1
|
Grinberg M, Ilin N, Nemtsova Y, Sarafanov F, Ivanova A, Dolinin A, Pirogova P, Vodeneev V, Mareev E. Response of photosynthesis and electrical reactions of wheat plants upon the action of magnetic fields in the Schumann resonance frequency band. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2294425. [PMID: 38147417 PMCID: PMC10761032 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2294425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Alternating magnetic fields (MF) with Schumann resonance frequencies accompanied the development of living organisms throughout evolution, but today it remains unclear whether they can have a special biological effect in comparison with surrounding non-resonant frequencies. This work shows some stimulating effect of extremely low-frequency MFs on morphometric parameters and the activity of physiological processes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It is shown that the MF effect is more pronounced for transient processes - photosynthesis reactions and changes in electrical potential caused by turning on light. For light-induced electrical reactions, the dependence of the severity of the effect on the frequency of the applied MF was demonstrated. It is shown that the most pronounced effect occurs in the 14.3 Hz field, which corresponds to the second harmonic of the Schumann resonance. The predominant sensitivity of signal-regulatory systems gives reason to assume the influence of MFs with Schumann resonance frequencies on the interaction of plants with environmental factors under conditions of a changed electromagnetic environment. Such conditions can occur, for example, with an increase in lightning activity caused by climate change, which serves as the basis for the generation of Schumann resonances, and with the development of artificial ecosystems outside the Earth's atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Grinberg
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Geophysical Research, Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nikolay Ilin
- Department of Geophysical Research, Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Yulia Nemtsova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Fedor Sarafanov
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Geophysical Research, Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Angelina Ivanova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey Dolinin
- Department of Geophysical Research, Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Polina Pirogova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny Mareev
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Geophysical Research, Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deviers J, Cailliez F, de la Lande A, Kattnig DR. Avian cryptochrome 4 binds superoxide. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 26:11-21. [PMID: 38204818 PMCID: PMC10776438 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavin-binding cryptochromes are blue-light sensitive photoreceptors that have been implicated with magnetoreception in some species. The photocycle involves an intra-protein photo-reduction of the flavin cofactor, generating a magnetosensitive radical pair, and its subsequent re-oxidation. Superoxide (O2 • - ) is generated in the re-oxidation with molecular oxygen. The resulting O2 • - -containing radical pairs have also been hypothesised to underpin various magnetosensitive traits, but due to fast spin relaxation when tumbling in solution would require immobilisation. We here describe our insights in the binding of superoxide to cryptochrome 4 from C. livia based on extensive all-atom molecular dynamics studies and density-functional theory calculations. The positively charged "crypt" region that leads to the flavin binding pocket transiently binds O2 • - at 5 flexible binding sites centred on arginine residues. Typical binding times amounted to tens of nanoseconds, but exceptional binding events extended to several hundreds of nanoseconds and slowed the rotational diffusion, thereby realising rotational correlation times as large as 1 ns. The binding sites are particularly efficient in scavenging superoxide escaping from a putative generation site close to the flavin-cofactor, possibly implying a functional relevance. We discuss our findings in view of a potential magnetosensitivity of biological flavin semiquinone/superoxide radical pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Deviers
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Fabien Cailliez
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aurélien de la Lande
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kretschmer K, Frederiksen A, Reinholdt P, Kongsted J, Solov’yov IA. Understanding the Red Shift in the Absorption Spectrum of the FAD Cofactor in ClCry4 Protein. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:5320-5326. [PMID: 38805723 PMCID: PMC11163422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
It is still a puzzle that has not been entirely solved how migratory birds utilize the Earth's magnetic field for biannual migration. The most consistent explanation thus far is rooted in the modulation of the biological function of the cryptochrome 4 (Cry4) protein by an external magnetic field. This phenomenon is closely linked with the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor that is noncovalently bound in the protein. Cry4 is activated by blue light, which is absorbed by the FAD cofactor. Subsequent electron and proton transfers trigger radical pair formation in the protein, which is sensitive to the external magnetic field. An important long-lasting redox state of the FAD cofactor is the signaling (FADH•) state, which is present after the transient electron transfer steps have been completed. Recent experimental efforts succeeded in crystallizing the Cry4 protein from Columbia livia (ClCry4) with all of the important residues needed for protein photoreduction. This specific crystallization of Cry4 protein so far is the only avian cryptochrome crystal structure available, which, however, has great similarity to the Cry4 proteins of night migratory birds. The previous experimental studies of the ClCry4 protein included the absorption properties of the protein in its different redox states. The absorption spectrum of the FADH• state demonstrated a peculiar red shift compared to the photoabsorption properties of the FAD cofactor in its FADH• state in other Cry proteins from other species. The aim of this study is to understand this red shift by employing the tools of computational microscopy and, in particular, a QM/MM approach that relies on the polarizable embedding approximation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kretschmer
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anders Frederiksen
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Peter Reinholdt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory
Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky
Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von
Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Solov'yov AV, Verkhovtsev AV, Mason NJ, Amos RA, Bald I, Baldacchino G, Dromey B, Falk M, Fedor J, Gerhards L, Hausmann M, Hildenbrand G, Hrabovský M, Kadlec S, Kočišek J, Lépine F, Ming S, Nisbet A, Ricketts K, Sala L, Schlathölter T, Wheatley AEH, Solov'yov IA. Condensed Matter Systems Exposed to Radiation: Multiscale Theory, Simulations, and Experiment. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 38842266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This roadmap reviews the new, highly interdisciplinary research field studying the behavior of condensed matter systems exposed to radiation. The Review highlights several recent advances in the field and provides a roadmap for the development of the field over the next decade. Condensed matter systems exposed to radiation can be inorganic, organic, or biological, finite or infinite, composed of different molecular species or materials, exist in different phases, and operate under different thermodynamic conditions. Many of the key phenomena related to the behavior of irradiated systems are very similar and can be understood based on the same fundamental theoretical principles and computational approaches. The multiscale nature of such phenomena requires the quantitative description of the radiation-induced effects occurring at different spatial and temporal scales, ranging from the atomic to the macroscopic, and the interlinks between such descriptions. The multiscale nature of the effects and the similarity of their manifestation in systems of different origins necessarily bring together different disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, nanoscience, and biomedical research, demonstrating the numerous interlinks and commonalities between them. This research field is highly relevant to many novel and emerging technologies and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Solov'yov
- MBN Research Center, Altenhöferallee 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Nigel J Mason
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Amos
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Ilko Bald
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gérard Baldacchino
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CEA, LIDYL, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Brendan Dromey
- Centre for Light Matter Interactions, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Falk
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juraj Fedor
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Gerhards
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Hildenbrand
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Aschaffenburg, Würzburger Str. 45, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | | | - Stanislav Kadlec
- Eaton European Innovation Center, Bořivojova 2380, 25263 Roztoky, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kočišek
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Franck Lépine
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Siyi Ming
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Nisbet
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Kate Ricketts
- Department of Targeted Intervention, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Sala
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- University College Groningen, University of Groningen, Hoendiepskade 23/24, 9718 BG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew E H Wheatley
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Molecular Ratchets and Kinetic Asymmetry: Giving Chemistry Direction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400495. [PMID: 38568047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades ratchet mechanisms have transformed the understanding and design of stochastic molecular systems-biological, chemical and physical-in a move away from the mechanical macroscopic analogies that dominated thinking regarding molecular dynamics in the 1990s and early 2000s (e.g. pistons, springs, etc), to the more scale-relevant concepts that underpin out-of-equilibrium research in the molecular sciences today. Ratcheting has established molecular nanotechnology as a research frontier for energy transduction and metabolism, and has enabled the reverse engineering of biomolecular machinery, delivering insights into how molecules 'walk' and track-based synthesisers operate, how the acceleration of chemical reactions enables energy to be transduced by catalysts (both motor proteins and synthetic catalysts), and how dynamic systems can be driven away from equilibrium through catalysis. The recognition of molecular ratchet mechanisms in biology, and their invention in synthetic systems, is proving significant in areas as diverse as supramolecular chemistry, systems chemistry, dynamic covalent chemistry, DNA nanotechnology, polymer and materials science, molecular biology, heterogeneous catalysis, endergonic synthesis, the origin of life, and many other branches of chemical science. Put simply, ratchet mechanisms give chemistry direction. Kinetic asymmetry, the key feature of ratcheting, is the dynamic counterpart of structural asymmetry (i.e. chirality). Given the ubiquity of ratchet mechanisms in endergonic chemical processes in biology, and their significance for behaviour and function from systems to synthesis, it is surely just as fundamentally important. This Review charts the recognition, invention and development of molecular ratchets, focussing particularly on the role for which they were originally envisaged in chemistry, as design elements for molecular machinery. Different kinetically asymmetric systems are compared, and the consequences of their dynamic behaviour discussed. These archetypal examples demonstrate how chemical systems can be driven inexorably away from equilibrium, rather than relax towards it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M W Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Laurien M, Mende L, Luhrmann L, Frederiksen A, Aldag M, Spiecker L, Clemmesen C, Solov'yov IA, Gerlach G. Magnetic orientation in juvenile Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus) could involve cryptochrome 4 as a potential magnetoreceptor. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240035. [PMID: 38835248 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Earth's magnetic field can provide reliable directional information, allowing migrating animals to orient themselves using a magnetic compass or estimate their position relative to a target using map-based orientation. Here we show for the first time that young, inexperienced herring (Clupea harengus, Ch) have a magnetic compass when they migrate hundreds of kilometres to their feeding grounds. In birds, such as the European robin (Erithacus rubecula), radical pair-based magnetoreception involving cryptochrome 4 (ErCRY4) was demonstrated; the molecular basis of magnetoreception in fish is still elusive. We show that cry4 expression in the eye of herring is upregulated during the migratory season, but not before, indicating a possible use for migration. The amino acid structure of herring ChCRY4 shows four tryptophans and a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding site, a prerequisite for a magnetic receptor. Using homology modelling, we successfully reconstructed ChCRY4 of herring, DrCRY4 of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and StCRY4 of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and showed that ChCRY4, DrCRY4 and ErCRY4a, but not StCRY4, exhibit very comparable dynamic behaviour. The electron transfer could take place in ChCRY4 in a similar way to ErCRY4a. The combined behavioural, transcriptomic and simulation experiments provide evidence that CRY4 could act as a magnetoreceptor in Atlantic herring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malien Laurien
