicotine loading (26-122 mg m-2). Ozone reacted primarily with carpet fibers, rather than with THS, leading to short-term emissions of aldehydes and aerosol particles. Hence, by being absorbed deeply into carpet fibers, THS constituents can be partially shielded from ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clément Gambier
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicolás López-Gálvez
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Samuel Padilla
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Vi H Rapp
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liana M Klivansky
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raphael Mayorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Charles Perrino
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - George E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Van Elst D, Van Pamel E, Sedeyn P, Van Poucke C, Pyck N, Daeseleire E. Nicotine in the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus, endogenous biosynthesis? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37326451 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2223695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In early 2009 nicotine was unexpectedly detected in dried mushroom samples. As its origin has not yet been elucidated, this study addressed possible endogenous synthesis of nicotine. Therefore, Agaricus bisporus fruiting bodies were grown in a representative and controlled (nicotine-free) setup. Fruiting bodies (fresh versus stored, intact versus processed (sliced/cooked)) from different harvest days and flushes were analysed with a validated, sensitive dilute-and-shoot UHPLC-MS/MS methodology for nicotine and its precursors putrescine and nicotinic acid. Neither storage nor processing initiated any endogenous nicotine biosynthesis (detection limit 1.6 ng g-1 fresh weight). In contrast, putrescine and nicotinic acid were detected in all samples, with increasing amounts in the different treatments. In silico analysis of the fully sequenced genome of A. bisporus confirmed its inability to produce nicotine. The data obtained do not provide evidence for natural, endogenous presence of nicotine in mushrooms, indicating an exogenous contamination source (e.g. contamination during hand-picking, sample preparation/analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Van Elst
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Els Van Pamel
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Christof Van Poucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Nancy Pyck
- Inagro, Edible Mushrooms, Rumbeke-Beitem, Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
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9
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Matt GE, Greiner L, Record RA, Wipfli H, Long J, Dodder NG, Hoh E, Lopez Galvez N, Novotny TE, Quintana PJE, Destaillats H, Tang X, Snijders AM, Mao JH, Hang B, Schick S, Jacob P, Talbot P, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Northrup TF, Gundel L, Benowitz NL. Policy-relevant differences between secondhand and thirdhand smoke: strengthening protections from involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke pollutants. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-057971. [PMID: 37263783 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-057971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Starting in the 1970s, individuals, businesses and the public have increasingly benefited from policies prohibiting smoking indoors, saving thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare expenditures. Smokefree policies to protect against secondhand smoke exposure, however, do not fully protect the public from the persistent and toxic chemical residues from tobacco smoke (also known as thirdhand smoke) that linger in indoor environments for years after smoking stops. Nor do these policies address the economic costs that individuals, businesses and the public bear in their attempts to remediate this toxic residue. We discuss policy-relevant differences between secondhand smoke and thirdhand smoke exposure: persistent pollutant reservoirs, pollutant transport, routes of exposure, the time gap between initial cause and effect, and remediation and disposal. We examine four policy considerations to better protect the public from involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke pollutants from all sources. We call for (a) redefining smokefree as free of tobacco smoke pollutants from secondhand and thirdhand smoke; (b) eliminating exemptions to comprehensive smoking bans; (c) identifying indoor environments with significant thirdhand smoke reservoirs; and (d) remediating thirdhand smoke. We use the case of California as an example of how secondhand smoke-protective laws may be strengthened to encompass thirdhand smoke protections. The health risks and economic costs of thirdhand smoke require that smokefree policies, environmental protections, real estate and rental disclosure policies, tenant protections, and consumer protection laws be strengthened to ensure that the public is fully protected from and informed about the risks of thirdhand smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lydia Greiner
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachael A Record
- School of Communication, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heather Wipfli
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Long
- Public Health Law Center, Mitchell Hamline School of Law, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suzaynn Schick
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Thomas F Northrup
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lara Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Henderson E, Rodriguez Guerrero LA, Continente X, Fernández E, Tigova O, Cortés-Francisco N, Semple S, Dobson R, Tzortzi A, Vyzikidou VK, Gorini G, Geshanova G, Mons U, Przewozniak K, Precioso J, Brad R, López MJ. Measurement of airborne nicotine, as a marker of secondhand smoke exposure, in homes with residents who smoke in 9 European countries. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115118. [PMID: 36566961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smoke-free policies are effective in preventing secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, but their adoption at home remains largely voluntary. This study aimed to quantify SHS exposure in homes with residents who smoke in Europe according to households' characteristics, tobacco consumption habits, and national contextual factors. METHODS Cross-sectional study (March 2017-September 2018) based on measurements of air nicotine inside 162 homes with residents who smoke from nine European countries. We installed passive samplers for seven consecutive days to monitor nicotine concentrations. Through self-administered questionnaires, we collected sociodemographic information and the number of individuals who smoke, smoking rules, frequency, location, and quantity of tobacco use in households. Country-level factors included the overall score in the Tobacco Control Scale 2016, the smoking prevalence, and self-reported SHS exposure prevalence. Nicotine concentrations were analyzed as continuous and dichotomous variables, categorized based on the limit of quantification of 0.02 μg/m3. RESULTS Overall, median nicotine concentration was 0.85 μg/m3 (interquartile range (IQR):0.15-4.42), and there was nicotine presence in 93% of homes. Participants reported that smoking was not permitted in approximately 20% of households, 40% had two or more residents who smoked, and in 79% residents had smoked inside during the week of sampling. We found higher nicotine concentrations in homes: with smell of tobacco smoke inside (1.45 μg/m3 IQR: 0.32-6.34), where smoking was allowed (1.60 μg/m3 IQR: 0.68-7.63), with two or more residents who smoked (2.42 μg/m3 IQR: 0.58-11.0), with more than 40 cigarettes smoked (2.92 μg/m3 IQR: 0.97-10.61), and where two or more residents smoked inside (4.02 μg/m3 IQR: 1.58-11.74). Household nicotine concentrations were significantly higher in countries with higher national smoking prevalence and self-reported SHS exposure prevalence (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SHS concentrations in homes with individuals who smoke were approximately twenty times higher in homes that allowed smoking compared to those reporting smoke-free household rules. Evidence-based interventions promoting smoke-free homes should be implemented in combination with strengthening other MPOWER measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Henderson
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Continente
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 282029, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 282029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olena Tigova
- Institut Català d'Oncologia, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199-203, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Av. Granvia de l'Hospitalet 199, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 282029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Cortés-Francisco
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Ruaraidh Dobson
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Anna Tzortzi
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 17B Ipitou str., Athens, 10557, Greece
| | - Vergina K Vyzikidou
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 17B Ipitou str., Athens, 10557, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Via Cosimo il Vecchio, 2, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Gergana Geshanova
- Smoke-free Life Coalition, Slivnitsa Blvd, 257, 1202, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ute Mons
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50923, Cologne, Germany; Cancer Prevention Unit & WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Przewozniak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena, 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland; The Foundation Smart Health - Health in 3D, Makolągwy 24, 02-811, Warsaw, Poland; Collegium Civitas, 1 Defilad Square, 00-901, Warsaw, Poland
| | - José Precioso
- Research Center in Child Studies, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ramona Brad
- Healthy Romania Generation 2035 Association, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria J López
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Pl. Lesseps, 1, 08023, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 282029, Madrid, Spain; Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (DCEXS), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Merianos AL, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Stone TM, Jandarov RA, Wang L, Bhandari D, Blount BC, Matt GE. Distinguishing Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke among U.S. Children Using Machine Learning: NHANES 2013-2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2042-2053. [PMID: 36705578 PMCID: PMC10230650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
While the thirdhand smoke (THS) residue from tobacco smoke has been recognized as a distinct public health hazard, there are currently no gold standard biomarkers to differentiate THS from secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. This study used machine learning algorithms to assess which combinations of biomarkers and reported tobacco smoke exposure measures best differentiate children into three groups: no/minimal tobacco smoke exposure (NEG); predominant THS exposure (TEG); and mixed SHS and THS exposure (MEG). Participants were 4485 nonsmoking 3-17-year-olds from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. We fitted and tested random forest models, and the majority (76%) of children were classified in NEG, 16% were classified in TEG, and 8% were classified in MEG. The final classification model based on reported exposure, biomarker, and biomarker ratio variables had a prediction accuracy of 95%. This final model had prediction accuracies of 100% for NEG, 88% for TEG, followed by 71% for MEG. The most important predictors were the reported number of household smokers, serum cotinine, serum hydroxycotinine, and urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). In the absence of validated biomarkers specific to THS, comprehensive biomarker and questionnaire data for tobacco smoke exposure can distinguish children exposed to SHS and THS with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210068, Cincinnati OH, 45221, USA
| | - E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2008, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Timothy M. Stone
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Kettering Lab Building, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0056, USA
| | - Roman A. Jandarov
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Kettering Lab Building, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0056, USA
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Georg E. Matt
- Department of Psychology, College of Sciences, San Diego State University, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 225, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
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12
