Policy dilemmas in Latino health care and implementation of the Affordable Care Act

A systematic review of barriers and facilitators for ethnically diverse communities in accessing adult and paediatric hearing services

OBJECTIVE

To conduct a systematic review of identified barriers and facilitators for ethnically diverse adults and children in accessing hearing health services.

DESIGN

Searches were performed in electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Pychinfo, LLBA, and Scopus. The Strengthening of Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research were used to assess quality of articles. Barriers and facilitators for ethnically diverse adults and children to access hearing services were summarised descriptively using Levesque et al.'s conceptual framework of access to healthcare.

STUDY SAMPLE

25 articles met the inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

Barriers and facilitators were identified for every domain of Levesque's framework for ethnically diverse adults, children, and their families. Personal barriers included health literacy, health beliefs, and stigma. Environmental barriers included language, limited cultural and interpreter training for clinicians, time constraints in appointments, direct and indirect costs. Facilitators included availability of translated and/or simplified information, cultural responsiveness training, outreach programs, and community health workers to engage with ethnically diverse communities.

CONCLUSION

With increasingly multicultural societies globally, there is an increased need to provide culturally responsive care and accessible hearing health services. Understanding current barriers and facilitators to accessibility would facilitate global sustainable development goals around reduced inequality, health, and wellbeing.

The promise and limits of inclusive public policy: federal safety net clinics and immigrant access to health care in the U.S

In the United States, exclusionary public policies generate inequalities within and across labor, financial, and legal status hierarchies, which together undermine immigrant well-being. But can inclusive public policies improve immigrant health? We examine whether and how an immigrant-inclusive federal program, Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs), shaped health care access and use among farmworkers over nearly three decades, paying particular attention to disparities at the intersection of nativity and legal status. Linking historical administrative data on the location and funding of FQHCs with the National Agricultural Workers Survey from 1989-2017, we first document trends in farmworkers' county-level proximity to FQHCs and identify a steady increase in FQHC access among undocumented farmworkers following the Affordable Care Act. Next, using time-series cross-sectional regressions with a battery of fixed effects, we find that living in a county where FQHCs are available and better resourced is associated with increased health care use among undocumented farmworkers, but not among U.S.-born or documented immigrant farmworkers. We also find that county-level access to FQHCs is associated with reduced reports of language barriers to care among both documented and undocumented foreign-born farmworkers. These findings suggest that FQHCs may improve access for immigrants who are typically excluded from U.S. health care institutions. Still, county-level FQHC infrastructure is not associated with cost-related barriers to care for any nativity or legal status groups. Taken together, our study highlights both the potential and constraints of inclusive public policies for promoting health equity in a welfare state context characterized by commodification and stratification.

Differences in Mental Health Symptoms and Inequities in Mental Health Service Use Among Black and White Populations and Asian and Latine Subpopulations

BACKGROUND

While studies have observed mental health inequities across aggregated Asian and Latine populations, a critical gap exists in our understanding of inequities within and across Asian and Latine subpopulations.

OBJECTIVE

We examined the prevalence of mental health symptoms and variations in mental health service use across Black and White populations and Asian and Latine subpopulations at a more granular level.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the 2016-2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Outcomes included mental health symptoms (mild and serious) and mental health service use (outpatient mental health visits and psychotropic medication fills). The primary independent variable was the category of 13 racial/ethnic groups: Black and non-Latine White individuals and Asian (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, and Other Asian) and Latine (Central/South American, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Other Latine, and Puerto Rican) subpopulation individuals.

RESULTS

We found modest differences in mental health symptoms by race/ethnicity. However, significant differences were observed in mental health service use among individuals with mental health symptoms. These differences were pronounced across Asian subpopulations with serious mental health symptoms. The likelihood of having any outpatient mental health visit was lower among Asian Indian (- 12.2 percentage points [95% CI - 18.2, - 6.2], Chinese (- 11.7 [- 21.6, - 1.7]), and Filipino individuals (- 16.1 [- 22.5, - 9.8]) than White individuals. The likelihood of having psychotropic medication fill was lower among Asian Indian (- 23.3 [- 34, - 12.7]), Chinese (- 19.8 [- 30.7, - 8.9]), Filipino (- 27.6 [- 40.2, - 14.9]), and other Asian individuals (- 22.5 [- 29.4, - 15.6]) than White individuals. On the other hand, some of these differences were observed in certain Latine subpopulations but not in others.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a heterogeneity in inequities in mental health service use among Asian and Latine subpopulation groups. These findings underscore the importance of studying granular categories of race/ethnicity for targeting mental health inequities.

Ethnic identity commitment as a moderator for perceived access to health care among Latinx sexual minority men

OBJECTIVE

Gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority men (SMM) face more barriers to accessing health care compared to other men. In comparison to other SMM populations, Latinx SMM (LSMM) report having less access to health care. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate how theorized environmental-societal-level (i.e., immigration status, education level, and income level), community-interpersonal-level (i.e., social support and neighborhood collective efficacy [NCE]), and social-cognitive-behavioral-level factors (i.e., age, heterosexual self-presentation [HSP], sexual identity commitment, sexual identity exploration [SIE], and ethnic identity commitment [EIC]) may relate with perceived access to health care (PATHC) in a sample of 478 LSMM.

METHOD

We conducted a hierarchical regression analysis examining the hypothesized predictors of PATHC, as well as EIC as a moderator of the direct association between predictors and PATHC. We hypothesized that Latinx EIC would moderate relations between the aforementioned multilevel factors and PATHC.

RESULTS

LSMM perceived greater access to care when indicating the following: higher education level, more NCE, more HSP, more SIE, and more EIC. Latinx EIC acted as a moderator of four predictors of PATHC, including education, NCE, HSP, and SIE.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings inform outreach interventions of researchers and health care providers about psychosocial and cultural barriers and facilitators of health care access. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Stress management preferences and stress experiences among Latinx immigrants in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: Mixed-methods results from a community-academic research team

Background

Latinx individuals in the U.S. have higher levels of stress than other ethnic groups. Latinx immigrants living in non-traditional immigration destinations (NTIDs) have worse access to social and medical support and were particularly vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to contextualize stress in Latinx immigrants in an NTID during the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand Latinx immigrants' preferences for stress management interventions given the sociopolitical and public health context.

Method

Using a community-based participatory research approach with mixed methods research design, community co-researchers gathered data using a quantitative survey and then contextualized survey results using a qualitative community conversation.

Results

Community conversation participants were surprised at the relatively low levels of reported stress and pandemic impact in survey participants, and they proposed the reason was the level of pre-pandemic stressors. Guatemalan immigrants in an NTID reported more stigma but fewer changes between pre- and post-pandemic stress levels. Survey respondents preferred to learn about stress management through YouTube videos or groups led by professionals.

Conclusions

Understanding the diversity of stress experiences among Latinx immigrant groups is critical to developing effective interventions. Coping strategy preferences are variable among different Latinx immigration groups, but asynchronous and/or professional-led stress management was preferred.

Insights from a COVID-era health needs assessment of rural Midwestern Latinos

Latino health and well-being are crucial to the growth and vibrancy of rural areas across the United States, particularly at a time when the demographics of many rural communities are transitioning from minority Latino to majority Latino populations. This manuscript details the findings of a study that explored the health and healthcare benefit status of 524 Latino households in rural Indiana during the COVID-19 pandemic. Via 20-minute, door-to-door interviews conducted by bilingual researchers, survey participants answered questions about access to healthcare services and benefits, dietary and safety habits, medical issues, and vaccination status. The study found that slightly more than half of those surveyed were enrolled in healthcare benefit plans; approximately a third were unsatisfied with their health/health status; almost two-thirds had not received a flu shot and were eating fast food/processed food on a daily basis. Top health concerns reported included: stress (52%), vision problems (34%), neck and back pain (30%), headaches/migraines (28%), anxiety and depression (28%) and weight problems (26%). The study also discovered that half of the respondents could not identify a primary healthcare provider (PCP) by name and that pregnant women faced a lack of resources for maternal health in the county where the study was conducted. The results indicate that Latinos in rural communities continue to endure significant health issues and barriers to healthcare. The study provides an excellent model of how a rural community can monitor the health of its residents, which can inform health interventions for underserved populations.