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lara Mende
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lena Luhrmann
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Anders Frederiksen
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Mandus Aldag
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lisa Spiecker
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Catriona Clemmesen
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Gabriele Gerlach
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thoeni V, Dimova EY, Kietzmann T, Usselman RJ, Egg M. Therapeutic nuclear magnetic resonance and intermittent hypoxia trigger time dependent on/off effects in circadian clocks and confirm a central role of superoxide in cellular magnetic field effects. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103152. [PMID: 38593630 PMCID: PMC11016797 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular magnetic field effects are assumed to base on coherent singlet-triplet interconversion of radical pairs that are sensitive to applied radiofrequency (RF) and weak magnetic fields (WEMFs), known as radical pair mechanism (RPM). As a leading model, the RPM explains how quantum effects can influence biochemical and cellular signalling. Consequently, radical pairs generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that link the RPM to redox processes, such as the response to hypoxia and the circadian clock. Therapeutic nuclear magnetic resonance (tNMR) occupies a unique position in the RPM paradigm because of the used frequencies, which are far below the range of 0.1-100 MHz postulated for the RPM to occur. Nonetheless, tNMR was shown to induce RPM like effects, such as increased extracellular H2O2 levels and altered cellular bioenergetics. In this study we compared the impact of tNMR and intermittent hypoxia on the circadian clock, as well as the role of superoxide in tNMR induced ROS partitioning. We show that both, tNMR and intermittent hypoxia, exert on/off effects on cellular clocks that are dependent on the time of application (day versus night). In addition, our data provide further evidence that superoxide plays a central role in magnetic signal transduction. tNMR used in combination with scavengers, such as Vitamin C, led to strong ROS product redistributions. This discovery might represent the first indication of radical triads in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Thoeni
- Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Tyrol, A-6020, Austria
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Robert J Usselman
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Tyrol, A-6020, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou X, Zhang L, Zhang P, Xu H, Song J, Chang Y, Cai T, Xie C. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed important processes underlying the static magnetic field effects on Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1390031. [PMID: 38863539 PMCID: PMC11165219 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1390031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Static magnetic field (SMF) plays important roles in various biological processes of many organisms including plants, though the molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. Here in this study, we evaluated different magnetic setups to test their effects on growth and development on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and discovered that plant growth was significantly enhanced by inhomogeneous SMF generated by a regular triangular prism magnet perpendicular to the direction of gravity. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that auxin synthesis and signal transduction genes were upregulated by SMF exposure. SMF also facilitated plants to maintain the iron homeostasis. The expression of iron metabolism-related genes was downregulated by SMF, however, the iron content in plant tissues remains relatively unchanged. Furthermore, SMF exposure also helped the plants to reduce ROS level and synergistically maintain the oxidant balance by enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of nicotinamide. Taken together, our data suggested that SMF is involved in regulating the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana through maintaining iron homeostasis and balancing oxidative stress, which could be beneficial for plant survival and growth. The work presented here would extend our understanding of the mechanism and the regulatory network of how magnetic field affects the plant growth, which would provide insights into the development of novel plant synthetic biology technologies to engineer stress-resistant and high-yielding crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhou
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Jialei Song
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yafei Chang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tiantian Cai
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Xie
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Science Island, Hefei, China
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institute of Quantum Sensing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kurle-Tucholski P, Wiebeler C, Köhler L, Qin R, Zhao Z, Šimėnas M, Pöppl A, Matysik J. Red Shift in the Absorption Spectrum of Phototropin LOV1 upon the Formation of a Semiquinone Radical: Reconstructing the Orbital Architecture. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4344-4353. [PMID: 38688080 PMCID: PMC11089501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is a ubiquitous blue-light pigment due to its ability to drive one- and two-electron transfer reactions. In both light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domains of phototropin from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, FMN is noncovalently bound. In the LOV1 cysteine-to-serine mutant (C57S), light-induced electron transfer from a nearby tryptophan occurs, and a transient spin-correlated radical pair (SCRP) is formed. Within this photocycle, nuclear hyperpolarization is created by the solid-state photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) effect. In a side reaction, a stable protonated semiquinone radical (FMNH·) forms undergoing a significant bathochromic shift of the first electronic transition from 445 to 591 nm. The incorporation of phototropin LOV1-C57S into an amorphous trehalose matrix, stabilizing the radical, allows for application of various magnetic resonance experiments at ambient temperatures, which are combined with quantum-chemical calculations. As a result, the bathochromic shift of the first absorption band is explained by lifting the degeneracy of the molecular orbital energy levels for electrons with alpha and beta spins in FMNH· due to the additional electron.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kurle-Tucholski
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstraße
3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wiebeler
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstraße
3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institut
für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Köhler
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstraße
3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ruonan Qin
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstraße
3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstraße
3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mantas Šimėnas
- Faculty
of Physics, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andreas Pöppl
- Felix
Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstraße
3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karwinkel T, Winklhofer M, Allenstein D, Brust V, Christoph P, Holland RA, Hüppop O, Steen J, Bairlein F, Schmaljohann H. A refined magnetic pulse treatment method for magnetic navigation experiments with adequate sham control: a case study on free-flying songbirds. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230745. [PMID: 38745460 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Migratory songbirds may navigate by extracting positional information from the geomagnetic field, potentially with a magnetic-particle-based receptor. Previous studies assessed this hypothesis experimentally by exposing birds to a strong but brief magnetic pulse aimed at remagnetizing the particles and evoking an altered behaviour. Critically, such studies were not ideally designed because they lacked an adequate sham treatment controlling for the induced electric field that is fundamentally associated with a magnetic pulse. Consequently, we designed a sham-controlled magnetic-pulse experiment, with sham and treatment pulse producing a similar induced electric field, while limiting the sham magnetic field to a value that is deemed insufficient to remagnetize particles. We tested this novel approach by pulsing more than 250 wild, migrating European robins (Erithacus rubecula) during two autumn seasons. After pulsing them, five traits of free-flight migratory behaviour were observed, but no effect of the pulse could be found. Notably, one of the traits, the migratory motivation of adults, was significantly affected in only one of the two study years. Considering the problem of reproducing experiments with wild animals, we recommend a multi-year approach encompassing large sample size, blinded design and built-in sham control to obtain future insights into the role of magnetic-particle-based magnetoreception in bird navigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo Karwinkel
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Dario Allenstein
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Vera Brust
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Paula Christoph
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Richard A Holland
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, University of Bangor, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Ommo Hüppop
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jan Steen
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Franz Bairlein
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell 78315, Germany
| | - Heiko Schmaljohann
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zupanc GKH, Homberg U, Rössler W, Warrant EJ, Arikawa K, Simmons AM, Helfrich-Förster C. Getting a glimpse into the sensory worlds of animals: the Editors' and Readers' Choice Awards 2024. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:347-351. [PMID: 38722557 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The Editors' and Readers' Choice Awards were established in 2022 to celebrate some of the outstanding articles published every year in the Journal of Comparative Physiology A. The recipients of the 2024 Editors' Choice Awards were selected based on votes cast by the Editorial Board on articles published in 2023. In the category Original Paper, this distinction goes to 'Views from 'crabworld': the spatial distribution of light in a tropical mudflat' by Jochen Zeil (J Comp Physiol A 209:859-876, 2023); and in the category Review Article to 'Olfactory navigation in arthropods' by Theresa J. Steele and colleagues (J Comp Physiol A 209:467-488, 2023). The winners of the 2024 Readers' Choice Awards were determined by the number of online accesses of articles published in 2022. In the category Original Paper, the winner is 'Broadband 75-85 MHz radiofrequency fields disrupt magnetic compass orientation in night‑migratory songbirds consistent with a flavin‑based radical pair magnetoreceptor' by Bo Leberecht and colleagues (J Comp Physiol A 208:97-106, 2022). In the category Review Article, the winner is 'Magnetic maps in animal navigation' by Kenneth J. Lohmann and colleagues (J Comp Physiol A 208:41-67, 2022), which already won the Editors' Choice Award in 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Homberg
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rössler
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology (Zoology II), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eric J Warrant
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Kentaro Arikawa
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan
| | - Andrea Megela Simmons
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schuhmann F, Ramsay JL, Kattnig DR, Solov’yov IA. Structural Rearrangements of Pigeon Cryptochrome 4 Undergoing a Complete Redox Cycle. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3844-3855. [PMID: 38568745 PMCID: PMC11056986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cryptochrome is currently the major contender of a protein to underpin magnetoreception, the ability to sense the Earth's magnetic field. Among various types of cryptochromes, cryptochrome 4 has been identified as the likely magnetoreceptor in migratory birds. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) studies have offered first insights into the structural dynamics of cryptochrome but are limited to a short time scale due to large computational demands. Here, we employ coarse-grained MD simulations to investigate the emergence of long-lived states and conformational changes in pigeon cryptochrome 4. Our coarse-grained simulations complete the picture by permitting observation on a significantly longer time scale. We observe conformational transitions in the phosphate-binding loop of pigeon cryptochrome 4 upon activation and identify prominent motions in residues 440-460, suggesting a possible role as a signaling state of the protein or as a gated interaction site for forming protein complexes that might facilitate downstream processes. The findings highlight the importance of considering longer time scales in studying cryptochrome dynamics and magnetoreception. Coarse-grained MD simulations offer a valuable tool to unravel the complex behavior of cryptochrome proteins and shed new light on the mechanisms underlying their role in magnetoreception. Further exploration of these conformational changes and their functional implications may contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of magnetoreception in birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schuhmann
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Niels
Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jessica L. Ramsay
- Living
Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Rd., Exeter EX4
4QD, U.K.
