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Chauvet L, Brunel A, Le Gouar Y, Guérin S, Janvier R, Henry G, Cahu A, Dupont D, Lemaire M, Le Huërou-Luron I, Deglaire A. Protein ingredient quality within infant formulas impacts plasma amino acid concentrations in neonatal minipiglets. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00286-4. [PMID: 38801861 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant formulas (IFs), the only adequate substitute to human milk, are complex matrices that require numerous ingredients and processing steps, which may impact protein digestion and subsequent amino acid absorption. OBJECTIVE The objective was to understand the impact of the protein ingredient quality within IFs on postprandial plasma amino acid (AA) profiles. METHODS Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric IFs were produced at a semi-industrial scale using whey proteins (WPs) from different origins (cheese vs. ideal whey) and denaturation levels (IFs-A/-B/-C), and caseins with different supramolecular organizations (IFs-C/-D). Ten Yucatan minipiglets (12- to 27-day-old) used as a human infant model, received each IF for 3 days according to a Williams Latin square, followed by a 2-day wash-out period. Jugular plasma was regularly sampled from 10 min preprandial to 4 h postprandial on the third day to measure free AAs, urea, insulin and glucose concentrations. Data were statistically analyzed using a mixed linear model with diet (IFs), time and gender as fixed factors and piglet as random factor. RESULTS IFs made with cheese whey (IFs-A and -B) elicited significantly higher plasma total and essential AA concentrations than IFs made with ideal whey (IF-C and -D), regardless of the pre- and post-prandial times. Most of the differences observed postprandially were explained by AA homeostasis modifications. IFs based on cheese whey induced an increased plasma concentration of Thr due to both a higher Thr content in these IFs and a Thr limiting degrading capability in piglets. The use of non-micellar casein ingredient led to reduced plasma content of AA catabolism markers (IF-D vs. IF-C). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results highlight the importance of the protein ingredient quality (composition & structure) within IFs on the neonatal plasma AA profiles, which may impact further the infant protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Chauvet
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, Rennes, France;; Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint Gilles, France;; SODIAAL International, Centre Recherche & Innovation, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Guérin
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint Gilles, France
| | - Régis Janvier
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint Gilles, France
| | | | - Armelle Cahu
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint Gilles, France
| | | | - Marion Lemaire
- SODIAAL International, Centre Recherche & Innovation, Rennes, France
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Holgersen K, Muk T, Ghisari M, Arora P, Kvistgaard AS, Nielsen SDH, Sangild PT, Bering SB. Neonatal Gut and Immune Responses to β-Casein Enriched Formula in Piglets. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00239-6. [PMID: 38703891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-casein is the main casein constituent in human milk (HM) and a source of bioactive peptides for the developing gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Infant formulas contain less β-casein than HM, but whether different concentrations of β-casein affect tolerability and gut and immune maturation in newborns is unknown. OBJECTIVES Using near-term piglets as a model for newborn infants, we investigated whether increasing the β-casein fraction in bovine-based formula is clinically safe and may improve gut and immune maturation. METHODS Three groups of near-term pigs (96% gestation) were fed formula with bovine casein and whey protein (ratio 40:60): 1) standard skim milk casein (BCN-standard, 35% β-casein of total casein, n = 18); 2) β-casein enrichment to HM concentrations (BCN-medium, 65%, n = 19); and 3) high β-casein enrichment (BCN-high, 91%, n = 19). A reference group was fed 100% whey protein concentrate (WPC) as protein (WPC, n = 18). Intestinal and immune parameters were assessed before and after euthanasia on day 5. RESULTS Clinical variables (mortality, activity, body growth, and diarrhea) were similar among the groups, and no differences in intestinal or biochemical parameters were observed between BCN-standard and BCN-medium pigs. However, pigs receiving high amounts of β-casein (BCN-high) had lower small intestine weight and tended to have more intestinal complications (highest gut pathology score, permeability, and interleukin-8) than the other groups, particularly those receiving no casein (WPC pigs). Blood lymphocyte, thrombocyte, and reticulocyte counts were increased with higher β-casein, whereas eosinophil counts were reduced. In vitro blood immune cell responses were similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS β-casein enrichment of bovine-based formula to HM concentrations is clinically safe, as judged from newborn, near-term pigs, whereas no additional benefits to gut maturation were observed. However, excessive β-casein supplementation, beyond concentrations in HM, may potentially induce gut inflammation together with increased blood cell populations relative to natural β-casein concentrations or pure whey-based formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Holgersen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tik Muk
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Pankaj Arora
- Arla Food Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Drud-Heydary Nielsen
- Arla Food Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, Denmark; Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stine Brandt Bering
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Ahlborn NG, Montoya CA, Roy NC, Ye A, Samuelsson LM, Wieliczko RJ, McNabb WC. Heat Treatment and Homogenization Influence the Gastric Digestion of Bovine Milk Protein in Growing Pigs as an Adult Human Model. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00238-4. [PMID: 38703889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk processing influences the structure of the curd formed during gastric digestion, which may alter gastric protein hydrolysis and impact amino acid (AA) release into the small intestine. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the influence of heat treatment and homogenization on the gastric protein digestion and AA emptying of bovine milk. METHODS Nine-wk-old pigs (n = 144) consumed either raw, pasteurized nonhomogenized (PNH), pasteurized homogenized (PH), or ultra-high-temperature homogenized (UHT) bovine milk for 10 d. On day 11, fasted pigs received the milk treatment (500 mL) before gastric contents were collected at 0, 20, 60, 120, 180, and 300 min postprandially. The apparent degree of gastric protein hydrolysis (based on the release of free amino groups), apparent gastric disappearance of individual proteins [based on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel band intensity], and the gastric emptying of digested protein and AA were determined. RESULTS During the first 60 min, the rate of apparent gastric protein hydrolysis was fastest in pigs fed UHT milk (0.29%/min compared with on average 0.07%/min in pigs fed raw, PNH, and PH milk). Differences in the apparent degree of gastric protein hydrolysis and emptying were reflected in the rate of digested protein entering the small intestine. The AA gastric emptying half-time was generally shorter in pigs fed PH and UHT milk than in pigs fed raw and PNH milk. For example, the gastric release of total essential AA was >2-fold faster (P < 0.01) in pigs fed PH or UHT milk than that in pigs fed raw or PNH milk (i.e., homogenized compared with nonhomogenized milk). CONCLUSIONS Heat treatment and homogenization increased the apparent gastric degree of protein hydrolysis and the release of digested protein into the small intestine. However, the rate of AA entering the small intestine was mainly increased by homogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie G Ahlborn
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Smart Foods and Bioproducts Group, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Smart Foods and Bioproducts Group, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Linda M Samuelsson
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts Group, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Wieliczko
- Smart Foods and Bioproducts Group, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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Asiriwardhana MU, Dinesh OC, Brunton JA, Bertolo RF. Dietary Methionine Enhances Portal Appearance of Guanidinoacetate and Synthesis of Creatine in Yucatan Miniature Piglets. J Nutr 2024; 154:1571-1581. [PMID: 38527737 PMCID: PMC11130667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine plays a significant role in energy metabolism and positively impacts anaerobic energy capacity, muscle mass, and physical performance. Endogenous creatine synthesis requires guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and methionine. GAA can be an alternative to creatine supplements and has been tested as a beneficial feed additive in the animal industry. When pigs are fed GAA with excess methionine, creatine is synthesized without feedback regulation. In contrast, when dietary methionine is limited, creatine synthesis is limited, yet, GAA does not accumulate in plasma, urine, or liver. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that portal GAA appearance requires adequate dietary methionine. METHODS Yucatan miniature piglets (17-21 d old; n = 20) were given a 4 h duodenal infusion of complete elemental diets with supplemental GAA plus 1 of 4 methionine concentrations representing either 20%, 80%, 140%, or 200% of the dietary methionine requirement. Arterial and portal blood metabolites were measured along with blood flow to determine mass balance across the gut. [3H-methyl] methionine was infused to measure the methionine incorporation rate into creatine. RESULTS GAA balance across the gut was highest in the 200% methionine group, indicating excess dietary methionine enhanced GAA absorption. Creatine synthesis in the liver and jejunum was higher with higher concentrations of methionine, emphasizing that the transmethylation of GAA to creatine depends on sufficient dietary methionine. Hepatic GAA concentration was higher in the 20% methionine group, suggesting low dietary methionine limited GAA conversion to creatine, which led to GAA accumulation in the liver. CONCLUSIONS GAA absorption and conversion to creatine require a sufficient amount of methionine, and the supplementation strategies should accommodate this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olupathage C Dinesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Janet A Brunton
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Robert F Bertolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
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Poulsen CS, Yoshida A, Wellbrant TT, Leifsson PS, Skallerup P, Thamsborg SM, Nejsum P. Migratory pattern of zoonotic Toxocara cati and T. canis in experimentally infected pigs. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:587-596. [PMID: 38261158 PMCID: PMC10917876 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over a billion people are infected with Toxocara canis or T. cati, the roundworms of dogs and cats. Historically, T. canis has been considered the main species responsible for human toxocarosis, but as serodiagnosis cannot discriminate between the two species, this remains unresolved. We used pigs as a relevant large animal model for human infection to assess the migratory pattern of T. cati and T. canis. METHODS Pigs were inoculated with T. cati or T. canis eggs or PBS (negative controls) and necropsied 14 or 31 days later. Different organs and tissues were examined for parasites and pathological changes. RESULTS Overall, the two parasite species had a similar migration pattern reaching multiple organs and tissues, including the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and diaphragm. We recovered larvae of both species in the brain, suggesting that T. cati also can cause neurological toxocarosis in humans. Both species induced systemic eosinophilia and histopathological changes in the lungs, livers, and mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSION This study emphasises the importance of T. cati as a zoonotic agent and the need to develop diagnostic methods that can differentiate between sources of infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Sahl Poulsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | - Pall Skuli Leifsson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stig Milan Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Couvert A, Lacaze L, Touboulic S, Gautier S, Guérin S, Randuineau G, Romé V, Malbert CH, Val-Laillet D, Derbré F, Thibault R. The Yucatan minipig model: A new preclinical model of malnutrition in obese patients with acute or chronic diseases. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:357-365. [PMID: 38142480 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Malnutrition can develop in patients with obesity suffering from acute or chronic illness or after obesity surgery, promoting sarcopenic obesity. A better understanding of this pathophysiology and the development of new therapeutics for chronic diseases, that are often complicated with malnutrition and obesity, justify the development of new animal experimental models close to the human physiology. This study aims to characterize the effects of obesity and underfeeding on Yucatan obese minipigs, assessing its validity as a preclinical model for obesity-related malnutrition. METHODS Sixteen 30-month-old Yucatan minipigs were divided into two groups for 8 weeks: a standard diet group (ST, n = 5) and an obesogenic diet group (OB, n = 11). After 8 weeks, the OB group was further divided into two sub-groups: a standard diet group (OB-ST, n = 5) and a low-calorie/low-protein diet group (OB-LC/LP, n = 6) for 8 weeks. Body composition by CT-Scan and blood parameters were monitored, and trapezius muscle biopsies were collected to analyse signaling pathways involved in protein turnover and energy metabolism. RESULTS At W8, OB-ST animals exhibited significantly higher body weight (+37.7%, p = 0.03), muscle mass (+24.9%, p = 0.02), and visceral fat (+192.0%, p = 0.03) compared to ST. Trapezius cross sectional area (CSA) normalized to body weight was lower in OB-ST animals (-15.02%, p = 0.017). At W16, no significant changes were observed in protein turnover markers, although REDD1 increased in OB-ST (96.4%, p = 0.02). After 8 weeks of low-caloric/low protein diet, OB-LC/LP showed decreased body weight (-9.8%, p = 0.03), muscle mass (-6.5%, p = 0.03), and visceral fat (-41.5%, p = 0.03) compared to OB-ST animals. Trapezius fiber CSA significantly decreased in OB-LC/LP (-36.1%, p < 0.0001) and normalized to body weight (-25.4%, p < 0.0001), combined to higher ubiquitinated protein content (+38.3%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our data support that the Yucatan minipig model mimics nutritional and skeletal muscle phenotypes observed in obese patients, with or without protein-energy malnutrition. It also reproduces muscle atrophy observed in chronic diseases or post-obesity surgery, making it a promising preclinical model for obesity-related malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaëlle Couvert
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA 7470, University of Rennes, ENS Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France; Service Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, Centre labellisé de nutrition parentérale au domicile, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Laurence Lacaze
- Service Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, Centre labellisé de nutrition parentérale au domicile, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France; INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Steve Touboulic
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Sandrine Gautier
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA 7470, University of Rennes, ENS Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France
| | - Sylvie Guérin
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Gwénaëlle Randuineau
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Romé
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, Rennes, France
| | | | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Derbré
- Laboratory "Movement Sport and Health Sciences" EA 7470, University of Rennes, ENS Rennes, 35170 Bruz, France.
