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Song M, Tang Y, Cao K, Qi L, Xie K. Unveiling the role of interleukin-6 in pancreatic cancer occurrence and progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1408312. [PMID: 38828409 PMCID: PMC11140100 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1408312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is difficult to diagnose early and progresses rapidly. Researchers have found that a cytokine called Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the entire course of pancreatic cancer, promoting its occurrence and development. From the earliest stages of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia to the invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells and the appearance of tumor cachexia, IL-6 drives oncogenic signal transduction pathways and immune escape that accelerate disease progression. IL-6 is considered a biomarker for pancreatic cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a potential target for treatment. IL-6 antibodies are currently being explored as a hot topic in oncology. This article aims to systematically explain how IL-6 induces the deterioration of normal pancreatic cells, with the goal of finding a breakthrough in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Song
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaimei Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Disease, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Keping Xie
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Dai S, Liu C, Chen L, Jiang K, Kong X, Li X, Chen H, Ding K. Hepatic steatosis predicts metachronous liver metastasis in colorectal cancer patients: a nested case-control study and systematic review. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:1292-1305. [PMID: 38590410 PMCID: PMC10998736 DOI: 10.62347/jhms4303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Nearly twenty-five percent of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients develop metachronous colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) after curative surgery. Hepatosteatosis is the most prevalent liver condition worldwide, but its impact on the incidence of metachronous CRLM is understudied. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the predictive value of hepatic steatosis on the development of metachronous CRLM. First, a nested case-control study was conducted, enrolling stage I to III CRC patients in the National Colorectal Cancer Cohort (NCRCC) database. Metachronous CRLM patients and recurrence-free patients were matched via propensity-score matching. Fatty liver was identified based on treatment-naïve CT scans and the degree of hepatic fibrosis was scored. Multivariable analysis was conducted to investigate the association between fatty liver and metachronous CRLM. In our database, a total of 414 patients were included. Metachronous CRLM patients had considerably higher rates of hepatic steatosis (30.9% versus 15.9%, P<0.001) and highly fibrotic liver (11.6% versus 2.9%, P=0.001) compared to recurrence-free patients. Multivariable analysis showed that fatty liver (odds ratios [OR]=1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-3.30, P=0.008) and fibrotic liver (OR=4.27, 95% CI 1.54-11.81, P=0.005) were associated with high risk of metachronous CRLM. Further, a systematic literature review was performed to assess available evidence on the association between hepatosteatosis and development of metachronous CRLM. In the systematic review, 1815 patients were pooled from eligible studies, and hepatic steatosis remained a significant risk factor for metachronous CRLM (OR=1.90, 95% CI 1.35-2.66, P<0.001, I2=25.3%). In conclusion, our data suggest that patients with a steatotic liver and a high fibrosis score at CRC diagnosis have elevated risk of developing metachronous CRLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Dai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine300 Yuanju Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine300 Yuanju Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihao Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine300 Yuanju Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine300 Yuanju Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangxing Kong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine300 Yuanju Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyuan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine300 Yuanju Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine300 Yuanju Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation in Digestive System Tumors88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center of Zhejiang University88 Jiefang Street, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Huang JX, Zhang X, Tang M, Zhang Q, Deng L, Song CH, Li W, Shi HP, Cong MH. Comprehensive evaluation of serum hepatic proteins in predicting prognosis among cancer patients with cachexia: an observational cohort study. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:293. [PMID: 38438901 PMCID: PMC10913220 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic proteins, including albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin have been confirmed to be prognostic predictors in various cancers. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the prognostic value of these three serum markers in patients with cancer cachexia. METHODS This multicenter prospective cohort study included 1303 cancer cachexia patients, among whom 592 deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 20.23 months. The definition of cachexia was based on the 2011 international consensus. Concordance index (C-index) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied to compare the prognostic performance. The primary outcome was overall survival, which was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method generated by log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to identify independent predictors associated with survival. The secondary outcomes included 90-days mortality and quality of life (QoL). RESULTS C-index and ROC curves showed that albumin had the most accurate predictive capacity for survival, followed by transferrin and prealbumin. Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed that low albumin (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.51, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.28-1.80, P < 0.001), prealbumin (HR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.19-1.69, P < 0.001), and transferrin (HR = 1.50, 95%CI = 1.25-1.80, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for long-term survival in cancer patients with cachexia. In subgroup analysis, the prognostic value of low albumin was significant in patients with upper gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary and pancreatic, and colorectal cancers; low prealbumin was significant in colorectal cancer; and low transferrin was significant in patients with upper gastrointestinal and colorectal cancer. All three hepatic proteins were valuable as prognostic predictors for patients with advanced (Stage III and IV) cancer with cachexia. The risks of 90-days mortality and impaired QoL were higher in cachexia patients with low albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin levels. CONCLUSION Low albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin levels were all independent prognostic factors affecting patients with cancer cachexia, especially in patients in the advanced stages. These results highlight the value of routinely checking serum hepatic proteins in clinical practice to predict the prognosis of patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Huang
- Department of Comprehensive Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Cancer Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Comprehensive Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Department of Comprehensive Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Song
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Ping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Cancer Metabolism and Nutrition, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Hua Cong
- Department of Comprehensive Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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4
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Englund DA, Jolliffe AM, Hanson GJ, Aversa Z, Zhang X, Jiang X, White TA, Zhang L, Monroe DG, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ, Kamenecka TM, Khosla S, LeBrasseur NK. Senotherapeutic drug treatment ameliorates chemotherapy-induced cachexia. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e169512. [PMID: 38051584 PMCID: PMC10906225 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a debilitating skeletal muscle wasting condition for which we currently lack effective treatments. In the context of cancer, certain chemotherapeutics cause DNA damage and cellular senescence. Senescent cells exhibit chronic activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, a known mediator of the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and skeletal muscle atrophy. Thus, targeting NF-κB represents a logical therapeutic strategy to alleviate unintended consequences of genotoxic drugs. Herein, we show that treatment with the IKK/NF-κB inhibitor SR12343 during a course of chemotherapy reduces markers of cellular senescence and the SASP in liver, skeletal muscle, and circulation and, correspondingly, attenuates features of skeletal muscle pathology. Lastly, we demonstrate that SR12343 mitigates chemotherapy-induced reductions in body weight, lean mass, fat mass, and muscle strength. These findings support senescent cells as a promising druggable target to counteract the SASP and skeletal muscle wasting in the context of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A. Englund
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Jolliffe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gabriel J. Hanson
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zaira Aversa
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas A. White
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David G. Monroe
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Sundeep Khosla
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nathan K. LeBrasseur
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, and
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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5
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Tobias GC, Gomes JLP, Fernandes LG, Voltarelli VA, de Almeida NR, Jannig PR, de Souza RWA, Negrão CE, Oliveira EM, Chammas R, Alves CRR, Brum PC. Aerobic exercise training mitigates tumor growth and cancer-induced splenomegaly through modulation of non-platelet platelet factor 4 expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21970. [PMID: 38081853 PMCID: PMC10713653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training reduces the incidence of several cancers, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. Exercise training can affect the spleen function, which controls the hematopoiesis and immune response. Analyzing different cancer models, we identified that 4T1, LLC, and CT26 tumor-bearing mice displayed enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), and exercise training reduced spleen mass toward control levels in two of these models (LLC and CT26). Exercise training also slowed tumor growth in melanoma B16F10, colon tumor 26 (CT26), and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing mice, with minor effects in mammary carcinoma 4T1, MDA-MB-231, and MMTV-PyMT mice. In silico analyses using transcriptome profiles derived from these models revealed that platelet factor 4 (Pf4) is one of the main upregulated genes associated with splenomegaly during cancer progression. To understand whether exercise training would modulate the expression of these genes in the tumor and spleen, we investigated particularly the CT26 model, which displayed splenomegaly and had a clear response to the exercise training effects. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that trained CT26 tumor-bearing mice had decreased Pf4 mRNA levels in both the tumor and spleen when compared to untrained CT26 tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, exercise training specifically decreased Pf4 mRNA levels in the CT26 tumor cells. Aspirin treatment did not change tumor growth, splenomegaly, and tumor Pf4 mRNA levels, confirming that exercise decreased non-platelet Pf4 mRNA levels. Finally, tumor Pf4 mRNA levels are deregulated in The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) samples and predict survival in multiple cancer types. This highlights the potential therapeutic value of exercise as a complementary approach to cancer treatment and underscores the importance of understanding the exercise-induced transcriptional changes in the spleen for the development of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Tobias
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - João L P Gomes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Larissa G Fernandes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Voltarelli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ney R de Almeida
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo W Alves de Souza
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos E Negrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilamar M Oliveira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiano R R Alves
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Tsitkanou S, Morena da Silva F, Cabrera AR, Schrems ER, Murach KA, Washington TA, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Greene NP. Biological sex divergence in transcriptomic profiles during the onset of hindlimb unloading-induced atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1276-C1293. [PMID: 37746697 PMCID: PMC10861149 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00352.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Disuse-induced muscle atrophy is a common clinical problem observed mainly in older adults, intensive care units patients, or astronauts. Previous studies presented biological sex divergence in progression of disuse-induced atrophy along with differential changes in molecular mechanisms possibly underlying muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to perform transcriptomic profiling of male and female mice during the onset and progression of unloading disuse-induced atrophy. Male and female mice underwent hindlimb unloading (HU) for 24, 48, 72, and 168 h (n = 8/group). Muscles were weighed for each cohort and gastrocnemius was used for RNA-sequencing analysis. Females exhibited muscle loss as early as 24 h of HU, whereas males after 168 h of HU. In males, pathways related to proteasome degradation were upregulated throughout 168 h of HU, whereas in females these pathways were upregulated up to 72 h of HU. Lcn2, a gene contributing to regulation of myogenesis, was upregulated by 6.46- to 19.86-fold across all time points in females only. A reverse expression of Fosb, a gene related to muscle degeneration, was observed between males (4.27-fold up) and females (4.57-fold down) at 24-h HU. Mitochondrial pathways related to tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were highly downregulated at 168 h of HU in males, whereas in females this downregulation was less pronounced. Collagen-related pathways were consistently downregulated throughout 168 h of HU only in females, suggesting a potential biological sex-specific protective mechanism against disuse-induced fibrosis. In conclusion, females may have protection against HU-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial degeneration and fibrosis through transcriptional mechanisms, although they may be more vulnerable to HU-induced muscle wasting compared with males.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Herein, we have assessed the transcriptomic response across biological sexes during the onset and progression of unloading disuse-induced atrophy in mice. We have demonstrated an inverse expression of Fosb between males and females, as well as differentially timed patterns of expressing atrophy-related pathways between sexes that are concomitant to the accelerated atrophy in females. We also identified in females signs of mechanisms to combat disuse-induced mitochondrial degeneration and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Tsitkanou
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Francielly Morena da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Ana Regina Cabrera
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Eleanor R Schrems
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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7
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Cabrera AR, Deaver JW, Lim S, Morena da Silva F, Schrems ER, Saling LW, Tsitkanou S, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Wiggs MP, Washington TA, Greene NP. Females display relatively preserved muscle quality compared with males during the onset and early stages of C26-induced cancer cachexia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:655-672. [PMID: 37535708 PMCID: PMC10642509 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00196.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is clinically defined by involuntary weight loss >5% in <6 mo, primarily affecting skeletal muscle. Here, we aimed to identify sex differences in the onset of colorectal cancer cachexia with specific consideration to skeletal muscle contractile and metabolic functions. Eight-weeks old BALB/c mice (69 males, 59 females) received subcutaneous C26 allografts or PBS vehicle. Tumors were developed for 10-, 15-, 20-, or 25 days. Muscles and organs were collected, in vivo muscle contractility, protein synthesis rate, mitochondrial function, and protein turnover markers were assessed. One-way ANOVA within sex and trend analysis between sexes were performed, P < 0.05. Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles became atrophic in male mice at 25 days, whereas female mice exhibited no significant differences in muscle weights at endpoints despite presenting hallmarks of cancer cachexia (fat loss, hepatosplenomegaly). We observed lowered muscle contractility and protein synthesis concomitantly to muscle mass decay in males, with higher proteolytic markers in muscles of both sexes. mRNA of Opa1 was lower in TA, whereas Bnip3 was higher in gastrocnemius after 25 days in male mice, with no significant effect in female mice. Our data suggest relative protections to skeletal muscle in females compared with males despite other canonical signs of cancer cachexia and increased protein degradation markers; suggesting we should place onus upon nonmuscle tissues during early stages of cancer cachexia in females. We noted potential protective mechanisms relating to skeletal muscle contractile and mitochondrial functions. Our findings underline possible heterogeneity in onset of cancer cachexia between biological sexes, suggesting the need for sex-specific approaches to treat cancer cachexia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study demonstrates biological-sex differences in phenotypic characteristics of cancer cachexia between male and female mice, whereby females display many common characteristics of cachexia (gonadal fat loss and hepatosplenomegaly), protein synthesis markers alterations, and common catabolic markers in skeletal muscle despite relatively preserved muscle mass in early-stage cachexia compared with males. Mechanisms of cancer cachexia appear to differ between sexes. Data suggest need to place onus of early cancer cachexia detection and treatment on nonmuscle tissues in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Regina Cabrera
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - J William Deaver
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Francielly Morena da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Eleanor R Schrems
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Landen W Saling
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Stavroula Tsitkanou
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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8
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Morena da Silva F, Lim S, Cabrera AR, Schrems ER, Jones RG, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Washington TA, Murach KA, Greene NP. The time-course of cancer cachexia onset reveals biphasic transcriptional disruptions in female skeletal muscle distinct from males. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:374. [PMID: 37403010 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-cachexia (CC) is a debilitating condition affecting up to 80% of cancer patients and contributing to 40% of cancer-related deaths. While evidence suggests biological sex differences in the development of CC, assessments of the female transcriptome in CC are lacking, and direct comparisons between sexes are scarce. This study aimed to define the time course of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-induced CC in females using transcriptomics, while directly comparing biological sex differences. RESULTS We found the global gene expression of the gastrocnemius muscle of female mice revealed biphasic transcriptomic alterations, with one at 1 week following tumor allograft and another during the later stages of cachexia development. The early phase was associated with the upregulation of extracellular-matrix pathways, while the later phase was characterized by the downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain, and TCA cycle. When DEGs were compared to a known list of mitochondrial genes (MitoCarta), ~ 47% of these genes were differently expressed in females exhibiting global cachexia, suggesting transcriptional changes to mitochondrial gene expression happens concomitantly to functional impairments previously published. In contrast, the JAK-STAT pathway was upregulated in both the early and late stages of CC. Additionally, we observed a consistent downregulation of Type-II Interferon signaling genes in females, which was associated with protection in skeletal muscle atrophy despite systemic cachexia. Upregulation of Interferon signaling was noted in the gastrocnemius muscle of cachectic and atrophic male mice. Comparison of female tumor-bearing mice with males revealed ~ 70% of DEGs were distinct between sexes in cachectic animals, demonstrating dimorphic mechanisms of CC. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest biphasic disruptions in the transcriptome of female LLC tumor-bearing mice: an early phase associated with ECM remodeling and a late phase, accompanied by the onset of systemic cachexia, affecting overall muscle energy metabolism. Notably, ~ 2/3 of DEGs in CC are biologically sex-specific, providing evidence of dimorphic mechanisms of cachexia between sexes. Downregulation of Type-II Interferon signaling genes appears specific to CC development in females, suggesting a new biological sex-specific marker of CC not reliant on the loss of muscle mass, that might represent a protective mechanism against muscle loss in CC in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielly Morena da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Ana Regina Cabrera
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Eleanor R Schrems
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Ronald G Jones
- Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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Feng TY, Melchor SJ, Zhao XY, Ghumman H, Kester M, Fox TE, Ewald SE. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, sphingolipid, and phosphatidylcholine metabolism are dysregulated in T. gondii infection-induced cachexia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17411. [PMID: 37456044 PMCID: PMC10344712 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a life-threatening disease characterized by chronic, inflammatory muscle wasting and systemic metabolic impairment. Despite its high prevalence, there are no efficacious therapies for cachexia. Mice chronically infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii represent a novel animal model recapitulating the chronic kinetics of cachexia. To understand how perturbations to metabolic tissue homeostasis influence circulating metabolite availability we used mass spectrometry analysis. Despite the significant reduction in circulating triacylglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, and glycerol, sphingolipid long-chain bases and a subset of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were significantly increased in the sera of mice with T. gondii infection-induced cachexia. In addition, the TCA cycle intermediates α-ketoglutarate, 2-hydroxyglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate were highly depleted in cachectic mouse sera. Sphingolipids and their de novo synthesis precursors PCs are the major components of the mitochondrial membrane and regulate mitochondrial function consistent with a causal relationship in the energy imbalance driving T. gondii-induced chronic cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology and The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Melchor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology and The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology and The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Haider Ghumman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology and The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Todd E. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Sarah E. Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology and The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
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10
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Dolly A, Pötgens SA, Thibaut MM, Neyrinck AM, de Castro GS, Galbert C, Lefevre C, Wyart E, Gomes SP, Gonçalves DC, Lanthier N, Baldin P, Huot JR, Bonetto A, Seelaender M, Delzenne NM, Sokol H, Bindels LB. Impairment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling promotes hepatic disorders in cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1569-1582. [PMID: 37127348 PMCID: PMC10235873 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is expressed in the intestine and liver, where it has pleiotropic functions and target genes. This study aims to explore the potential implication of AHR in cancer cachexia, an inflammatory and metabolic syndrome contributing to cancer death. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that targeting AHR can alleviate cachectic features, particularly through the gut-liver axis. METHODS AHR pathways were explored in multiple tissues from four experimental mouse models of cancer cachexia (C26, BaF3, MC38 and APCMin/+ ) and from non-cachectic mice (sham-injected mice and non-cachexia-inducing [NC26] tumour-bearing mice), as well as in liver biopsies from cancer patients. Cachectic mice were treated with an AHR agonist (6-formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole [FICZ]) or an antibody neutralizing interleukin-6 (IL-6). Key mechanisms were validated in vitro on HepG2 cells. RESULTS AHR activation, reflected by the expression of Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2, two major AHR target genes, was deeply reduced in all models (C26 and BaF3, P < 0.001; MC38 and APCMin/+ , P < 0.05) independently of anorexia. This reduction occurred early in the liver (P < 0.001; before the onset of cachexia), compared to the ileum and skeletal muscle (P < 0.01; pre-cachexia stage), and was intrinsically related to cachexia (C26 vs. NC26, P < 0.001). We demonstrate a differential modulation of AHR activation in the liver (through the IL-6/hypoxia-inducing factor 1α pathway) compared to the ileum (attributed to the decreased levels of indolic AHR ligands, P < 0.001), and the muscle. In cachectic mice, FICZ treatment reduced hepatic inflammation: expression of cytokines (Ccl2, P = 0.005; Cxcl2, P = 0.018; Il1b, P = 0.088) with similar trends at the protein levels, expression of genes involved in the acute-phase response (Apcs, P = 0.040; Saa1, P = 0.002; Saa2, P = 0.039; Alb, P = 0.003), macrophage activation (Cd68, P = 0.038) and extracellular matrix remodelling (Fga, P = 0.008; Pcolce, P = 0.025; Timp1, P = 0.003). We observed a decrease in blood glucose in cachectic mice (P < 0.0001), which was also improved by FICZ treatment (P = 0.026) through hepatic transcriptional promotion of a key marker of gluconeogenesis, namely, G6pc (C26 vs. C26 + FICZ, P = 0.029). Strikingly, these benefits on glycaemic disorders occurred independently of an amelioration of the gut barrier dysfunction. In cancer patients, the hepatic expression of G6pc was correlated to Cyp1a1 (Spearman's ρ = 0.52, P = 0.089) and Cyp1a2 (Spearman's ρ = 0.67, P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS With this set of studies, we demonstrate that impairment of AHR signalling contributes to hepatic inflammatory and metabolic disorders characterizing cancer cachexia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Dolly
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Sarah A. Pötgens
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Morgane M. Thibaut
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Audrey M. Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Gabriela S. de Castro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery, LIM26 HC‐USPUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências BiomédicasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Chloé Galbert
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint‐Antoine, CRSA, AP‐HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology DepartmentParisFrance
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHUParisFrance
| | - Camille Lefevre
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Elisabeth Wyart
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology CenterUniversity of TorinoTurinItaly
| | - Silvio P. Gomes
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina VeterinariaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Service d'Hépato‐Gastroentérologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint‐LucUCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniqueUCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Pamela Baldin
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucUCLouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Joshua R. Huot
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCOUSA
| | - Marília Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Department of Surgery, LIM26 HC‐USPUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint‐Antoine, CRSA, AP‐HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology DepartmentParisFrance
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHUParisFrance
- INRAE, UMR1319 Micalis and AgroParisTechJouy‐en‐JosasFrance
| | - Laure B. Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- WELBIO DepartmentWEL Research InstituteWavreBelgium
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11
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Di Girolamo D, Tajbakhsh S. Pathological features of tissues and cell populations during cancer cachexia. CELL REGENERATION 2022; 11:15. [PMID: 35441960 PMCID: PMC9021355 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancers remain among the most devastating diseases in the human population in spite of considerable advances in limiting their impact on lifespan and healthspan. The multifactorial nature of cancers, as well as the number of tissues and organs that are affected, have exposed a considerable diversity in mechanistic features that are reflected in the wide array of therapeutic strategies that have been adopted. Cachexia is manifested in a number of diseases ranging from cancers to diabetes and ageing. In the context of cancers, a majority of patients experience cachexia and succumb to death due to the indirect effects of tumorigenesis that drain the energy reserves of different organs. Considerable information is available on the pathophysiological features of cancer cachexia, however limited knowledge has been acquired on the resident stem cell populations, and their function in the context of these diseases. Here we review current knowledge on cancer cachexia and focus on how tissues and their resident stem and progenitor cell populations are individually affected.
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12
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Pauk M, Saito H, Hesse E, Taipaleenmäki H. Muscle and Bone Defects in Metastatic Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:273-289. [PMID: 35994202 PMCID: PMC9522697 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review addresses most recently identified mechanisms implicated in metastasis-induced bone resorption and muscle-wasting syndrome, known as cachexia. RECENT FINDINGS Metastatic disease in bone and soft tissues is often associated with skeletal muscle defects. Recent studies have identified a number of secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles that contribute to cancer cell growth and metastasis leading to bone destruction and muscle atrophy. In addition, alterations in muscle microenvironment including dysfunctions in hepatic and mitochondrial metabolism have been implicated in cancer-induced regeneration defect and muscle loss. Moreover, we review novel in vitro and animal models including promising new drug candidates for bone metastases and cancer cachexia. Preservation of bone health could be highly beneficial for maintaining muscle mass and function. Therefore, a better understanding of molecular pathways implicated in bone and muscle crosstalk in metastatic disease may provide new insights and identify new strategies to improve current anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pauk
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eric Hesse
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Musculoskeletal University Center Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Ferrara M, Samaden M, Ruggieri E, Vénéreau E. Cancer cachexia as a multiorgan failure: Reconstruction of the crime scene. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:960341. [PMID: 36158184 PMCID: PMC9493094 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.960341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a devastating syndrome associated with the end-stage of several diseases, including cancer, and characterized by body weight loss and severe muscle and adipose tissue wasting. Although different cancer types are affected to diverse extents by cachexia, about 80% of all cancer patients experience this comorbidity, which highly reduces quality of life and response to therapy, and worsens prognosis, accounting for more than 25% of all cancer deaths. Cachexia represents an urgent medical need because, despite several molecular mechanisms have been identified, no effective therapy is currently available for this devastating syndrome. Most studies focus on skeletal muscle, which is indeed the main affected and clinically relevant organ, but cancer cachexia is characterized by a multiorgan failure. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on the multiple tissues affected by cachexia and on the biomarkers with the attempt to define a chronological pathway, which might be useful for the early identification of patients who will undergo cachexia. Indeed, it is likely that the inefficiency of current therapies might be attributed, at least in part, to their administration in patients at the late stages of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ferrara
- Tissue Regeneration and Homeostasis Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Samaden
- Tissue Regeneration and Homeostasis Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Ruggieri
- Tissue Regeneration and Homeostasis Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilie Vénéreau
- Tissue Regeneration and Homeostasis Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Emilie Vénéreau,
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14
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Langer HT, Ramsamooj S, Liang RJ, Grover R, Hwang SK, Goncalves MD. Systemic Ketone Replacement Does Not Improve Survival or Cancer Cachexia in Mice With Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:903157. [PMID: 35719965 PMCID: PMC9203842 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a debilitating comorbidity affecting many lung cancer patients. We have previously found that cachectic mice with lung cancer have reduced serum ketone body levels due to low PPARα activity in the liver. Restoring hepatic PPARα activity with fenofibrate increased circulating ketones and delayed muscle and white adipose tissue wasting. We hypothesized that the loss of circulating ketones plays a pathophysiologic role in cachexia and performed two dietary intervention studies to test this hypothesis. In the first study, male and female mice were randomized to consume either a very low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (KD) or normal chow (NC) after undergoing tumor induction. The KD successfully restored serum ketone levels and decreased blood glucose in cachectic mice but did not improve body weight maintenance or survival. In fact, there was a trend for the KD to worsen survival in male but not in female mice. In the second study, we compounded a ketone ester supplement into the NC diet (KE) and randomized tumor-bearing mice to KE or NC after tumor induction. We confirmed that KE was able to acutely and chronically increase ketone body abundance in the serum compared to NC. However, the restoration of ketones in the circulation was not able to improve body weight maintenance or survival in male or female mice with lung cancer. Finally, we investigated PPARα activity in the liver of mice fed KE and NC and found that animals fed a ketone ester supplement showed a significant increase in mRNA expression of several PPARα targets. These data negate our initial hypothesis and suggest that restoring ketone body availability in the circulation of mice with lung cancer does not alter cachexia development or improve survival, despite increasing hepatic PPARα activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Tim Langer
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shakti Ramsamooj
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roger J Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Rahul Grover
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Seo-Kyoung Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marcus DaSilva Goncalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Li XR, Zhang Q, Zhang KP, Zhang X, Ruan GT, Song MM, Ge YZ, Zhang XW, Song CH, Shi HP. Associations of serum total bilirubin with survival outcomes in patients with cancer cachexia: A prospective, multicenter cohort study. Nutrition 2022; 102:111711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Feng L, Zhang W, Shen Q, Miao C, Chen L, Li Y, Gu X, Fan M, Ma Y, Wang H, Liu X, Zhang X. Bile acid metabolism dysregulation associates with cancer cachexia: roles of liver and gut microbiome. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1553-1569. [PMID: 34585527 PMCID: PMC8718071 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial metabolic syndrome in which bile acid (BA) metabolism might be involved. The aim of the present study was to clarify the contribution of liver and gut microbiota to BA metabolism disturbance in cancer cachexia and to check the possibility of targeting BA metabolism using agents such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) for cancer cachexia therapy. METHODS The BA profiles in liver, intestine, and serum of mice with cancer cachexia induced by inoculation of colon C26 tumour cells were analysed using metabolomics methods and compared with that of control mice. Proteomic analysis of liver protein expression profile and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of gut microbiota composition in cancer cachexia mice were conducted. Expression levels of genes related to farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling pathway in the intestine and liver tissues were analysed using RT-PCR analysis. The BA profiles in serum of clinical colon cancer patients with or without cachexia were also analysed and compared with that of healthy volunteers. The effects of TUDCA in treating cancer cachexia mice were observed. RESULTS In the liver of cancer cachexia mice, expression of BA synthesis enzymes was inhibited while the amount of total BAs increased (P < 0.05). The ratios of conjugated BAs/un-conjugated BAs significantly increased in cancer cachexia mice liver (P < 0.01). Gut microbiota dysbiosis such as decrease in Lachnospiraceae and increase in Enterobacteriaceae was observed in the intestine of cancer cachexia mice, and microbial metabolism of BAs was reduced. Increase in expression of FGF15 in intestine (P < 0.01) suggested the activation of FXR signalling pathway which might contribute to the regulation of BA synthesis enzymes, transporters, and metabolic enzymes. Increase in the BA conjugation was observed in the serum of cancer cachexia mice. Results of clinical patients showed changes in BA metabolism, especially the increase in BA conjugation, and also suggested compensatory mechanism in BA metabolism regulation. Oral administration of 50 mg/kg TUDCA could significantly ameliorate the decrease in body weight (P < 0.001), muscle loss (P < 0.001), and atrophy of heart and liver (P < 0.05) in cancer cachexia mice without influence on tumour growth. CONCLUSIONS Bile acid metabolism dysregulation such as decrease in BA synthesis, increase in BA conjugation, and decrease in BA microbial metabolism was involved in development of cancer cachexia in mice. Targeting BA metabolism using agents such as TUDCA might be helpful for cancer cachexia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Feng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Miao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofan Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Fan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushui Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiongwen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Deaver JW, Schrems ER, Brown LA, Haynie WA, Perry RA, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Tedrowe MA, Greene NP, Washington TA. The effect of diet-induced obesity on extracellular matrix remodeling during skeletal muscle regeneration. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:212-217. [PMID: 35783375 PMCID: PMC9219258 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity has previously been shown to occur with the concomitant rise in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and increases in collagen deposition. While it has been known that the regenerative process of skeletal muscle is altered in obese mice following an acute muscle injury, we sought to examine differences in the expression of various markers of extracellular matrix remodeling and repair. Our laboratory has previously reported an impaired inflammatory and protein synthetic signaling in these mice that may contribute negatively to the muscle regenerative process. To expand upon this previous investigation, tissues from these animals underwent further analysis to determine the extent of changes to the regenerative response within the extracellular matrix, including transcriptional changes in Collagen I, Collagen III, and Fibronectin. Here, we show that the expression of Collagen III:I is significantly increased at 3-days post-injury in obese injured animals compared to lean injured animals (p = 0.0338), and by 28-days the obese injured animals exhibit a significantly lower Collagen III:I than their lean injured counterparts (p = 0.0035). We demonstrate an impaired response to an acute muscle injury in obese mice when compared with lean counterparts. However, further studies are required to elucidate translational consequences of these changes, as well as to determine any causative mechanisms that may be driving this effect.
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18
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The Role of Autophagy Modulated by Exercise in Cancer Cachexia. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080781. [PMID: 34440525 PMCID: PMC8402221 DOI: 10.3390/life11080781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a syndrome experienced by many patients with cancer. Exercise can act as an autophagy modulator, and thus holds the potential to be used to treat cancer cachexia. Autophagy imbalance plays an important role in cancer cachexia, and is correlated to skeletal and cardiac muscle atrophy and energy-wasting in the liver. The molecular mechanism of autophagy modulation in different types of exercise has not yet been clearly defined. This review aims to elaborate on the role of exercise in modulating autophagy in cancer cachexia. We evaluated nine studies in the literature and found a potential correlation between the type of exercise and autophagy modulation. Combined exercise or aerobic exercise alone seems more beneficial than resistance exercise alone in cancer cachexia. Looking ahead, determining the physiological role of autophagy modulated by exercise will support the development of a new medical approach for treating cancer cachexia. In addition, the harmonization of the exercise type, intensity, and duration might play a key role in optimizing the autophagy levels to preserve muscle function and regulate energy utilization in the liver.
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19
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覃 碧, 刁 娜, 白 岚. [Parathyroid hormone-related protein aggravates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease induced by methionine choline-deficient diet in mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1037-1043. [PMID: 34308853 PMCID: PMC8329677 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.07.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by methionine choline-deficient diet (MCD) in mice. METHODS Twelve male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into blank control group, vehicle group and PTHrP group (n=4). The mice in vehicle group and PTHrP group received injections of a control adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector and an AVV vector carrying PTHrP (AAV-PTHrP) gene, respectively, followed one week later by MCD feeding for 3 weeks; the mice in the blank control were fed a normal diet for 4 weeks. Body weight changes of the mice were monitored during the experiment. At the end of the experiment, liver tissues were harvested from the mice for histological analysis using HE staining, oil red O staining, and Sirius red staining. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride, and free fatty acids (FFAs) in the liver and serum were detected to assess hepatic impairment and lipid metabolism of the mice. Cell models of NAFLD were established in mouse and human normal liver cells by treatment with 250 μmol/L FFAs for 24 h, and the effect of AAV-PTHrP on lipid deposition and viability of the cells were tested using Oil Red O and Nile red staining and CCK8 assay. RESULTS Treatment with AAV-PTHrP, as compared with the control AVV vector, caused more rapid reduction of body weight in mice with MCD feeding and significantly increased the levels of AST (P < 0.05), ALT (P < 0.05), triglyceride (P < 0.01) and FFA (P < 0.05) in the liver and the scores of NAS (P < 0.01) and SAF (P < 0.05). HE and Oil red O staining of the liver tissue revealed obvious lipid deposition after MCD feeding, which was more serious in PTHrP group. In the cell experiment, FFAs induced steatosis in both mouse and human hepatocytes, and treatment with PTHrP increased the accumulation of lipid droplets and lowered the viability of the cell model of NAFLD (P < 0.01 or 0.05). CONCLUSION PTHrP may aggravate MCD-induced NAFLD in mice by promoting the deposition of lipid droplets in the hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- 碧艳 覃
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 娜 刁
- 中山大学附属第六医院消化内科//广东省结直肠盆底疾病重点实验室,广东 广州 510655Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - 岚 白
- 南方医科大学南方医院消化内科广东省胃肠疾病重点实验室,广东 广州 510515Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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20
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Lim S, Haynie WA, Brown JL, Deaver JW, Morena Da Silva F, Jansen LT, Lee DE, Wiggs MP, Washington TA, Greene NP. Female mice may have exacerbated catabolic signalling response compared to male mice during development and progression of disuse atrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:717-730. [PMID: 33675163 PMCID: PMC8200438 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy is a common pathology associated with disuse, such as prolonged bed rest or spaceflight, and is associated with detrimental health outcomes. There is emerging evidence that disuse atrophy may differentially affect males and females. Cellular mechanisms contributing to the development and progression of disuse remain elusive, particularly protein turnover cascades. The purpose of this study was to investigate the initial development and progression of disuse muscle atrophy in male and female mice using the well-established model of hindlimb unloading (HU). METHODS One hundred C57BL/6J mice (50 male and 50 female) were hindlimb suspended for 0 (control), 24, 48, 72, or 168 h to induce disuse atrophy (10 animals per group). At designated time points, animals were euthanized, and tissues (extensor digitorum longus, gastrocnemius, and soleus for mRNA analysis, gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus for protein synthesis rates, and tibialis anterior for histology) were collected for analysis of protein turnover mechanisms (protein anabolism and catabolism). RESULTS Both males and females lost ~30% of tibialis anterior cross-sectional area after 168 h of disuse. Males had no statistical difference in MHCIIB fibre area, whereas unloaded females had ~33% lower MHCIIB cross-sectional area by 168 h of unloading. Both males and females had lower fractional protein synthesis rates (FSRs) within 24-48 h of HU, and females appeared to have a greater reduction compared with males within 24 h of HU (~23% lower FSRs in males vs. 40% lower FSRs in females). Males and females exhibited differential patterns and responses in multiple markers of protein anabolism, catabolism, and myogenic capacity during the development and progression of disuse atrophy. Specifically, females had greater mRNA inductions of catabolic factors Ubc and Gadd45a (~4-fold greater content in females compared with ~2-fold greater content in males) and greater inductions of anabolic inhibitors Redd1 and Deptor with disuse across multiple muscle tissues exhibiting different fibre phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the aetiology of disuse muscle atrophy is more complicated and nuanced than previously thought, with different responses based on muscle phenotypes and between males and females, with females having greater inductions of atrophic markers early in the development of disuse atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Wesley A Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - John William Deaver
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Francielly Morena Da Silva
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Lisa T Jansen
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - David E Lee
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Michael P Wiggs
- Integrative Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory Name, Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.,Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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21
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Brown JL, Lawrence MM, Borowik A, Oliver L, Peelor FF, Van Remmen H, Miller BF. Tumor burden negatively impacts protein turnover as a proteostatic process in noncancerous liver, heart, and muscle, but not brain. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:72-82. [PMID: 34013745 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01026.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer survivors are more susceptible to pathologies such as hypertension, liver disease, depression, and coronary artery disease when compared with individuals who have never been diagnosed with cancer. Therefore, it is important to understand how tumor burden negatively impacts nontumor-bearing tissues that may impact future disease susceptibility. We hypothesized that the energetic costs of a tumor would compromise proteostatic maintenance in other tissues. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if tumor burden changes protein synthesis and proliferation rates in heart, brain, and liver. One million Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, sham) were injected into the hind flank of female mice at ∼4.5 mo of age, and the tumor developed for 3 wk. Rates of proliferation and protein synthesis were measured in heart, brain, liver, and tumor tissue. Compared with sham, rates of protein synthesis (structural/nuclear, cytosolic, mitochondrial, and collagen) relative to proliferation were lower in the heart and liver of LLC mice, but higher in the brain of LLC mice. In the tumor tissue, the ratio of protein synthesis to DNA synthesis was approximately 1.0 showing that protein synthesis in the tumor was used for proliferation with little proteostatic maintenance. We further provide evidence that the differences in tissue responses may be due to energetic stress. We concluded that the decrease in proteostatic maintenance in liver, heart, and muscle might contribute to the increased risk of disease in cancer survivors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We present data showing that simultaneously measuring protein synthesis and cell proliferation can help in the understanding of protein turnover as a proteostatic process in response to tumor burden. In some tissues, like hepatic, cardiac, and skeletal muscle, there was a decrease in the protein to DNA synthesis ratio indicating less proteostatic maintenance. In contrast, the brain maintained or even increased this protein to DNA synthesis ratio indicating more proteostatic maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Brown
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Marcus M Lawrence
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, Utah
| | - Agnieszka Borowik
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Lauren Oliver
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Fredrick F Peelor
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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22
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Pötgens SA, Thibaut MM, Joudiou N, Sboarina M, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD, Claus SP, Delzenne NM, Bindels LB. Multi-compartment metabolomics and metagenomics reveal major hepatic and intestinal disturbances in cancer cachectic mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:456-475. [PMID: 33599103 PMCID: PMC8061360 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by multiple metabolic dysfunctions. Besides the muscle, other organs such as the liver and the gut microbiota may also contribute to this syndrome. Indeed, the gut microbiota, an important regulator of the host metabolism, is altered in the C26 preclinical model of cancer cachexia. Interventions targeting the gut microbiota have shown benefits, but mechanisms underlying the host-microbiota crosstalk in this context are still poorly understood. METHODS To explore this crosstalk, we combined proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR) metabolomics in multiple compartments with 16S rDNA sequencing. These analyses were complemented by molecular and biochemical analyses, as well as hepatic transcriptomics. RESULTS 1 H-NMR revealed major changes between control (CT) and cachectic (C26) mice in the four analysed compartments (i.e. caecal content, portal vein, liver, and vena cava). More specifically, glucose metabolism pathways in the C26 model were altered with a reduction in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and an activation of the hexosamine pathway, arguing against the existence of a Cori cycle in this model. In parallel, amino acid uptake by the liver, with an up to four-fold accumulation of nine amino acids (q-value <0.05), was mainly used for acute phase response proteins synthesis rather than to fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and gluconeogenesis. We also identified a 35% reduction in hepatic carnitine levels (q-value <0.05) and a lower activation of the phosphatidylcholine pathway as potential contributors to the hepatic steatosis present in this model. Our work also reveals a reduction of different beneficial intestinal bacterial activities in cancer cachexia. We found decreased levels of two short-chain fatty acids, acetate and butyrate (72% and 88% reduction in C26 caecal content; q-value <0.001), and a reduction in aromatic amino acid metabolites, which may contribute to the altered intestinal homeostasis in these mice. A member of the Ruminococcaceae family (ASV 2) was identified as the main bacterium responsible for the drop in butyrate. Finally, we report a two-fold intestinal transit acceleration (P-value <0.001) as a key factor shaping the gut microbiota composition and activity in cancer cachexia, which together lead to a faecal loss of proteins and amino acids. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights new metabolic pathways potentially involved in cancer cachexia and further supports the interest of exploring the gut microbiota composition and activity, as well as intestinal transit, in cancer patients with and without cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Pötgens
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Morgane M Thibaut
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Joudiou
- Nuclear and Electron Spin Technologies Platform (NEST), Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine P Claus
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Thibaut MM, Sboarina M, Roumain M, Pötgens SA, Neyrinck AM, Destrée F, Gillard J, Leclercq IA, Dachy G, Demoulin JB, Tailleux A, Lestavel S, Rastelli M, Everard A, Cani PD, Porporato PE, Loumaye A, Thissen JP, Muccioli GG, Delzenne NM, Bindels LB. Inflammation-induced cholestasis in cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:70-90. [PMID: 33350058 PMCID: PMC7890151 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a debilitating metabolic syndrome contributing to cancer death. Organs other than the muscle may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. This work explores new mechanisms underlying hepatic alterations in cancer cachexia. METHODS We used transcriptomics to reveal the hepatic gene expression profile in the colon carcinoma 26 cachectic mouse model. We performed bile acid, tissue mRNA, histological, biochemical, and western blot analyses. Two interventional studies were performed using a neutralizing interleukin 6 antibody and a bile acid sequestrant, cholestyramine. Our findings were evaluated in a cohort of 94 colorectal cancer patients with or without cachexia (43/51). RESULTS In colon carcinoma 26 cachectic mice, we discovered alterations in five inflammatory pathways as well as in other pathways, including bile acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and xenobiotic metabolism (normalized enrichment scores of -1.97, -2.16, and -1.34, respectively; all Padj < 0.05). The hepatobiliary transport system was deeply impaired in cachectic mice, leading to increased systemic and hepatic bile acid levels (+1512 ± 511.6 pmol/mg, P = 0.01) and increased hepatic inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil recruitment to the liver of cachectic mice (+43.36 ± 16.01 neutrophils per square millimetre, P = 0.001). Adaptive mechanisms were set up to counteract this bile acid accumulation by repressing bile acid synthesis and by enhancing alternative routes of basolateral bile acid efflux. Targeting bile acids using cholestyramine reduced hepatic inflammation, without affecting the hepatobiliary transporters (e.g. tumour necrosis factor α signalling via NFκB and inflammatory response pathways, normalized enrichment scores of -1.44 and -1.36, all Padj < 0.05). Reducing interleukin 6 levels counteracted the change in expression of genes involved in the hepatobiliary transport, bile acid synthesis, and inflammation. Serum bile acid levels were increased in cachectic vs. non-cachectic cancer patients (e.g. total bile acids, +5.409 ± 1.834 μM, P = 0.026) and were strongly correlated to systemic inflammation (taurochenodeoxycholic acid and C-reactive protein: ρ = 0.36, Padj = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS We show alterations in bile acid metabolism and hepatobiliary secretion in cancer cachexia. In this context, we demonstrate the contribution of systemic inflammation to the impairment of the hepatobiliary transport system and the role played by bile acids in the hepatic inflammation. This work paves the way to a better understanding of the role of the liver in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane M Thibaut
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah A Pötgens
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Destrée
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justine Gillard
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Dachy
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Demoulin
- Experimental Medicine Unit, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Marialetizia Rastelli
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Audrey Loumaye
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition Department, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition Department, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Development and progression of cancer cachexia: Perspectives from bench to bedside. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:177-185. [PMID: 34447946 PMCID: PMC8386816 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a devastating syndrome characterized by weight loss, reduced fat mass and muscle mass that affects approximately 80% of cancer patients and is responsible for 22%–30% of cancer-associated deaths. Understanding underlying mechanisms for the development of CC are crucial to advance therapies to treat CC and improve cancer outcomes. CC is a multi-organ syndrome that results in extensive skeletal muscle and adipose tissue wasting; however, CC can impair other organs such as the liver, heart, brain, and bone as well. A considerable amount of CC research focuses on changes that occur within the muscle, but cancer-related impairments in other organ systems are understudied. Furthermore, metabolic changes in organ systems other than muscle may contribute to CC. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address degenerative mechanisms which occur during CC from a whole-body perspective. Outlining the information known about metabolic changes that occur in response to cancer is necessary to develop and enhance therapies to treat CC. As much of the current evidences in CC are from pre-clinical models we should note the majority of the data reviewed here are from pre-clinical models.