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Living
Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Rd., Exeter EX4
4QD, U.K.
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Str. 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Research
Centre for Neurosensory Science, Carl von
Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von
Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Frederiksen A, Aldag M, Solov’yov IA, Gerhards L. Activation of Cryptochrome 4 from Atlantic Herring. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:262. [PMID: 38666874 PMCID: PMC11048568 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Marine fish migrate long distances up to hundreds or even thousands of kilometers for various reasons that include seasonal dependencies, feeding, or reproduction. The ability to perceive the geomagnetic field, called magnetoreception, is one of the many mechanisms allowing some fish to navigate reliably in the aquatic realm. While it is believed that the photoreceptor protein cryptochrome 4 (Cry4) is the key component for the radical pair-based magnetoreception mechanism in night migratory songbirds, the Cry4 mechanism in fish is still largely unexplored. The present study aims to investigate properties of the fish Cry4 protein in order to understand the potential involvement in a radical pair-based magnetoreception. Specifically, a computationally reconstructed atomistic model of Cry4 from the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) was studied employing classical molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods to investigate internal electron transfers and the radical pair formation. The QM/MM simulations reveal that electron transfers occur similarly to those found experimentally and computationally in Cry4 from European robin (Erithacus rubecula). It is therefore plausible that the investigated Atlantic herring Cry4 has the physical and chemical properties to form radical pairs that in turn could provide fish with a radical pair-based magnetic field compass sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Frederiksen
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.A.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Mandus Aldag
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.A.); (I.A.S.)
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.A.); (I.A.S.)
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gerhards
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (A.F.); (M.A.); (I.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu L, Huang B, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Tang X, Shi Y. Interactions between electromagnetic radiation and biological systems. iScience 2024; 27:109201. [PMID: 38433903 PMCID: PMC10906530 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though the bioeffects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) have been extensively investigated during the past several decades, our understandings of the bioeffects of EMR and the mechanisms of the interactions between the biological systems and the EMRs are still far from satisfactory. In this article, we introduce and summarize the consensus, controversy, limitations, and unsolved issues. The published works have investigated the EMR effects on different biological systems including humans, animals, cells, and biochemical reactions. Alternative methodologies also include dielectric spectroscopy, detection of bioelectromagnetic emissions, and theoretical predictions. In many studies, the thermal effects of the EMR are not properly controlled or considered. The frequency of the EMR investigated is limited to the commonly used bands, particularly the frequencies of the power line and the wireless communications; far fewer studies were performed for other EMR frequencies. In addition, the bioeffects of the complex EM environment were rarely discussed. In summary, our understanding of the bioeffects of the EMR is quite restrictive and further investigations are needed to answer the unsolved questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin-Ling Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yingxian Lu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaping Tang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Aguida B, Babo J, Baouz S, Jourdan N, Procopio M, El-Esawi MA, Engle D, Mills S, Wenkel S, Huck A, Berg-Sørensen K, Kampranis SC, Link J, Ahmad M. 'Seeing' the electromagnetic spectrum: spotlight on the cryptochrome photocycle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1340304. [PMID: 38495372 PMCID: PMC10940379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1340304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are widely dispersed flavoprotein photoreceptors that regulate numerous developmental responses to light in plants, as well as to stress and entrainment of the circadian clock in animals and humans. All cryptochromes are closely related to an ancient family of light-absorbing flavoenzymes known as photolyases, which use light as an energy source for DNA repair but themselves have no light sensing role. Here we review the means by which plant cryptochromes acquired a light sensing function. This transition involved subtle changes within the flavin binding pocket which gave rise to a visual photocycle consisting of light-inducible and dark-reversible flavin redox state transitions. In this photocycle, light first triggers flavin reduction from an initial dark-adapted resting state (FADox). The reduced state is the biologically active or 'lit' state, correlating with biological activity. Subsequently, the photoreduced flavin reoxidises back to the dark adapted or 'resting' state. Because the rate of reoxidation determines the lifetime of the signaling state, it significantly modulates biological activity. As a consequence of this redox photocycle Crys respond to both the wavelength and the intensity of light, but are in addition regulated by factors such as temperature, oxygen concentration, and cellular metabolites that alter rates of flavin reoxidation even independently of light. Mechanistically, flavin reduction is correlated with conformational change in the protein, which is thought to mediate biological activity through interaction with biological signaling partners. In addition, a second, entirely independent signaling mechanism arises from the cryptochrome photocycle in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These are synthesized during flavin reoxidation, are known mediators of biotic and abiotic stress responses, and have been linked to Cry biological activity in plants and animals. Additional special properties arising from the cryptochrome photocycle include responsivity to electromagnetic fields and their applications in optogenetics. Finally, innovations in methodology such as the use of Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) diamond centers to follow cryptochrome magnetic field sensitivity in vivo are discussed, as well as the potential for a whole new technology of 'magneto-genetics' for future applications in synthetic biology and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blanche Aguida
- Unite Mixed de Recherche (UMR) Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 8256 (B2A), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Babo
- Unite Mixed de Recherche (UMR) Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 8256 (B2A), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Soria Baouz
- Unite Mixed de Recherche (UMR) Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 8256 (B2A), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Jourdan
- Unite Mixed de Recherche (UMR) Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 8256 (B2A), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Maria Procopio
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Dorothy Engle
- Biology Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephen Mills
- Chemistry Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephan Wenkel
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexander Huck
- DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Sotirios C. Kampranis
- Biochemical Engineering Group, Plant Biochemistry Section, Department of Plant and Environment Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Justin Link
- Physics and Engineering Department, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Unite Mixed de Recherche (UMR) Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 8256 (B2A), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Biology Department, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Beetz MJ. A perspective on neuroethology: what the past teaches us about the future of neuroethology. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:325-346. [PMID: 38411712 PMCID: PMC10995053 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
For 100 years, the Journal of Comparative Physiology-A has significantly supported research in the field of neuroethology. The celebration of the journal's centennial is a great time point to appreciate the recent progress in neuroethology and to discuss possible avenues of the field. Animal behavior is the main source of inspiration for neuroethologists. This is illustrated by the huge diversity of investigated behaviors and species. To explain behavior at a mechanistic level, neuroethologists combine neuroscientific approaches with sophisticated behavioral analysis. The rapid technological progress in neuroscience makes neuroethology a highly dynamic and exciting field of research. To summarize the recent scientific progress in neuroethology, I went through all abstracts of the last six International Congresses for Neuroethology (ICNs 2010-2022) and categorized them based on the sensory modalities, experimental model species, and research topics. This highlights the diversity of neuroethology and gives us a perspective on the field's scientific future. At the end, I highlight three research topics that may, among others, influence the future of neuroethology. I hope that sharing my roots may inspire other scientists to follow neuroethological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jerome Beetz
- Zoology II, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hagstrum JT. Avian navigation: the geomagnetic field provides compass cues but not a bicoordinate "map" plus a brief discussion of the alternative infrasound direction-finding hypothesis. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:295-313. [PMID: 37071206 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The geomagnetic field (GMF) is a worldwide source of compass cues used by animals and humans alike. The inclination of GMF flux lines also provides information on geomagnetic latitude. A long-disputed question, however, is whether horizontal gradients in GMF intensity, in combination with changes in inclination, provide bicoordinate "map" information. Multiple sources contribute to the total GMF, the largest of which is the core field. The ubiquitous crustal field is much less intense, but in both land and marine settings is strong enough at low altitudes (< 700 m; sea level) to mask the core field's weak N-S intensity gradient (~ 3-5 nT/km) over 10 s to 100 s of km. Non-orthogonal geomagnetic gradients, the lack of consistent E-W gradients, and the local masking of core-field intensity gradients by the crustal field, therefore, are grounds for rejection of the bicoordinate geomagnetic "map" hypothesis. In addition, the alternative infrasound direction-finding hypothesis is briefly reviewed. The GMF's diurnal variation has long been suggested as a possible Zeitgeber (timekeeper) for circadian rhythms and could explain the GMF's non-compass role in the avian navigational system. Requirements for detection of this weaker diurnal signal (~ 20-50 nT) might explain the magnetic alignment of resting and grazing animals.