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Stone L, Wullenweber CA, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Lopez-Galvez N, Matt GE. Hand nicotine as an independent marker of thirdhand smoke pollution in children's environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157914. [PMID: 35952873 PMCID: PMC10199779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hand nicotine (HN) levels measure children's exposure to tobacco smoke pollutants from thirdhand and secondhand smoke. HN is associated with urinary and salivary cotinine, but the associations of HN with other tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) markers remain unknown. OBJECTIVES We compared levels of HN and four urinary TSE biomarkers: cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC), nicotelline N-oxides, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and children's sociodemographic and TSE patterns. We also examined if HN is a plausible pathway for children's exposure to active smoking. METHODS Data were collected from 175 non-smoking patients (Mean (SD) age = 5.4 (3.4) years) who lived with ≥1 cigarette smoker(s). HN and TSE biomarker levels were determined using LC-MS/MS. Multivariate and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between TSE markers and parent-reported measures, controlling for sociodemographics. RESULTS Of the five markers of TSE, cotinine (R2 = 0.221; p = 0.003) and HN (R2 = 0.247; p = 0.001) showed the strongest overall associations. Of the five markers, only cotinine showed significantly higher levels among Black children (β^=0.307,p<0.05) independent of age, reported exposure, and home smoking bans. Cotinine (β^=0.010,p<0.05), NNAL (β^=0.012,p<0.05), and HN (β^=0.011,p<0.05) showed significant positive associations with reported exposure independent of race, age, and home smoking bans. NNAL (β^=-0.285,p<0.05) and HN (β^=-0.336,p<0.05), but not cotinine, 3HC, and N-oxides, showed significantly lower levels among children who lived in homes with smoking bans. Child age, hand surface area, home smoking ban, and reported exposure independently accounted for 21 % of the variance in HN levels (p = 0.002). HN accounted for 30 % of the variance in cotinine independent of child race and child age. DISCUSSION HN levels were associated with modifiable tobacco-related behaviors and shows promise as a marker of sources of THS pollution in a child's environment not captured by measurement of urinary cotinine alone. HN levels provide additional information about TSE, complementing other biomarkers when assessing children's overall TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lara Stone
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chase A Wullenweber
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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13
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Northrup TF, Stotts AL, Suchting R, Khan AM, Klawans MR, Green C, Hoh E, Hovell MF, Matt GE, Quintana PJE. Handwashing Results in Incomplete Nicotine Removal from Fingers of Individuals who Smoke: A Randomized Controlled Experiment. Am J Perinatol 2022; 39:1634-1642. [PMID: 34634832 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco residue, also known as third-hand smoke (THS), contains toxicants and lingers in dust and on surfaces and clothes. THS also remains on hands of individuals who smoke, with potential transfer to infants during visitation while infants are hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), raising concerns (e.g., hindered respiratory development) for vulnerable infants. Previously unexplored, this study tested handwashing (HW) and sanitization efficacy for finger-nicotine removal in a sample of adults who smoked and were visiting infants in an NICU. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional sample was recruited to complete an interview, carbon monoxide breath samples, and three nicotine wipes of separate fingers (thumb, index, and middle). Eligible participants (n = 14) reported current smoking (verified with breath samples) and were randomly assigned to 30 seconds of HW (n = 7) or alcohol-based sanitization (n = 7), with the order of finger wipes both counterbalanced and randomly assigned. After randomization, the first finger was wiped for nicotine. Participants then washed or sanitized their hands and finger two was wiped 5 minutes later. An interview assessing tobacco/nicotine use and exposure was then administered, followed by a second breath sample and the final finger wipe (40-60 minutes after washing/sanitizing). RESULTS Generalized linear mixed models found that HW was more effective than sanitizer for nicotine removal but failed to completely remove nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Without proper protections (e.g., wearing gloves and gowns), NICU visitors who smoke may inadvertently expose infants to THS. Research on cleaning protocols are needed to protect vulnerable medical populations from THS and associated risks. KEY POINTS · NICU infants may be exposed to THS via visitors.. · THS is not eliminated by HW or sanitizing.. · THS removal protections for NICU infants are needed..
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Northrup
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Angela L Stotts
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert Suchting
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Amir M Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle R Klawans
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles Green
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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14
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Tang X, Benowitz N, Gundel L, Hang B, Havel CM, Hoh E, Jacob Iii P, Mao JH, Martins-Green M, Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Russell ML, Sarker A, Schick SF, Snijders AM, Destaillats H. Thirdhand Exposures to Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines through Inhalation, Dust Ingestion, Dermal Uptake, and Epidermal Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12506-12516. [PMID: 35900278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are emitted during smoking and form indoors by nitrosation of nicotine. Two of them, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), are human carcinogens with No Significant Risk Levels (NSRLs) of 500 and 14 ng day-1, respectively. Another TSNA, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl) butanal (NNA), shows genotoxic and mutagenic activity in vitro. Here, we present additional evidence of genotoxicity of NNA, an assessment of TSNA dermal uptake, and predicted exposure risks through different pathways. Dermal uptake was investigated by evaluating the penetration of NNK and nicotine through mice skin. Comparable mouse urine metabolite profiles suggested that both compounds were absorbed and metabolized via similar mechanisms. We then investigated the effects of skin constituents on the reaction of adsorbed nicotine with nitrous acid (epidermal chemistry). Higher TSNA concentrations were formed on cellulose and cotton substrates that were precoated with human skin oils and sweat compared to clean substrates. These results were combined with reported air, dust, and surface concentrations to assess NNK intake. Five different exposure pathways exceeded the NSRL under realistic scenarios, including inhalation, dust ingestion, direct dermal contact, gas-to-skin deposition, and epidermal nitrosation of nicotine. These results illustrate potential long-term health risks for nonsmokers in homes contaminated with thirdhand tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Neal Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lara Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bo Hang
- Bioengineering & Biomedical Sciences Department, Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher M Havel
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Peyton Jacob Iii
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Bioengineering & Biomedical Sciences Department, Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92506, United States
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Altaf Sarker
- Bioengineering & Biomedical Sciences Department, Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Suzaynn F Schick
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Antoine M Snijders
- Bioengineering & Biomedical Sciences Department, Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Borujeni ET, Yaghmaian K, Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Naderi M. Identification and determination of the volatile organics of third-hand smoke from different cigarettes and clothing fabrics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2022; 20:53-63. [PMID: 35669833 PMCID: PMC9163281 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Third-hand smoke (THS) is a persistent mixture generated from aged second-hand smoke (SHS) that accumulates in indoor environments and reemits into the air. This work evaluates the tobacco-derived volatile organics of cigarette THS from various clothing fabrics that were exposed to side-stream smoke of several brands of cigarettes in a controlled experimental scale. The qualitative and quantitative determination of the chemicals off-gassed was performed using solid phase micro-extraction coupled with GC/MS. Sixty-six components of side-stream smoke were identified in third-hand cigarette smoke. In this study, toluene-reference concentration (TRC) was calculated for volatile compounds and estimated based on the basic response characteristics of GC/MS. Among the identified analytes, 16 compounds were quantified presenting high toxicity and/or abundance in smoke, such as: benzene, toluene, xylene, pyridine, limonene, naphthalene, furfural and nicotine. The results showed that the total quantified volatile organics released for cotton, wool, polyester and filament fabrics were 92.37, 93.09, 87.88, and 50.22 μg/l fabric, respectively. Fabric structure significantly affects chemical off-gassing. Natural fibers were more capable of holding and emitting THS than synthetic fibers. Besides, various desorption times from 15 to 45 min after exposure to cigarette smoke in the study were evaluated. With increasing desorption time, no significant decrease in the concentration of organic compounds in THS was observed. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that it will be difficult to clean the pollutants from the environment contaminated with cigarette smoke and it will take more hours to reduce the concentration of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Tondro Borujeni
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Naderi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Quispe-Cristóbal B, Lidón-Moyano C, Martín-Sánchez JC, Pérez-Martín H, Cartanyà-Hueso À, Cabriada-Sáez Í, de Paz-Cantos S, Martínez-Sánchez JM, González-Marrón A. Knowledge and Opinions of Healthcare Professionals about Thirdhand Smoke: A Multi-National, Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050945. [PMID: 35628082 PMCID: PMC9141727 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is scarce evidence on the knowledge and opinions about third-hand smoke (THS) of health care professionals. The main aim of this study was to explore the knowledge and opinions of health care professionals about THS and, secondarily, to explore the factors that are associated with this knowledge. Cross-sectional study using a snowball sample of multi-national health care professionals (n = 233). Data were obtained from an exploratory, online questionnaire. The health care professionals’ knowledge and opinions on THS were described with absolute frequency and percentage. Chi-square and Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests, and simple logistic regression models, were used to explore the bivariate association between the knowledge of the concept THS and sex, continent of birth, educational level, occupation, years of experience, and attitude towards smoking. Finally, a multivariable logistic regression model incorporating all the above variables was fitted. A total of 65.2% of the participants were unaware of the term THS before the study began. In the bivariate analysis, an association was found between prior knowledge of the term THS and continent of birth (p-value = 0.030) and occupation (p-value = 0.014). In the multivariable logistic regression model, a significant association was observed between prior knowledge of the concept THS and sex (p-value = 0.005), continent of birth (p-value = 0.012), and occupation (p-value = 0.001). Almost two out of three health care professionals who participated in our study did not know what THS was. Educational activities on this topic should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Quispe-Cristóbal
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
| | - Juan Carlos Martín-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
| | - Hipólito Pérez-Martín
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
| | - Àurea Cartanyà-Hueso
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
- Group of Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health, and Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Íñigo Cabriada-Sáez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
| | - Sonia de Paz-Cantos
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
| | - Jose M. Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
| | - Adrián González-Marrón
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (C.L.-M.); (J.C.M.-S.); (H.P.-M.); (À.C.-H.); (Í.C.-S.); (S.d.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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O’Donnell R, McCulloch P, Greaves L, Semple S, Amos A. What Helps and What Hinders the Creation of a Smoke-free Home: A Qualitative Study of Fathers in Scotland. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:511-518. [PMID: 34758077 PMCID: PMC8887574 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have explored fathers' views and experiences of creating a smoke-free home, with interventions largely targeting mothers. This study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to fathers creating a smoke-free home, to inform future intervention development. METHODS Eighteen fathers who were smokers and lived in Scotland were recruited from Dads' community groups, Early Years Centres and through social media advertising. Semi-structured interviews explored their views and experiences of creating a smoke-free home. A theory-informed thematic analysis using the COM-B model highlighted ways in which capability, opportunity, and motivations shaped fathers' home smoking behaviors. RESULTS Several fathers understood the health risks of second-hand smoke exposure through public health messaging associated with recent smoke-free legislation prohibiting smoking in cars carrying children. Limited understanding of effective exposure reduction strategies and personal mental health challenges reduced some fathers' ability to create a smoke-free home. Fathers were keen to maintain their smoke-free home rules, and their motivations for this largely centered on their perceived role as protector of their children, and their desire to be a good role model. CONCLUSIONS Fathers' abilities to create a smoke-free home are shaped by a range of capabilities, opportunities, and motivations, some of which relate to their role as a father. Establishing a fuller understanding of the contextual and gender-specific factors that shape fathers' views on smoking in the home will facilitate the development of interventions and initiatives that fathers can identify and engage with, for the broader benefit of families and to improve gender equity and health. IMPLICATIONS Our findings can inform future development of father-centered and household-level smoke-free home interventions. They identify fathers' views and experiences and help reframe smoking in the home as a gendered family-wide issue, which is important in building consensus on how best to support parents to create a smoke-free home. Our findings highlight the need for additional research to develop understanding of the ways in which gender-related aspects of family structures, heterosexual relationships, and child living arrangements influence home smoking rules and how to tailor interventions accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel O’Donnell