| | - Ronan Thibault
- Service Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, Centre labellisé de nutrition parentérale au domicile, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France; INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, NuMeCan, Nutrition Metabolisms Cancer, Rennes, France.
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Mazzoni M, Cabanillas L, Costanzini A, Caremoli F, Million M, Larauche M, Clavenzani P, De Giorgio R, Sternini C. Distribution, quantification, and characterization of substance P enteric neurons in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the porcine colon. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 395:39-51. [PMID: 37982872 PMCID: PMC10774220 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The pig is an important translational model for studying intestinal physiology and disorders for its many homologies with humans, including the organization of the enteric nervous system (ENS), the major regulator of gastrointestinal functions. This study focused on the quantification and neurochemical characterization of substance P (SP) neurons in the pig ascending (AC) and descending colon (DC) in wholemount preparations of the inner submucosal plexus (ISP), outer submucosal plexus (OSP), and myenteric plexus (MP). We used antibodies for the pan-neuronal marker HuCD, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), markers for excitatory and inhibitory transmitters, for multiple labeling immunofluorescence and high-resolution confocal microscopy. The highest density of SP immunoreactive (IR) neurons was in the ISP (222/mm2 in the AC, 166/mm2 in the DC), where they make up about a third of HuCD-IR neurons, compared to the OSP and MP (19-22% and 13-17%, respectively, P < 0.001-0.0001). HuCD/SP/ChAT-IR neurons (up to 23%) were overall more abundant than HuCD/SP/nNOS-IR neurons (< 10%). Most SP-IR neurons contained ChAT-IR (62-85%), whereas 18-38% contained nNOS-IR with the highest peak in the OSP. A subpopulation of SP-IR neurons contains both ChAT- and nNOS-IR with the highest peak in the OSP and ISP of DC (33-36%) and the lowest in the ISP of AC (< 10%, P < 0.001). SP-IR varicose fibers were abundant in the ganglia. This study shows that SP-IR neurons are functionally distinct with variable proportions in different plexuses in the AC and DC reflecting diverse functions of specific colonic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luis Cabanillas
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anna Costanzini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filippo Caremoli
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Current address: San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mulugeta Million
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paolo Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Catia Sternini
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Chen M, Zhao Y, Ji H, Li L, Liu H, Wang S, Zhang D, Yin J, Wang J, Zhang X. Chenodeoxycholic Acid Improves Embryo Implantation and Metabolic Health through Modulating Gut Microbiota-Host Metabolites Interaction during Early Pregnancy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 38275628 PMCID: PMC10812749 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetus loss in early pregnancy is of major concern to both humans and animals, and this issue is largely influenced by embryo implantation. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a primary bile acid, contributes to metabolic improvements and protects against intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. However, the effect of CDCA on embryo implantation during early pregnancy has not been investigated. The present study demonstrated that CDCA administration during early pregnancy improved embryo implantation in sows and rats, thereby improving the pregnancy outcomes of sows. CDCA significantly reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. The metabolomics analysis indicated significant differences in the fecal metabolome, especially regarding the level of secondary bile acids, between the control and CDCA-treated sows. CDCA also influenced the serum metabolite profiles in sows, and the serum L-Histidine level was significantly correlated with the abundance of 19 differential fecal metabolites. Importantly, L-Histidine administration improved embryo implantation and metabolic health in rats during early pregnancy. Moreover, CDCA administration during early pregnancy also led to long-term metabolic improvements in sows. Our data indicated that CDCA improved embryo implantation by alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, improving insulin sensitivity, and modulating the interaction between the gut microbiota and host metabolites. Therefore, CDCA intervention is a potential therapeutic strategy regarding embryo loss during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Sixin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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Zhu JH, Guan XC, Yi LL, Xu H, Li QY, Cheng WJ, Xie YX, Li WZ, Zhao HY, Wei HJ, Zhao SM. Single-nucleus transcriptome sequencing reveals hepatic cell atlas in pigs. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:770. [PMID: 38087243 PMCID: PMC10717992 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the largest substantive organ of animals, the liver plays an essential role in the physiological processes of digestive metabolism and immune defense. However, the cellular composition of the pig liver remains poorly understood. This investigation used single-nucleus RNA sequencing technology to identify cell types from liver tissues of pigs, providing a theoretical basis for further investigating liver cell types in pigs. RESULTS The analysis revealed 13 cells clusters which were further identified 7 cell types including endothelial cells, T cells, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, B cells, and cholangiocytes. The dominant cell types were endothelial cells, T cells and hepatocytes in the liver tissue of Dahe pigs and Dahe black pigs, which accounts for about 85.76% and 82.74%, respectively. The number of endothelial cells was higher in the liver tissue of Dahe pigs compared to Dahe black pigs, while the opposite tendency was observed for T cells. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in pig hepatic endothelial cells were significantly enriched in the protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, MAPK signaling pathway, and FoxO signaling pathway. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in pig hepatic T cells were significantly enriched in the thyroid hormone signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in pig hepatic hepatocytes were significantly enriched in the metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study provides a comprehensive cell atlas of porcine hepatic tissue. The number, gene expression level and functional characteristics of each cell type in pig liver tissue varied between breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hong Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xuan-Cheng Guan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Lan-Lan Yi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Public Finance and Economics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wen-Jie Cheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Xie
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Su-Mei Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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10
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Nguyen TQ, Martínez-Álvaro M, Lima J, Auffret MD, Rutherford KMD, Simm G, Dewhurst RJ, Baima ET, Roehe R. Identification of intestinal and fecal microbial biomarkers using a porcine social stress model. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1197371. [PMID: 38029169 PMCID: PMC10670831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1197371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationships between social stress and the gastrointestinal microbiota, and how they influence host health and performance is expected to have many scientific and commercial implementations in different species, including identification and improvement of challenges to animal welfare and health. In particular, the study of the stress impact on the gastrointestinal microbiota of pigs may be of interest as a model for human health. A porcine stress model based on repeated regrouping and reduced space allowance during the last 4 weeks of the finishing period was developed to identify stress-induced changes in the gut microbiome composition. The application of the porcine stress model resulted in a significant increase in salivary cortisol concentration over the course of the trial and decreased growth performance and appetite. The applied social stress resulted in 32 bacteria being either enriched (13) or depleted (19) in the intestine and feces. Fecal samples showed a greater number of microbial genera influenced by stress than caecum or colon samples. Our trial revealed that the opportunistic pathogens Treponema and Clostridium were enriched in colonic and fecal samples from stressed pigs. Additionally, genera such as Streptococcus, Parabacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Terrisporobacter, Marvinbryantia, and Romboutsia were found to be enriched in response to social stress. In contrast, the genera Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Butyricicoccus, Dialister, Alloprevotella, Megasphaera, and Mitsuokella were depleted. These depleted bacteria are of great interest because they synthesize metabolites [e.g., short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in particular, butyrate] showing beneficial health benefits due to inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria in different animal species. Of particular interest are Dialister and Faecalibacterium, as their depletion was identified in a human study to be associated with inferior quality of life and depression. We also revealed that some pigs were more susceptible to pathogens as indicated by large enrichments of opportunistic pathogens of Clostridium, Treponema, Streptococcus and Campylobacter. Generally, our results provide further evidence for the microbiota-gut-brain axis as indicated by an increase in cortisol concentration due to social stress regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and a change in microbiota composition, particularly of bacteria known to be associated with pathogenicity and mental health diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Q. Nguyen
- Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University – Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Joana Lima
- Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Geoff Simm
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eric T. Baima
- Zoetis Inc., Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ, United States
| | - Rainer Roehe
- Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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11
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Al Thani NA, Hasan M, Yalcin HC. Use of Animal Models for Investigating Cardioprotective Roles of SGLT2 Inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2023; 16:975-986. [PMID: 37052784 PMCID: PMC10615955 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors represent one type of new-generation type 2 diabetes (T2DM) drug treatment. The mechanism of action of an SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) in treating T2DM depends on lowering blood glucose levels effectively via increasing the glomerular excretion of glucose. A good number of randomized clinical trials revealed that SGLT2is significantly prevented heart failure (HF) and cardiovascular death in T2DM patients. Despite ongoing clinical trials in HF patients without T2DM, there have been a limited number of translational studies on the cardioprotective properties of SGLT2is. As the cellular mechanism behind the cardiac benefits of SGLT2is is still to be elucidated, animal models are used to better understand the pathways behind the cardioprotective mechanism of SGLT2i. In this review, we summarize the animal models constructed to study the cardioprotective mechanisms of SGLT2is to help deliver a more comprehensive understanding of the in vivo work that has been done in this field and to help select the most optimal animal model to use when studying the different cardioprotective effects of SGLT2is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najlaa A Al Thani