Prevalence of Chronic Pain by Immigration Status and Latino Ethnicity

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to evaluate the Latino paradox and healthy migrant hypotheses by estimating the association between the prevalence of chronic pain, immigration status, and Latino ethnicity.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study analyzed pooled data from 85,395 adult participants of the 2019-2021 National Health Interview Survey. The dependent variables were any pain and chronic pain in the past 3 months. The independent variables were immigration status (US born, naturalized citizen, non-citizen) and Latino ethnicity.

RESULTS

Chronic pain was prevalent for nearly a quarter of US born non-Latino adults (24%) and non-citizen non-Latino adults had the lowest prevalence at 8%. In multivariable adjusted models, US born non-Latino immigration status and ethnicity was associated with a higher probability of reporting chronic pain in the last 3 months compared to US born Latino adults (-3.0%; 95% CI = -4.4%, -1.6%), naturalized citizen non-Latino adults (-4.7%; 95% CI = -5.9%, -3.4%), naturalized citizen Latino adults (-6.7%; 95% CI = -8.5%, -4.9%), non-citizen non-Latino adults (-3.1%; 95% CI = -4.7%, -1.5%), and non-citizen Latino adults (-8.9%; 95% CI = -10.8%, -7.0%).

CONCLUSION

US Born non-Latino adults reported the highest prevalence of chronic pain and non-citizen Latino adults reported the lowest prevalence of chronic pain providing support for the Latino paradox and healthy migrant effect hypotheses.

The relationship between discrimination, alcohol use severity, and PTSD symptoms among Latinx heavy drinkers

INTRODUCTION

Discrimination is linked to alcohol use severity among Latinx adults, who also show high prevalence rates of PTSD compared to non-Latinx adults. We know little about whether PTSD symptoms affects the relationship between discrimination and alcohol use severity. We hypothesized that the association between discrimination and alcohol use severity might differ by level of PTSD symptom severity.

METHODS

This is a secondary cross-sectional analysis of data collected at baseline from a completed randomized clinical trial testing the relative efficacy of a culturally adapted motivational interview designed to address discrimination and drinking behavior against an unadapted motivational interview for Latinx adults. Eligible participants screened positive for the NIAAA Single Alcohol Screening Question for heavy drinking days, identified as Latinx, and were 18-65 years old. We assessed the Everyday Discrimination Scale, Primary Care PC-PTSD screener, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, and the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics. The study analyzed the main and interactive effects of discrimination and PTSD symptoms on alcohol use severity, while controlling for age, sex, household income, and acculturation.

RESULTS

After controlling for covariates in model 2, the interaction of discrimination and PTSD symptoms was significantly related to alcohol use severity. Simple slopes analysis indicated that discrimination was positively related to alcohol use severity among those with high (1 SD above the mean) but not low (1 SD below the mean) levels of PTSD symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence suggests that the experiences of discrimination were associated with alcohol use severity among those who reported more PTSD symptoms. Specifically, discrimination may have a stronger effect on alcohol use severity among Latinx adults who report more PTSD symptoms. Screening Latinx adults for heavy drinking days, discrimination, and PTSD symptoms is clinically important. Culturally adapted alcohol interventions that target discrimination may be particularly effective for Latinx individuals with more PTSD symptoms.

Immigrant Perspectives of Social Connection in a Nontraditional Migration Area

Social connection is a core dimension of health and wellness among all populations, yet the experience of moving to and living in a new country makes social and community-level influences particularly salient for immigrants. We interviewed 38 Latino immigrants living in a nontraditional migration area to explore the social and community foundations of health and wellness. Using hybrid (inductive/deductive) qualitative analysis, we identified seven domains of social connection from the perspective of the interviewed participants: (1) lens of the individual; (2) immigrant experience; (3) interpersonal support; (4) community belonging; (5) community capital; (6) community navigation; and (7) social acceptance. Social connection domains generated by participants are consistent with the scientific literature, but this study identifies the specific social factors that immigrants describe as most salient to their own health and wellness. Our community-generated understanding of social connection can be used by healthcare providers to reduce risks and build on assets that will improve the health of immigrants living in nontraditional migration areas. Additionally, these results might serve as a foundation for a quantitative measure that can be used by providers to more accurately and comprehensively assess the social connection of their patients and by researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of community-level interventions for immigrants.

Differences in up-to-date colorectal and cervical cancer screening rates by ethnicity and preferred language: An analysis across patient-, clinic-, and area-level data sources

Research objective

There is interest in using clinic- and area-level data to inform cancer control, but it is unclear what value these sources may add in combination with patient-level data sources. This study aimed to investigate associations of up-to-date colorectal and cervical cancer screenings at community health centers (CHCs) with ethnicity and language variables at patient-, clinic-, and area-levels, while exploring whether patient-level associations differed based on clinic-level patient language and ethnicity distributions.

Study design

This was a cross-sectional study using data from multiple sources, including electronic health records, clinic patient panel data, and area-level demographic data. The study sample included English-preferring Hispanic, Spanish-preferring Hispanic, English-preferring non-Hispanic, and non-English-preferring non-Hispanic patients eligible for either colorectal cancer (N = 98,985) or cervical cancer (N = 129,611) screenings in 2019 from 130 CHCs in the OCHIN network in CA, OR, and WA.

Population studied

The study population consisted of adults aged 45+ eligible for colorectal cancer screening and adults with a cervix aged 25-65 eligible for cervical cancer screening.

Principal findings

Spanish-preferring Hispanic patients were significantly more likely to be up-to-date with colorectal and cervical cancer screenings than other groups. Patients seen at clinics with higher concentrations of Spanish-preferring Hispanics were significantly more likely to be up-to-date, as were individuals residing in areas with higher percentages of Spanish-speaking residents. Differential associations between patient ethnicity and language and up-to-date colorectal cancer screenings were greater among patients seen at clinics with higher concentrations of Spanish-preferring Hispanics.

Conclusions

The findings highlight that Spanish-speaking Hispanics seen in CHCs have higher rates of up-to-date cervical and colorectal cancer screenings than other groups and that this relationship is stronger at clinics with higher percentages of Spanish-preferring Hispanic patients. Our findings suggest area-level variables are not good substitutions for patient-level data, but variables at the clinic patient panel-level are more informative.

Prostate Cancer Disparities in Metastatic and Treatment Status for Hispanic Americans Based on Country of Origin Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites Using the National Cancer Database

INTRODUCTION

Among Hispanic-American (HA) men, prostatic cancer (PCa) accounts for nearly one-quarter of the total cancer burden. We sought to identify differences in PCa presentation and treatment status for HA subgroups based on country/region of origin.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Using the National Cancer Database, we identified patients with histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma with reported race/ethnicity, clinical staging, Gleason score ≥ 6, and PSA level at diagnosis from 2010 to 2016. HAs were divided into 4 subgroups: Mexican, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Central/South Americans. Non-Hispanic White (NHW) men were used as a reference group. Statistical analysis was derived from the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. Models were constructed to evaluate the association of Hispanic country of origin with metastatic presentation and treatment status.