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Peter McCulloch
- School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Lorraine Greaves
- Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health & School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Amanda Amos
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
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18
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Parks J, McLean KE, McCandless L, de Souza RJ, Brook JR, Scott J, Turvey SE, Mandhane PJ, Becker AB, Azad MB, Moraes TJ, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Takaro TK. Assessing secondhand and thirdhand tobacco smoke exposure in Canadian infants using questionnaires, biomarkers, and machine learning. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:112-123. [PMID: 34175887 PMCID: PMC8770125 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As smoking prevalence has decreased in Canada, particularly during pregnancy and around children, and technological improvements have lowered detection limits, the use of traditional tobacco smoke biomarkers in infant populations requires re-evaluation. OBJECTIVE We evaluated concentrations of urinary nicotine biomarkers, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC), and questionnaire responses. We used machine learning and prediction modeling to understand sources of tobacco smoke exposure for infants from the CHILD Cohort Study. METHODS Multivariable linear regression models, chosen through a combination of conceptual and data-driven strategies including random forest regression, assessed the ability of questionnaires to predict variation in urinary cotinine and 3HC concentrations of 2017 3-month-old infants. RESULTS Although only 2% of mothers reported smoking prior to and throughout their pregnancy, cotinine and 3HC were detected in 76 and 89% of the infants' urine (n = 2017). Questionnaire-based models explained 31 and 41% of the variance in cotinine and 3HC levels, respectively. Observed concentrations suggest 0.25 and 0.50 ng/mL as cut-points in cotinine and 3HC to characterize SHS exposure. This cut-point suggests that 23.5% of infants had moderate or regular smoke exposure. SIGNIFICANCE Though most people make efforts to reduce exposure to their infants, parents do not appear to consider the pervasiveness and persistence of secondhand and thirdhand smoke. More than half of the variation in urinary cotinine and 3HC in infants could not be predicted with modeling. The pervasiveness of thirdhand smoke, the potential for dermal and oral routes of nicotine exposure, along with changes in public perceptions of smoking exposure and risk warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Parks
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Piush J Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Diana L Lefebvre
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tim K Takaro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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19
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Merianos AL, Stone L, Lopez-Galvez N, Matt GE. Collecting Hand Wipe Samples to Assess Thirdhand Smoke Exposure. Front Public Health 2021; 9:770505. [PMID: 34988051 PMCID: PMC8720752 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.770505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ashley L. Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lara Stone
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Georg E. Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
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20
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Kelley ST, Liu W, Quintana PJ, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Padilla S, Ogden S, Frenzel S, Sisk-Hackworth L, Matt GE. Altered microbiomes in thirdhand smoke-exposed children and their home environments. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:1153-1160. [PMID: 33654287 PMCID: PMC8410873 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoke contains numerous toxic chemicals that accumulate in indoor environments creating thirdhand smoke (THS). We investigated if THS-polluted homes differed in children's human and built-environment microbiomes as compared to THS-free homes. METHODS Participants were n = 19 THS-exposed children and n = 10 unexposed children (≤5 years) and their caregivers. Environmental and biological samples were analyzed for THS pollutants and exposure. Swab samples were collected from the built-environment (floor, table, armrest, bed frame) and child (finger, nose, mouth, and ear canal), and 16S ribosomal RNA genes were analyzed for bacterial taxa using high-throughput DNA sequencing. RESULTS Phylogenetic α-diversity was significantly higher for the built-environment microbiomes in THS-polluted homes compared to THS-free homes (p < 0.014). Log2-fold comparison found differences between THS-polluted and THS-free homes for specific genera in samples from the built-environment (e.g., Acinetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Corynebacterium, Gemella, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Veillonella) and in samples from children (esp. Corynebacterium, Gemella, Lautropia, Neisseria, Rothia, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella). CONCLUSION When exposed to THS, indoor and children microbiomes are altered in an environment-specific manner. Changes are similar to those reported in previous studies for smokers and secondhand smoke-exposed persons. THS-induced changes in child and built-environmental microbiomes may play a role in clinical outcomes in children. IMPACT Despite smoking bans, children can be exposed to tobacco smoke residue (i.e., thirdhand smoke) that lingers on surfaces and in settled house dust. Thirdhand smoke exposure is associated with changes in the microbiomes of the home environment and of the children living in these homes. Thirdhand smoke is associated with increased phylogenetic diversity of the home environment and changes in the abundances of several genera of the child microbiome known to be affected by active smoking and secondhand smoke (e.g., Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus). Thirdhand smoke exposure by itself may induce alterations in the microbiome that play a role in childhood pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Liu
- San Diego State University, San Diego CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University, San Diego CA, USA
| | | | - E. Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, U.S.A
| | | | - Shawn Ogden
- San Diego State University, San Diego CA, USA
| | - Sia Frenzel
- San Diego State University, San Diego CA, USA
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21
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Jandarov RA, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Matt GE. Differential associations of hand nicotine and urinary cotinine with children's exposure to tobacco smoke and clinical outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111722. [PMID: 34297932 PMCID: PMC8578289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's overall tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) consists of both inhalation of secondhand smoke (SHS) and ingestion, dermal uptake, and inhalation of thirdhand smoke (THS) residue from dust and surfaces in their environments. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to compare the different roles of urinary cotinine as a biomarker of recent overall TSE and hand nicotine as a marker of children's contact with nicotine pollution in their environments. We explored the differential associations of these markers with sociodemographics, parental smoking, child TSE, and clinical diagnoses. METHODS Data were collected from 276 pediatric emergency department patients (Median age = 4.0 years) who lived with a cigarette smoker. Children's hand nicotine and urinary cotinine levels were determined using LC-MS/MS. Parents reported tobacco use and child TSE. Medical records were reviewed to assess discharge diagnoses. RESULTS All children had detectable hand nicotine (GeoM = 89.7ng/wipe; 95 % CI = [78.9; 102.0]) and detectable urinary cotinine (GeoM = 10.4 ng/ml; 95%CI = [8.5; 12.6]). Although hand nicotine and urinary cotinine were highly correlated (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), urinary cotinine geometric means differed between racial groups and were higher for children with lower family income (p < 0.05), unlike hand nicotine. Independent of urinary cotinine, age, race, and ethnicity, children with higher hand nicotine levels were at increased risk to have discharge diagnoses of viral/other infectious illness (aOR = 7.49; 95%CI = [2.06; 27.24], p = 0.002), pulmonary illness (aOR = 6.56; 95%CI = [1.76; 24.43], p = 0.005), and bacterial infection (aOR = 5.45; 95%CI = [1.50; 19.85], p = 0.03). In contrast, urinary cotinine levels showed no associations with diagnosis independent of child hand nicotine levels and demographics. DISCUSSION The distinct associations of hand nicotine and urinary cotinine suggest the two markers reflect different exposure profiles that contribute differentially to pediatric illness. Because THS in a child's environment directly contributes to hand nicotine, additional studies of children of smokers and nonsmokers are warranted to determine the role of hand nicotine as a marker of THS exposure and its potential role in the development of tobacco-related pediatric illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Roman A Jandarov
- Department of Environmental Health, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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22
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Tang X, González NR, Russell ML, Maddalena RL, Gundel LA, Destaillats H. Chemical changes in thirdhand smoke associated with remediation using an ozone generator. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110462. [PMID: 33217439 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is a common remediation approach to eliminate odors from mold, tobacco and fire damage in buildings. Little information exists to: 1) assess its effectiveness; 2) provide guidance on operation conditions; and 3) identify potential risks associated with the presence of indoor ozone and ozonation byproducts. The goal of this study is to evaluate chemical changes in thirdhand smoke (THS) aerosols induced by high levels of ozone, in comparison with THS aerosols aged under similar conditions in the absence of ozone. Samples representing different stages of smoke aging in the absence of ozone, including freshly emitted secondhand smoke (SHS) and THS, were collected inside an 18-m3 room-sized chamber over a period of 42 h after six cigarettes were consumed. The experiments involved collection and analysis of gas phase species including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), volatile carbonyls, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and particulate matter. VOC analysis was carried out by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a thermal desorption inlet (TD-GC/MS), and volatile carbonyls were analyzed by on-line derivatization with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), followed by liquid chromatography with UV/VIS detection. SVOCs were extracted from XAD-coated denuders and Teflon-coated fiberglass filters in the absence of ozone. In those extracts, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) and other SVOCs were analyzed by gas chromatography with positive chemical ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection (GC/PCI-QQQ-MS), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified by gas chromatography with ion trap mass spectrometric detection (GC/IT-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode. Particulate matter concentration was determined gravimetrically. In a second experiment, a 300 mg h-1 commercial ozone generator was operated during 1 h, one day after smoke was generated, to evaluate the remediation of THS by ozonation. VOCs and volatile carbonyls were analyzed before and after ozonation. Extracts from fabrics that were exposed in the chamber before and after ozonation as surrogates for indoor furnishings were analyzed by GC/IT-MS, and aerosol size distribution was studied with a scanning mobility particle sizer. Ozone concentration was measured with a photometric detector. An estimated 175 mg ozone reacted with THS after 1 h of treatment, corresponding to 58% of the total O3 released during that period. Fabric-bound nicotine was depleted after ozonation, and the surface concentration of PAHs adsorbed to fabric specimens decreased by an order of magnitude due to reaction with ozone, reaching pre-smoking levels. These results suggest that ozonation has the potential to remove harmful THS chemicals from indoor surfaces. However, gas phase concentrations of volatile carbonyls, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were higher immediately after ozonation. Ultrafine particles (UFP, in most cases with size <60 nm) were a major ozonation byproduct. UFP number concentrations peaked shortly after ozonation ended, and remained at higher-than background levels for several hours. Based on these results, minimum re-entry times after ozone treatment were predicted for different indoor scenarios. Clearly defining re-entry times can serve as a practical measure to prevent acute exposures to ozone and harmful ozonation byproducts after treatment. This study evaluated potential benefits and risks associated with THS remediation using ozone, providing insights into this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Noelia Ramírez González