- Research and Development Department, Barzan Holdings, P. O. Box 7178, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maram Hasan
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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12
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Fagan MM, Welch CB, Scheulin KM, Sneed SE, Jeon JH, Golan ME, Cheek SR, Barany DA, Oeltzschner G, Callaway TR, Zhao Q, Park HJ, Lourenco JM, Duberstein KJ, West FD. Fecal microbial transplantation limits neural injury severity and functional deficits in a pediatric piglet traumatic brain injury model. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1249539. [PMID: 37841685 PMCID: PMC10568032 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1249539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Due to bidirectional communication between the brain and gut microbial population, introduction of key gut bacteria may mitigate critical TBI-induced secondary injury cascades, thus lessening neural damage and improving functional outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a daily fecal microbial transplant (FMT) to alleviate neural injury severity, prevent gut dysbiosis, and improve functional recovery post TBI in a translational pediatric piglet model. Male piglets at 4-weeks of age were randomly assigned to Sham + saline, TBI + saline, or TBI + FMT treatment groups. A moderate/severe TBI was induced by controlled cortical impact and Sham pigs underwent craniectomy surgery only. FMT or saline were administered by oral gavage daily for 7 days. MRI was performed 1 day (1D) and 7 days (7D) post TBI. Fecal and cecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Ipsilateral brain and ileum tissue samples were collected for histological assessment. Gait and behavior testing were conducted at multiple timepoints. MRI showed that FMT treated animals demonstrated decreased lesion volume and hemorrhage volume at 7D post TBI as compared to 1D post TBI. Histological analysis revealed improved neuron and oligodendrocyte survival and restored ileum tissue morphology at 7D post TBI in FMT treated animals. Microbiome analysis indicated decreased dysbiosis in FMT treated animals with an increase in multiple probiotic Lactobacilli species, associated with anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects, in the cecum of the FMT treated animals, while non-treated TBI animals showed an increase in pathogenic bacteria, associated with inflammation and disease such in feces. FMT mediated enhanced cellular and tissue recovery resulted in improved motor function including stride and step length and voluntary motor activity in FMT treated animals. Here we report for the first time in a highly translatable pediatric piglet TBI model, the potential of FMT treatment to significantly limit cellular and tissue damage leading to improved functional outcomes following a TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison M. Fagan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Christina B. Welch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelly M. Scheulin
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sydney E. Sneed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Julie H. Jeon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Morgane E. Golan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Savannah R. Cheek
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Deborah A. Barany
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Todd R. Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Qun Zhao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jeferson M. Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kylee J. Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D. West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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13
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Yuan PQ, Li T, Million M, Larauche M, Atmani K, Bellier JP, Taché Y. New insight on the enteric cholinergic innervation of the pig colon by central and peripheral nervous systems: reduction by repeated loperamide administration. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1204233. [PMID: 37650102 PMCID: PMC10463754 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1204233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The central and peripheral nervous systems provide cholinergic innervation in the colon. The ability to assess their neuroanatomical distinctions is still a challenge. The pig is regarded as a relevant translational model due to the close similarity of its enteric nervous system (ENS) with that of human. Opioid-induced constipation is one of the most common side effects of opioid therapy. Methods We developed an approach to differentiate the central and peripheral cholinergic innervation of the pig colon using double immunolabeling with a novel mouse anti-human peripheral type of choline acetyltransferase (hpChAT) antibody combined with a rabbit anti-common type of ChAT (cChAT) antibody, a reliable marker of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system. We examined their spatial configurations in 3D images of the ENS generated from CLARITY-cleared colonic segments. The density was quantitated computationally using Imaris 9.7. We assessed changes in the distal colon induced by daily oral treatment for 4 weeks with the μ opioid receptor agonist, loperamide (0.4 or 3 mg/kg). Results The double labeling showed strong cChAT immunoreactive (ir) fibers in the cervical vagus nerve and neuronal somata and fibers in the ventral horn of the sacral (S2) cord while hpChAT immunoreactivity was visualized only in the ENS but not in the vagus or sacral neural structures indicating the selectivity of these two antibodies. In the colonic myenteric plexus, dense hpChAT-ir neurons and fibers and varicose cChAT-ir fibers surrounding hpChAT-ir neurons were simultaneously visualized in 3D. The density of cChAT-ir varicose fibers in the outer submucosal plexus of both males and females were higher in the transverse and distal colon than in the proximal colon and in the myenteric plexus compared to the outer submucosal plexus and there was no cChAT innervation in the inner submucosal plexus. The density of hpChAT in the ENS showed no segmental or plexus differences in both sexes. Loperamide at the highest dose significantly decreased the density hpChAT-ir fibers + somata in the myenteric plexus of the distal colon. Discussion These data showed the distinct density of central cholinergic innervation between myenteric and submucosal plexuses among colonic segments and the localization of cChAT-ir fibers around peripheral hpChAT neurons in 3D. The reduction of cholinergic myenteric innervation by chronic opiate treatment points to target altered prokinetic cholinergic pathway to counteract opiate constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Qing Yuan
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- VA GLAHS, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tao Li
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Muriel Larauche
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Karim Atmani
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- VA GLAHS, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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14
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Chen Y, Rooney H, Dold C, Bavaro S, Tobin J, Callanan MJ, Brodkorb A, Lawlor PG, Giblin L. Membrane filtration processing of infant milk formula alters protein digestion in young pigs. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112577. [PMID: 36914340 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Reducing heat treatment (HT) during processing of infant milk formula (IMF) is desirable to produce a product that more closely resembles breast milk. By employing membrane filtration (MEM), we produced an IMF (60:40 whey to casein ratio) at pilot scale (250 kg). MEM-IMF had a significantly higher content of native whey (59.9 %) compared to HT-IMF (4.5 %) (p < 0.001). Pigs, at 28 days old, were blocked by sex, weight and litter origin and assigned to one of two treatments (n = 14/treatment): (1) starter diet containing 35 % of HT-IMF powder or (2) starter diet containing 35 % of MEM-IMF powder for 28 days. Body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly. Pigs at day 28 post weaning were sacrificed 180 min after their final feeding, for the collection of gastric, duodenal, jejunum and ileal contents (n = 10/treatment). MEM-IMF diet resulted in more water-soluble proteins and higher levels of protein hydrolysis in the digesta at various gut locations compared to HT-IMF (p < 0.05). In the jejunal digesta, a higher concentration of free amino acids were present post MEM-IMF consumption (247 ± 15 µmol g-1 of protein in digesta) compared to HT-IMF (205 ± 21 µmol g-1 of protein). Overall, average daily weight gain, average dairy feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were similar for pigs fed either MEM-IMF or HT-IMF diets, but differences and trends to difference of these indicators were determined in particular intervention periods. In conclusion, reducing heat treatment during processing of IMF influenced protein digestion and revealed minor effects on growth parameters providing in vivo evidence that babies who are fed with IMF processed by MEM are likely to have different protein digestion kinetics but minimal effect on overall growth trajectories as babies fed IMF processed by traditional thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Chen
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Hazel Rooney
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Cathal Dold
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Simona Bavaro
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production of National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola, 22/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - John Tobin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael J Callanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
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15
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Mamone G, Picariello G. Optimized extraction and large-scale proteomics of pig jejunum brush border membranes for use in in vitro digestion models. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112326. [PMID: 36737918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the physiological importance of the hydrolases from the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM), a step simulating the intestinal digestion has not been included yet in the harmonized protocols of in vitro digestion, due to commercial unavailability of these enzymes and lack of consensus for the conditions of use. The proper utilize of BBM requires a detailed investigation of their enzymatic composition. BBM vesicles were purified from specimens of pig jejunum optimizing previously described methods and assayed for aminopeptidase N and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity. Large-scale proteomics was carried out with a bottom-up shotgun approach, also performing a rough quantification with the iBAQ (intensity Based Absolute Quantification). Overall, 1428 proteins were identified and functionally classified by gene ontology enrichment analysis. The predominant enzyme fraction (220 gene products) was represented by hydrolases, including peptidases, glycosidases, and lipases. Aminopeptidase N and sucrase-isomaltase represented 52.9 % and 50.2 % of the peptidase and glycosidase abundance, respectively. In addition to expected transporters and cytoskeletal actin-binding proteins, purified BBM vesicles also contains a complex array of protease inhibitors, here described for the first time, that may modulate the activity of hydrolases. Considering the similarity with the human counterpart, intestinal porcine BBM are suited for simulating the human small intestinal digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Mamone
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 - Avellino, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 - Avellino, Italy.