RESULTS

A total of 428,829 patients were included, with 5625 (1.3%) classified as HA. Within the Hispanic group, 2880 (51.2%) were Mexican, 999 (17.8%) Puerto Rican, 477 (8.5%) Cuban, and 1269 (22.6%) South/Central American. Mexican men presented with higher median PSA, more Gleason 8 to 10 disease, and higher rates of metastatic presentation compared to NHW and other HA subgroups (all, p < .01). Metastatic rates over the study period for Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and South/Central Americans were 6.4 (±1.2), 5.3 (±3.0), 3.2 (±2.0), and 4.6% (±1.7), respectively (p = .01). Treatment rates were 89.1, 89.6, 92.4, and 89.3% for Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and South/Central Americans, respectively (p = .19). Mexican men had higher odds of initial metastatic presentation (OR: 1.32; 95%CI: 1.07-1.63, p = .01) but lower odds of receiving treatment (0.68; 0.55-0.85, p < .01).

CONCLUSION

Men of Mexican origin presented with more advanced PCa when compared to NHW and other Hispanic subgroups. Our results warrant further investigation into potential biological factors affecting Hispanic patients as well as the identification of treatment barriers for this vulnerable population.

Cross-border utilization of cancer care by patients in the US and Mexico - a survey of Mexican oncologists

BACKGROUND

The US-Mexico border is the busiest in the world, with millions of people crossing it daily. However, little is known about cross-border utilization of cancer care, or about the reasons driving it. We designed a cross sectional online survey to understand the type of care patients with cancer who live in the US and Mexico seek outside their home country, the reasons why patients traveled across the border to receive care, and the barriers faced when seeking cross-border care.

RESULTS

The online survey was sent to the 248 cancer care providers working in the six Mexican border states who were registered members of the Mexican Society of Oncology. Responses were collected between September-November 2022. Sixty-six providers (response rate 26%) completed the survey. Fifty-nine (89%) reported interacting with US-based patients traveling to Mexico to receive various treatment modalities, with curative surgery (n = 38) and adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 31) being the most common. Forty-nine (74%) reported interacting with Mexico-based patients traveling to the US to receive various treatment modalities, with immunotherapy (n = 29) and curative surgery (n = 27) being the most common. The most frequently reported reason US-based patients sought care in Mexico was inadequate health insurance (n = 45). The most frequently reported reason Mexico-based patients sought care in the US was patients' perception of superior healthcare (n = 38).

CONCLUSIONS

Most Mexican oncologists working along the Mexico-US border have interacted with patients seeking or receiving binational cancer care. The type of care sought, as well as the reasons for seeking it, differ between US and Mexico-based patients. These patterns of cross-border healthcare utilization highlight unmet needs for patients with cancer in both countries and call for policy changes to improve outcomes in border regions.

Understanding Attitudes, Beliefs, Behaviors, and Barriers to Hearing Loss Care Among Hispanic Adults and Caregivers

Introduction: While 9.5 million U.S. Hispanic adults have hearing loss, limited research has focused on their hearing care experiences. This study examines the attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and barriers to hearing care among Hispanic adult patients with hearing loss (HL) and their caregivers. Methods: In a qualitative study, participants were recruited through community organizations, social media, and word of mouth. Participants were interviewed through virtual platforms and audio recorded. The recording was then transcribed verbatim in Spanish, translated to English, and analyzed using a hybrid deductive and inductive content approach. Results: The 12 participants (age 35-92, 83.3% female) comprised seven individuals with HL and three family caregivers. Most participants attributed HL to aging and genetics, and most shared a stigmatized community attitude toward HL that silenced any discussion of it. Barriers to hearing care included high cost, lack of insurance, and language barriers. These resulted in negative experiences with providers and poor access to hearing tests and auditory devices. Conclusions: The study's findings suggest a need to improve access to comprehensive low-cost hearing services and education in the Hispanic community. Additionally, unique challenges of this community should be addressed to promote hearing health and self-management.

Is use of a smuggler to cross the US-Mexico border associated with mental health problems among undocumented immigrants from Mexico?

Although numerous studies have found that Latine immigrants to the United States (US) have better health outcomes on average than persons born in the US, studies of persons living in Mexico have found that undocumented immigrants have worse health, especially those that were deported, compared to Mexican citizens that never migrated or migrated with authorization. However, the health outcomes of Mexican migrants using a smuggler to cross the US-Mexico border is a gap in the literature. We hypothesized that undocumented immigrant adults who used a smuggler to cross the US-Mexico border would be more likely to report mental health problems upon return to Mexico compared with undocumented immigrant adults that did not use a smuggler. We analyzed nationally representative, cross-sectional survey data of 1,563 undocumented immigrants currently living in Mexico. Most undocumented immigrants in the sample (87%) used a smuggler. Use of a smuggler by undocumented immigrant adults was associated with a 4.7% higher prevalence of emotional or psychiatric problems compared to undocumented immigrant adults that did not use a smuggler. We conclude that modality of ingress into the US is a risk factor for poorer mental health among undocumented immigrant adults.

Cross-sectional study of food insecurity and medical expenditures by race and ethnicity

OBJECTIVE

Food insecurity is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality leading to high medical expenditures, but race/ethnicity was used as adjustments in the literature. The study sought to use race/ethnicity as a key predictor to compare racial differences in associations between food insecurity and expenditures of seven health services among non-institutionalized adults.

DESIGN

This cross-sectional study used Medical Expenditure Panel Survey that collects information on food insecurity in 2016 (n=24,179) and 2017 (n=22,539). We examined the association between race/ethnicity and food insecurity status and documented the extent to which impacts of food insecurity on medical expenditures varied by race/ethnicity. We fit multivariable models for each racial group, adjusting for states, age, gender, insurance, and education. Adults older than 18 years were included.

RESULTS

The results show that blacks experienced an inter-racial disparity in food insecurity whereas Hispanics experienced intra-racial disparity. A higher percentage of blacks (28.7%) reported at least one type of food insecurity (11.2% of whites). Around 20% of blacks reported being worried about running out of food and the corresponding number is 8.4% among whites. Hispanics reported more food insecurity issues than whites. Moreover, food insecurity is positively associated with expenditures on emergency room utilization (99% increase for other races vs. 51% increase for whites) but is negatively associated with dental care utilization (43% decrease for blacks and 44% for whites). Except for Hispanics, prescription expenditure has the most positive association with food insecurity, and food insecure blacks are the only group that did not significantly use home health.

CONCLUSION

The study expanded our understanding of food insecurity by investigating how it affected seven types of medical expenditures for each of four racial populations. An interdisciplinary effort is needed to enhance the food supply for minorities. Policy interventions to address intra-racial disparities among Hispanics and inter-racial disparities among African Americans are imperative to close the gap.

[Risk factors for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in the Hispanic-Mexican population.]

OBJECTIVE

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a poor attended disease, which has gained attention due the elevated number of cases in countries as Mexico, where the incidence is the number 4th globally. MAFLD develops in obese or overweighted individuals and is characterized by triglycerides accumulation in the liver, this condition can develop to hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been observed that MAFLD depends on the genetics and lifestyle. Due to the high prevalence of this disease among Hispanic population, we focused on this study in the characteristics and prevalence of MAFLD in Mexican patients.

METHODS

In this study were included 572 overweighted and obese patients, who underwent a screening analysis using the fatty liver index (IHG), clinical parameters were analysed, demographic and comorbidities. Frequency of variables were obtained, and the data were analysed by Chi-square test or Fisher test, odd ratio (OR) and binary logistic regression.