Collapse
|
18
|
Luo J. Sensitivity enhancement of radical-pair magnetoreceptors as a result of spin decoherence. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074306. [PMID: 38380753 DOI: 10.1063/5.0182172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Electron spin relaxation is, on many occasions, considered an elephant in the room that challenges the idea of a radical-pair compass, a leading hypothesis for the navigation of migratory avian species. It has been widely recognized that an effective radical-pair magnetoreceptor requires a relaxation time that is long enough for an external magnetic field as weak as the geomagnetic field to significantly modify the coherent spin dynamics. However, previous studies proposed that certain spin relaxation, far quicker than the radical recombination reactions, could enhance, rather than degrade, the directional sensitivity of a radical-pair magnetoreceptor. Here, I investigate relaxation effects on the singlet-triplet interconversion of a model radical pair and find that the enhancement effect originates from population relaxation over a period of several microseconds as a result of efficient spin decoherence. Insights into the truncated spin systems shed light on the physics behind them. I further investigate the possibilities of such enhancement in cryptochrome-based magnetoreception, in which electron hopping takes place between tryptophan residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiate Luo
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nair PS, Zadeh-Haghighi H, Simon C. Radical pair model for magnetic field effects on NMDA receptor activity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3628. [PMID: 38351304 PMCID: PMC10864372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor is a prominent player in brain development and functioning. Perturbations to its functioning through external stimuli like magnetic fields can potentially affect the brain in numerous ways. Various studies have shown that magnetic fields of varying strengths affect these receptors. We propose that the radical pair mechanism, a quantum mechanical process, could explain some of these field effects. Radicals of the form [Formula: see text], where R is a protein residue that can be Serine or Tyrosine, are considered for this study. The variation in the singlet fractional yield of the radical pairs, as a function of magnetic field strength, is calculated to understand how the magnetic field affects the products of the radical pair reactions. Based on the results, the radical pair mechanism is a likely candidate for explaining the magnetic field effects observed on the receptor activity. The model predicts changes in the behaviour of the system as magnetic field strength is varied and also predicts certain isotope effects. The results further suggest that similar effects on radical pairs could be a plausible explanation for various magnetic field effects within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy S Nair
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
| | - Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Austvold CK, Keable SM, Procopio M, Usselman RJ. Quantitative measurements of reactive oxygen species partitioning in electron transfer flavoenzyme magnetic field sensing. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1348395. [PMID: 38370016 PMCID: PMC10869518 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1348395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological magnetic field sensing that gives rise to physiological responses is of considerable importance in quantum biology. The radical pair mechanism (RPM) is a fundamental quantum process that can explain some of the observed biological magnetic effects. In magnetically sensitive radical pair (RP) reactions, coherent spin dynamics between singlet and triplet pairs are modulated by weak magnetic fields. The resulting singlet and triplet reaction products lead to distinct biological signaling channels and cellular outcomes. A prevalent RP in biology is between flavin semiquinone and superoxide (O2 •-) in the biological activation of molecular oxygen. This RP can result in a partitioning of reactive oxygen species (ROS) products to form either O2 •- or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Here, we examine magnetic sensing of recombinant human electron transfer flavoenzyme (ETF) reoxidation by selectively measuring O2 •- and H2O2 product distributions. ROS partitioning was observed between two static magnetic fields at 20 nT and 50 μT, with a 13% decrease in H2O2 singlet products and a 10% increase in O2 •- triplet products relative to 50 µT. RPM product yields were calculated for a realistic flavin/superoxide RP across the range of static magnetic fields, in agreement with experimental results. For a triplet born RP, the RPM also predicts about three times more O2 •- than H2O2, with experimental results exhibiting about four time more O2 •- produced by ETF. The method presented here illustrates the potential of a novel magnetic flavoprotein biological sensor that is directly linked to mitochondria bioenergetics and can be used as a target to study cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chase K. Austvold
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Stephen M. Keable
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Maria Procopio
- Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert J. Usselman
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
- Computational Research At Florida Tech, Melbourne, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mitra K, Adalder A, Mandal S, Ghorai UK. Enhancing Electrochemical Reactivity with Magnetic Fields: Unraveling the Role of Magneto-Electrochemistry. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301132. [PMID: 38221715 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis performs a vital role in numerous energy transformation and repository mechanics, including power cells, Electric field-assisted catalysis, and batteries. It is crucial to investigate new methods to improve electrocatalytic performance if effective and long-lasting power systems are developed. The modulation of catalytic activity and selectivity by external magnetic fields over electrochemical processes has received a lot of interest lately. How the use of various magnetic fields in electrocatalysis has great promise for building effective and selective catalysts, opening the door for the advancement of sophisticated energy conversion is discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and possibilities of incorporating magnetic fields into electrocatalytic systems and suggestions for future research areas are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Mitra
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Swami Vivekananda Research Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur Math, Howrah, 711202, India
| | - Ashadul Adalder
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Swami Vivekananda Research Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur Math, Howrah, 711202, India
| | - Sumit Mandal
- Department of Physics, Vidyasagar College, Kolkata, 700006, India
| | - Uttam Kumar Ghorai
- Department of Industrial Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Swami Vivekananda Research Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur Math, Howrah, 711202, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vecheck AM, McNamee CM, Reijo Pera R, Usselman RJ. Magnetic Field Intervention Enhances Cellular Migration Rates in Biological Scaffolds. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 11:9. [PMID: 38247887 PMCID: PMC10813414 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of magnetic fields on cellular function is diverse but can be described at least in part by the radical pair mechanism (RPM), where magnetic field intervention alters reactive oxygen species (ROS) populations and downstream cellular signaling. Here, cellular migration within three-dimensional scaffolds was monitored in an applied oscillating 1.4 MHz radiofrequency (RF) magnetic field with an amplitude of 10 µT and a static 50 µT magnetic field. Given that cellular bioenergetics can be altered based on applied RF magnetic fields, this study focused on a magnetic field configuration that increased cellular respiration. Results suggest that RF accelerated cell clustering and elongation after 1 day, with increased levels of clustering and cellular linkage after 7 days. Cell distribution analysis within the scaffolds revealed that the clustering rate during the first day was increased nearly five times in the RF environment. Electron microscopy provided additional topological information and verified the development of fibrous networks, with a cell-derived matrix (CDM) visualized after 7 days in samples maintained in RF. This work demonstrates time-dependent cellular migration that may be influenced by quantum biology (QB) processes and downstream oxidative signaling, enhancing cellular migration behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Vecheck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| | - Cameron M. McNamee
- Department of Mathematics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- McLaughlin Research Institute, Great Falls, MT 59405, USA
| | | | - Robert J. Usselman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
- Computational Research At Florida Tech (CRAFT), Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mironov VL. Geomagnetic Anomaly in the Growth Response of Peat Moss Sphagnum riparium to Temperature. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:48. [PMID: 38202356 PMCID: PMC10780739 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Temperature plays an essential role in a plant's life. The current investigation reveals that photoreceptors, whose activity is affected by the geomagnetic field, are a critical element of its perception. This knowledge suggests that plants' responses to temperature could shift in different geomagnetic conditions. To test this hypothesis, we studied the change in the growth response of the peat moss Sphagnum riparium to temperature with a gradual increase in the geomagnetic Kp index. Growth data for this species were collected from Karelian mires by detailed monitoring over eight full growing seasons. The growth of 209,490 shoots was measured and 1439 growth rates were obtained for this period. The analysis showed a strong positive dependence of sphagnum growth on temperature (r = 0.58; n = 1439; P = 1.7 × 10-119), which is strongest in the Kp range from 0.87 to 1.61 (r = 0.65; n = 464; P = 4.5 × 10-58). This Kp interval is clearer after removing the seasonal contributions from the growth rate and temperature and is preserved when diurnal temperature is used. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis and show the unknown contribution of the geomagnetic field to the temperature responses of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Mironov
- Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research, Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkinskaya St. 11, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Romanova N, Utvenko G, Prokshina A, Cellarius F, Fedorishcheva A, Pakhomov A. Migratory birds are able to choose the appropriate migratory direction under dim yellow narrowband light. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232499. [PMID: 38113940 PMCID: PMC10730290 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is generally assumed that migratory birds are oriented in the appropriate migratory direction under UV, blue and green light (short-wavelength) and are unable to use their magnetic compass in total darkness and under yellow and red light (long-wavelength). However, it has also been suggested that the magnetic compass has two sensitivity peaks: in the short and long wavelengths, but with different intensities. In this project, we aimed to study the orientation of long-distance migrants, pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), under different narrowband light conditions during autumn and spring migrations. The birds were tested in the natural magnetic field (NMF) and a changed magnetic field (CMF) rotated counterclockwise by 120° under dim green (autumn) and yellow (spring and autumn) light, which are on the 'threshold' between the short-wavelength and long-wavelength light. We showed that pied flycatchers (i) were completely disoriented under green light both in the NMF and CMF but (ii) showed the migratory direction in the NMF and the appropriate response to CMF under yellow light. Our data contradict the results of previous experiments under narrowband green and yellow light and raise doubts about the existence of only short-wavelength magnetoreception. The parameters of natural light change dramatically in spectral composition and intensity after local sunset, and the avian magnetic compass should be adapted to function properly under such constantly changing light conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Romanova
- Moscow State Pedagogical University, 1/1 M. Pirogovskaya St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Gleb Utvenko
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute RAS, Kaliningrad Region, Rybachy 238535, Russia
| | - Anisia Prokshina
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fyodor Cellarius
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Pakhomov