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16
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Li T, Morselli M, Su T, Million M, Larauche M, Pellegrini M, Taché Y, Yuan PQ. Comparative transcriptomics reveals highly conserved regional programs between porcine and human colonic enteric nervous system. Commun Biol 2023; 6:98. [PMID: 36693960 PMCID: PMC9872754 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine gut is increasingly regarded as a useful translational model. The enteric nervous system in the colon coordinates diverse functions. However, knowledge of the molecular profiling of porcine enteric nerve system and its similarity to that of human is still lacking. We identified the distinct transcriptional programs associated with functional characteristics between inner submucosal and myenteric ganglia in porcine proximal and distal colon using bulk RNA and single-cell RNA sequencing. Comparative transcriptomics of myenteric ganglia in corresponding colonic regions of pig and human revealed highly conserved programs in porcine proximal and distal colon, which explained >96% of their transcriptomic responses to vagal nerve stimulation, suggesting that porcine proximal and distal colon could serve as predictors in translational studies. The conserved programs specific for inflammatory modulation were displayed in pigs with vagal nerve stimulation. This study provides a valuable transcriptomic resource for understanding of human colonic functions and neuromodulation using porcine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cell, & Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Trent Su
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Muriel Larauche
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Molecular, Cell, & Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA ,grid.417119.b0000 0001 0384 5381VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pu-Qing Yuan
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Digestive Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA ,grid.417119.b0000 0001 0384 5381VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, USA
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17
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Goodarzi P, Habibi M, Gorton MW, Walsh K, Tarkesh F, Fuhrig M, Pezeshki A. Dietary Isoleucine and Valine: Effects on Lipid Metabolism and Ureagenesis in Pigs Fed with Protein Restricted Diets. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010089. [PMID: 36677013 PMCID: PMC9861042 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A mixture of valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile) not only decreases the negative impact of very low protein (VLP) diets on the growth of pigs, but also influences the nitrogen (N) balance and lipid metabolism; however, the underlying pathways are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary Val and Ile on lipogenesis, lipolysis, and ureagenesis under protein restriction. After one week of acclimation, forty three-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to following dietary treatments (n = 8/group) for 5 weeks: positive control (PC): normal protein diet; negative control (NC): VLP diet; HV: NC supplemented with Val; HI: NC supplemented with Ile; and HVI: NC supplemented with both Val and Ile. HVI partially improved the body weight and completely recovered the feed intake (FI) of pigs fed with NC. HVI increased thermal radiation and improved the glucose clearance. HVI had a lower blood triglyceride than PC and blood urea N than NC. NC and HV promoted lipogenesis by increasing the transcript of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the liver and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in adipose tissue but reducing hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the liver. HVI reduced the increased rate of lipogenesis induced by the NC group through normalizing the mRNA abundance of hepatic FAS, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1, and HSL and LPL in adipose tissue. NC, HV, HI, and HVI reduced the ureagenesis by decreasing the protein abundance of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, ornithine transcarboxylase, and arginosuccinate lyase in the liver. Overall, HVI improved the growth, FI, and glucose clearance, and decreased the rate of lipogenesis induced by VLP diets.
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McKenney EA, Hale AR, Anderson J, Larsen R, Grant C, Dunn RR. Hidden diversity: comparative functional morphology of humans and other species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15148. [PMID: 37123005 PMCID: PMC10135406 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) morphology plays an important role in nutrition, health, and epidemiology; yet limited data on GI variation have been collected since 1885. Here we demonstrate that students can collect reliable data sets on gut morphology; when they do, they reveal greater morphological variation for some structures in the GI tract than has been documented in the published literature. We discuss trait variability both within and among species, and the implications of that variability for evolution and epidemiology. Our results show that morphological variation in the GI tract is associated with each organ's role in food processing. For example, the length of many structures was found to vary significantly with feeding strategy. Within species, the variability illustrated by the coefficients of variation suggests that selective constraints may vary with function. Within humans, we detected significant Pearson correlations between the volume of the liver and the length of the appendix (t-value = 2.5278, df = 28, p = 0.0174, corr = 0.4311) and colon (t-value = 2.0991, df = 19, p = 0.0494, corr = 0.4339), as well as between the lengths of the small intestine and colon (t-value = 2.1699, df = 17, p = 0.0445, corr = 0.4657), which are arguably the most vital organs in the gut for nutrient absorption. Notably, intraspecific variation in the small intestine can be associated with life history traits. In humans, females demonstrated consistently and significantly longer small intestines than males (t-value15 = 2.245, p = 0.0403). This finding supports the female canalization hypothesis, specifically, increased female investment in the digestion and absorption of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McKenney
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Amanda R. Hale
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- SNA International for the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, United States of America
| | - Janiaya Anderson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Roxanne Larsen
- Office of Curricular Affairs, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Colleen Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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19
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Wu X, Han Z, Liu B, Yu D, Sun J, Ge L, Tang W, Liu S. Gut microbiota contributes to the methionine metabolism in host. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1065668. [PMID: 36620044 PMCID: PMC9815504 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine (Met) metabolism provides methyl groups for many important physiological processes and is implicated in multiple inflammatory diseases associated with the disrupted intestinal microbiota; nevertheless, whether intestinal microbiota determines Met metabolism in the host remains largely unknown. Here, we found that gut microbiota is responsible for host Met metabolism by using various animal models, including germ-free (GF) pigs and mice. Specifically, the Met levels are elevated in both GF pigs and GF mice that mainly metabolized to S-adenosine methionine (SAM) in the liver. Furthermore, antibiotic clearance experiments demonstrate that the loss of certain ampicillin- or neomycin-sensitive gut microbiota causes decreased Met in murine colon. Overall, our study suggests that gut microbiota mediates Met metabolism in the host and is a prospective target for the treatment of Met metabolism-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingnan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongming Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China,Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Wenjie Tang, ; Shaojuan Liu,
| | - Shaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wenjie Tang, ; Shaojuan Liu,
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20
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Lacaze L, Rochdi S, Couvert A, Touboulic S, Guérin S, Randuineau G, Martin D, Romé V, Malbert CH, Derbré F, Val-Laillet D, Thibault R. The Yucatan minipig model: A new preclinical model of malnutrition induced by a low-calorie/low-protein diet. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2077-2086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Hodgkinson SM, Stroebinger N, van der Wielen N, Mensink M, Montoya C, Hendriks WH, de Vries S, Stein HH, Moughan PJ. Comparison of True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility between Adult Humans and Growing Pigs. J Nutr 2022; 152:1635-1646. [PMID: 35349701 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not feasible to determine the true ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of protein sources in humans on a routine basis, and the growing pig has been recommended as an animal model for this purpose but requires further validation. OBJECTIVES To determine and compare true ileal AA digestibility between adult human ileostomates and growing cannulated pigs for a range of food proteins. METHODS Seven protein sources (black beans, bread, collagen, pigeon peas, wheat bran, whey protein isolate, and zein) that spanned the range of digestibilities typically seen in foods were evaluated. Six female growing pigs received each of the protein sources, as well as a protein-free diet, and digesta were collected via ileal T-cannula. Adult human ileostomates consumed the same protein sources (5-8 ileostomates, depending on the protein source), as well as a protein-free diet, and digesta were collected. Titanium dioxide and celite were included in the diets as indigestible markers. True ileal AA digestibility coefficients were determined. RESULTS There was a significant effect of protein source (P ≤ 0.001) for all AAs. The effect of species was not significant (P > 0.05) except for total lysine (but not for available lysine). When analyzed within diets, the statistically significant species effect for true lysine digestibility was found for black beans only. Pig and human digestibility values were generally highly and significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated. A linear regression equation derived for true ileal AA digestibility (given as coefficients) determined in the human and pig for the overall mean of all AAs was (y = human, x = pig) y = 1.00x - 0.010, with the slope not statistically significant (P > 0.05) from unity and the intercept not different (P > 0.05) from zero. CONCLUSIONS True ileal AA digestibility values determined in the growing pig can be directly used for predicting digestibility in adult humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikkie van der Wielen
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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22
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Scott MB, Styring AK, McCullagh JSO. Polyphenols: Bioavailability, Microbiome Interactions and Cellular Effects on Health in Humans and Animals. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070770. [PMID: 35890016 PMCID: PMC9324685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds have a variety of functions in plants including protecting them from a range of abiotic and biotic stresses such as pathogenic infections, ionising radiation and as signalling molecules. They are common constituents of human and animal diets, undergoing extensive metabolism by gut microbiota in many cases prior to entering circulation. They are linked to a range of positive health effects, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and disease-specific activities but the relationships between polyphenol bio-transformation products and their interactions in vivo are less well understood. Here we review the state of knowledge in this area, specifically what happens to dietary polyphenols after ingestion and how this is linked to health effects in humans and animals; paying particular attention to farm animals and pigs. We focus on the chemical transformation of polyphenols after ingestion, through microbial transformation, conjugation, absorption, entry into circulation and uptake by cells and tissues, focusing on recent findings in relation to bone. We review what is known about how these processes affect polyphenol bioactivity, highlighting gaps in knowledge. The implications of extending the use of polyphenols to treat specific pathogenic infections and other illnesses is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Scott
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK;
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK;
| | - Amy K. Styring
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK;
| | - James S. O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK;
- Correspondence:
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23
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Zhang L, Guo Q, Duan Y, Wang W, Yang Y, Yin Y, Gong S, Han M, Li F, Yin Y. Potential nutritional healthy-aging strategy: enhanced protein metabolism by balancing branched-chain amino acids in a finishing pig model. Food Funct 2022; 13:6217-6232. [PMID: 35583212 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03970a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have key physiological roles in the regulation of protein synthesis, metabolism, food intake and aging. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of balanced BCAAs on healthy aging by increasing skeletal muscle mass and muscle fiber composition in a finishing pig model. A balanced BCAA ratio (Leu : Ile : Val = 2 : 2 : 1) significantly activated the mTOR pathway and upregulated the expression of amino acid transporters, such as ASCT2, SNAT2, LAT1, PAT1, and SLC38A9, simultaneously modulating mitochondrial function and muscle fiber composition, thereby inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, regulating amino acid metabolism, and ultimately increasing skeletal muscle mass. Overall, our results suggest that a BCAA ratio around 2 : 2 : 1 may be a promising candidate for healthy aging in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yuhuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yunju Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Saiming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. .,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
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24
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Loo YT, Howell K, Suleria H, Zhang P, Gu C, Ng K. Sugarcane polyphenol and fiber to affect production of short-chain fatty acids and microbiota composition using in vitro digestion and pig faecal fermentation model. Food Chem 2022; 385:132665. [PMID: 35299023 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of sugarcane polyphenol and fiber (Phytolin + Fiber) on gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production and phenolic metabolites production using in vitro digestion and fermentation model. Microbial profiling by 16S rRNA sequencing was used to analyze the pig faecal microbiota profile. SCFAs were identified and quantified by GC-FID, and phenolic metabolites were characterized by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The results showed that Phytolin + Fiber exert synergistic effects on the pig gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Catenibacterium, and decreasing the relative abundances of Mogibacterium, Dialister, and Escherichia-Shigella. Phytolin + Fiber also significantly increased the total SCFAs production, particularly the propionic and butyric acids. Production of phenolic metabolites related to major polyphenols in Phytolin were tentatively identified. These results suggest that Phytolin + Fiber could be beneficial to human colon health given the similarities between pig and human intestine in terms of physiology and microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit Tao Loo
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Hafiz Suleria
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Chunhe Gu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
| | - Ken Ng
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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25
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Cui Q, Wang R, Faller LM, Kan T, Jiang X, Zhu F, Zhu W, Liu Y. Temperature Field in Bone During Robotic Dental Implant Drilling: Theoretical Models and In Vitro Experiments. J Med Biol Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-022-00688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Li C, Hu Y. In vitro and animal models to predict the glycemic index value of carbohydrate-containing foods. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Biopsy-based optimization and calibration of a signal-intensity-ratio-based MRI method (1.5 Tesla) in a dextran-iron loaded mini-pig model, enabling estimation of very high liver iron concentrations. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS, BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022; 35:843-859. [PMID: 35038062 PMCID: PMC9463247 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-021-00998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based techniques for non-invasive assessing liver iron concentration (LIC) in patients with iron overload have a limited upper measuring range around 35 mg/g dry weight, caused by signal loss from accelerated T1-, T2-, T2* shortening with increasing LIC. Expansion of this range is necessary to allow evaluation of patients with very high LIC. Aim To assess measuring range of a gradient-echo R2* method and a T1-weighted spin-echo (SE), signal intensity ratio (SIR)-based method (TE = 25 ms, TR = 560 ms), and to extend the upper measuring range of the SIR method by optimizing echo time (TE) and repetition time (TR) in iron-loaded minipigs. Methods Thirteen mini pigs were followed up during dextran-iron loading with repeated percutaneous liver biopsies for chemical LIC measurement and MRIs for parallel non-invasive estimation of LIC (81 examinations) using different TEs and TRs. Results SIR and R2* method had similar upper measuring range around 34 mg/g and similar method agreement. Using TE = 12 ms and TR = 1200 ms extended the upper measuring range to 115 mg/g and yielded good method of agreement. Discussion The wider measuring range is likely caused by lesser sensitivity of the SE sequence to iron, due to shorter TE, leading to later signal loss at high LIC, allowing evaluation of most severe hepatic iron overload. Validation in iron-loaded patients is necessary.