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tarragona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Randy L Maddalena
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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23
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Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Matshik Dakafay H, O'Brien K, Montierth D, Xiao N, Ojcius DM. Effects of electronic cigarette aerosol exposure on oral and systemic health. Biomed J 2021; 44:252-259. [PMID: 33039378 PMCID: PMC8358192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional cigarette smoke harms nearly every organ of the body and is the leading cause of death in the United States and in the world. Decades of research have associated conventional cigarette smoke with several diseases and death. Heavily marketed, electronic nicotine delivery systems such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are available in a variety of flavors and high nicotine concentrations. In 2019, a severe lung disease outbreak linked to e-cigarette use led to several deaths, which was called electronic-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Even though the trend of e-cigarette use among teens continues to increase, information on the effects of e-cigarette smoke on oral and overall health are still scarce. This review discusses the possible health effects due to unregulated e-cigarette use, as well as the health effects of second-hand smoke and third-hand smoke on non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harmony Matshik Dakafay
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenji O'Brien
- Dental Surgery Program, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dallin Montierth
- Dental Surgery Program, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Matt GE. Comment regarding categorization of Third-hand smoke exposure in "Third-hand Exposure at Homes: Assessment Using Salivary Cotinine". ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110595. [PMID: 33556354 PMCID: PMC8195292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2008, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- University of Cincinnati, School of Human Services, PO Box 210068, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0068, USA.
| | - Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University, College of Sciences, Department of Psychology, MC4611, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA.
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Quintana PJE, Lopez-Galvez N, Dodder NG, Hoh E, Matt GE, Zakarian JM, Vyas M, Chu L, Akins B, Padilla S, Anderson KA, Hovell MF. Nicotine, Cotinine, and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines Measured in Children's Silicone Wristbands in Relation to Secondhand Smoke and E-cigarette Vapor Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:592-599. [PMID: 33009807 PMCID: PMC8248526 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simple silicone wristbands (WB) hold promise for exposure assessment in children. We previously reported strong correlations between nicotine in WB worn by children and urinary cotinine (UC). Here, we investigated differences in WB chemical concentrations among children exposed to secondhand smoke from conventional cigarettes (CC) or secondhand vapor from electronic cigarettes (EC), and children living with nonusers of either product (NS). METHODS Children (n = 53) wore three WB and a passive nicotine air sampler for 7 days and one WB for 2 days, and gave a urine sample on day 7. Caregivers reported daily exposures during the 7-day period. We determined nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) concentrations in WB, nicotine in air samplers, and UC through isotope-dilution liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nicotine and cotinine levels in WB in children differentiated between groups of children recruited into NS, EC exposed, and CC exposed groups in a similar manner to UC. WB levels were significantly higher in the CC group (WB nicotine median 233.8 ng/g silicone, UC median 3.6 ng/mL, n = 15) than the EC group (WB nicotine median: 28.9 ng/g, UC 0.5 ng/mL, n = 19), and both CC and EC group levels were higher than the NS group (WB nicotine median: 3.7 ng/g, UC 0.1 ng/mL, n = 19). TSNAs, including the known carcinogen NNK, were detected in 39% of WB. CONCLUSIONS Silicone WB show promise for sensitive detection of exposure to tobacco-related contaminants from traditional and electronic cigarettes and have potential for tobacco control efforts. IMPLICATIONS Silicone WB worn by children can absorb nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and amounts of these compounds are closely related to the child's urinary cotinine. Levels of tobacco-specific compounds in the silicone WB can distinguish patterns of children's exposure to secondhand smoke and e-cigarette vapor. Silicone WB are simple to use and acceptable to children and, therefore, may be useful for tobacco control activities such as parental awareness and behavior change, and effects of smoke-free policy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Galvez
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Mansi Vyas
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Linda Chu
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Brittany Akins
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego,
CA
| | - Samuel Padilla
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego State
University, San Diego, CA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University College of
Agricultural Sciences, Corvallis, OR
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Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Zakarian JM, Dodder NG, Record RA, Hovell MF, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Padilla S, Markman L, Watanabe K, Novotny TE. Remediating Thirdhand Smoke Pollution in Multiunit Housing: Temporary Reductions and the Challenges of Persistent Reservoirs. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:364-372. [PMID: 32803265 PMCID: PMC7822102 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxic tobacco smoke residue, also known as thirdhand smoke (THS), can persist in indoor environments long after tobacco has been smoked. This study examined the effects of different cleaning methods on nicotine in dust and on surfaces. AIMS AND METHODS Participants had strict indoor home smoking bans and were randomly assigned to: dry/damp cleaning followed by wet cleaning 1 month later (N = 10), wet cleaning followed by dry/damp cleaning (N = 10) 1 month later, and dry/damp and wet cleaning applied the same day (N = 28). Nicotine on surfaces and in dust served as markers of THS and were measured before, immediately after, and 3 months after the cleaning, using liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Over a 4-month period prior to cleaning, surface nicotine levels remained unchanged (GeoMean change: -11% to +8%; repeated measures r = .94; p < .001). Used separately, dry/damp and wet cleaning methods showed limited benefits. When applied in combination, however, we observed significantly reduced nicotine on surfaces and in dust. Compared with baseline, GeoMean surface nicotine was 43% lower immediately after (z = -3.73, p < .001) and 53% lower 3 months later (z = -3.96, p < .001). GeoMean dust nicotine loading declined by 60% immediately after (z = -3.55, p < .001) and then increased 3 months later to precleaning levels (z = -1.18, p = .237). CONCLUSIONS Cleaning interventions reduced but did not permanently remove nicotine in dust and on surfaces. Cleaning efforts for THS need to address persistent pollutant reservoirs and replenishment of reservoirs from new tobacco smoke intrusion. THS contamination in low-income homes may contribute to health disparities, particularly in children. IMPLICATIONS Administered sequentially or simultaneously, the tested cleaning protocols reduced nicotine on surfaces by ~50% immediately after and 3 months after the cleaning. Nicotine dust loading was reduced by ~60% immediately after cleaning, but it then rebounded to precleaning levels 3 months later. Cleaning protocols were unable to completely remove THS, and pollutants in dust were replenished from remaining pollutant reservoirs or new secondhand smoke intrusion. To achieve better outcomes, cleaning protocols should be systematically repeated to remove newly accumulated pollutants. New secondhand smoke intrusions need to be prevented, and remaining THS reservoirs should be identified, cleaned, or removed to prevent pollutants from these reservoirs to accumulate in dust and on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Rachael A Record
- School of Communication, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | | | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Samuel Padilla
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA
| | - Laura Markman
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Kayo Watanabe
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Thomas E Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
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Bien E, Davis K, Reutman S, Gillespie G. Occupational Exposures in the Homecare Environment: Piloting an Observation Tool. HOME HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1084822320986917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The population of home healthcare workers (HHCWs) is rapidly expanding. Worker tasks and the unique home care environments place the worker at increased risks of occupational exposures, injury, and illness. Previous studies focusing on occupational exposures of HHCWs are limited to self-reports and would benefit from direct observations. The purpose of this study is to describe the occupational hazards observed in the unique work environment of home healthcare. HHCWs and home care patient participants were recruited from one home care agency in the Midwest to be observed during a routine home visit. This cross-sectional study used a trained occupational health nurse for direct observation of the occupational setting. Standardized observations and data collection were completed using the Home Healthcare Worker Observation Tool. The observer followed a registered nurse and occupational therapist into 9 patient homes observing visits ranging from 22 to 58 minutes. Hazards observed outside of and within the home include uneven pavements (n = 6, 67%), stairs without railings (n = 2, 22%), throw rugs (n = 7, 78%), unrestrained animals (n = 2, 22%), dust (n = 5, 56%), and mold (n = 2, 22%). Hand hygiene was observed prior to patient care 2 times (22%) and after patient care during 5 visits (56%). Observations have identified hazards that have the potential to impact workers’ and patients’ health. The direct observations of HHCWs provided opportunities for occupational safety professionals to understand the occupational exposures and challenges HHCWs encounter in the home care environment and begin to identify ways to mitigate occupational hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bien
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Son Y, Giovenco DP, Delnevo C, Khlystov A, Samburova V, Meng Q. Indoor Air Quality and Passive E-cigarette Aerosol Exposures in Vape-Shops. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1772-1779. [PMID: 32445475 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct emissions of nicotine and harmful chemicals from electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been intensively studied, but secondhand and thirdhand e-cigarette aerosol (THA) exposures in indoor environments are understudied. AIMS AND METHODS Indoor CO2, NO2, particulate matter (PM2.5), aldehydes, and airborne nicotine were measured in five vape-shops to assess secondhand exposures. Nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines were measured on vape-shop surfaces and materials (glass, paper, clothing, rubber, and fur ball) placed in the vape-shops (14 days) to study thirdhand exposures. RESULTS Airborne PM2.5, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and nicotine concentrations during shop opening hours were 21, 3.3, 4.0, and 3.8 times higher than the levels during shop closing hours, respectively. PM2.5 concentrations were correlated with the number of e-cigarette users present in vape-shops (ρ = 0.366-0.761, p < .001). Surface nicotine, 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal (NNA), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were also detected at levels of 223.6 ± 313.2 µg/m2, 4.78 ± 11.8 ng/m2, and 44.8 ± 102.3 ng/m2, respectively. Substantial amounts of nicotine (up to 2073 µg/m2) deposited on the materials placed within the vape-shops, and NNA (up to 474.4 ng/m2) and NNK (up to 184.0 ng/m2) were also formed on these materials. The deposited nicotine concentrations were strongly correlated with the median number of active vapers present in a vape-shop per hour (ρ = 0.894-0.949, p = .04-.051). NNK levels on the material surfaces were significantly associated with surface nicotine levels (ρ=0.645, p = .037). CONCLUSIONS Indoor vaping leads to secondhand and THA exposures. Thirdhand exposures induced by e-cigarette vaping are comparable or higher than that induced by cigarette smoking. Long-term studies in various microenvironments are needed to improve our understanding of secondhand and THA exposures. IMPLICATIONS This study adds new convincing evidence that e-cigarette vaping can cause secondhand and THA exposures. Our findings can inform Occupational Safety and Health Administration, state authorities, and other government agencies regarding indoor air policies related to e-cigarette use, particularly in vape-shops. There is an urgent need to ensure that vape-shops maintain suitable ventilation systems and cleaning practices to protect customers, employees, and bystanders. Our study also demonstrates that nicotine can deposit or be adsorbed on baby's clothes and toys, and that tobacco-specific nitrosamines can form and retain on baby's clothes, highlighting children's exposure to environmental e-cigarette aerosol and THA at home is of a particular concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Daniel P Giovenco