RESULTS

A MALFD prevalence of 37% were obtained, where the history of familiar obesity, paracetamol usage, carbohydrate and fat intake are shown to be risk factors. It was found that high blood pressure, central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were also associated to the MAFLD development. On the other hand, physical exercise was a protector factor.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show the necessity to study the MAFLD causalities in Mexican patients, focused on the paracetamol intake.

Documentation Status and Self-Rated Physical Health Among Latinx Young Adult Immigrants: the Mediating Roles of Immigration and Healthcare Stress

Previous research has demonstrated that undocumented Latinx immigrants in the USA report worse physical health outcomes than documented immigrants. Some studies suggest that immigration-related stress and healthcare related-stress may explain this relationship, but none have tested it empirically. The purpose of this study was to determine if immigration-related stress and healthcare-related stress in the USA explain the relationship between documentation status and physical health among Latinx immigrants in North Carolina. The conceptual model was tested utilizing baseline data from a longitudinal, observational, community-engaged research study of young adult (18-44 years) Latinx immigrants residing in North Carolina (N = 391). Structural equation modeling was used to determine relationships among documentation status, healthcare, and immigration stress in the past six months, and self-rated physical health. Goodness-of-fit measures indicated that data fit the model well (RMSEA = .008; CFI = 1.0; TLI = .999; SRMR = .02; CD = .157). Undocumented individuals were more likely to experience immigration stress than their documented counterparts ([Formula: see text] = - 0.37, p < 0.001). Both immigration stress ([Formula: see text] = - 0.22, p < 0.01) and healthcare stress ([Formula: see text] = - 0.14, p < 0.05) were negatively related to physical health. Additionally, immigration stress was positively related to healthcare stress ([Formula: see text] = 0.72, p < 0.001). Results demonstrate that documentation status is an important social determinant of health. Passage of inclusive immigration and healthcare policies may lessen the stress experienced by Latinx immigrants and subsequently improve physical health.

A Systematic Literature Review of Hispanic Adults' Experiences With the Emergency Medical Services System in the United States Between 2000 and 2021

OBJECTIVE

This systematic literature review presents an overview of studies that assess the experiences of Hispanic adults with (1) activation of emergency medical services (EMS); (2) on-scene care provided by EMS personnel; (3) mode of transport (EMS vs. non-EMS) to an emergency department (ED); and (4) experiences with EMS before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

A bibliographic database search was conducted to identify relevant studies on Ovid MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, EMBASE, and CINAHL. Quantitative, mixed methods, and qualitative studies published in English or Spanish were included if they discussed Hispanic adults' experiences with EMS in the US between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2021. The Hawker and colleagues quality assessment instrument was used to evaluate the quality of studies.

RESULTS

Of the 43 included studies, 13 examined EMS activation, 13 assessed on-scene care, 22 discussed the mode of transport to an ED, and 4 described Hispanic adults' experiences with EMS during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hispanics were less likely to activate EMS (N=7), less likely to receive certain types of on-scene care (N=6), and less likely to use EMS as the mode of transport to an ED (N=13), compared with non-Hispanic Whites. During the early COVID-19 pandemic period (March to May 2020), EMS use decreased by 26.5% compared with the same months during the previous 4 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The contribution of this study is its attention to Hispanic adults' experiences with the different phases of the US EMS system.

Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Preventable Hospitalizations And ED Visits Five Years After ACA Medicaid Expansions

Medicaid expansions under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) dramatically increased access to insurance coverage. We examined whether the 2014 ACA Medicaid expansions also mitigated existing racial or ethnic disparities in preventable hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits. Using inpatient data from twenty-nine states and ED data from twenty-six states for the period 2011-18, we found that Medicaid expansions decreased disparities in preventable hospitalizations and ED visits between non-Hispanic Black and White nonelderly adults by 10 percent or more. There were no significant effects on disparities between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White nonelderly adults, possibly reflecting lower baseline differences and, separately, persisting coverage disparities. These findings highlight sustained improvements in community-level care for non-Hispanic Black populations, who historically lack access to care. Our findings also suggest access barriers experienced by Hispanic adults that need to be addressed beyond Medicaid eligibility expansion.

Comprehensive Understanding of Hispanic Caregivers: Focus on Innovative Methods and Validations

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Alzheimer’s disease-related disorders (ADRD) are late-onset, age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by memory loss and multiple cognitive impairments. Current research indicates that Hispanic Americans are at an increased risk for AD/ADRD and other chronic conditions such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and kidney disease, and given their rapid growth in numbers, this may contribute to a greater incidence of these disorders. This is particularly true for the state of Texas, where Hispanics are the largest group of ethnic minorities. Currently, AD/ADRD patients are taken care by family caregivers, which puts a tremendous burden on family caregivers who are usually older themselves. The management of disease and providing necessary/timely support for patients with AD/ADRD is a challenging task. Family caregivers support these individuals in completing basic physical needs, maintaining a safe living environment, and providing necessary planning for healthcare needs and end-of-life decisions for the remainder of the patient’s lifetime. Family caregivers are mostly over 50 years of age and provide all-day care for individuals with AD/ADRD, while also managing their health. This takes a significant toll on the caregiver’s own physiological, mental, behavioral, and social health, in addition to low economic status. The purpose of our article is to assess the status of Hispanic caregivers. We also focused on effective interventions for family caregivers of persons with AD/ADRD involving both educational and psychotherapeutic components, and a group format further enhances effectiveness. Our article discusses innovative methods and validations to support Hispanic family caregivers in rural West Texas.

Pandemic Meets Endemic: The Role of Social Inequalities and Failing Public Health Policies as Drivers of Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality among White, Black, and Hispanic Communities in the United States of America

The COVID-19 pandemic placed the United States of America (U.S.) under enormous strain, leaving it with higher deaths during the first wave of the outbreak compared to all other advanced economies. Blacks and Hispanics were among those hardest hit by the virus-a fact attributed to enduring problems related to the social determinants of health adversely affecting Communities of Color (CoC). In this study, we ask which distinct factors relating to policy stringency and community vulnerability influenced COVID-19 mortality among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics during the first year of the pandemic. To address this question, we utilized a mix of correlational and regression analyses. Findings point to the highly divergent impact of public policy and vulnerability on COVID-19 mortality. Specifically, we observed that state-led measures aimed at controlling the spread of the virus only improved mortality for Whites. However, pre-existing social determinants of health (i.e., population density, epidemiological and healthcare system factors) played a significant role in determining COVID-19 outcomes for CoC, even in the face of stringent containment measures by states. This suggests that state-led policy to address present and/or future public health crises need to account for the particular nature of vulnerability affecting Blacks and Hispanics in the U.S.

Grief and Bereavement in the Latino/a Community: A Literature Synthesis and Directions for Future Research

Introduction

Bereavement and grief are social phenomena influenced by a multitude of cultural factors. Prior studies of bereavement adjustment have primarily focused on bereaved survivors who identify racially as white; knowledge of the experience of grief and bereavement among racial/ethnic and other minority groups, particularly among Latino/a groups, in the United States is limited.

Objective

The purpose of this review is to synthesize the literature documenting the bereavement experiences of the Latino/a community, evaluate the strength of the current evidence, and provide recommendations to guide future research.

Method

A narrative review of research on grief and bereavement in the Latino/a community published between 1990 and 2021. Two authors used a thematic, deductive approach to categorize emergent prevalent themes from the literature and used The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) and The Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine-Evidence Quality Rating Scale (OCEBM) approaches to evaluate the strength of the qualitative and quantitative reports reviewed.

Results

Searches revealed 26 reports that were categorized into six themes: cultural values, mourning rituals, immigration, spirituality, disparities related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the effects of COVID-19 on Latino/a communities. Our evaluation concludes that the evidence in this area is weak, with limited methodologically rigorous research examining the influence of culture on bereavement among Latino/a groups.