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28
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Ding R, Zhuang Z, Qiu Y, Ruan D, Wu J, Ye J, Cao L, Zhou S, Zheng E, Huang W, Wu Z, Yang J. Identify known and novel candidate genes associated with backfat thickness in Duroc pigs by large-scale genome-wide association analysis. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6509022. [PMID: 35034121 PMCID: PMC8867564 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Backfat thickness (BFT) is complex and economically important traits in the pig industry, since it reflects fat deposition and can be used to measure the carcass lean meat percentage in pigs. In this study, all 6,550 pigs were genotyped using the Geneseek Porcine 50K SNP Chip to identify SNPs related to BFT and to search for candidate genes through genome-wide association analysis in two Duroc populations. In total, 80 SNPs, including 39 significant and 41 suggestive SNPs, and 6 QTLs were identified significantly associated with the BFT. In addition, 9 candidate genes, including a proven major gene MC4R, 3 important candidate genes (RYR1, HMGA1, and NUDT3) which were previously described as related to BFT, and 5 novel candidate genes (SIRT2, NKAIN2, AMH, SORCS1, and SORCS3) were found based on their potential functional roles in BFT. The functions of candidate genes and gene set enrichment analysis indicate that most important pathways are related to energy homeostasis and adipogenesis. Finally, our data suggest that most of the candidate genes can be directly used for genetic improvement through molecular markers, except that the MC4R gene has an antagonistic effect on growth rate and carcass lean meat percentage in breeding. Our results will advance our understanding of the complex genetic architecture of BFT traits and laid the foundation for additional genetic studies to increase carcass lean meat percentage of pig through marker-assisted selection and/or genomic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Ding
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China,Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong, 527400, P. R. China
| | - Zhanwei Zhuang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Qiu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Donglin Ruan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ye
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong, 527400, P. R. China
| | - Lu Cao
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Shenping Zhou
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China,Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong, 527400, P. R. China,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, 510642, P. R. China,Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China,Corresponding authors:
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29
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Xie W, Song L, Wang X, Xu Y, Liu Z, Zhao D, Wang S, Fan X, Wang Z, Gao C, Wang X, Wang L, Qiao X, Zhou H, Cui W, Jiang Y, Li Y, Tang L. A bovine lactoferricin-lactoferrampin-encoding Lactobacillus reuteri CO21 regulates the intestinal mucosal immunity and enhances the protection of piglets against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 challenge. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1956281. [PMID: 34369287 PMCID: PMC8354667 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1956281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of diarrhea in human and animal. To determine the mechanism of a bovine lactoferricin-lactoferrampin (LFCA)-encoding Lactobacillus reuteri CO21 (LR-LFCA) to enhance the intestinal mucosal immunity, we used a newborn piglet intestine model to study the intestinal response to ETEC. Pigs were chosen due to the anatomical similarity between the porcine and the human intestine.4-day-old piglets were orally administered with LR-LFCA, LR-con (L. reuteri CO21 transformed with pPG612 plasmid) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for three consecutive days, within 21 days after these treatments, we found that LR-LFCA can colonize the intestines of piglets, improve the growth performance, enhance immune response and is beneficial for intestinal health of piglets by improving intestinal barrier function and modulating the composition of gut microbiota. Twenty-one days after, piglets were infected with ETEC K88 for 5 days, we found that oral administration of LR-LFCA to neonatal piglets attenuated ETEC-induced the weight loss of piglets and diarrhea incidence. LR-LFCA decreased the production of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in intestinal mucosa of ETEC-infected piglets. Additionally, LR-LFCA increased the expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum of ETEC-infected piglets. Using LPS-induced porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) in vitro, we demonstrated that LR-LFCA-mediated increases in the tight junction proteins might depend on the MLCK pathway; LR-LFCA might increase the anti-inflammatory ability by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. We also found that LR-LFCA may enhance the antioxidant capacity of piglets by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. This study demonstrates that LR-LFCA is effective at maintaining intestinal epithelial integrity and host homeostasis as well as at repairing intestinal damage after ETEC infection and is thus a promising alternative therapeutic method for intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Liying Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China
| | - Zengsu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shubo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaorui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chong Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China
| | - Han Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen, Harbin, China,CONTACT Lijie Tang College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Oliveira CLP, Boulé NG, Elliott SA, Sharma AM, Siervo M, Berg A, Ghosh S, Prado CM. A high-protein total diet replacement alters the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in healthy, normal-weight adults. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1849-1861. [PMID: 34928408 PMCID: PMC9106637 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary intake can affect energy homeostasis and influence body weight control. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of high-protein total diet replacement (HP-TDR) versus a control (CON) diet in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in healthy, normal-weight adults. METHODS In this acute randomized controlled, cross-over study, participants completed two isocaloric arms: a) HP-TDR: 35% carbohydrate, 40% protein, and 25% fat; b) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. The diets were provided for 32 h while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit. Appetite sensations, appetite-related hormones, and energy metabolism were assessed. RESULTS Forty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (19 females) participated. Appetite sensations did not differ between diets (all p > 0.05). Compared to the CON diet, the change in fasting blood markers during the HP-TDR intervention was smaller for peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY; - 18.9 ± 7.9 pg/mL, p = 0.02) and greater for leptin (1859 ± 652 pg/mL, p = 0.007). Moreover, postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (1.62 ± 0.36 pM, p < 0.001) and PYY (31.37 ± 8.05 pg/mL, p < 0.001) were higher in the HP-TDR. Significant correlations were observed between energy balance and satiety (r = - 0.41, p = 0.007), and energy balance and PFC (r = 0.33, p = 0.033) in the HP-TDR. CONCLUSION Compared to the CON diet, the HP-TDR increased blood levels of anorexigenic hormones. Moreover, females and males responded differently to the intervention in terms of appetite sensations and appetite-related hormones. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02811276 (retrospectively registered on 16 June 2016) and NCT03565510 (retrospectively registered on 11 June 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L P Oliveira
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Normand G Boulé
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah A Elliott
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arya M Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK
| | - Aloys Berg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- Human Nutrition Research Unit, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. .,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Milk Formula Diet Alters Bacterial and Host Protein Profile in Comparison to Human Milk Diet in Neonatal Piglet Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113718. [PMID: 34835974 PMCID: PMC8618976 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The metaproteome profiling of cecal contents collected from neonatal piglets fed pasteurized human milk (HM) or a dairy-based infant formula (MF) from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 21 were assessed. At PND 21, a subset of piglets from each group (n = 11/group) were euthanized, and cecal contents were collected for further metaproteome analysis. Cecal microbiota composition showed predominantly more Firmicutes phyla and Lachnospiraceae family in the lumen of cecum of HM-fed piglets in comparison to the MF-fed group. Ruminococcus gnavus was the most abundant species from the Firmicutes phyla in the cecal contents of the HM-fed piglets at 21 days of age. A greater number of expressed proteins were identified in the cecal contents of the HM-fed piglets relative to the MF-fed piglets. Greater abundances of proteins potentially expressed by Bacteroides spp. such as glycoside enzymes were noted in the cecal lumen of HM-fed piglets relative to the MF. Additionally, lyases associated with Lachnospiraceae family were abundant in the cecum of the HM group relative to the MF group. Overall, our findings indicate that neonatal diet impacts the gut bacterial taxa and microbial proteins prior to weaning. The metaproteomics data were deposited into PRIDE, PXD025432 and 10.6019/PXD025432.
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Hoogeveen AME, Moughan PJ, Henare SJ, Schulze P, McNabb WC, Montoya CA. Type of Dietary Fiber Is Associated with Changes in Ileal and Hindgut Microbial Communities in Growing Pigs and Influences In Vitro Ileal and Hindgut Fermentation. J Nutr 2021; 151:2976-2985. [PMID: 34320183 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree of ileal organic matter (OM) fermentation appears to be comparable to hindgut fermentation in growing pigs. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine if dietary fiber sources with known different total gastrointestinal tract (GIT) fermentability in humans affect ileal and hindgut microbial communities and ileal fermentation in growing pigs used as an animal model for human adults. METHODS Male pigs (21 kg bodyweight; 9 wk old; PIC Camborough 46 × PIC boar 356L; n = 8/diet) were fed for 42 d a diet containing cellulose (CEL, low fermentability) as the sole fiber source (4.5%) or diets in which half of the CEL was replaced by moderately fermentable fiber, psyllium (PSY), or kiwifruit (KF) fiber. For each diet, terminal jejunal (substrate) and ileal (inoculum) digesta were collected from euthanized animals for in vitro ileal fermentation (2 h). Terminal ileal (substrate) and cecal (inoculum) digesta were used for in vitro hindgut fermentation (24 h). After in vitro fermentations, OM fermentation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were determined. Ileal digesta and feces were collected for microbial analysis. Data were analyzed by 2-factor ANOVA (diet × GIT region). RESULTS In vitro ileal OM fermentation was on average 22% and comparable to hindgut OM fermentation. Ileal and hindgut OM fermentation, SCFA production, and microbial community composition changed (P < 0.05) when CEL was partially replaced by KF or PSY. For instance, pigs fed the PSY diet had 3-fold higher (P ≤ 0.05) number of ileal and fecal bacteria than pigs fed the CEL and KF diets. Pigs fed the CEL diet had 4-fold higher (P ≤ 0.05) hindgut valeric acid production than pigs fed the other diets. CONCLUSIONS Ileal fermentation is quantitatively significant. Partial substitution of CEL with more fermentable fibers influences both ileal and hindgut microbial communities and the fermentation in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M E Hoogeveen
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sharon J Henare
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Philipp Schulze
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Smart Foods, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Romanet S, Aschenbach JR, Pieper R, Zentek J, Htoo JK, Whelan RA, Mastrototaro L. Expression of proposed methionine transporters along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs and their regulation by dietary methionine sources. GENES AND NUTRITION 2021; 16:14. [PMID: 34488623 PMCID: PMC8422629 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-021-00694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the key role of methionine (Met) in biological processes like protein translation, methylation, and antioxidant defense, inadequate Met supply can limit performance. This study investigated the effect of different dietary Met sources on the expression profile of various Met transporters along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. METHODS A total of 27 pigs received a diet supplemented with 0.21% DL-Met, 0.21% L-Met, or 0.31% DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA). Changes in mRNA expression of B0AT1, ATB0,+, rBAT, ASCT2, IMINO, LAT4, y+LAT1, LAT2, and SNAT2 were evaluated in the oral mucosa, cardia, fundus, pylorus, duodenum, proximal jejunum, middle jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon, complemented by protein expression analysis of B0AT1, ASCT2, LAT2, and LAT4. RESULTS Expression of all investigated transcripts differed significantly along the GIT. B0AT1, rBAT, y+LAT1, LAT2, and LAT4 showed strongest mRNA expression in small intestinal segments. ASCT2, IMINO, and SNAT2 were similarly expressed along the small and large intestines but expression differed in the oral mucosa and stomach. ATB0,+ showed highest mRNA expression in large intestinal tissues, cardia, and pylorus. In pigs fed DL-Met, mRNA expression of ASCT2 was higher than in pigs fed DL-HMTBA in small intestinal tissues and mRNA expression of IMINO was lower than in pigs fed L-Met in large intestinal tissues. Dietary DL-HMTBA induced a stronger mRNA expression of basolateral uptake systems either in the small (LAT2) or large (y+LAT1) intestine. Protein expression of B0AT1 was higher in the middle jejunum and ileum in pigs fed DL-Met when compared with the other Met supplements. LAT4 expression was higher in pigs fed DL-HMTBA when compared with DL-Met (small intestine) and L-Met (small intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach). CONCLUSION A high expression of several Met transporters in small intestinal segments underlines the primary role of these segments in amino acid absorption; however, some Met transporters show high transcript and protein levels also in large intestine, oral mucosa, and stomach. A diet containing DL-Met has potential to increase apical Met transport in the small intestine, whereas a diet containing DL-HMTBA has potential to increase basolateral Met transport in the small intestine and, partly, other gastrointestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Romanet
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - John K Htoo
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Animal Nutrition Services, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Rose A Whelan
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Animal Nutrition Services, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Lucia Mastrototaro
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORγ Modulates the Genome-Wide Binding of the Cholesterol Metabolic Genes during Mycotoxin-Induced Liver Injury. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082539. [PMID: 34444698 PMCID: PMC8397974 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining lipid homeostasis is crucial to liver function, the key organ that governs the whole-body energy metabolism. In contrast, lipid dysregulation has been implicated in mycotoxin-induced liver injury, by which the pathophysiological regulation and the molecular components involved remain elusive. Here we focused on the potential roles of orphan nuclear receptor (NR) RORγ in lipid programming, and aimed to explore its action on cholesterol regulation in the liver of mycotoxin-exposed piglets. We found that liver tissues were damaged in the mycotoxin-exposed piglets compared to the healthy controls, revealed by histological analysis, elevated seral ALT, AST and ALP levels, and increased caspase 3/7 activities. Consistent with the transcriptomic finding of down-regulated cholesterol metabolism, we demonstrated that both cholesterol contents and cholesterol biosynthesis/transformation gene expressions in the mycotoxin-exposed livers were reduced, including HMGCS1, FDPS, SQLE, EBP, FDFT1 and VLDLR. Furthermore, we reported that RORγ binds to the cholesterol metabolic genes in porcine hepatocytes using a genome-wide ChIP-seq analysis, whereas mycotoxin decreased the RORγ binding occupancies genome-wide, especially at the cholesterol metabolic pathway. In addition, we revealed the enrichment of co-factors p300 and SRC, the histone marks H3K27ac and H3K4me2, together with RNA Polymerase II (Pol-II) at the locus of HMGCS1 in hepatocytes, which were reduced by mycotoxin-exposure. Our results provide a deep insight into the cholesterol metabolism regulation during mycotoxin-induced liver injury, and propose NRs as therapeutic targets for anti-mycotoxin treatments.
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Influence of Dietary Polar Lipid Supplementation on Memory and Longitudinal Brain Development. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082486. [PMID: 34444644 PMCID: PMC8398977 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar lipids, which are found in human milk, serve essential functions within biological membranes, hence their importance in brain development and cognition. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the longitudinal effects on brain macrostructural and microstructural development and recognition memory of early-life polar lipid supplementation using the translational pig model. Twenty-eight intact (i.e., not castrated) male pigs were provided either a control diet (n = 14) or the control diet supplemented with polar lipids (n = 14) from postnatal day 2 until postnatal week 4. After postnatal week 4, all animals were provided the same nutritionally-adequate diets until postnatal week 24. Pigs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 8 longitudinal time-points to model brain macrostructural and microstructural developmental trajectories. The novel object recognition task was implemented at postnatal weeks 4 and 8 to evaluate recognition memory. Subtle differences were observed between groups in hippocampal absolute brain volumes and fractional anisotropy, and no differences in myelin water fraction developmental patterns were noted. Behavioral outcomes did not differ in recognition memory, and only minimal differences were observed in exploratory behaviors. Our findings suggest that early-life dietary supplementation of polar lipids has limited effect on brain developmental patterns, object recognition memory, and exploratory behaviors.