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute RAS, Kaliningrad Region, Rybachy 238535, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sarimov RM, Serov DA, Gudkov SV. Hypomagnetic Conditions and Their Biological Action (Review). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1513. [PMID: 38132339 PMCID: PMC10740674 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The geomagnetic field plays an important role in the existence of life on Earth. The study of the biological effects of (hypomagnetic conditions) HMC is an important task in magnetobiology. The fundamental importance is expanding and clarifying knowledge about the mechanisms of magnetic field interaction with living systems. The applied significance is improving the training of astronauts for long-term space expeditions. This review describes the effects of HMC on animals and plants, manifested at the cellular and organismal levels. General information is given about the probable mechanisms of HMC and geomagnetic field action on living systems. The main experimental approaches are described. We attempted to systematize quantitative data from various studies and identify general dependencies of the magnetobiology effects' value on HMC characteristics (induction, exposure duration) and the biological parameter under study. The most pronounced effects were found at the cellular level compared to the organismal level. Gene expression and protein activity appeared to be the most sensitive to HMC among the molecular cellular processes. The nervous system was found to be the most sensitive in the case of the organism level. The review may be of interest to biologists, physicians, physicists, and specialists in interdisciplinary fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilove St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.M.S.); (D.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zadeh-Haghighi H, Simon C. Magnetic isotope effects: a potential testing ground for quantum biology. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1338479. [PMID: 38148902 PMCID: PMC10750422 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1338479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One possible explanation for magnetosensing in biology, such as avian magnetoreception, is based on the spin dynamics of certain chemical reactions that involve radical pairs. Radical pairs have been suggested to also play a role in anesthesia, hyperactivity, neurogenesis, circadian clock rhythm, microtubule assembly, etc. It thus seems critical to probe the credibility of such models. One way to do so is through isotope effects with different nuclear spins. Here we briefly review the papers involving spin-related isotope effects in biology. We suggest studying isotope effects can be an interesting avenue for quantum biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sarimov RM, Serov DA, Gudkov SV. Biological Effects of Magnetic Storms and ELF Magnetic Fields. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1506. [PMID: 38132332 PMCID: PMC10740910 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields are a constant and essential part of our environment. The main components of ambient magnetic fields are the constant part of the geomagnetic field, its fluctuations caused by magnetic storms, and man-made magnetic fields. These fields refer to extremely-low-frequency (<1 kHz) magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). Since the 1980s, a huge amount of data has been accumulated on the biological effects of magnetic fields, in particular ELF-MFs. However, a unified picture of the patterns of action of magnetic fields has not been formed. Even though a unified mechanism has not yet been generally accepted, several theories have been proposed. In this review, we attempted to take a new approach to analyzing the quantitative data on the effects of ELF-MFs to identify new potential areas for research. This review provides general descriptions of the main effects of magnetic storms and anthropogenic fields on living organisms (molecular-cellular level and whole organism) and a brief description of the main mechanisms of magnetic field effects on living organisms. This review may be of interest to specialists in the fields of biology, physics, medicine, and other interdisciplinary areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.M.S.); (D.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bindra JK, Niklas J, Jeong Y, Jasper AW, Kretzschmar M, Kern J, Utschig LM, Poluektov OG. Coherences of Photoinduced Electron Spin Qubit Pair States in Photosystem I. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10108-10117. [PMID: 37980604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
This publication presents the first comprehensive experimental study of electron spin coherences in photosynthetic reaction center proteins, specifically focusing on photosystem I (PSI). The ultrafast electron transfer in PSI generates spin-correlated radical pairs (SCRPs), which are entangled spin pairs formed in well-defined spin states (Bell states). Since their discovery in our group in the 1980s, SCRPs have been extensively used to enhance our understanding of structure-function relationships in photosynthetic proteins. More recently, SCRPs have been utilized as tools for quantum sensing. Electron spin decoherence poses a significant challenge in realizing practical applications of electron spin qubits, particularly the creation of quantum entanglement between multiple electron spins. This work is focused on the systematic characterization of decoherence in SCRPs of PSI. These decoherence times were measured as electron spin echo decay times, termed phase memory times (TM), at various temperatures. Decoherence was recorded on both transient SCRP states P700+A1- and thermalized states. Our study reveals that TM exhibits minimal dependence on the biological species, biochemical treatment, and paramagnetic species. The analysis indicates that nuclear spin diffusion and instantaneous diffusion mechanisms alone cannot explain the observed decoherence. As a plausible explanation we discuss the assumption that the low-temperature dynamics of methyl groups in the protein surrounding the unpaired electron spin centers is the main factor governing the loss of the spin coherence in PSI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Bindra
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yeonjun Jeong
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ahren W Jasper
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Moritz Kretzschmar
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lisa M Utschig
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Johns SC, Gupta P, Lee YH, Friend J, Fuster MM. Glycocalyx transduces membrane leak in brain tumor cells exposed to sharp magnetic pulsing. Biophys J 2023; 122:4425-4439. [PMID: 37992690 PMCID: PMC10698326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms by which electric (E) or magnetic (B) fields might be harnessed to affect tumor cell behavior remain poorly defined, presenting a barrier to translation. We hypothesized in early studies that the glycocalyx of lung cancer cells might play a role in mediating plasma membrane leak by low-frequency pulsed magnetic fields (Lf-PMF) generated on a low-energy solenoid platform. In testing glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cells known to overexpress glycoproteins rich in modifications by the anionic glycan sialic acid (Sia), exposure of brain tumor cells on the same platform to a pulse train that included a 5 min 50Hz Lf-PMF (dB/dt ∼ 2 T/s at 10 ms pulse widths) induced a very modest but significant protease leak above that of control nonexposed cells (with modest but significant reductions in long-term tumor cell viability after the 5 min exposure). Using a markedly higher dB/dt system (80 T/s pulses, 70 μs pulse-width at 5.9 cm from a MagVenture coil source) induced markedly greater leak by the same cells, and eliminating Sia by treating cells with AUS sialidase immediately preexposure abrogated the effect entirely in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and partially in T98G glioblastoma cells. The system demonstrated significant leak (including inward leak of propidium iodide), with reduced leak at lower dB/dt in a variety of tumor cells. The ability to abrogate Lf-PMF protease leak by pretreatment with sialidase in SH-SY5Y brain tumor cells or with heparin lyase in A549 lung tumor cells indicated the importance of heavy Sia or heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan glycocalyx modifications as dominant glycan species mediating Lf-PMF membrane leak in respective tumor cells. This "first-physical" Lf-PMF tumor glycocalyx event, with downstream cell stress, may represent a critical and "tunable" transduction mechanism that depends on characteristic anionic glycans overexpressed by distinct malignant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Johns
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California
| | - Purva Gupta
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Yi-Hung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - James Friend
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark M Fuster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Muheim R, Phillips JB. Effects of low-level RF fields reveal complex pattern of magnetic input to the avian magnetic compass. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19970. [PMID: 37968316 PMCID: PMC10651899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian magnetic compass can be disrupted by weak narrow-band and broadband radio-frequency (RF) fields in the lower MHz range. However, it is unclear whether disruption of the magnetic compass results from the elimination of the perception pattern produced by the magnetic field or from qualitative changes that make the pattern unrecognizable. We show that zebra finches trained in a 4-arm maze to orient relative to the magnetic field are disoriented when tested in the presence of low-level (~ 10 nT) Larmor-frequency RF fields. However, they are able to orient when tested in such RF fields if trained under this condition, indicating that the RF field alters, but does not eliminate, the magnetic input. Larmor-frequency RF fields of higher intensities, with or without harmonics, dramatically alter the magnetic compass response. In contrast, exposure to broadband RF fields in training, in testing, or in both training and testing eliminates magnetic compass information. These findings demonstrate that low-level RF fields at intensities found in many laboratory and field experiments may have very different effects on the perception of the magnetic field in birds, depending on the type and intensity of the RF field, and the birds' familiarity with the RF-generated pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Muheim
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Biology Building, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
| | - John B Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0406, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hambarde S, Manalo JM, Baskin DS, Sharpe MA, Helekar SA. Spinning magnetic field patterns that cause oncolysis by oxidative stress in glioma cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19264. [PMID: 37935811 PMCID: PMC10630398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46758-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Raising reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in cancer cells to cause macromolecular damage and cell death is a promising anticancer treatment strategy. Observations that electromagnetic fields (EMF) elevate intracellular ROS and cause cancer cell death, have led us to develop a new portable wearable EMF device that generates spinning oscillating magnetic fields (sOMF) to selectively kill cancer cells while sparing normal cells in vitro and to shrink GBM tumors in vivo through a novel mechanism. Here, we characterized the precise configurations and timings of sOMF stimulation that produce cytotoxicity due to a critical rise in superoxide in two types of human glioma cells. We also found that the antioxidant Trolox reverses the cytotoxic effect of sOMF on glioma cells indicating that ROS play a causal role in producing the effect. Our findings clarify the link between the physics of magnetic stimulation and its mechanism of anticancer action, facilitating the development of a potential new safe noninvasive device-based treatment for GBM and other gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Hambarde
- Kenneth R. Peak Center for Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment and Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeanne M Manalo
- Kenneth R. Peak Center for Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment and Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S Baskin
- Kenneth R. Peak Center for Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment and Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martyn A Sharpe
- Kenneth R. Peak Center for Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment and Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Santosh A Helekar
- Kenneth R. Peak Center for Brain and Pituitary Tumor Treatment and Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Franco-Obregón A. Harmonizing Magnetic Mitohormetic Regenerative Strategies: Developmental Implications of a Calcium-Mitochondrial Axis Invoked by Magnetic Field Exposure. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1176. [PMID: 37892906 PMCID: PMC10604793 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitohormesis is a process whereby mitochondrial stress responses, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), act cumulatively to either instill survival adaptations (low ROS levels) or to produce cell damage (high ROS levels). The mitohormetic nature of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure thus makes it susceptible to extraneous influences that also impinge on mitochondrial ROS production and contribute to the collective response. Consequently, magnetic stimulation paradigms are prone to experimental variability depending on diverse circumstances. The failure, or inability, to control for these factors has contributed to the existing discrepancies between published reports and in the interpretations made from the results generated therein. Confounding environmental factors include ambient magnetic fields, temperature, the mechanical environment, and the conventional use of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Biological factors include cell type and seeding density as well as the developmental, inflammatory, or senescence statuses of cells that depend on the prior handling of the experimental sample. Technological aspects include magnetic field directionality, uniformity, amplitude, and duration of exposure. All these factors will exhibit manifestations at the level of ROS production that will culminate as a unified cellular response in conjunction with magnetic exposure. Fortunately, many of these factors are under the control of the experimenter. This review will focus on delineating areas requiring technical and biological harmonization to assist in the designing of therapeutic strategies with more clearly defined and better predicted outcomes and to improve the mechanistic interpretation of the generated data, rather than on precise applications. This review will also explore the underlying mechanistic similarities between magnetic field exposure and other forms of biophysical stimuli, such as mechanical stimuli, that mutually induce elevations in intracellular calcium and ROS as a prerequisite for biological outcome. These forms of biophysical stimuli commonly invoke the activity of transient receptor potential cation channel classes, such as TRPC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; ; Tel.: +65-6777-8427 or +65-6601-6143
- Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Thoradit T, Thongyoo K, Kamoltheptawin K, Tunprasert L, El-Esawi MA, Aguida B, Jourdan N, Buddhachat K, Pooam M. Cryptochrome and quantum biology: unraveling the mysteries of plant magnetoreception. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1266357. [PMID: 37860259 PMCID: PMC10583551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1266357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoreception, the remarkable ability of organisms to perceive and respond to Earth's magnetic field, has captivated scientists for decades, particularly within the field of quantum biology. In the plant science, the exploration of the complicated interplay between quantum phenomena and classical biology in the context of plant magnetoreception has emerged as an attractive area of research. This comprehensive review investigates into three prominent theoretical models: the Radical Pair Mechanism (RPM), the Level Crossing Mechanism (LCM), and the Magnetite-based MagR theory in plants. While examining the advantages, limitations, and challenges associated with each model, this review places a particular weight on the RPM, highlighting its well-established role of cryptochromes and in-vivo experiments on light-independent plant magnetoreception. However, alternative mechanisms such as the LCM and the MagR theory are objectively presented as convincing perspectives that permit further investigation. To shed light on these theoretical frameworks, this review proposes experimental approaches including cutting-edge experimental techniques. By integrating these approaches, a comprehensive understanding of the complex mechanisms driving plant magnetoreception can be achieved, lending support to the fundamental principle in the RPM. In conclusion, this review provides a panoramic overview of plant magnetoreception, highlighting the exciting potential of quantum biology in unraveling the mysteries of magnetoreception. As researchers embark on this captivating scientific journey, the doors to deciphering the diverse mechanisms of magnetoreception in plants stand wide open, offering a profound exploration of nature's adaptations to environmental cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thawatchai Thoradit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kanjana Thongyoo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Lalin Tunprasert
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | | | - Blanche Aguida
- UMR CNRS 8256 Adaptation biologique et vieillissement (B2A), Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Jourdan
- UMR CNRS 8256 Adaptation biologique et vieillissement (B2A), Institute of Biology Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Kittisak Buddhachat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Marootpong Pooam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Winkler R, Ciria M, Ahmad M, Plank H, Marcuello C. A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2585. [PMID: 37764614 PMCID: PMC10536909 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism plays a pivotal role in many biological systems. However, the intensity of the magnetic forces exerted between magnetic bodies is usually low, which demands the development of ultra-sensitivity tools for proper sensing. In this framework, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) offers excellent lateral resolution and the possibility of conducting single-molecule studies like other single-probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. This comprehensive review attempts to describe the paramount importance of magnetic forces for biological applications by highlighting MFM's main advantages but also intrinsic limitations. While the working principles are described in depth, the article also focuses on novel micro- and nanofabrication procedures for MFM tips, which enhance the magnetic response signal of tested biomaterials compared to commercial nanoprobes. This work also depicts some relevant examples where MFM can quantitatively assess the magnetic performance of nanomaterials involved in biological systems, including magnetotactic bacteria, cryptochrome flavoproteins, and magnetic nanoparticles that can interact with animal tissues. Additionally, the most promising perspectives in this field are highlighted to make the reader aware of upcoming challenges when aiming toward quantum technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
| | - Miguel Ciria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Photobiology Research Group, IBPS, UMR8256 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Golesworthy MJ, Zollitsch T, Luo J, Selby D, Jarocha LE, Henbest KB, Paré-Labrosse O, Bartölke R, Schmidt J, Xu J, Mouritsen H, Hore PJ, Timmel CR, Mackenzie SR. Singlet-triplet dephasing in radical pairs in avian cryptochromes leads to time-dependent magnetic field effects. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:105102. [PMID: 37694754 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochrome 4a (Cry4a) has been proposed as the sensor at the heart of the magnetic compass in migratory songbirds. Blue-light excitation of this protein produces magnetically sensitive flavin-tryptophan radical pairs whose properties suggest that Cry4a could indeed be suitable as a magnetoreceptor. Here, we use cavity ring-down spectroscopy to measure magnetic field effects on the kinetics of these radical pairs in modified Cry4a proteins from the migratory European robin and from nonmigratory pigeon and chicken. B1/2, a parameter that characterizes the magnetic field-dependence of the reactions, was found to be larger than expected on the basis of hyperfine interactions and to increase with the delay between pump and probe laser pulses. Semiclassical spin dynamics simulations show that this behavior is consistent with a singlet-triplet dephasing (STD) relaxation mechanism. Analysis of the experimental data gives dephasing rate constants, rSTD, in the range 3-6 × 107 s-1. A simple "toy" model due to Maeda, Miura, and Arai [Mol. Phys. 104, 1779-1788 (2006)] is used to shed light on the origin of the time-dependence and the nature of the STD mechanism. Under the conditions of the experiments, STD results in an exponential approach to spin equilibrium at a rate considerably slower than rSTD. We attribute the loss of singlet-triplet coherence to electron hopping between the second and third tryptophans of the electron transfer chain and comment on whether this process could explain differences in the magnetic sensitivity of robin, chicken, and pigeon Cry4a's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tilo Zollitsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jiate Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Selby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren E Jarocha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA
| | - Kevin B Henbest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rabea Bartölke
- AG Neurosensory Sciences/Animal Navigation, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Schmidt
- AG Neurosensory Sciences/Animal Navigation, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jingjing Xu
- AG Neurosensory Sciences/Animal Navigation, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- AG Neurosensory Sciences/Animal Navigation, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - P J Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Burtscher J, Hohenauer E, Burtscher M, Millet GP, Egg M. Environmental and behavioral regulation of HIF-mitochondria crosstalk. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:63-73. [PMID: 37385566 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia) can lead to cell and organ damage. Therefore, aerobic species depend on efficient mechanisms to counteract detrimental consequences of hypoxia. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and mitochondria are integral components of the cellular response to hypoxia and coordinate both distinct and highly intertwined adaptations. This leads to reduced dependence on oxygen, improved oxygen supply, maintained energy provision by metabolic remodeling and tapping into alternative pathways and increased resilience to hypoxic injuries. On one hand, many pathologies are associated with hypoxia and hypoxia can drive disease progression, for example in many cancer and neurological diseases. But on the other hand, controlled induction of hypoxia responses via HIFs and mitochondria can elicit profound health benefits and increase resilience. To tackle pathological hypoxia conditions or to apply health-promoting hypoxia exposures efficiently, cellular and systemic responses to hypoxia need to be well understood. Here we first summarize the well-established link between HIFs and mitochondria in orchestrating hypoxia-induced adaptations and then outline major environmental and behavioral modulators of their interaction that remain poorly understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland; International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland; Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Merlin C. Insect magnetoreception: a Cry for mechanistic insights. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:785-792. [PMID: 37184693 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Migratory animals can detect and use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation, sometimes over distances spanning thousands of kilometers. How they do so remains, however, one of the greatest mysteries in all sensory biology. Here, the author reviews the progress made to understand the molecular bases of the animal magnetic sense focusing on insect species, the only species in which genetic studies have so far been possible. The central hypothesis in the field posits that magnetically sensitive radical pairs formed by photoexcitation of cryptochrome proteins are key to animal magnetoreception. The author provides an overview of our current state of knowledge for the involvement of insect light-sensitive type I and light-insensitive type II cryptochromes in this enigmatic sense, and highlights some of the unanswered questions to gain a comprehensive understanding of magnetoreception at the organismal level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Merlin
- Center for Biological Clock Research and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gurhan H, Barnes F. Impact of weak radiofrequency and static magnetic fields on key signaling molecules, intracellular pH, membrane potential, and cell growth in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14223. [PMID: 37648766 PMCID: PMC10469173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are substantial concerns that extended exposures to weak radiofrequency (RF) fields can lead to adverse health effects. In this study, HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells were simultaneously exposed to a static magnetic flux density between 10 [Formula: see text] and 300 [Formula: see text] and RF magnetic fields with amplitudes ranging from 1 nT to 1.5 μT in the frequency range from 1.8 to 7.2 MHz for four days. Cell growth rates, intracellular pH, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, membrane potential and mitochondrial calcium were measured. Results were dependent on carrier frequency and the magnitude of the RF magnetic field, modulation frequencies and the background static magnetic field (SMF). Iron sulphur (Fe-S) clusters are essential for the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). We believe the observed changes are associated with hyperfine couplings between the chemically active electrons and nuclear spins. Controlling external magnetic fields may have important clinical implications on aging, cancer, arthritis, and Alzheimer's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakki Gurhan
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 425 UCB #1B55, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Frank Barnes
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 425 UCB #1B55, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang L, Malkemper EP. Cryptochromes in mammals: a magnetoreception misconception? Front Physiol 2023; 14:1250798. [PMID: 37670767 PMCID: PMC10475740 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1250798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are flavoproteins related to photolyases that are widespread throughout the plant and animal kingdom. They govern blue light-dependent growth in plants, control circadian rhythms in a light-dependent manner in invertebrates, and play a central part in the circadian clock in vertebrates. In addition, cryptochromes might function as receptors that allow animals to sense the Earth's magnetic field. As cryptochromes are also present in mammals including humans, the possibility of a magnetosensitive protein is exciting. Here we attempt to provide a concise overview of cryptochromes in mammals. We briefly review their canonical role in the circadian rhythm from the molecular level to physiology, behaviour and diseases. We then discuss their disputed light sensitivity and proposed role in the magnetic sense in mammals, providing three mechanistic hypotheses. Specifically, mammalian cryptochromes could form light-induced radical pairs in particular cellular milieus, act as magnetoreceptors in darkness, or as secondary players in a magnetoreception signalling cascade. Future research can test these hypotheses to investigate if the role of mammalian cryptochromes extends beyond the circadian clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Pascal Malkemper
- Max Planck Research Group Neurobiology of Magnetoreception, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior—caesar, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bassetto M, Reichl T, Kobylkov D, Kattnig DR, Winklhofer M, Hore PJ, Mouritsen H. No evidence for magnetic field effects on the behaviour of Drosophila. Nature 2023; 620:595-599. [PMID: 37558871 PMCID: PMC10432270 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Migratory songbirds have the remarkable ability to extract directional information from the Earth's magnetic field1,2. The exact mechanism of this light-dependent magnetic compass sense, however, is not fully understood. The most promising hypothesis focuses on the quantum spin dynamics of transient radical pairs formed in cryptochrome proteins in the retina3-5. Frustratingly, much of the supporting evidence for this theory is circumstantial, largely because of the extreme challenges posed by genetic modification of wild birds. Drosophila has therefore been recruited as a model organism, and several influential reports of cryptochrome-mediated magnetic field effects on fly behaviour have been widely interpreted as support for a radical pair-based mechanism in birds6-23. Here we report the results of an extensive study testing magnetic field effects on 97,658 flies moving in a two-arm maze and on 10,960 flies performing the spontaneous escape behaviour known as negative geotaxis. Under meticulously controlled conditions and with vast sample sizes, we have been unable to find evidence for magnetically sensitive behaviour in Drosophila. Moreover, after reassessment of the statistical approaches and sample sizes used in the studies that we tried to replicate, we suggest that many-if not all-of the original results were false positives. Our findings therefore cast considerable doubt on the existence of magnetic sensing in Drosophila and thus strongly suggest that night-migratory songbirds remain the organism of choice for elucidating the mechanism of light-dependent magnetoreception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bassetto
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- AG Neurosensory Sciences/Animal Navigation, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichl
- AG Neurosensory Sciences/Animal Navigation, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Kobylkov
- AG Neurosensory Sciences/Animal Navigation, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Center for Mind/Brain Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Daniel R Kattnig
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- AG Sensory Biology of Animals, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - P J Hore
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- AG Neurosensory Sciences/Animal Navigation, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl-von-Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kurle-Tucholski P, Köhler L, Zhao Z, Link G, Wiebeler C, Matysik J. Stabilization of a flavoprotein for solid-state photo-CIDNP MAS NMR at room temperature by embedding in a glassy sugar matrix. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 353:107497. [PMID: 37295281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization via the solid-state photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) effect can be detected in frozen solutions of electron transfer proteins generating a radical-pair upon illumination. The effect has been observed in various natural photosynthetic reaction centers and in light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) sensing domains incorporating a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as chromophore. In LOV domains, where a highly conserved cysteine is mutated to a flavin to interrupt its natural photochemistry, a radical-pair is generated by electron transfer from a nearby tryptophan to the photoexcited triplet state of FMN. During the photocycle, both the LOV domain and the chromophore are photochemically degraded, e.g., by the formation of singlet oxygen. This limits the time for collection of hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data. We show that embedding of the protein into a trehalose sugar glass matrix stabilizes the protein for 13C solid-state photo-CIDNP NMR experiments which can be conducted at room temperature in a powder sample. Additionally, this preparation allows for incorporation of high amounts of protein further boosting the intensity of the detected signals from FMN and tryptophan at natural abundance. Signal assignment is aided by quantum chemical calculations of absolute shieldings. The underlying mechanism for the surprising absorption-only signal pattern is not yet understood. Comparison to calculated isotropic hyperfine couplings imply that the enhancement is not due to the classical radical-pair mechanism (RPM). Analysis of the anisotropic hyperfine couplings associated with solid-state photo-CIDNP mechanisms also show no simple correlation, suggesting a more complex underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kurle-Tucholski
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Köhler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Link
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wiebeler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstraße 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institut für Physik, Universität Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Frederiksen A, Langebrake C, Hanić M, Manthey G, Mouritsen H, Liedvogel M, Solov’yov IA. Mutational Study of the Tryptophan Tetrad Important for Electron Transfer in European Robin Cryptochrome 4a. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26425-26436. [PMID: 37521624 PMCID: PMC10373462 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability of migratory birds to sense magnetic fields has been known for decades, although the understanding of the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Currently, the strongest magnetoreceptor candidate in birds is a protein called cryptochrome 4a. The cryptochrome 4a protein has changed through evolution, apparently endowing some birds with a more pronounced magnetic sensitivity than others. Using phylogenetic tools, we show that a specific tryptophan tetrad and a tyrosine residue predicted to be essential for cryptochrome activation are highly conserved in the avian clade. Through state-of-the-art molecular dynamics simulations and associated analyses, we also studied the role of these specific residues and the associated mutants on the overall dynamics of the protein. The analyses of the single residue mutations were used to judge how far a local change in the protein structure can impact specific dynamics of European robin cryptochrome 4a. We conclude that the replacements of each of the tryptophans one by one with a phenylalanine do not compromise the overall stability of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Frederiksen
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Corinna Langebrake
- Institute
of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, Wilhelmshaven 26386, Germany
| | - Maja Hanić
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Georg Manthey
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Institute
of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, Wilhelmshaven 26386, Germany
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Department
of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl
von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Research
Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von
Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Institute
of Avian Research, An der Vogelwarte 21, Wilhelmshaven 26386, Germany
- Department
of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl
von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- MPRG
Behavioural Genomics, Max Planck Institute
for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, Plön 24306, Germany
| | - Ilia A. Solov’yov
- Institute
of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Research
Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von
Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Department
of Physics, Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chuchkova L, Bodenstedt S, Picazo-Frutos R, Eills J, Tretiak O, Hu Y, Barskiy DA, de Santis J, Tayler MCD, Budker D, Sheberstov KF. Magnetometer-Detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Photochemically Hyperpolarized Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6814-6822. [PMID: 37486855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) enables nuclear spin ordering by irradiating samples with light. Polarized spins are conventionally detected via high-field chemical-shift-resolved NMR (above 0.1 T). In this Letter, we demonstrate in situ low-field photo-CIDNP measurements using a magnetically shielded fast-field-cycling NMR setup detecting Larmor precession via atomic magnetometers. For solutions comprising mM concentrations of the photochemically polarized molecules, hyperpolarized 1H magnetization is detected by pulse-acquired NMR spectroscopy. The observed NMR line widths are about 5 times narrower than normally anticipated in high-field NMR and are systematically affected by light irradiation during the acquisition period, reflecting a reduction of the transverse relaxation time constant, T2*, on the order of 10%. Magnetometer-detected photo-CIDNP spectroscopy enables straightforward observation of spin-chemistry processes in the ambient field range from a few nT to tens of mT. Potential applications of this measuring modality are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Chuchkova
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Bodenstedt
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Román Picazo-Frutos
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - James Eills
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oleg Tretiak
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yinan Hu
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Danila A Barskiy
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacopo de Santis
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Michael C D Tayler
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7300, United States
| | - Kirill F Sheberstov
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gurhan H, Bajtoš M, Barnes F. Weak Radiofrequency Field Effects on Chemical Parameters That Characterize Oxidative Stress in Human Fibrosarcoma and Fibroblast Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1112. [PMID: 37509147 PMCID: PMC10377549 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, evidence has surfaced that weak radiofrequency (RF) fields can influence biological systems. This work aims to improve our understanding of how externally applied weak RF fields alter concentrations of chemical parameters that characterize oxidative stress. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the effects of applying weak RF magnetic fields within the 3-5 MHz region on mitochondrial respiration in both human fibrosarcoma and fibroblast cells over a period of four days. Our experimental data show that RF fields between 3 and 5 MHz were able to change the modulation of mitochondrial signaling by changing the cell growth, mitochondrial mass, and oxidative stress. Exposure to RF fields at 4.2 MHz significantly increased the mitochondrial mass and oxidative stress in fibrosarcoma cells. There are substantial concerns that extended exposure to weak RF fields can lead to health effects. The ability to control these parameters by external magnetic fields may have important clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakki Gurhan