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Vera Samburova
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.,Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
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Gatzke-Kopp L, Willoughby MT, Warkentien S, Petrie D, Mills-Koonce R, Blair C. Association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure across the first four years of life and manifestation of externalizing behavior problems in school-aged children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1243-1252. [PMID: 31797389 PMCID: PMC7350288 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive literature in human and animal models has documented an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and externalizing behavior in offspring. It remains unclear; however, the extent to which postnatal environmental smoke exposure is associated with behavioral development, particularly for children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy. The present study examined whether magnitude of exposure to environmental smoke across the first four years of life demonstrated a linear association with later externalizing symptoms. METHODS Exposure was quantified through salivary cotinine measured when children were 6, 15, 24, and 48 months of age, providing a more accurate quantification of realized exposure than can be estimated from parental report of cigarettes smoked. Data were available for n = 1,096 (50% male; 44% African American) children recruited for the Family Life Project, a study of child development in areas of rural poverty. RESULTS Analyses indicate a linear association between cotinine and children's symptoms of hyperactivity and conduct problems. This association remained significant after controlling for family poverty level, parental education, parental history of ADHD, hostility, depression, caregiver IQ, and obstetric complications. Furthermore, this association was unchanged when excluding mothers who smoked during pregnancy from the model. CONCLUSIONS Findings are consistent with animal models demonstrating an effect of environmental exposure to nicotine on ongoing brain development in regions related to hyperactivity and impulsivity, and highlight the importance of mitigating children's exposure to environmental smoke, including sources that extend beyond the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Petrie
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Clancy Blair
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Min K, Guo P, Chen D, Huang S, Luo W, Ma M, Chen B, Yao S, Zuilhof H. Direct and quantitative in-situ analysis of third-hand smoke in and on various matrices by ambient desorption corona beam ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 219:121330. [PMID: 32887064 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Third-hand smoke (THS) is composed of surface-deposited remnants resulting from tabacco-smoking. Because THS components have properties of remaining on, re-emitting from and reacting on and with surfaces, in-situ analysis of the components on different surfaces is both in high demand and challenging. The aim of this study is to establish desorption corona beam ionization (DCBI)-MS/MS as an analytical tool for THS research. To this end, an in-situ DCBI-MS/MS approach was developed for the quantitative analysis of typical THS environmental markers, i.e. nicotine and cotinine on different surfaces such as fruits, cotton clothing, glass, and toys etc. The limits of detection of nicotine and cotinine were both 1.4 μg m-2. Low-temperature DCBI-MS/MS was applied to the direct detection of THS on fingers without any skin damage. Smoking-related biomarkers analyses in urine were accomplished, with a 10 s DCBI analysis time. The on-surface tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), such as 1-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-4-butanal) (NNA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and N-nitroso nornicotine (NNN) were in-situ successfully detected in dust samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Min
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Dongying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Si Huang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Dalrymple A, Badrock TC, Terry A, Bean EJ, Barber M, Hall PJ, Coburn S, McAughey J, Murphy J. Development of a novel method to measure material surface staining by cigarette, e-cigarette or tobacco heating product aerosols. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05012. [PMID: 32995648 PMCID: PMC7511806 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (CS) may visually stain indoor surfaces including ceilings, walls and soft furnishings over time. Potentially reduced risk products (PRRPs) such as e-cigarettes (EC) and tobacco heating products (THP) produce chemically less complex aerosols with significantly reduced levels of toxicants, particles and odour. However, the potential effects of EC and THP aerosols on the staining of indoor surfaces are currently unknown. In this study, an exposure chamber was developed as a model system to enable the accelerated staining of wallpaper and cotton samples by a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F), three THP (glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens) and an e-cigarette (iSwitch Maxx). Exposure to 3R4F reference cigarettes caused the greatest level of staining, which was significantly higher than glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols, all of which showed relatively little colour change. Exposure to 200–1000 puffs of 3R4F cigarette smoke resulted in a visible dose response effect to wallpaper and cotton samples which was not observed following exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols. Aging of the samples for 4 weeks post-exposure resulted in changes to the staining levels, however PRRP staining levels were minimal and significantly lower than 3R4F exposed samples. For the first time, diverse PRRPs across the tobacco and nicotine products risk continuum have been assessed in vitro for their impact on surface staining. CS exposure significantly increased the level of wallpaper and cotton staining, whereas exposure to glo™, glo™ pro, glo™ sens or iSwitch Maxx aerosols resulted in significantly reduced levels of staining, staining levels were also comparable to untreated control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Dalrymple
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Anya Terry
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Emma-Jayne Bean
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mark Barber
- Borgwaldt KC GmbH Schnackenburgallee 15, 22525, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Hall
- Intertek Clinical Research Services, Hooton, Cheshire, CH66 7NZ, UK
| | - Steven Coburn
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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Oates GR, Harris WT, Gutierrez HH, Mims C, Rutland SB, Ott C, Niranjan SJ, Scarinci IC, Walley SC. Tobacco smoke exposure in pediatric cystic fibrosis: A qualitative study of clinician and caregiver perspectives on smoking cessation. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:2330-2340. [PMID: 32511883 PMCID: PMC7686064 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco smoke exposure has negative impacts on the lung health of children with cystic fibrosis (CF), yet evidence-based strategies for smoking cessation have not been tested with or tailored to CF caregivers. This qualitative study identified barriers and facilitators of smoking cessation in this population and outlined potential interventional approaches. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with CF familial caregivers who were current or former smokers, and with members of the CF care team. We asked about experiences, practices, and prerequisites for a successful program. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded by two investigators. Analysis used a thematic approach guided by the PRECEDE model, which identifies predisposing (intrapersonal), reinforcing (interpersonal), and enabling (structural) factors relevant to health behaviors and programs. RESULTS Seventeen interviews were conducted-eight with familial caregivers and nine with CF team members. Whereas caregivers provided greater insight into internal difficulties and motivators to quit smoking, clinicians offered more extensive input on barriers and solutions related to the clinical environment. Based on study recommendations, a successful tobacco cessation program should include (a) family education about the harms of smoke exposure for children with CF; (b) screening for exposure, ideally with biochemical verification; (c) access to trained tobacco counselors; (d) affordable pharmacotherapy; and (e) outpatient follow-up of those undergoing tobacco treatment. CONCLUSION This qualitative study revealed intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural barriers to eliminating tobacco smoke exposure in children with CF, outlined opportunities to address these barriers, and made recommendations for a comprehensive tobacco cessation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela R Oates
- Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - William T Harris
- Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Hector H Gutierrez
- Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Cathy Mims
- Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Sarah B Rutland
- Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Corilyn Ott
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Soumya J Niranjan
- Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Isabel C Scarinci
- Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Susan C Walley
- Pediatric Hospital Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Rashidi M, Mohammadpoorasl A, Sahebihagh MH. Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Educational Self-Regulation and Achievement in First Grade High School Students. J Med Life 2020; 13:229-234. [PMID: 32742519 PMCID: PMC7378345 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke, containing many toxic gases, suggests inevitable contact of humans with the damaging factors of cigarettes. On average, approximately 40% of children, 35% of women and 32% of men worldwide are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. This study aims at investigating the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke in adolescents and their educational self-regulation and achievement. In this study, 770 students aged between 13 and 15 were selected and studied using the multistage sampling method. The tools used in this study consisted of four questionnaires, demographic characteristics, environmental tobacco smoke, educational self-regulation, and educational achievement. The validity and reliability of tools have been approved, and the data were analyzed using SPSS v22. The results indicated a significant inverse relationship between environmental tobacco smoke and students' educational self-regulation and achievement (p-value > 0.001). Given the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and educational self-regulation and achievement, it is essential to keep children away from tobacco smoke. Family health and education policy-makers are recommended to design and operate fundamental schemes in order to deal with environmental tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rashidi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Community Health Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Mohammadpoorasl
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Sahebihagh
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Department of Community Health Nursing, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Antonucci A, Vitali M, Martellucci S, Mattei V, Protano C. A Cross-Sectional Study on Benzene Exposure in Pediatric Age and Parental Smoking Habits at Home. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5469. [PMID: 32751222 PMCID: PMC7432498 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After the introduction of the smoke-free legislation, household smoking has become the major source of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure for children. In our previous research, we found a strong association between urinary unmodified benzene (u-UB) levels and passive smoking exposure related to the home smoking policies (HSP). The aim of the study is to further investigate the impacts of several factors on ETS-exposure in childhood by using u-UB as tobacco-related carcinogen biomarker of exposure. Two cross-sectional studies were performed on the same target population of our previous research, in summer and winter season of the years 2017 and 2018, respectively. A questionnaire and a head space-solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) analytical method were used as investigative procedures. The improvement found in smoking habits, when compared to our previous surveys, reduced the levels of u-UB in children. However, significant differences related to the high number of smokers and smoked cigarettes, in total and at home, still persist. These differences are more relevant in the winter season. Finally, the only effective way for making homes completely smokefree is to develop public health policies for encouraging people to quit or drastically reduce smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Antonucci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (C.P.)