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Ryu SW, Kim JS, Oh BS, Yu SY, Lee JS, Park SH, Kang SW, Lee J, Lee MK, Rhee MS, Jung H, Hur TY, Kim HB, Kim JK, Lee JH, Lee JH. Peptoniphilus faecalis sp. nov., isolated from swine faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34125664 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An obligately anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-motile, coccus-shaped bacterial strain designated AGMB00490T was isolated from swine faeces. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus Peptoniphilus and that the most closely related species is Peptoniphilus gorbachii WAL 10418T (=KCTC 5947T, 97.22 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Whole genome sequence analysis determined that the DNA G+C content of strain AGMB00490T was 31.2 mol% and moreover that the genome size and numbers of tRNA and rRNA genes were 2 129 517 bp, 34 and 10, respectively. Strain AGMB00490T was negative for oxidase and urease; positive for catalase, indole production, arginine arylamidase, leucine arylamidase, tyrosine arylamidase and histidine arylamidase; and weakly positive for phenylalanine arylamidase and glycine arylamidase. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) of the isolate were determined to be C16 : 0 and C18 : 1 ω9c. Strain AGMB00490T produced acetic acid as a major end product of metabolism. Accordingly, phylogenetic, physiologic and chemotaxonomic analyses revealed that strain AGMB00490T represents a novel species for which the name Peptoniphilus faecalis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AGMB00490T (=KCTC 15944T=NBRC 114159T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Woo Ryu
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Kim
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Seob Oh
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeob Yu
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sook Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Park
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Won Kang
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Soo Rhee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Huck Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
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Rose EC, Odle J, Blikslager AT, Ziegler AL. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Epithelial Tight Junctions: A Promising Approach to Modulate Intestinal Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6729. [PMID: 34201613 PMCID: PMC8268081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in the intestinal epithelial barrier can result in devastating consequences and a multitude of disease syndromes, particularly among preterm neonates. The association between barrier dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis suggests that the intestinal barrier function is interactive with specific gut commensals and pathogenic microbes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that probiotic supplementation promotes significant upregulation and relocalization of interepithelial tight junction proteins, which form the microscopic scaffolds of the intestinal barrier. Probiotics facilitate some of these effects through the ligand-mediated stimulation of several toll-like receptors that are expressed by the intestinal epithelium. In particular, bacterial-mediated stimulation of toll-like receptor-2 modulates the expression and localization of specific protein constituents of intestinal tight junctions. Given that ingested prebiotics are robust modulators of the intestinal microbiota, prebiotic supplementation has been similarly investigated as a potential, indirect mechanism of barrier preservation. Emerging evidence suggests that prebiotics may additionally exert a direct effect on intestinal barrier function through mechanisms independent of the gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize current views on the effects of pro- and prebiotics on the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as on non-epithelial cell barrier constituents, such as the enteric glial cell network. Through continued investigation of these bioactive compounds, we can maximize their therapeutic potential for preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Rose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
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Liu X, Lyu W, Liu L, Lv K, Zheng F, Wang Y, Chen J, Dai B, Yang H, Xiao Y. Comparison of Digestive Enzyme Activities and Expression of Small Intestinal Transporter Genes in Jinhua and Landrace Pigs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:669238. [PMID: 34194337 PMCID: PMC8236719 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive enzyme activity is involved in the regulation of growth performance because digestive enzymes function to improve the feed efficiency by digestion and in turn to modulate the process of nutrient metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of the digestive enzyme activities and expression of nutrient transporters in the intestinal tract between Jinhua and Landrace pigs and to explore the potential breed-specificity in digestion and absorption. The pancreas segments and the digesta and mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected from 10 Jinhua pigs and Landrace pigs, respectively. The activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase were measured and the expression levels of PepT1, GLUT2, SGLT1, FABP1, FABP2, and FABP4 were examined. Results showed that the trypsin activity in the pancreas of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs, but was lower in the small intestine, except for in the jejunal mucosa. The chymotrypsin activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs, except for in jejunal mucosa and contents. Compared with Landrace pigs, the amylase and maltase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was lower, except for in ileal mucosa. The sucrase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was also lower than Landrace pigs, except for in jejunal mucosa. Furthermore, the lipase activity in the small intestine of Jinhua pigs was higher than that in Landrace pigs. The mRNA levels of PepT1 and GLUT2 in duodenal, jejunal and ileal mucosa showed no difference between Jinhua and Landrace pigs, whereas SGLT1 in ileal mucosa was lower in Jinhua pigs. The mRNA levels of FABP1, FABP2 and FABP4 in the small intestinal mucosa of Jinhua pigs were higher than in Landrace pigs. These findings indicate that there is a certain difference in the digestibility and absorption of nutrients in small intestine of Jinhua and Landrace pigs, partially resulting in their differences in growth development and fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Zhejiang Goshine Test Technologies Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaikai Lv
- Zhejiang Goshine Test Technologies Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zheng
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Kaihua County, Kaihua, China
| | - Yuanxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinggang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Dai
- Zhejiang Goshine Test Technologies Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Liu Y, Tang J, He Y, Jia G, Liu G, Tian G, Chen X, Cai J, Kang B, Zhao H. Selenogenome and AMPK signal insight into the protective effect of dietary selenium on chronic heat stress-induced hepatic metabolic disorder in growing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:68. [PMID: 34116728 PMCID: PMC8196429 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic heat stress (CHS) disrupts hepatic metabolic homeostasis and jeopardizes product quality of pigs. Selenium (Se) may regulate the metabolic state through affect selenoprotein. Thus, we investigate the protective effect of dietary hydroxy-4-methylselenobutanoic acid (HMSeBA) on CHS induced hepatic metabolic disorder in growing pigs, and the corresponding response of selenoprotein. METHODS Forty crossbreed growing pigs were randomly assigned to five groups: control group raised in the thermoneutral environment (22 ± 2 °C) with basal diet; four CHS groups raised in hyperthermal condition (33 ± 2 °C) with basal diet and supplied with 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg Se/kg HMSeBA, respectively. The trial lasted 28 d. The serum biochemical, hepatic metabolism related enzyme, protein and gene expression and 25 selenoproteins in liver tissue were determined by real-time PCR, ELISA and western blot. RESULTS CHS significantly increased the rectal temperature, respiration rate, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of pigs, up-regulated hepatic heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and induced lower liver weight, glycogen content, hepatic glucokinase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). The CHS-induced liver metabolic disorder was associated with the aberrant expression of 6 metabolism-related gene and 11 selenoprotein encoding genes, and decreased the protein abundance of GCK, GPX4 and SELENOS. HMSeBA improved anti-oxidative capacity of liver. 0.4 or 0.6 mg Se/kg HMSeBA supplementation recovered the liver weight, glycogen content and rescue of mRNA abundance of genes related to metabolism and protein levels of GCK. HMSeBA supplementation changed expressions of 15 selenoprotein encoding genes, and enhanced protein expression of GPX1, GPX4 and SELENOS in the liver affected by CHS. CHS alone showed no impact while HMSeBA supplementation increased protein levels of p-AMPKα in the liver. CONCLUSIONS In summary, HMSeBA supplementation beyond nutrient requirement mitigates CHS-induced hepatic metabolic disorder, recovered the liver glycogen content and the processes that are associated with the activation of AMPK signal and regulation of selenoproteins in the liver of growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying He
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Deng Z, Huang T, Yan G, Yang B, Zhang Z, Xiao S, Ai H, Huang L. A further look at quantitative trait loci for growth and fatness traits in a White Duroc × Erhualian F 3 intercross population. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 33:1205-1216. [PMID: 34010090 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1884087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of porcine growth and fatness traits is beneficial to the swine industry and provides a reference to understand human obesity. Here, we obtained 29 growth and fatness traits for 473 individuals from a White Duroc × Erhualian F3 intercross population. Basic statistical analyses showed that: (1) Positive correlations between different-stage body weights were detected, the shorter the time interval the stronger the correlation. (2) Strong correlations existed in the paired fatness traits. (3) With the growth of age, the correlation between fatness and body weight was increasing. All pigs were genotyped by Illumina 50 K SNP chips and their whole-genome genotypes were imputed referred to 109 re-sequencing data. We performed common and imputation-based GWASs for these traits. Two genome-wide significant loci on swine chromosome (SSC) 4 and 7 were repeatedly detected. The strongest association (P = 3.24 × 10-19) was detected at 31.96 Mb on SSC7 for leaf fat weight. On this locus, seven major haplotypes were identified, of which two were novel and had an increasing-fatness effect. In the imputation-based GWAS, three new loci were identified. Our findings provide further insights into and enhance our understanding of genetic mechanism of porcine growth and fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guorong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shijun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huashui Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Zijlstra RT. Binding Fatty Acids into Indigestible Calcium Soap: Removing a Piece of Pie. J Nutr 2021; 151:1053-1054. [PMID: 33880545 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada
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43
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Gunness P, Zhai H, Williams BA, Zhang D, Gidley MJ. Pectin and mango pulp both reduce plasma cholesterol in pigs but have different effects on triglycerides and bile acids. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Arnaud AP, Hascoet J, Berneau P, LeGouevec F, Georges J, Randuineau G, Formal M, Henno S, Boudry G. A piglet model of iatrogenic rectosigmoid hypoganglionosis reveals the impact of the enteric nervous system on gut barrier function and microbiota postnatal development. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:337-345. [PMID: 32680586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis physiopathology likely involves disturbed interactions between gut microbes and the host during the early neonatal period. Our objective was to create a neonatal porcine model of iatrogenic aganglionosis to evaluate the impact of the enteric nervous system (ENS) on microbiota and intestinal barrier postnatal development. METHODS Under general anesthesia, the rectosigmoid serosa of 5-day-old suckling piglets was exposed to 0.5% benzalkonium chloride solution (BAC, n = 7) or saline (SHAM, n = 5) for 1 h. After surgery, animals returned to their home-cage with the sow and littermates and were studied 21 days later. RESULTS BAC treatment induced partial aganglionosis with absence of myenteric plexus and reduced surface area of submucosal plexus ganglia (-58%, P < 0.05) in one third of the rectosigmoid circumference. Epithelial permeability of this zone was increased (conductance +63%, FITC-dextran flux +386%, horseradish-peroxidase flux +563%, P < 0.05). Tight junction protein remodeling was observed with decreased ZO-1 (-95%, P < 0.05) and increased claudin-3 and e-cadherin expressions (+197% and 61%, P < 0.05 and P = 0.06, respectively). BAC piglets harbored greater abundance of proinflammatory bacteria (Bilophila, Fusobacterium) compared to SHAM in the rectosigmoid lumen. CONCLUSIONS This large animal model demonstrates that hypoganglionosis is associated with dramatic defects of gut barrier function and establishment of proinflammatory bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Pierre Arnaud
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France; Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France.