Conclusion

Research is needed to identify Latino/a groups' mental health, cultural, social, and family needs and how fulfillment of mourning rituals and other cultural factors may promote or impede bereavement adjustment. Investigation into factors that may protect bereaved survivors against adverse mental health outcomes is also needed. A better understanding of Latino/a grief and bereavement is a step toward the development of culturally competent interventions designed to promote the mental health and psychosocial adjustment of Latino/a mourners.

The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Disparities in Utilization of Cardiovascular Preventive Services by Socioeconomic Status

Disparities in cardiovascular outcomes are persistent in our society. The objective was to track the trends before and after the passage of the Affordable Care Act in socioeconomic status (SES) disparities in utilization of cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventive services among nonelderly adults aged 18-64 years. This study used the National Health Interview Survey (2011-2017) to compare utilization of blood pressure, cholesterol, glycemic screening, and diet and smoking cessation advice over time between groups stratified by SES and race using difference-in-difference analysis. This study also measured the differences over time in specific vulnerable population subgroups (Hispanic, low-income and uninsured vs. White, middle-high-income, and insured). The study population included 176,961 surveyed individuals (mean age 40 [±13] years; 51% female; 67.7% non-Hispanic White) between 2011 and 2017, translating to 194.8 million nonelderly US adults per year. Most individuals were from high-income SES (40.0%), followed by middle-income (28.1%), low-income (13.6%), and lowest income SES (18.3%). The proportion of CVD preventive services increased over all SES categories through the study period. The biggest relative changes were seen among low-income individuals. The difference in blood pressure checks, cholesterol checks, and smoking cessation advise between high- and lowest income groups showed a statistically significant decrease at 5.2%, 4.8%, and 11.2%, respectively, between 2011 and 2017. The findings demonstrate a trend in reduction of CVD preventive care disparities between SES groups. However, a gap still exists, and this study highlights the need for continuous improvement to eliminate SES disparities.

Obamacare: A bibliometric perspective

Obamacare is the colloquial name given to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) signed into law by President Obama in the USA, which ultimately aims to provide universal access to health care services for US citizens. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the political-legal, economic, social, management (or administrative), and medical (or health) repercussions of this law, using a bibliometric methodology as a basis. In addition, the main contributors to research on ACA issues have been identified in terms of authors, organizations, journals, and countries. The downward trend in scientific production on this law has been noted, and it has been concluded that a balance has not yet been reached between the coexistence of private and public health care that guarantees broad social coverage without economic or other types of barriers. The law requires political consensus to be implemented in a definitive and global manner for the whole of the United States.

Rural Latino health and the built environment: a systematic review

Objective: This study systematically reviewed literature examining the influence of the rural built environment on Latinos' health outcomes and behaviour in the United States. A secondary aim of the study was to identify strategies developed to address challenges in the rural built environment affecting Latinos' health.Design: This study followed the reporting guidelines set forth by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Articles included in the final analysis clearly linked Latino health outcomes to characteristics of the rural built environment.Results: Of the nearly 2,500 articles identified in the initial search, the final review included approximately 146 full-text sources. The majority of the articles focused on aspects of Latinos' physical (n = 68), behavioural (n = 43), and mental health (n = 23).Conclusions: Rural Latino neighbourhoods in the United States possess limited access to health care, internet, transportation, and recreation infrastructure, which negatively impacts health outcomes and behaviours. Strategies developed to mitigate these issues include but are not limited to: the use of telecommunications to distribute health information; the use of community health workers and mobile clinics to increase awareness and availability of select health services; the use of worksite trainings and adaptations to the workplace; and the promotion of safety net programmes, such as the Supplemental Nutrition Programme for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). This review supports the need for a more robust research agenda documenting the health experiences of rural Latinos of various nationalities, age groups, and genders.

Geographic Differences in Social Determinants of Health Among US-Born and Non-US-Born Hispanic/Latino Adults With Diagnosed HIV Infection, United States and Puerto Rico, 2017

OBJECTIVE

HIV disproportionately affects Hispanic/Latino people in the United States, and factors other than individual attributes may be contributing to these differences. We examined differences in the distribution of HIV diagnosis and social determinants of health (SDH) among US-born and non-US-born Hispanic/Latino adults in the United States and Puerto Rico.

METHODS

We used data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Surveillance System (NHSS) to determine US census tract-level HIV diagnosis rates and percentages among US-born and non-US-born Hispanic/Latino adults aged ≥18 for 2017. We merged data from the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey with NHSS data to examine regional differences in federal poverty level, education, median household income, employment, and health insurance coverage among 8648 US-born (n = 3328) and non-US-born (n = 5320) Hispanic/Latino adults.

RESULTS

A comparison of US-born and non-US-born men by region showed similar distributions of HIV diagnoses. The largest percentages occurred in census tracts where ≥19% of residents lived below the federal poverty level, ≥18% did not finish high school, the median household income was <$40 000 per year, ≥6% were unemployed, and ≥16% did not have health insurance. A comparison of US-born and non-US-born women by region showed similar distributions.

CONCLUSION

The findings of higher numbers of HIV diagnoses among non-US-born Hispanic/Latino adults than among US-born Hispanic/Latino adults, regional similarities in patterns of SDH and HIV percentages and rates, and Hispanic/Latino adults faring poorly in each SDH category are important for understanding SDH barriers that may be affecting Hispanic/Latino adults with HIV in the United States.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Preoperative Surgical Wait Time and Renal Cell Carcinoma Tumor Characteristics

Racial/ethnic minority groups have a disproportionate burden of kidney cancer. The objective of this study was to assess if race/ethnicity was associated with a longer surgical wait time (SWT) and upstaging in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic time with a special focus on Hispanic Americans (HAs) and American Indian/Alaska Natives (AIs/ANs). Medical records of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients who underwent nephrectomy between 2010 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed (n = 489). Patients with a prior cancer diagnosis were excluded. SWT was defined as the date of diagnostic imaging examination to date of nephrectomy. Out of a total of 363 patients included, 34.2% were HAs and 8.3% were AIs/ANs. While 49.2% of HA patients experienced a longer SWT (≥90 days), 36.1% of Non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients experienced a longer SWT. Longer SWT had no statistically significant impact on tumor characteristics. Patients with public insurance coverage had increased odds of longer SWT (OR 2.89, 95% CI: 1.53–5.45). Public insurance coverage represented 66.1% HA and 70.0% AIs/ANs compared to 56.7% in NHWs. Compared to NHWs, HAs had higher odds for longer SWT in patients with early-stage RCC (OR, 2.38; 95% CI: 1.25–4.53). HAs (OR 2.24, 95% CI: 1.07–4.66) and AIs/ANs (OR 3.79, 95% CI: 1.32–10.88) had greater odds of upstaging compared to NHWs. While a delay in surgical care for early-stage RCC is safe in a general population, it may negatively impact high-risk populations, such as HAs who have a prolonged SWT or choose active surveillance.

The Affordable Care Act and Health Care Access and Utilization Among White, Asian, and Latino Immigrants in California

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to examine changes in health care access and utilization for White, Asian, and Latino immigrants associated with the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in California.

STUDY DESIGN

Using the 2011-2013 and 2015-2017 California Health Interview Survey, we examined changes in 2 health care access and 2 utilization measures among 3 immigrant racial/ethnic groups. We estimated the unadjusted and adjusted percentage point changes in the pre-ACA and post-ACA periods. Adjusted estimates were obtained using linear probability models controlling for predisposing, enabling, and need factors.