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, “Sabina Universitas”, 02100 Rieti, Italy; (S.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, “Sabina Universitas”, 02100 Rieti, Italy; (S.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.V.); (C.P.)
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Whitlatch A, Schick S. Thirdhand Smoke at Philip Morris. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1680-1688. [PMID: 30053240 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thirdhand cigarette smoke is the fraction of cigarette smoke that remains in the environment long after a cigarette is extinguished. METHODS The Truth Tobacco Industry Documents collection at the University of California San Francisco was searched for information on thirdhand smoke. RESULTS In 1991, scientists at Philip Morris Inc conducted some of the first studies on thirdhand cigarette smoke. For 110 days, 8 hours a day, they ran sidestream cigarette smoke through a 30 m3 room that contained carpet, curtain, and textured wallpaper. The room was ventilated with clean air every night. By comparing the chemicals in the air during the 8-hour smoking period and during the clean air ventilation period, they showed that some smoke chemicals persist in the air 12 hours after smoking. By extracting the nicotine and nitrosamines from samples of the carpet, curtain, and wallpaper, they found that high concentrations of nicotine and the carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) persisted in the room for more than 50 days; that surface chemistry affected nitrosamine concentrations; and that the concentration of NNK in the room, 110 days after the last cigarette was extinguished, could exceed the mass of NNK that entered the room as smoke. CONCLUSIONS These data, from a controlled environment where the total number of cigarettes smoked is known, provide further evidence that cigarette smoke chemicals remain in the environment for months after smoking, that they reemit back into the air, and that they react to form new toxins and carcinogens. Smoke-free policies are the best method to reduce exposure to thirdhand smoke. IMPLICATIONS This unpublished, original research from Philip Morris Inc demonstrates that majority of the nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the secondhand smoke from each cigarette smoked indoors remains on indoor surfaces for months after the cigarette is extinguished. It also demonstrates that elevated concentrations of nicotine, ammonia, formaldehyde, and the gas-phase nitrosamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, can be found in the air for more than 12 hours after smoking; that surface chemistry affects nitrosamine formation and persistence; and that the amount of the carcinogenic nitrosamine NNK that persists months after smoking ends can exceed the amount that actually came out of the cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Whitlatch
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Suzaynn Schick
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Zakarian JM, Dodder NG, Record RA, Hovell MF, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Padilla S, Markman L, Watanabe K, Novotny TE. Persistent tobacco smoke residue in multiunit housing: Legacy of permissive indoor smoking policies and challenges in the implementation of smoking bans. Prev Med Rep 2020; 18:101088. [PMID: 32368436 PMCID: PMC7186560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a common indoor pollutant in multiunit housing (MUH). It is also the precursor of thirdhand smoke (THS), the toxic mixture of tobacco smoke residue that accumulates in indoor environments where tobacco has been used. This study examined the levels, distribution, and factors associated with THS pollution in low-income MUH. Interviews were conducted 2016-2018 in a cross-sectional study of N = 220 MUH homes in San Diego, California. Two surface wipe samples were collected per home and analyzed for nicotine, a THS marker, using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Nicotine was detected in all homes of nonsmokers with indoor smoking bans (Geo Mean = 1.67 µg/m2; 95% CI = [1.23;2.30]) and smokers regardless of an indoor ban (Geo Mean = 4.80 µg/m2; 95% CI = [1.89;12.19]). Approximately 10% of nonsmokers' homes with smoking bans showed nicotine levels higher than the average level in homes of smokers without smoking bans from previous studies (≥30 µg/m2). Housing for seniors, smoking bans on balconies, indoor tobacco use, difficult to reach surfaces, and self-reported African-American race/ethnicity were independently associated with higher THS levels. Individual cases demonstrated that high levels of surface nicotine may persist in nonsmoker homes for years after tobacco use even in the presence of indoor smoking bans. To achieve MUH free of tobacco smoke pollutants, attention must be given to identifying and remediating highly polluted units and to implementing smoking policies that prevent new accumulation of THS. As THS is a form of toxic tobacco product waste, responsibility for preventing and mitigating harmful impacts should include manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachael A Record
- San Diego State University School of Communication, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Padilla
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laura Markman
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kayo Watanabe
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E Novotny
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
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Matt GE, Mahabee-Gittens EM, Zakarian JM, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Myers M. Nicotine in thirdhand smoke residue predicts relapse from smoking cessation: A pilot study. Addict Behav 2019; 98:106041. [PMID: 31330468 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thirdhand smoke (THS) residue lingers for months in homes of former smokers and may play a role in relapse after smoking cessation. This study examined the association between THS pollution as measured by the level of nicotine in house dust and continued abstinence from smoking. METHODS Participants were 65 cigarette smokers who reported they were enrolled in any type of smoking cessation program, had set a specific date to quit, and had biochemical verification of continuous abstinence at 1-week (W1), 1-month (M1), 3-months (M3), or 6-months (M6) after their quit date. House dust samples collected at baseline before quitting were analyzed for nicotine concentration (μg/g) and nicotine loading (μg/m2) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Controlling for age, gender, overall and indoor smoking rates, and years lived in their home, dust nicotine concentration and loading predicted abstinence at W1, M1, M3, and M6. A 10-fold increase in dust nicotine loading and concentration were associated with approximately 50% lower odds of remaining abstinent. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest nicotine in house dust may play a role in facilitating relapse after smoking cessation. Additional research is warranted to investigate the causal role of THS residue in homes of former smokers on cravings and continued abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Myers
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Matt GE, Zakarian JM, Anderson KA, Akins B, Chu L, Hovell MF. Nicotine levels in silicone wristband samplers worn by children exposed to secondhand smoke and electronic cigarette vapor are highly correlated with child's urinary cotinine. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:733-741. [PMID: 30728487 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment in children, especially young children, presents difficulties not found with adults. Simple silicone wristbands are passive samplers that have potential applicability in exposure studies of children. We investigated the performance of silicone wristbands as personal nicotine samplers in two wristbands worn by a child (n = 31) for 7 days and for 2 days (worn day 5 to day 7). We compared levels of nicotine in wristbands with urinary cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, measured in the child's urine obtained on day 7. Children were recruited who were exposed to contaminants in tobacco smoke and/or vapor from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; commonly known as electronic cigarettes or EC) as well as children who lived in nonsmoking homes. Caregivers were interviewed to obtain reported measures of the child's exposure. Analysis was by liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and isotope dilution (LC-MS/MS). The nicotine detected in the wristbands worn for 2 days was highly correlated with urinary cotinine concentration (df = 29, r2 = 0.741, p < 0.001), as was nicotine in wristbands worn for 7 days (df = 28, r2 = 0.804, p < 0.001). The 2- and 7-day wristband nicotine amounts were also significantly correlated (df = 28, r2 = 0.852, p < 0.001). Silicone wristbands may be a useful tool for epidemiological and intervention studies of tobacco product exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA.