| | - Juliette Hascoet
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Pauline Berneau
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | | | | | - Michèle Formal
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Sébastien Henno
- Service d'anatomo-pathologie, CHU Rennes, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaelle Boudry
- Institut NuMeCan INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
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45
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Hu Y, Ding H, Shi Y, Zhang H, Zheng Q. A predictive model for cortical bone temperature distribution during drilling. Phys Eng Sci Med 2021; 44:147-156. [PMID: 33459995 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-020-00962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone drilling is an important procedure in medical orthopedic surgery and it is inevitable that heat will be generated during the drilling process and higher temperatures can cause thermal damage to the bone tissue near the drilled hole. Therefore, the capability to obtain the cortical bone drilling temperature distribution area can have great significance for medical bone surgery. Based on the theory of heat transfer, a predictive model for cortical bone drilling temperature distribution was established. The energy distribution coefficient in cortical bone drilling was derived, based on conjugate gradient inversion. A cortical bone drilling experiment platform was built to verify the temperature distribution prediction model. The results show that the model of cortical bone drill temperature distribution could predict accurately the drilling temperature distribution, both for different depths and for different radial distances. Additionally, the effects of different drilling conditions (spindle speed, feed rate, drill diameter) on the temperature of drilling cortical bone were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yutao Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Qingchun Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education (Tianjin University of Technology), Tianjin, 300384, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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Gannon BM, Rogers LM, Tanumihardjo SA. Metabolism of Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:942-958. [PMID: 33216111 PMCID: PMC8262574 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted to summarize the absorption, transport, storage, and metabolism of oral neonatal vitamin A supplementation (NVAS). This review focused specifically on the neonatal period (first 28 d of life for humans) to inform guidance by WHO on recommendations related to NVAS. A systematic search of international and regional databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were human or animal studies that gave oral vitamin A as a single or limited number of doses to apparently healthy neonates. Studies evaluating fortification or food-based approaches, dosing with retinoic acid, or studies of neonatal models of disease were excluded. The search retrieved 8847 unique records. After screening by title and abstract, 88 were screened using the full text, and 35 records met inclusion criteria: 13 human and 22 animal studies. Studies indicate that high-dose NVAS is absorbed well by neonates, typically mirroring fat absorption. Doses were primarily stored in the liver and transiently increased in the lung, kidney, spleen, adrenal glands, brain, skin, and adipose tissue, generally with a dose-response. Serum retinol and retinyl esters also transiently increased following NVAS. Although minimal acute adverse effects are noted, there is a lack of data supporting NVAS for improving organ maturation or sustained delivery to target organs. Research gaps include the physiological effects of the short-term increase of vitamin A concentrations in extrahepatic tissues, or whether there are unknown adverse effects over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa M Rogers
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Ogunrinu OJ, Norman KN, Vinasco J, Levent G, Lawhon SD, Fajt VR, Volkova VV, Gaire T, Poole TL, Genovese KJ, Wittum TE, Scott HM. Can the use of older-generation beta-lactam antibiotics in livestock production over-select for beta-lactamases of greatest consequence for human medicine? An in vitro experimental model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242195. [PMID: 33196662 PMCID: PMC7668573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Though carbapenems are not licensed for use in food animals in the U.S., carbapenem resistance among Enterobacteriaceae has been identified in farm animals and their environments. The objective of our study was to determine the extent to which older-generation β-lactam antibiotics approved for use in food animals in the U.S. might differentially select for resistance to antibiotics of critical importance to human health, such as carbapenems. Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains from humans, food animals, or the environment bearing a single β-lactamase gene (n = 20 each) for blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, and blaCTX-M-* or else blaKPC/IMP/NDM (due to limited availability, often in combination with other bla genes), were identified, along with 20 E. coli strains lacking any known beta-lactamase genes. Baseline estimates of intrinsic bacterial fitness were derived from the population growth curves. Effects of ampicillin (32 μg/mL), ceftriaxone (4 μg/mL) and meropenem (4 μg/mL) on each strain and resistance-group also were assessed. Further, in vitro batch cultures were prepared by mixing equal concentrations of 10 representative E. coli strains (two from each resistance gene group), and each mixture was incubated at 37°C for 24 hours in non-antibiotic cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton II (CAMH-2) broth, ampicillin + CAMH-2 broth (at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 μg/mL) and ceftiofur + CAMH-2 broth (at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8μg/mL). Relative and absolute abundance of resistance-groups were estimated phenotypically. Line plots of the raw data were generated, and non-linear Gompertz models and multilevel mixed-effect linear regression models were fitted to the data. The observed strain growth rate distributions were significantly different across the groups. AmpC strains (i.e., blaCMY-2) had distinctly less robust (p < 0.05) growth in ceftriaxone (4 μg/mL) compared to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers harboring blaCTX-M-*variants. With increasing beta-lactam antibiotic concentrations, relative proportions of ESBLs and CREs were over-represented in the mixed bacterial communities; importantly, this was more pronounced with ceftiofur than with ampicillin. These results indicate that aminopenicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins would be expected to propagate carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in food animals if and when Enterobacteriaceae from human health care settings enter the food animal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olanrewaju J. Ogunrinu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gizem Levent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Virginia R. Fajt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria V. Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Tara Gaire
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Toni L. Poole
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Genovese
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Wittum
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - H. Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Navis M, Schwebel L, Soendergaard Kappel S, Muncan V, Sangild PT, Abrahamse E, Aunsholt L, Thymann T, van Elburg RM, Renes IB. Mildly Pasteurized Whey Protein Promotes Gut Tolerance in Immature Piglets Compared with Extensively Heated Whey Protein. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113391. [PMID: 33158188 PMCID: PMC7694243 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the optimal diet for infant development, but infant milk formula (IMF) must be available as an alternative. To develop high-quality IMF, bovine milk processing is required to ensure microbial safety and to obtain a protein composition that mimics human milk. However, processing can impact the quality of milk proteins, which can influence gastro-intestinal (GI) tolerance by changing digestion, transit time and/or absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of structural changes of proteins due to thermal processing on gastro-intestinal tolerance in the immature GI tract. Preterm and near-term piglets received enteral nutrition based on whey protein concentrate (WPC) either mildly pasteurized (MP-WPC) or extensively heated (EH-WPC). Clinical symptoms, transit time and gastric residuals were evaluated. In addition, protein coagulation and protein composition of coagulates formed during in vitro digestion were analyzed in more detail. Characterization of MP-WPC and EH-WPC revealed that mild pasteurization maintained protein nativity and reduced aggregation of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin, relative to EH-WPC. Mild pasteurization reduced the formation of coagulates during digestion, resulting in reduced gastric residual volume and increased intestinal tract content. In addition, preterm piglets receiving MP-WPC showed reduced mucosal bacterial adherence in the proximal small intestine. Finally, in vitro digestion studies revealed less protein coagulation and lower levels of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin in the coagulates of MP-WPC compared with EH-WPC. In conclusion, minimal heat treatment of WPC compared with extensive heating promoted GI tolerance in immature piglets, implying that minimal heated WPC could improve the GI tolerance of milk formulas in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Navis
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Lauriane Schwebel
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (E.A.)
| | - Susanne Soendergaard Kappel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics & Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.S.K.); (P.T.S.); (L.A.); (T.T.)
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics & Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.S.K.); (P.T.S.); (L.A.); (T.T.)
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Evan Abrahamse
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (E.A.)
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Aunsholt
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics & Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.S.K.); (P.T.S.); (L.A.); (T.T.)
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Comparative Pediatrics & Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark; (S.S.K.); (P.T.S.); (L.A.); (T.T.)
| | - Ruurd M. van Elburg
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Ingrid B. Renes
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (E.A.)
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-302095000
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Larauche M, Wang Y, Wang PM, Dubrovsky G, Lo YK, Hsiang EL, Dunn JC, Taché Y, Liu W, Million M. The effect of colonic tissue electrical stimulation and celiac branch of the abdominal vagus nerve neuromodulation on colonic motility in anesthetized pigs. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13925. [PMID: 32578346 PMCID: PMC7606494 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on optimal electrical stimulation (ES) modalities and region-specific functional effects of colonic neuromodulation is lacking. We aimed to map the regional colonic motility in response to ES of (a) the colonic tissue and (b) celiac branch of the abdominal vagus nerve (CBVN) in an anesthetized porcine model. METHODS In male Yucatan pigs, direct ES (10 Hz, 2 ms, 15 mA) of proximal (pC), transverse (tC), or distal (dC) colon was done using planar flexible multi-electrode array panels and CBVN ES (2 Hz, 0.3-4 ms, 5 mA) using pulse train (PT), continuous (10 min), or square-wave (SW) modalities, with or without afferent nerve block (200 Hz, 0.1 ms, 2 mA). The regional luminal manometric changes were quantified as area under the curve of contractions (AUC) and luminal pressure maps generated. Contractions frequency power spectral analysis was performed. Contraction propagation was assessed using video animation of motility changes. KEY RESULTS Direct colon ES caused visible local circular (pC, tC) or longitudinal (dC) muscle contractions and increased luminal pressure AUC in pC, tC, and dC (143.0 ± 40.7%, 135.8 ± 59.7%, and 142.0 ± 62%, respectively). The colon displayed prominent phasic pressure frequencies ranging from 1 to 12 cpm. Direct pC and tC ES increased the dominant contraction frequency band (1-6 cpm) power locally. Pulse train CBVN ES (2 Hz, 4 ms, 5 mA) triggered pancolonic contractions, reduced by concurrent afferent block. Colon contractions propagated both orally and aborally in short distances. CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES In anesthetized pigs, the dominant contraction frequency band is 1-6 cpm. Direct colonic ES causes primarily local contractions. The CBVN ES-induced pancolonic contractions involve central neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Larauche
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRCC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yushan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Po-Min Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yi-Kai Lo
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - En-Lin Hsiang
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James C.Y. Dunn
- Departments of Surgery and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yvette Taché
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRCC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wentai Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mulugeta Million
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center (DDRCC), Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience (CNSR), Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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50
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Hahn KE, Dahms I, Butt CM, Salem N, Grimshaw V, Bailey E, Fleming SA, Smith BN, Dilger RN. Impact of Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Neural and Immune Development in the Young Pig. Front Nutr 2020; 7:592364. [PMID: 33195377 PMCID: PMC7658628 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.592364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human milk contains both arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Supplementation of infant formula with ARA and DHA results in fatty acid (FA) profiles, neurodevelopmental outcomes, and immune responses in formula-fed infants that are more like those observed in breastfed infants. Consequently, ARA and DHA have been historically added together to infant formula. This study investigated the impact of ARA or DHA supplementation alone or in combination on tissue FA incorporation, immune responses, and neurodevelopment in the young pig. Methods: Male pigs (N = 48 total) received one of four dietary treatments from postnatal day (PND) 2–30. Treatments targeted the following ARA/DHA levels (% of total FA): CON (0.00/0.00), ARA (0.80/0.00), DHA (0.00/0.80), and ARA+DHA (0.80/0.80). Plasma, red blood cells (RBC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were collected for FA analysis. Blood was collected for T cell immunophenotyping and to quantify a panel of immune outcomes. Myelin thickness in the corpus callosum was measured by transmission electron microscopy and pig movement was measured by actigraphy. Results: There were no differences in formula intake or growth between dietary groups. DHA supplementation increased brain DHA, but decreased ARA, compared with all other groups. ARA supplementation increased brain ARA compared with all other groups but did not affect brain DHA. Combined supplementation increased brain DHA levels but did not affect brain ARA levels compared with the control. Pigs fed ARA or ARA+DHA exhibited more activity than those fed CON or DHA. Diet-dependent differences in activity suggested pigs fed ARA had the lowest percent time asleep, while those fed DHA had the highest. No differences were observed for immune or myelination outcomes. Conclusion: Supplementation with ARA and DHA did not differentially affect immune responses, but ARA levels in RBC and PFC were reduced when DHA was provided without ARA. Supplementation of either ARA or DHA alone induced differences in time spent asleep, and ARA inclusion increased general activity. Therefore, the current data support the combined supplementation with both ARA and DHA in infant formula and raise questions regarding the safety and nutritional suitability of ARA or DHA supplementation individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee E Hahn
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutrition Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Irina Dahms
- DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD, United States
| | | | - Eileen Bailey
- DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD, United States
| | - Stephen A Fleming
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Brooke N Smith
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Piglet Nutrition & Cognition Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Division of Nutrition Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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