RESULTS

After the ACA was nationally implemented in 2014, rates of insurance increased for non-Latino (NL) White, NL Asian, and Latino immigrant groups in California. Latino immigrants had the largest increase in insurance coverage (14.3 percentage points), followed by NL Asian immigrants (9.9 percentage points) and NL White immigrants (9.2 percentage points). Despite benefitting from the largest increase in insurance coverage, the proportion of insured Latino immigrants was still lower than that of NL White and NL Asian immigrants. Latino immigrants reported a small but significant decrease in the usual source of care (-2.8 percentage points) and an increase in emergency department utilization (2.9 percentage points) after the ACA. No significant changes were found after the ACA in health care access and utilization among NL White and NL Asian immigrants.

CONCLUSIONS

Insurance coverage increased significantly for these 3 immigrant groups after the ACA. While Latino immigrants had the largest gain in insurance coverage, the proportion of Latino immigrants with insurance remained the lowest among the 3 immigrant racial/ethnic groups.

Emergency Medical Service Use Among Latinos Aged 50 and Older in California Counties, Except Los Angeles, During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic Period

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected Latino adults aged 50 and older in California. Among adults aged 50-64, Latinos constitute approximately one-third (32%) of the population, but over half (52%) of COVID-19 cases, and more than two-thirds (64%) of COVID-related deaths as of June 2, 2021. These health disparities are also prevalent among Latinos 65 years and older who constitute 22% of the population, but 40% of confirmed COVID-19 cases and 50% of COVID-related deaths. Emergency medical services (EMS) are an essential component of the United States healthcare system and a vital sector in COVID-19 response efforts. Using data from the California Emergency Medical Services Information System (CEMSIS), this study examines racial and ethnic differences in respiratory distress related EMS calls among adults aged 50 and older in all counties except Los Angeles. This study compares the early pandemic period, January to June 2020, to the same time period in 2019. Between January and June 2019, Latinos aged 50 and older had statistically significantly lower odds of respiratory distress related EMS calls compared to Blacks, Asians, and Whites. During the early pandemic period, January to June 2020, Latinos aged 50 and older had statistically significantly lower odds of respiratory distress related EMS calls compared to Blacks but slightly higher odds compared to Whites. Differences by race/ethnicity and region were statistically significant. Understanding EMS health disparities is crucial to inform policies that create a more equitable prehospital care system for the heterogeneous population of middle aged and older adults.

Health Policy Challenges Posed By Shifting Demographics And Health Trends Among Immigrants To The United States

Since the 1960s the immigrant population in the United States has increased fourfold, reaching 44.7 million, or 13.7 percent of the US population, in 2018. The shifting immigrant demography presents several challenges for US health policy makers. We examine recent trends in immigrant health and health care after the Great Recession and the nationwide implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Recent immigrants are more likely to have lower incidence of chronic health conditions than other groups in the US, although these differences vary along the citizenship and documentation status continuum. Health care inequities among immigrants and US-born residents increased after the Great Recession and later diminished after the Affordable Care Act took effect. Unremitting inequities remain, however, particularly among noncitizen immigrants. The number of aging immigrants is growing, which will present a challenge to the expansion of coverage to this population. Health care and immigration policy changes are needed to integrate immigrants successfully into the US health care system.

Understanding the characteristics of Latino individuals with first-time DUI offenses to facilitate effective interventions

Literature shows that Latinos who drink are more likely to experience alcohol-related consequences and less likely to seek care for alcohol misuse than Whites. We aim to understand characteristics, consumption patterns, and openness to treatment among Latino first-time offenders driving under the influence. Latino participants were significantly younger (29.0 years) than non-Latinos (37.7 years). In adjusted models, Latino participants were significantly more likely than non-Latinos to binge drink, but there were no significant group differences in amount of alcohol consumed in a typical week. There was no significant difference in incidence of alcohol-related consequences, readiness to change drinking, and driving behaviors in this sample.

Expert Perspectives on Effective Community-Based Pediatric Healthcare for Low-Income Latino Families: Persistent Issues over Time

US Latinos continue to experience significant health inequity, despite fluctuating healthcare policies over the past 20 years. Recent studies highlight the importance of comprehensive care and collaboration of stakeholders in reducing inequity. Few studies examine the perspectives of community-based organization leaders, health researchers, and policy experts regarding the most effective practices in the delivery of healthcare to Latino children and families. This unique study employed a mixed-methods cross-sectional design to compare perceptions of effective practices and action strategies among two groups. Analysis of qualitative data gathered from 17 organizational leaders and 28 research/policy experts resulted in four broad themes: (1) engagement of families as participants in their healthcare; (2) provision of comprehensive, family-focused healthcare services across the lifespan; (3) engagement of ethnically competent staff to provide outreach; and (4) development of community collaborations for resource building. Respondents identified three major barriers to the provision of high-quality care: (1) inequities in social determinants; (2) ongoing changes in insurance coverage; and (3) funding challenges for the support of community-based health centers (CHCs). Although the data were collected in 2001, these thematic findings remain relevant given the persistence of inequities and the lack of progress in mitigating inequity among Latino children and families, despite evolving healthcare system changes. The study conclusions reaffirm the importance of community-driven preventive healthcare services across the life course. These community services are the frontline of healthcare for many Latino children and their families; therefore, their sustainability is crucial. The voices of organizational leaders, health research, and policy experts are important and relevant.

A Systematic Review of Church-Based Health Interventions Among Latinos

Latinos face healthcare access barriers and are highly religious. Church-based health interventions could help address these disparities. We conducted a systematic review of church-based health interventions among Latinos using multiple search terms and databases. The 21 articles reviewed represented 19 interventions. Only six were tested through full-scale randomized controlled trials and five had statistically significant improvements in health-related outcomes. Most (16) utilized groups classes, eight promoted screening or preventive services, and three provided these on-site. Few intervened at multiple levels (e.g., individual, group, and community) and only three utilized pastors' sermons to deliver health-related messages. Church-based health interventions among Latinos are nascent, with only a handful of full-scale trials. Various pilot studies demonstrating feasibility across diverse health conditions suggest model adaptability. Larger studies with objectively measured outcomes and interventions that address multiple levels and structural issues are needed to ensure improvements in Latinos' access and health.

Long-Term Care Options in Florida: Their Availability by County Demographics

Older people express a preference for home and community-based care over skilled nursing, realizing that preference, however, is dependent upon having those options available. The present exploratory study uses publicly available data to understand if the geographic availability of long-term care options-skilled nursing, assisted living, home health, and homemaker/companion services-are equally distributed by demographics in Florida. Regression analyses showed that the percent 65 and older and the percent in poverty in a county were not related to long-term care availability or quality. Findings indicate that Hispanic older people have less access to nursing home beds, greater access to home health and homemaker/companion agencies, and tend to live in counties with a greater number of assisted living facility (ALF) deficiencies while Black older people have greater access to homemaker services. Rural counties had lower rates of home health and homemaker/companion agencies and fewer ALF deficiencies. The 65 and older population would benefit from the increased availability of long-term care options near the communities in which they live.

The Affordable Care Act: policy predictors of integrated care between Hispanic-serving and mainstream mental health organizations

Background

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act increased funding for integrated care to improve access to quality health care among underserved populations. There is evidence that integrated care decreases inequities in access and quality of mental health care among Hispanic clients. Increasing integrated care at Hispanic-Serving Organizations may help to eliminate mental health service disparities among Hispanic clients.

Method

Using organizational responses from the 2014 and 2016 waves of the National Mental Health Service survey, this study conducted multivariate logistic analyses to assess whether the ACA policies related to integrated care increased the provision of integrated addictions treatment and primary care at mental health Hispanic-Serving Organizations, relative to Mainstream Organizations.