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr 425 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marek Bajtoš
- Department of Electromagnetic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Frank Barnes
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr 425 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hanić M, Antill LM, Gehrckens AS, Schmidt J, Görtemaker K, Bartölke R, El-Baba TJ, Xu J, Koch KW, Mouritsen H, Benesch JLP, Hore PJ, Solov'yov IA. Dimerization of European Robin Cryptochrome 4a. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37428840 PMCID: PMC10364083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Homo-dimer formation is important for the function of many proteins. Although dimeric forms of cryptochromes (Cry) have been found by crystallography and were recently observed in vitro for European robin Cry4a, little is known about the dimerization of avian Crys and the role it could play in the mechanism of magnetic sensing in migratory birds. Here, we present a combined experimental and computational investigation of the dimerization of robin Cry4a resulting from covalent and non-covalent interactions. Experimental studies using native mass spectrometry, mass spectrometric analysis of disulfide bonds, chemical cross-linking, and photometric measurements show that disulfide-linked dimers are routinely formed, that their formation is promoted by exposure to blue light, and that the most likely cysteines are C317 and C412. Computational modeling and molecular dynamics simulations were used to generate and assess a number of possible dimer structures. The relevance of these findings to the proposed role of Cry4a in avian magnetoreception is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Hanić
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Lewis M Antill
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura Ward, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Angela S Gehrckens
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Jessica Schmidt
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Katharina Görtemaker
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biochemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg D-26111, Germany
| | - Rabea Bartölke
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Karl-Wilhelm Koch
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biochemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg D-26111, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Justin L P Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - P J Hore
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao J, He J, Xuanyuan Z, Pan W, Sword GA, Chen F, Wan G. Probing Transcriptional Crosstalk between Cryptochromes and Iron-sulfur Cluster Assembly 1 ( MagR) in the Magnetoresponse of a Migratory Insect. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11101. [PMID: 37446278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms can sense and respond to magnetic fields (MFs), with migratory species in particular utilizing geomagnetic field information for long-distance migration. Cryptochrome proteins (Crys) along with a highly conserved Iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein (i.e., MagR) have garnered significant attention for their involvement in magnetoresponse (including magnetoreception). However, in vivo investigations of potential transcriptional crosstalk between Crys and MagR genes have been limited. The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is a major migratory pest insect and an emerging model for studying MF intensity-related magnetoresponse. Here, we explored in vivo transcriptional crosstalk between Crys (Cry1 and Cry2) and MagR in N. lugens. The expression of Crys and MagR were found to be sensitive to MF intensity changes as small as several micro-teslas. Knocking down MagR expression led to a significant downregulation of Cry1, but not Cry2. The knockdown of either Cry1 or Cry2 individually did not significantly affect MagR expression. However, their double knockdown resulted in significant upregulation of MagR. Our findings clearly indicate transcriptional crosstalk between MagR and Crys known to be involved in magnetoresponse. This work advances the understanding of magnetoresponse signaling and represents a key initial step towards elucidating the functional consequences of these novel in vivo interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinglan He
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zongjin Xuanyuan
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weidong Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guijun Wan
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in East China, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Uzhytchak M, Smolková B, Frtús A, Stupakov A, Lunova M, Scollo F, Hof M, Jurkiewicz P, Sullivan GJ, Dejneka A, Lunov O. Sensitivity of endogenous autofluorescence in HeLa cells to the application of external magnetic fields. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10818. [PMID: 37402779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dramatically increased levels of electromagnetic radiation in the environment have raised concerns over the potential health hazards of electromagnetic fields. Various biological effects of magnetic fields have been proposed. Despite decades of intensive research, the molecular mechanisms procuring cellular responses remain largely unknown. The current literature is conflicting with regards to evidence that magnetic fields affect functionality directly at the cellular level. Therefore, a search for potential direct cellular effects of magnetic fields represents a cornerstone that may propose an explanation for potential health hazards associated with magnetic fields. It has been proposed that autofluorescence of HeLa cells is magnetic field sensitive, relying on single-cell imaging kinetic measurements. Here, we investigate the magnetic field sensitivity of an endogenous autofluorescence in HeLa cells. Under the experimental conditions used, magnetic field sensitivity of an endogenous autofluorescence was not observed in HeLa cells. We present a number of arguments indicating why this is the case in the analysis of magnetic field effects based on the imaging of cellular autofluorescence decay. Our work indicates that new methods are required to elucidate the effects of magnetic fields at the cellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Uzhytchak
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Smolková
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Frtús
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Stupakov
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Mariia Lunova
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, 14021, Czech Republic
| | - Federica Scollo
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hof
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Jurkiewicz
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Gareth John Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Lunov
- Department of Optical and Biophysical Systems, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 18221, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Krylov VV, Osipova EA. Molecular Biological Effects of Weak Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields: Frequency-Amplitude Efficiency Windows and Possible Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10989. [PMID: 37446167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers the phenomenon of resonance-like responses of biological systems to low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMF). The historical development of this branch of magnetobiology, including the most notable biophysical models that explain the resonance-like responses of biological systems to LFMF with a specific frequency and amplitude, is given. Two groups can be distinguished among these models: one considers ion-cofactors of proteins as the primary targets for the LFMF influence, and the other regards the magnetic moments of particles in biomolecules. Attention is paid to the dependence of resonance-like LFMF effects on the cell type. A radical-pair mechanism of the magnetic field's influence on biochemical processes is described with the example of cryptochrome. Conditions for this mechanism's applicability to explain the biological effects of LFMF are given. A model of the influence of LFMF on radical pairs in biochemical oscillators, which can explain the frequency-amplitude efficiency windows of LFMF, is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V Krylov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 152742, Russia
| | - Elena A Osipova
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 152742, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Traber J, Wild T, Marotz J, Berli MC, Franco-Obregón A. Concurrent Optical- and Magnetic-Stimulation-Induced Changes on Wound Healing Parameters, Analyzed by Hyperspectral Imaging: An Exploratory Case Series. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:750. [PMID: 37508777 PMCID: PMC10376418 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of concurrent optical and magnetic stimulation (COMS) therapy on wound-healing-related parameters, such as tissue oxygenation and water index, were analyzed by hyperspectral imaging: an exploratory case series. Background: Oedema and inadequate perfusion have been identified as key factors in delayed wound healing and have been linked to reduced mitochondrial respiration. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction is a promising approach in the treatment of therapy refractory wounds. This sub-study aimed to investigate the effects of concurrent optical and magnetic stimulation (COMS) on oedema and perfusion through measuring tissue oxygenation and water index, using hyperspectral imaging. Patients and methods: In a multi-center, prospective, comparative clinical trial, eleven patients with chronic leg and foot ulcers were treated with COMS additively to Standard of Care (SOC). Hyperspectral images were collected during patient visits before and after treatment to assess short- and long-term hemodynamic and immunomodulatory effects through changes in tissue oxygenation and water index. Results: The average time for wound onset in the eleven patients analyzed was 183 days, with 64% of them being considered unresponsive to SOC. At week 12, the rate of near-complete and complete wound closure was 64% and 45%, respectively. COMS therapy with SOC resulted in an increased short-term tissue oxygenation over the 8-week treatment phase, with oxygen levels decreasing in-between patient visits. The study further found a decrease in tissue water content after the therapy, with a general accumulation of water levels in-between patient visits. This study's long-term analysis was hindered by the lack of absolute values in hyperspectral imaging and the dynamic nature of patient parameters during visits, resulting in high interpatient and intervisit variability. Conclusions: This study showed that COMS therapy as an adjunct to SOC had a positive short-term effect on inflammation and tissue oxygenation in chronic wounds of various etiologies. These results further supported the body of evidence for safety and effectiveness of COMS therapy as a treatment option, especially for stagnant wounds that tended to stay in the inflammatory phase and required efficient phase transition towards healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Traber
- Venenklinik Bellevue, Brückenstrasse 9, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wild
- Clinic of Plastic, Hand and Aesthetic Surgery Burn Center, BG Clinic Bergmannstrost, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Medical University Halle, Outpatient and Operating Center, Martin-Luther University Halle (Saale), 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Applied Bioscience and Process Management Head of Education Course "Academic Wound Consultant", University of Applied Science Anhalt, 06366 Koethen, Germany
| | - Jörg Marotz
- BG-Klinikum Bergmannstrost, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin C Berli
- Department of Surgery, Spital Limmattal, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Institute of Health Technology and Innovation (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Biolonic Currents Electromagnetic Pulsing Systems Laboratory (BICEPS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Luo J. On the anisotropic weak magnetic field effect in radical-pair reactions. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:234302. [PMID: 37318169 DOI: 10.1063/5.0149644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than 60 years, scientists have been fascinated by the fact that magnetic fields even weaker than internal hyperfine fields can markedly affect spin-selective radical-pair reactions. This weak magnetic field effect has been found to arise from the removal of degeneracies in the zero-field spin Hamiltonian. Here, I investigated the anisotropic effect of a weak magnetic field on a model radical pair with an axially symmetric hyperfine interaction. I found that S-T± and T0-T± interconversions driven by the smaller x and y-components of the hyperfine interaction can be hindered or enhanced by a weak external magnetic field, depending on its direction. Additional isotropically hyperfine-coupled nuclear spins preserve this conclusion, although the S → T± and T0 → T± transitions become asymmetric. These results are supported by simulating reaction yields of a more biologically plausible, flavin-based radical pair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiate Luo
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|