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Way, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Way, San Diego, CA, 92182-4611, USA
| | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Way, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 2750 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Brittany Akins
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Linda Chu
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
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Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS), the residual tobacco smoke remaining in the environment after tobacco has been smoked, represents a hidden and underestimated public health hazard. Evidence supports its widespread presence in indoor environments. Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), a precursor of THS, has been well documented as a risk factor for human cancers, especially lung cancer. However, the concept of THS as a distinct entity that poses health risks for small children has developed only recently and the associations of THS with cancer risk and other chronic diseases are poorly understood due to limited numbers of studies to date. In this perspective, we mainly summarize all published studies on the genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of THS exposure. These studies begin to fill the knowledge gap in our understanding of cancer risk of THS. Accumulating data from existing and future studies will help reduce the tobacco-related cancer incidence through changes in lifestyle and tobacco control policies.
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40
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Kuo HW, Rees VW. Third-hand smoke (THS): What is it and what should we do about it? J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118:1478-1479. [PMID: 31500939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Matt GE, Hoh E, Quintana PJE, Stone L, Geraci MA, Wullenweber CA, Koutsounadis GN, Ruwe AG, Meyers GT, Zakrajsek MA, Witry JK, Merianos AL. Contribution of thirdhand smoke to overall tobacco smoke exposure in pediatric patients: study protocol. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:491. [PMID: 31046729 PMCID: PMC6498613 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the persistent residue resulting from secondhand smoke (SHS) that accumulates in dust, objects, and on surfaces in homes where tobacco has been used, and is reemitted into air. Very little is known about the extent to which THS contributes to children's overall tobacco smoke exposure (OTS) levels, defined as their combined THS and SHS exposure. Even less is known about the effect of OTS and THS on children's health. This project will examine how different home smoking behaviors contribute to THS and OTS and if levels of THS are associated with respiratory illnesses in nonsmoking children. METHODS This project leverages the experimental design from an ongoing pediatric emergency department-based tobacco cessation trial of caregivers who smoke and their children (NIHR01HD083354). At baseline and follow-up, we will collect urine and handwipe samples from children and samples of dust and air from the homes of smokers who smoke indoors, have smoking bans or who have quit smoking. These samples will be analyzed to examine to what extent THS pollution at home contributes to OTS exposure over and above SHS and to what extent THS continues to persist and contribute to OTS in homes of smokers who have quit or have smoking bans. Targeted and nontargeted chemical analyses of home dust samples will explore which types of THS pollutants are present in homes. Electronic medical record review will examine if THS and OTS levels are associated with child respiratory illness. Additionally, a repository of child and environmental samples will be created. DISCUSSION The results of this study will be crucial to help close gaps in our understanding of the types, quantity, and clinical effects of OTS, THS exposure, and THS pollutants in a unique sample of tobacco smoke-exposed ill children and their homes. The potential impact of these findings is substantial, as currently the level of risk in OTS attributable to THS is unknown. This research has the potential to change how we protect children from OTS, by recognizing that SHS and THS exposure needs to be addressed separately and jointly as sources of pollution and exposure. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02531594 . Date of registration: August 24, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA. .,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, CARE/Crawley Building, Suite E-870 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267, USA.
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Lara Stone
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Maegan A Geraci
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Chase A Wullenweber
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Gena N Koutsounadis
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Abigail G Ruwe
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Gabriel T Meyers
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Mark A Zakrajsek
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA
| | - John K Witry
- Divison of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue MLC 2008, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210002, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221, USA
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Northrup TF, Stotts AL, Suchting R, Khan AM, Green C, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Hovell MF, Matt GE. Medical staff contributions to thirdhand smoke contamination in a neonatal intensive care unit. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:37. [PMID: 31516480 PMCID: PMC6662774 DOI: 10.18332/tid/106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-smoking policies are strictly enforced in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), which may still become contaminated by thirdhand smoke (THS), posing potential health risks to medically fragile infants. Study aims were to explore contamination routes by characterizing nicotine levels (THS proxy) found on the fingers of NICU medical staff and to assess finger-nicotine correlates. METHODS NICU medical staff were surveyed regarding smoking and electronic nicotine devices (ENDS) use/exposure, and household characteristics. Approximately 35% of staff were randomly selected for a finger-nicotine wipe. Three separate quantile regressions modeled percentiles associated with: presence of any finger nicotine, finger-nicotine levels above the median field blank level (i.e. 0.377 ng/wipe), and finger-nicotine levels two times the median blank. RESULTS The final sample size was 246 (n=260 approached; n=14 refusals). Over three-quarters (78.5%) reported some exposure to tobacco smoke or ENDS vapor/aerosols. After field-blank adjustments, the median nicotine level (ng/finger wipe) was 0.232 (IQR: 0.021–0.681) and 78.3% of medical staff had measurable finger-nicotine levels. Both being near smoking in friends’/family members’ homes and finger-surface area were related to elevated finger-nicotine levels (p<0.05) in the median blank model. CONCLUSIONS Almost four in five NICU staff had measurable finger nicotine, with finger surface area and frequency of reported exposure to tobacco smoke in friends’/family members’ homes emerging as important correlates. Future research will determine the impact of THS on NICU infants. Medical personnel working in a NICU should be cognizant of secondhand smoke and THS, particularly inside friends’/family members’ homes, to reduce potential NICU contamination and infant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Northrup
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, United States
| | - Angela L Stotts
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, United States
| | - Robert Suchting
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, United States
| | - Amir M Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, United States
| | - Charles Green
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, United States.,Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, United States
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - Melbourne F Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States
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Public Facility Utility and Third-Hand Smoking Exposure without First and Second-Hand Smoking According to Urinary Cotinine Level. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050855. [PMID: 30857230 PMCID: PMC6427616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Third-hand smoke (THS) causes pathological changes in the liver, lungs, and skin. THS exposure can be ubiquitous, chronic, and unconscious. However, little is known about THS exposure in public facilities and its susceptible population. This paper aimed to identify which public facilities and socio-demographic groups were especially vulnerable to THS. Data from 1360 adults obtained from Korean National Environmental Health Survey I (2009–2011) were analyzed. To study the sole effect of THS, we restricted the study population to those participants who had never smoked and who had no exposure to second-hand smoke. The assessed variables included the type and frequency of public transportation, frequency of use of 12 different public facilities, and 8 socio-demographic factors. Urinary cotinine was used as a biomarker. T-tests and analysis of variance were used for univariate analyses, while generalized linear regression was used for multivariate analysis. Frequent use of public transportation, bars, internet cafés, and participants with low levels of education, divorced or bereaved, living in multi-unit houses, and with smokers within the family were associated with significantly high urinary cotinine levels. These findings indicate that the frequent use of public transportation, certain public facilities and certain socio-demographic factors can result in high THS exposure.
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Mahabee-Gittens EM, Merianos AL, Hoh E, Quintana PJ, Matt GE. Nicotine on Children's Hands: Limited Protection of Smoking Bans and Initial Clinical Findings. Tob Use Insights 2019; 12:1179173X18823493. [PMID: 30728727 PMCID: PMC6351963 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x18823493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Thirdhand smoke (THS) pollutants, such as nicotine, accumulate on the hands of children who live in homes with smokers and are exposed to secondhand smoke. Our objective was to examine whether levels of hand nicotine in exposed children are associated with demographics, environmental factors, and clinical findings. Methods: Participants were caregivers who smoke and children (mean age (SD) = 2.6 (3.7) years) who were part of an ongoing 2-group, randomized controlled trial of an emergency department–based tobacco cessation intervention (N = 104). The primary outcome measure was nicotine on the child’s hand. Caregivers reported demographics and smoking patterns; children’s medical records were abstracted for chief complaint, medical history, and diagnoses. Results: All children had detectable hand nicotine (geometric mean [GeoM] = 86.2 ng/wipe; range = 3.5-2, 190.4 ng/wipe). Children in the age group of 2 to 4 years old (GeoM = 185.6 ng/wipe) had higher levels than the children in the age groups of 0 to 1 (GeoM = 68.9 ng/wipe, P < .001), 5 to 9 (GeoM = 77.9 ng/wipe, P = .04), and 10 to 15 years old (GeoM = 74.2 ng/wipe, P = .048). Children whose caregivers smoked 6 to 14 (GeoM = 97.2 ng/wipe, P = .047) and 15 to 40 cigarettes/day (GeoM = 124.0 ng/wipe, P = .01) had higher levels than children whose caregivers smoked 1 to 5 cigarettes/day (GeoM = 59.7 ng/wipe). Children with 6 to 14 cigarettes/day (GeoM = 163.11 ng/wipe, P = .007) and 15 to 40 cigarettes/day (GeoM = 186.1, P = .003) smoked inside the home by all smokers had significantly higher levels than homes with 0 cigarettes (GeoM = 81.3 ng/wipe). Similar differences in hand nicotine levels were found for smoking frequency of all household members in any location. Children with complaints of cough/congestion (GeoM = 97.7 ng/wipe) had higher levels than those without cough/congestion (GeoM = 59.0 ng/wipe, P = .01). Conclusions: The high hand nicotine levels in children whose caregivers do not necessarily smoke indoor demonstrate that indoor smoking bans do not safeguard against THS exposure and the associations with increased home smoking activity indicate that hand wipes may be a noninvasive way to characterize children’s exposure. The findings of associated cough and congestion with higher THS levels need to be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Matt GE, Hoh E, Quintana PJE, Zakarian JM, Arceo J. Cotton pillows: A novel field method for assessment of thirdhand smoke pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:206-210. [PMID: 30317105 PMCID: PMC6800039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) is the residue left behind by secondhand smoke (SHS) that accumulates in indoor environments. THS chemicals can persist long after smoking has ceased and can re-emit semivolatile compounds back into the air. Measuring tobacco smoke pollution in real-world field setting can be technically complex, expensive, and intrusive. This study placed pillows in homes of former smokers and examined how much nicotine adsorbed to them over a three-week period. Organic cotton pillows were placed in the homes of 8 former smokers following the first week after verified smoking cessation until the fourth week. For comparison, pillows were also placed in 4 homes of nonsmokers. Nicotine concentrations were determined in the pillow case, fabric, and cotton filling, using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Cotton pillows placed in homes of former smokers absorbed on average 21.5 μg of nicotine. Nicotine concentration per gram of material significantly differed between pillow components (p < 0.001) and was highest for the pillow case (257 ng/g), followed by the pillow fabric (97 ng/g), and the pillow filling (17 ng/g). Nicotine levels in pillows placed in nonsmokers' homes did not differ from laboratory blanks (p > 0.40), or between pillow components (p > 0.40). In the absence of any smoking activity, cotton pillows absorbed significant amounts of nicotine emitted from THS reservoirs in the homes of former smokers. Given the much higher concentrations of SHS in the homes of active smokers, fabrics found throughout the home of a smoker are likely to store a substantial mass of tobacco smoke toxicants. Cotton pillows present a novel method that could be of interest to researchers requiring robust and unobtrusive methods to examine tobacco smoke pollution in real-world field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Matt
- San Diego State University Department of Psychology, San Diego, 92182-4611 CA, USA.