Results

Findings showed that Hispanic-Serving Organizations (54.4%) were less likely to provide integrated health services than Mainstream Organizations (59.1%) after the ACA. However, federal funding to help organizations transition into integrated care services (AOR = 1.74, p = 0.01) and accepting Medicaid payments (AOR = 1.59, p = 0.01) increased the provision of integrated care services at Hispanic-Serving Organizations over time.

Conclusions

Health care policies that increase funding to adopt integrated health services at community Hispanic-Serving Organizations may help decrease inequities in mental health access for Hispanics in the United States.

Renal Cell Carcinoma Health Disparities in Stage and Mortality among American Indians/Alaska Natives and Hispanic Americans: Comparison of National Cancer Database and Arizona Cancer Registry Data

Simple Summary

This study assessed renal cell carcinoma disparities in American Indians/Alaska Natives and Hispanic Americans using the National Cancer Database and the Arizona Cancer Registry, focusing on advanced-stage and mortality. Renal cell carcinoma disparities in American Indians/Alaska Natives have been partially explained by neighborhood socioeconomic factors and residence (rural or urban) pattern, but not in Hispanic Americans. Greater health disparities in renal cell carcinoma stage and mortality for Hispanic Americans and renal cell carcinoma mortality for American Indians/Alaska Natives were observed at the Arizona state level compared to national levels.

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the top 10 cancers in the United States. This study assessed RCC health disparities in American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIs/ANs) and Hispanic Americans (HAs) focusing on advanced-stage and mortality. RCC patients’ data were obtained from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and Arizona Cancer Registry (ACR). Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed to ascertain the effect of race/ethnicity on stage and mortality, adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic factors, rural/urban residence pattern, and other factors. In both data sets, AIs/ANs had significantly increased odds of advanced-stage RCC in the unadjusted model, but not in adjusted models. Mexican Americans had higher odds of advanced-stage compared to non-Hispanic Whites in NCDB (OR 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11–1.35) and ACR (OR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.58–2.58), even after adjusting for neighborhood characteristics. AIs/ANs did not show increased mortality risk in NCDB after adjusting for neighborhood characteristics, while the association remained significant in ACR (HR 1.33, 95% CI: 1.03–1.72). The great risk of all-cause and RCC-specific mortality was observed in U.S.-born Mexican Americans in Arizona (HR 3.21, 95% CI: 2.61–3.98 and sub-distribution HR 2.79, 95% CI: 2.05–3.81). RCC disparities in AIs/ANs is partially explained by neighborhood factors, but not in HAs.

A Cancer Education-Plus-Navigation Intervention Implemented Within a Federally Qualified Health Center and Community-Based Settings

Despite the availability of effective cancer screening tests, Latinos are screened at lower rates than non-Hispanic Whites. We implemented and evaluated the effectiveness of an evidence-based community health worker (CHW) cancer education-plus-navigation intervention designed to increase cancer screening, knowledge of screening guidelines, and the benefit of early detection. The project included a community and clinic component and served a primarily Latino population. In collaboration with a federally qualified health center (FQHC) and three community-based organizations, bilingual/bicultural CHWs recruited men and women (not up-to-date with the cancer screening guidelines) from a FQHC and the community. Participants received education plus navigation and no-cost cancer screening tests. Together with the FQHC, we outlined eligibility criteria, project protocols, project implementation, and evaluation activities. With the community organizations, we outlined recruitment protocols-when to recruit, how to recruit, and connections with other organizations. CHWs enrolled 3045 men and women into the education-plus-navigation intervention. Overall, 71% received at least one cancer screening. Stratifying by gender, 72% of women received at least one cancer screening test whereas 63% of enrolled men received a test for colorectal cancer. Knowledge of screening guidelines and the belief in early detection also increased from baseline to follow-up. Our evidence-based education-plus-navigation intervention successfully reached large numbers of underserved men and women and yielded positive changes in cancer screening and knowledge of screening guidelines and the belief in early detection. The inclusion of a clinic and community component ensured success of the project.

UNDERSTANDING FEAR OF DEPORTATION AND ITS IMPACT ON HEALTHCARE ACCESS AMONG IMMIGRANT LATINX MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN

Purpose

Fear of deportation and its relationship to healthcare access has been less studied among immigrant Latinx men who have sex with men (MSM), a population at risk for HIV and characterized by their multiple minority statuses. The first step is to accurately measure their fear of deportation.

Approach

We used an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. Eligibility criteria were that research participants be ages 18-34 years; Latinx; cisgender male; having had sex with another male; residing in the District of Columbia metro area; and not a US citizen or legal permanent resident. In Study 1, we used in-depth interviews and thematic analysis. Using participants' interview responses, we inductively generated 15 items for a fear of deportation scale. In Study 2, we used survey data to assess the scale's psychometric properties. We conducted independent samples t-test on the associations between scale scores and barriers to healthcare access.

Findings

For the 20 participants in Study 1, fear of deportation resulted in chronic anxiety. Participants managed their fear through vigilance, and behaviors restricting their movement and social network engagement. In Study 2, we used data from 86 mostly undocumented participants. The scale was internally consistent (α = 0.89) and had a single factor. Those with higher fear of deportation scores were significantly more likely to report avoiding healthcare because they were worried about their immigration status (p = 0.007).

Originality

We described how fear of deportation limits healthcare access for immigrant Latinx MSM.

Research implications

Future research should examine fear of deportation and HIV risk among immigrant Latinx MSM.

Work in Progress: Immigrant Health Care from the Vantage of Cancer Testing and Screening

This letter offers a perspective from cancer testing and screening on the improvements in immigrant insurance coverage and care charted in Bustamante et al.'s April 2019 article in JOIH on "Health Care Access and Utilization Among U.S. Immigrants Before and After the Affordable Care Act." Supportive evidence for their data may be found in complementary literature drawing from both the National Health Interview Survey the authors use and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, while post-ACA surveys and state level information suggest disparities remain for lawfully present and undocumented immigrants ineligible for Medicaid and unable to secure insurance to pay medical costs. Existent options for cancer services are discussed. Further relevant reform depends on voter awareness and collaborative efforts between consumer advocates and legislators.

Beyond Interpretation: The Unmet Need for Linguistically and Culturally Competent Care for Latinx People Living with HIV in a Southern Region with a Low Density of Spanish Speakers

Latinx people living with HIV (PLWH) experience disparities in health outcomes and face unique barriers to care related to language, intersectional stigma, and immigration status. We aimed to explore the lived experience of Spanish-speaking Latinx PLWH in the nonurban South to better understand how to improve care for this minority language population. We conducted semistructured interviews with 22 participants (10 men, 10 women, 2 transgender women) who were recruited from a Ryan White HIV/AIDS program (RWHAP) and a community-based organization. Almost all participants were foreign born. Emerging themes included language barriers, cultural differences, inadequate interpreter services, HIV-related and intersectional stigma, isolation, and relationships as a source of support. These barriers may contribute to disparities in outcomes for Latinx PLWH. New interventions are needed to overcome barriers, foster community, and ensure culturally tailored models of care. Potential clinic-level interventions include the development of specialized training for RWHAP interpreters and inclusion of interpreters in care teams.

Timing of Immigration Effects Asset Change Among Hispanic Caregivers of Older Family Members

Given the cultural value of family in Hispanic culture, older Hispanic immigrants are likely to have family caregivers. This study examined the economic implications of caring for older Hispanic adults regarding non-housing financial wealth over time. Using the 2008, 2010, and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and RAND HRS data files, this study compares changes in the non-housing financial wealth between 2008 and 2012 by caregiving and immigration status among Hispanics. This study examined differences in assets between Hispanic caregivers and non-caregivers and more specifically examined the subpopulation of Hispanic caregivers who immigrated prior to and after 1968 as compared to U.S.-born caregivers to better understand the effect of the Immigration and Nationality Amendment Act of 1965 on asset change. Results indicate that caregiving itself did not have a statistically significant association with wealth, but the timing of immigration to the US had a statistically significant correlation (p < .05) with changes in the financial wealth. The findings of this study have implications for policy and program development targeting older adults and caregiving for this population.