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25
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Webster JM, Kempen LJAP, Hardy RS, Langen RCJ. Inflammation and Skeletal Muscle Wasting During Cachexia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:597675. [PMID: 33329046 PMCID: PMC7710765 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.597675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is the involuntary loss of muscle and adipose tissue that strongly affects mortality and treatment efficacy in patients with cancer or chronic inflammatory disease. Currently, no specific treatments or interventions are available for patients developing this disorder. Given the well-documented involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in muscle and fat metabolism in physiological responses and in the pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory disease and cancer, considerable interest has revolved around their role in mediating cachexia. This has been supported by association studies that report increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in some, but not all, cancers and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, preclinical studies including animal disease models have provided a substantial body of evidence implicating a causal contribution of systemic inflammation to cachexia. The presence of inflammatory cytokines can affect skeletal muscle through several direct mechanisms, relying on activation of the corresponding receptor expressed by muscle, and resulting in inhibition of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), elevation of catabolic activity through the ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) and autophagy, and impairment of myogenesis. Additionally, systemic inflammatory mediators indirectly contribute to muscle wasting through dysregulation of tissue and organ systems, including GCs via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the digestive system leading to anorexia-cachexia, and alterations in liver and adipocyte behavior, which subsequently impact on muscle. Finally, myokines secreted by skeletal muscle itself in response to inflammation have been implicated as autocrine and endocrine mediators of cachexia, as well as potential modulators of this debilitating condition. While inflammation has been shown to play a pivotal role in cachexia development, further understanding how these cytokines contribute to disease progression is required to reveal biomarkers or diagnostic tools to help identify at risk patients, or enable the design of targeted therapies to prevent or delay the progression of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Webster
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J A P Kempen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rowan S Hardy
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute for Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,MRC Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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26
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Benson CA, Lee DE, Brown JL, Washington TA, Greene NP, Wiggs MP. Mitochondrial Function and Protein Turnover in the Diaphragm are Altered in LLC Tumor Model of Cancer Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7841. [PMID: 33105841 PMCID: PMC7660065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is established that cancer cachexia causes limb muscle atrophy and is strongly associated with morbidity and mortality; less is known about how the development of cachexia impacts the diaphragm. The purpose of this study was to investigate cellular signaling mechanisms related to mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and protein synthesis during the development of cancer cachexia. C57BL/J6 mice developed Lewis Lung Carcinoma for either 0 weeks (Control), 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, or 4 weeks. At designated time points, diaphragms were harvested and analyzed. Mitochondrial respiratory control ratio was ~50% lower in experimental groups, which was significant by 2 weeks of cancer development, with no difference in mitochondrial content markers COXIV or VDAC. Compared to the controls, ROS was 4-fold elevated in 2-week animals but then was not different at later time points. Only one antioxidant protein, GPX3, was altered by cancer development (~70% lower in experimental groups). Protein synthesis, measured by a fractional synthesis rate, appeared to become progressively lower with the cancer duration, but the mean difference was not significant. The development and progression of cancer cachexia induces marked alterations to mitochondrial function and ROS production in the diaphragm and may contribute to increased cachexia-associated morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Rosa-Caldwell
- Exercise Science Research Center, Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.R.-C.); (D.E.L.); (J.L.B.); (N.P.G.)
| | - Conner A. Benson
- Integrative Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory Name, Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA;
| | - David E. Lee
- Exercise Science Research Center, Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.R.-C.); (D.E.L.); (J.L.B.); (N.P.G.)
| | - Jacob L. Brown
- Exercise Science Research Center, Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.R.-C.); (D.E.L.); (J.L.B.); (N.P.G.)
| | - Tyrone A. Washington
- Exercise Science Research Center, Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- Exercise Science Research Center, Cachexia Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.R.-C.); (D.E.L.); (J.L.B.); (N.P.G.)
| | - Michael P. Wiggs
- Integrative Physiology and Nutrition Laboratory Name, Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA;
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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27
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Lim S, Dunlap KR, Rosa-Caldwell ME, Haynie WS, Jansen LT, Washington TA, Greene NP. Comparative plasma proteomics in muscle atrophy during cancer-cachexia and disuse: The search for atrokines. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14608. [PMID: 33063952 PMCID: PMC7556312 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is common across a variety of pathologies. Underlying mechanisms of atrophy differ between pathologies, and in many conditions, circulating factors are tied to muscle atrophy. Therefore, we sought to identify alterations to the plasma proteome across divergent forms of muscle atrophy, disuse and cancer cachexia, as potential mediators of atrophy. C57BL6/J mice were assigned to Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC)-induced cachexia, disuse by hindlimb unloading (HU), or control (CON). Plasma samples were submitted for discovery proteomics and targets of interest confirmed by immunoblot. Considerably more peptides were altered in plasma from LLC (91) than HU (9) as compared to CON. Five total proteins were similarly modulated in HU and LLC compared to CON, none reached criteria for differential expression. Serum Amyloid A1 (SAA) was 4 and 6 Log2 FC greater in LLC than CON or HU, respectively, confirmed by immunoblot. Recent reports suggest SAA is sufficient to induce atrophy via TLR. Therefore, we assessed TLR2,4, and IL-6 mRNAs in hindlimb muscles. TLR mRNAs were not altered, suggesting SAA effects on atrophy during LLC are independent of TLR signaling. However, we noted > 6-fold induction of IL-6 in soleus of HU mice, despite minimal shift in the plasma proteome, indicating potential localized inflammation in atrophying muscle. Furthermore, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) was highly repressed in LLC mice and largely undetectable by immunoblot in this group. Our data suggest SAA and PON1 as potential novel atrokines for cancer cachexia and indicate localized inflammation in atrophying muscles independent of the plasma proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkyun Lim
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kirsten R Dunlap
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Wesley S Haynie
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Lisa T Jansen
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Cachexia Research Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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28
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Siddiqui JA, Pothuraju R, Jain M, Batra SK, Nasser MW. Advances in cancer cachexia: Intersection between affected organs, mediators, and pharmacological interventions. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188359. [PMID: 32222610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cancer patients exhibit cachexia, a condition characterized by a significant reduction in the body weight predominantly from loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Cachexia is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Decreased food intake and multi-organ energy imbalance in cancer patients worsen the cachexia syndrome. Cachectic cancer patients have a low tolerance for chemo- and radiation therapies and also have a reduced quality of life. The presence of tumors and the current treatment options for cancer further exacerbate the cachexia condition, which remains an unmet medical need. The onset of cachexia involves crosstalk between different organs leading to muscle wasting. Recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy/hypertrophy and adipose tissue wasting/browning provide a platform for the development of new targeted therapies. Therefore, a better understanding of this multifactorial disorder will help to improve the quality of life of cachectic patients. In this review, we summarize the metabolic mediators of cachexia, their molecular functions, affected organs especially with respect to muscle atrophy and adipose browning and then discuss advanced therapeutic approaches to cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Mohd W Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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29
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Rosa-Caldwell ME, Fix DK, Washington TA, Greene NP. Muscle alterations in the development and progression of cancer-induced muscle atrophy: a review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:25-41. [PMID: 31725360 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00622.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia-cancer-associated body weight and muscle loss-is a significant predictor of mortality and morbidity in cancer patients across a variety of cancer types. However, despite the negative prognosis associated with cachexia onset, there are no clinical therapies approved to treat or prevent cachexia. This lack of treatment may be partially due to the relative dearth of literature on mechanisms occurring within the muscle before the onset of muscle wasting. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compile the current scientific literature on mechanisms contributing to the development and progression of cancer cachexia, including protein turnover, inflammatory signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We define "development" as changes in cell function occurring before the onset of cachexia and "progression" as alterations to cell function that coincide with the exacerbation of muscle wasting. Overall, the current literature suggests that multiple aspects of cellular function, such as protein turnover, inflammatory signaling, and mitochondrial quality, are altered before the onset of muscle loss during cancer cachexia and clearly highlights the need to study more thoroughly the developmental stages of cachexia. The studying of these early aberrations will allow for the development of effective therapeutics to prevent the onset of cachexia and improve health outcomes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rosa-Caldwell
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Nicholas P Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Human Health Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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