| | - Eunha Hoh
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, 92182-4162 CA, USA
| | | | - Joy M Zakarian
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, 92182 CA, USA
| | - Jayson Arceo
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, 92182-4162 CA, USA
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Torres S, Merino C, Paton B, Correig X, Ramírez N. Biomarkers of Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2693. [PMID: 30501044 PMCID: PMC6313747 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is the leading preventable disease worldwide and passive smoking is estimated to be the cause of about 1.0% of worldwide mortality. The determination of tobacco smoke biomarkers in human biological matrices is key to assess the health effects related to the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The biomonitoring of cotinine, the main nicotine metabolite, in human biofluids-including urine, serum or saliva-has been extensively used to assess this exposure. However, the simultaneous determination of cotinine together with other tobacco biomarkers and the selection of alternative biological matrices, such as hair, skin or exhaled breath, would enable a better characterization of the kind and extent of tobacco exposure. This review aims to perform a critical analysis of the up-to-date literature focused on the simultaneous determination of multiple tobacco smoke biomarkers studied in different biological matrices, due to the exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and thirdhand smoke (THS). Target biomarkers included both tobacco-specific biomarkers-nicotine and tobacco specific nitrosamine biomarkers-and tobacco-related biomarkers, such as those from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, metals and carbon monoxide. To conclude, we discuss the suitability of determining multiple biomarkers through several relevant examples of SHS and THS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Torres
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Carla Merino
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Beatrix Paton
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Correig
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Escorxador s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain.
- CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Noelia Ramírez
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Escorxador s/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain.
- CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Chao MR, Cooke MS, Kuo CY, Pan CH, Liu HH, Yang HJ, Chen SC, Chiang YC, Hu CW. Children are particularly vulnerable to environmental tobacco smoke exposure: Evidence from biomarkers of tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:238-245. [PMID: 30103123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, smoking is a major public health problem, with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) affecting both smokers, and passive smokers, including children. Despite ETS also describing secondhand, and thirdhand smoke (SHS, and THS respectively), the health effects of exposure to passive smoking via these sources are not fully understood, particularly in children. Although cotinine, the primary proximate metabolite of nicotine, has been widely used as a biomarker of ETS exposure, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), the metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), provides a uniquely important contribution, both as a biomarker of exposure, and as a specific risk indicator for pulmonary carcinogenesis. METHODS We used LC-MS/MS to study NNK metabolites, cotinine, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (a biomarker of oxidative stress), in the urine of 110 non-smoking adults (age range: 23-62) and 101 children (age range: 9-11), exposed to ETS. RESULTS In our study of passive smoking adults, and children exposed to ETS, we showed that although the children had a similar urinary level of cotinine compared to the adults, the children had approximately two times higher levels of urinary total NNAL (P = 0.002), and free NNAL (P = 0.01), than adults. The children also had three times lower ability to detoxify NNK than adults (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the children showed 1.5 times higher ratio of total NNAL/cotinine than adults (P = 0.01), implying that THS is another important source of ETS in this population. Furthermore, ETS exposure in children appeared to lead to an increase in levels of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results demonstrate that, in children, THS may play an important role in the ETS exposure, and that children are at particular risk of ETS-induced health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Chung-Yih Kuo
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hong Pan
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsin Liu
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jan Yang
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chieh Chen
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Díez-Izquierdo A, Cassanello P, Cartanyà A, Matilla-Santander N, Balaguer Santamaria A, Martinez-Sanchez JM. Knowledge and attitudes toward thirdhand smoke among parents with children under 3 years in Spain. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:645-649. [PMID: 30194415 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The knowledge and beliefs about what is thirdhand smoke (THS) are limited. Our objective is to characterize the knowledge and beliefs about THS in parents of children under 3 years old in Spain. METHODS A cross-sectional study (n = 1406 parents) was conducted online in 2017. We collected information about the knowledge of THS given later, written information with the definition of THS, and asking about beliefs of the effects of THS on children's health. RESULTS A total of 27% of the respondents had heard about THS. We only found significant differences among smoking status, being the smokers who declare higher knowledge about THS. A total of 86% of the respondents believed that THS is harmful to their children with statistically significant differences according to educational level, higher among parents with a university degree (ORa = 2.6), and according to the previous knowledge on THS (ORa = 2.1). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in Europe to describe the knowledge and belief of THS. Around 3 out of 10 parents have heard about THS and more than 8 out of 10 parents believed that THS is harmful to their children. Currently, they were not aware of THS but after providing brief information about it, most of them agreed that THS exposure is harmful to their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Díez-Izquierdo
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya (HUGC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Pia Cassanello
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya (HUGC), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Aurea Cartanyà
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Matilla-Santander
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Albert Balaguer Santamaria
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jose M Martinez-Sanchez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC-Barcelona), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain.
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Lai FY, Lympousi K, Been F, Benaglia L, Udrisard R, Delémont O, Esseiva P, Thomaidis NS, Covaci A, van Nuijs ALN. Levels of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in raw wastewater as an innovative perspective for investigating population-wide exposure to third-hand smoke. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13254. [PMID: 30185880 PMCID: PMC6125383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the major cause of many chronic diseases, especially lung cancer. Knowledge about population-wide tobacco use and exposure is essential to characterise its burden on public health and evaluate policy efficacy. Obtaining such knowledge remains challenging with current methods (e.g., surveys, biomonitoring) but can be achievable with wastewater analysis, a promising tool of retrieving epidemiology information. This study examined population-wide exposure to tobacco toxicants and carcinogens through wastewater analysis and explored relationships among these chemicals. Cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, anabasine, anatabine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) were analysed in samples from Greece, Switzerland and Belgium, where tobacco control policies are different. Measured per-capita mass loads were ranked as: nicotine biomarkers ≫ tobacco markers > carcinogens. Relationships between nicotine biomarkers and tobacco markers implied substantial use of non-tobacco nicotine items besides tobacco products. Geographic profiles of tobacco markers revealed higher levels in Geneva and Athens than Geraardsbergen and Ninove. Environmental third-hand smoke led to NNK detection, with elevated levels observed in Athens where indoor smoking is widespread, posing potential health risks to the population. Our novel outcomes are relevant for public health authorities as they provide indications about external exposure and can thus be used to plan and evaluate tobacco control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foon Yin Lai
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Katerina Lympousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Frederic Been
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisa Benaglia
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Hoh E, Zakarian JM, Chowdhury Z, Hovell MF, Jacob P, Watanabe K, Theweny TS, Flores V, Nguyen A, Dhaliwal N, Hayward G. A Casino goes smoke free: a longitudinal study of secondhand and thirdhand smoke pollution and exposure. Tob Control 2018; 27:643-649. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundSecondhand smoke (SHS) in US casinos is common, but little is known about the residue of tobacco smoke pollutants left behind in dust and on surfaces, commonly referred to as thirdhand smoke (THS). We examined SHS and THS pollution and exposure before and during a casino smoking ban and after smoking resumed.MethodsA casino was visited nine times over a 15-month period to collect dust, surface and air samples in eight locations. Finger wipe and urine samples were collected from non-smoking confederates before and after a 4-hour casino visit. Samples were analysed for markers of SHS and THS pollution and exposure.ResultsExceptionally high levels of THS were found in dust and on surfaces. Although the smoking ban led to immediate improvements in air quality, surface nicotine levels were unchanged and remained very high for the first month of the smoking ban. Surface nicotine decreased by 90% after 1 month (P<0.01), but nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in dust decreased more slowly, declining by 90% only after 3 months (P<0.01). Exposure was significantly reduced after the ban, but the benefits of the ban were reversed after smoking resumed.ConclusionsLong-term smoking in a casino creates deep THS reservoirs that persist for months after a smoking ban. A complete smoking ban immediately improves air quality and significantly reduces exposure to SHS and THS. However, THS reservoirs contribute to continued low-level exposure to toxicants. To accelerate the effect of smoking bans, remediation efforts should address specific THS reservoirs, which may require intensive cleaning as well as replacement of carpets, furniture and building materials.
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