Targeting of Enrollment Assistance Resources in Health Insurance Television Advertising: A Comparison of Spanish- Vs. English-Language Ads

Latinx adults, especially immigrants, face higher uninsurance and lower awareness of the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) provisions and resources compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Television advertising of ACA health plans has directed many consumers to application assistance and enrollment, but little is known about how ads targeted Latinx consumers. We used Kantar Media/CMAG data from the Wesleyan Media Project to assess Spanish- vs. English-language ad targeting strategies and to assess which enrollment assistance resources (in person/telephone vs. online) were emphasized across three Open Enrollment Periods (OEP) (2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16). We examined differences in advertisement sponsorship and volume of Spanish- versus English-language ads across the three OEPs. State-based Marketplaces sponsored 47% of Spanish-language airings; insurance companies sponsored 55% of English-language airings. The proportion of Spanish-language airings increased over time (8.8% in OEP1, 11.1% in OEP2, 12.0% in OEP3, p <.001). Spanish-language airings had 49% lower (95%CI: 0.50,0.53) and 2.20 times higher odds (95%CI: 2.17,2.24) of mentioning online and telephone/in-person enrollment assistance resources, respectively. While there was a significant decrease in mention of telephone/in-person assistance over time for English-language airings, these mentions increased significantly in Spanish-language airings. Future research should examine the impact of the drastic federal cuts to ACA outreach and marketing.

"Hay que seguir en la lucha": An FQHC's Community Health Action Approach to Promoting Latinx Immigrants' Individual and Community Resilience

Latinx immigrants have poorer access to health care, compared to non-Latinx Whites. Federally-Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) provide clinical and community programing to address their clients' health needs. One mechanism by which FQHC's may strengthen Latinx immigrant well-being is by promoting their individual and community resilience. We partnered with La Clínica del Pueblo (La Clínica), an FQHC serving Latinx immigrants in Washington, DC and Prince George's County, Maryland. We conducted in-depth interviews in Spanish with 30 La Clínica clients to explore the daily adversities they faced, how they coped, and how La Clínica helped them cope. We conducted thematic analysis using Dedoose software. All participants were from Central America; 37% were undocumented. Participants were 18-78 years old, 70% cis-females, 23% cis-males (10% gay men), and 7% transgender. 57% reported a serious health issue, including diabetes. Participants identified three main adversities: immigration legal status, language, and isolation/depression. Residents of Prince George's, compared to DC, as well as sexual/gender minorities, reported more barriers to accessing health care. Sources of individual resilience for participants included fighting to improve their children's lives, relying on supportive networks, and using La Clínica as a safety net to overcome health access barriers. Sources of community resilience included La Clínica's safe spaces, support groups, referrals to outside legal service providers, and health promoter training. Latinx immigrants face multiple daily adversities, but we find evidence that La Clínica's community health action approach promotes their resilience. We offer a conceptual model for how FQHCs can foster resilience and strengthen immigrant health.

After the Affordable Care Act: the Effects of the Health Safety Net and the Medicaid Expansion on Latinxs' Use of Behavioral Healthcare in the US

This study investigated the association between the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and Latinxs' use of behavioral health services in the US. Organizational responses from the 2010, 2014, and 2016 National Mental Health Service Survey were used to examine the number and proportion of outpatient Latinx admissions over time, as well as the role of Medicaid expansion and health safety net funding on Latinxs' admissions. Findings showed that there was an increase in Latinx admissions post-ACA (2014). However, 2 years post-implementation (2016), Latinx admissions were at levels lower than prior to the healthcare reform. Despite this overall decrease, behavioral health safety net organizations, particularly those located in states that adopted the expansion of Medicaid, served more Latinxs than behavioral health service organizations outside the safety net. Policy and practice implications to strengthen behavioral safety net organizations that serve Latinxs are discussed.

Racial/ethnic disparities in human papillomavirus vaccination initiation and completion among U.S. women in the post-Affordable Care Act era

Objective: To ascertain the magnitude and potential mechanisms of racial/ethnic disparities in initiating and completing the 3-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among U.S. women in the post-Affordable Care Act era.Design: Using 2015 National Health Interview Survey data, we used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between race/ethnicity and HPV vaccination initiation and completion among black, Latina, Asian, and white U.S. women aged 18-31 years, adjusting for age and geographic region. We also examined the role of socioeconomic and health care factors in potentially explaining racial/ethnic disparities in HPV vaccine uptake and stratified our analyses by age (ages 18-22 and 23-31 years).Results: The prevalence of HPV vaccination initiation and completion among U.S. women aged 18-31 years overall was 35.4% and 22.7%, respectively. We observed no statistically significant difference in the odds of HPV vaccination initiation or completion by race/ethnicity among women aged 18-22 years, adjusting for age and geographic region. Among women aged 23-31 years, Latina ([odds ratio=] 0.59; [95% confidence interval:] 0.47, 0.76) and Asian (0.51; 0.34, 0.75) women had significantly lower adjusted odds of initiating HPV vaccination compared to white women. Further, relative to white women, black (0.46; 0.32, 0.67), Latina (0.45; 0.32, 0.64), and Asian (0.46; 0.28, 0.78) women had significantly lower adjusted odds of completing HPV vaccination. Adding socioeconomic factors to the models attenuated the HPV vaccination initiation adjusted odds ratios for Latina vs. white women and the HPV vaccination completion adjusted odds ratios for both black and Latina vs. white women. The inclusion of health care factors into the models did not further attenuate these odds ratios.Conclusion: Policies and programs that promote socioeconomic equity may mitigate HPV vaccination disparities between black and Latina women and white women. Additional research is needed to identify the drivers of HPV vaccination disparities between subgroups of Asian women and white women.

The Affordable Care Act and Ethnic Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening

INTRODUCTION

Cost sharing can deter the use of health services and act as a potential contributor to racial/ethnic disparities in cancer. The Affordable Care Act required most health plans to cover, without cost sharing, preventive services, including colorectal cancer screening. Population-based data were used to estimate the impact of the Affordable Care Act's cost-sharing provision (together with other Affordable Care Act provisions targeting preventive care) on ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening, comparing Hispanics with non-Hispanics.

METHODS

An interrupted time series quasi-experimental analysis was used to examine ethnic differences in colorectal cancer screening pre- and post-implementation of the Affordable Care Act (analysis performed in 2018). The study cohort included insured individuals aged 50-64 years who participated in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2007 through 2015 (n=44,343).

RESULTS

During the pre-Affordable Care Act period, screening rates decreased annually for non-Hispanics by -0.38 per 100 adults per year (95% CI= -0.55, -0.22) but remained level for Hispanics (annual trend per 100 adults: 0.01, 95% CI= -0.34, 0.35). After cost sharing was eliminated in 2011, colorectal cancer screening rates increased for both Hispanics (by 1.29 per 100 adults, 95% CI=0.69, 1.89) and non-Hispanics (by 0.58 per 100 adults, 95% CI=0.18, 0.99). The difference in trend increases between Hispanics and non-Hispanics was not statistically significant (0.70%, 95% CI= -0.24, 1.64).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that Affordable Care Act implementation resulted in increased colorectal cancer screening; however, the effect of the law was not significantly different between Hispanics and non-Hispanics. These results provide indications that more needs to be done to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening.