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Higashi Y. Smoking cessation and vascular endothelial function. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2670-2678. [PMID: 37828134 PMCID: PMC10695829 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. It is thought that smoking impairs vascular endothelial function through a decrease in nitric oxide bioavailability induced by activation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Endothelial dysfunction can be improved or augmented by appropriate interventions including pharmacotherapy, administration of supplements and lifestyle modifications. Although there have not been many studies, the effects of smoking cessation on endothelial function have been shown. In those studies, it was shown that smoking cessation does not always have a positive effect on vascular endothelial function. In this review, I will focus on the role of smoking in endothelial function and the effects of smoking cessation on endothelial function. Smoking impairs vascular endothelial function and leads to atherosclerosis. Smoking cessation is expected to improve vascular endothelial function. Effects of smoking cessation on endothelial function are not always consistent. Further studies are needed to determine whether smoking cessation directly improves endothelial function. NO indicates nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
- Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Polarized M2 macrophages induced by mechanical stretching modulate bone regeneration of the craniofacial suture for midfacial hypoplasia treatment. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:585-603. [PMID: 34568957 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of the trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis (TSDO) technique as an effective treatment that improves the symptoms of midfacial hypoplasia syndromes is not clearly understood. Increasing findings in the orthopedics field indicate that macrophages are mechanically sensitive and their phenotypes can respond to mechanical cues. However, how macrophages respond to mechanical stretching and consequently influence osteoblast differentiation of suture-derived stem cells (SuSCs) remains unclear, particularly during the TSDO process. In the present study, we established a TSDO rat model to determine whether and how macrophages were polarized in response to stretching and consequently affected bone regeneration of the suture frontal edge. Notably, after performing immunofluorescence, RNA-sequencing, and micro-computed tomography, it was demonstrated that macrophages are first recruited by various chemokines factors and polarized to the M2 phenotype upon optimal stretching. The latter in turn regulates SuSC activity and facilitates bone regeneration in sutures. Moreover, when the activated M2 macrophages were suppressed by pharmacological manipulation, new bone microarchitecture could rarely be detected under mechanical stretching and the expansion of the sutures was clear. Additionally, macrophages achieved M2 polarization in response to the optimal mechanical stretching (10%, 0.5 Hz) and strongly facilitated SuSC osteogenic differentiation and human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis using an indirect co-culture system in vitro. Collectively, this study revealed the mechanical stimulation-immune response-bone regeneration axis and clarified at least in part how sutures achieve bone regeneration in response to mechanical force.
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Nossa R, Costa J, Cacopardo L, Ahluwalia A. Breathing in vitro: Designs and applications of engineered lung models. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:20417314211008696. [PMID: 33996022 PMCID: PMC8107677 DOI: 10.1177/20417314211008696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a systematic design guideline to users, particularly engineers interested in developing and deploying lung models, and biologists seeking to identify a suitable platform for conducting in vitro experiments involving pulmonary cells or tissues. We first discuss the state of the art on lung in vitro models, describing the most simplistic and traditional ones. Then, we analyze in further detail the more complex dynamic engineered systems that either provide mechanical cues, or allow for more predictive exposure studies, or in some cases even both. This is followed by a dedicated section on microchips of the lung. Lastly, we present a critical discussion of the different characteristics of each type of system and the criteria which may help researchers select the most appropriate technology according to their specific requirements. Readers are encouraged to refer to the tables accompanying the different sections where comprehensive and quantitative information on the operating parameters and performance of the different systems reported in the literature is provided.
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Bobba CM, Fei Q, Shukla V, Lee H, Patel P, Putman RK, Spitzer C, Tsai M, Wewers MD, Lee RJ, Christman JW, Ballinger MN, Ghadiali SN, Englert JA. Nanoparticle delivery of microRNA-146a regulates mechanotransduction in lung macrophages and mitigates injury during mechanical ventilation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:289. [PMID: 33436554 PMCID: PMC7804938 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation generates injurious forces that exacerbate lung injury. These forces disrupt lung barrier integrity, trigger proinflammatory mediator release, and differentially regulate genes and non-coding oligonucleotides including microRNAs. In this study, we identify miR-146a as a mechanosensitive microRNA in alveolar macrophages that has therapeutic potential to mitigate lung injury during mechanical ventilation. We use humanized in-vitro systems, mouse models, and biospecimens from patients to elucidate the expression dynamics of miR-146a needed to decrease lung injury during mechanical ventilation. We find that the endogenous increase in miR-146a following injurious ventilation is not sufficient to prevent lung injury. However, when miR-146a is highly overexpressed using a nanoparticle delivery platform it is sufficient to prevent injury. These data indicate that the endogenous increase in microRNA-146a during mechanical ventilation is a compensatory response that partially limits injury and that nanoparticle delivery of miR-146a is an effective strategy for mitigating lung injury during mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Bobba
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qinqin Fei
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vasudha Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Pragi Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rachel K Putman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carleen Spitzer
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - MuChun Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - John W Christman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Samir N Ghadiali
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Joshua A Englert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Yang J, Pan X, Wang L, Yu G. Alveolar cells under mechanical stressed niche: critical contributors to pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Med 2020; 26:95. [PMID: 33054759 PMCID: PMC7556585 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00223-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis arises from the repeated epithelial mild injuries and insufficient repair lead to over activation of fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, which result in a mechanical stretched niche. However, increasing mechanical stress likely exists before the establishment of fibrosis since early micro injuries increase local vascular permeability and prompt cytoskeletal remodeling which alter cellular mechanical forces. It is noteworthy that COVID-19 patients with severe hypoxemia will receive mechanical ventilation as supportive treatment and subsequent pathology studies indicate lung fibrosis pattern. At advanced stages, mechanical stress originates mainly from the stiff matrix since boundaries between stiff and compliant parts of the tissue could generate mechanical stress. Therefore, mechanical stress has a significant role in the whole development process of pulmonary fibrosis. The alveoli are covered by abundant capillaries and function as the main gas exchange unit. Constantly subject to variety of damages, the alveolar epithelium injuries were recently recognized to play a vital role in the onset and development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the literature regarding the effects of mechanical stress on the fundamental cells constituting the alveoli in the process of pulmonary fibrosis, particularly on epithelial cells, capillary endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and stem cells. Finally, we briefly review this issue from a more comprehensive perspective: the metabolic and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Guoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Outstanding Overseas Scientists Center for Pulmonary Fibrosis of Henan Province, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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Korupolu R, Stampas A, Uhlig-Reche H, Ciammaichella E, Mollett PJ, Achilike EC, Pedroza C. Comparing outcomes of mechanical ventilation with high vs. moderate tidal volumes in tracheostomized patients with spinal cord injury in acute inpatient rehabilitation setting: a retrospective cohort study. Spinal Cord 2020; 59:618-625. [PMID: 32647326 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-020-0517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of higher tidal volumes (HVt) compared to moderate Vt (MVt) in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation (AIR) facility on mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy. SETTING AIR facility in the United States. METHODS Eighty-four adults with SCI were divided into MVt group if maximum Vt received in AIR was <15 ml/kg predicted body weight (PBW) and HVt group if maximum Vt was >15 ml/kg PBW. Primary outcomes were incidence of pneumonia and composite pulmonary adverse events (pneumonia, weaning failure, or acute care transfers due to respiratory complications). Secondary outcomes were AIR preweaning days defined as time from AIR admission to beginning of weaning, weaning days defined as days from start to end of weaning, and AIR ventilator days calculated as days on ventilator from AIR admission to discharge. RESULTS MVt was utilized in 50 patients and HVt was utilized in 34 patients. The risk of pneumonia in HVt group was 4.3 times higher [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-12] compared to MVt group. Odds of pulmonary adverse events in HVt group was 5.4 times higher (CI: 1.8-17) compared to MVt group. There was no difference in preweaning days, weaning days, or AIR ventilator days between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that HVt is associated with increased risk of pneumonia and higher odds of pulmonary adverse events in tracheostomized patients with SCI which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Korupolu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Argyrios Stampas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hannah Uhlig-Reche
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ellia Ciammaichella
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Chigozie Achilike
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudia Pedroza
- Center for Clinical Research and Evidence Based Medicine (Biostatistician), The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Prediction of prolonged ventilator dependence in preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:1063-1068. [PMID: 31076842 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Volutrauma is an important factor in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Our aims were to identify risk factors in the first 24 h for prolonged ventilator dependence and assess volume delivery and carbon dioxide levels in infants with evolving BPD. A retrospective study was undertaken of 41 infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestational age (GA). A higher tidal volume, minute volume and resistance and a lower GA, birth weight and compliance were associated with a significantly higher risk of ventilator dependence at 28 days. The strongest relationships were with birth weight (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUROC = 0.771) and GA (AUROC = 0.813). Tidal volume remained significantly higher after adjusting for GA in those who remained ventilator dependent at 28 days. The 18 who remained ventilator dependent at 28 days had increased mean carbon dioxide (PCO2) levels with increasing age from a mean of 41 mmHg in the first 24 h to 65 mmHg at 28 days PMA (p < 0.001). The increase in PCO2 occurred despite increases in peak inflation pressures (p < 0.001), tidal volumes (p = 0.002) and minute volumes (p < 0.001).Conclusion: These results suggest that initial volutrauma may contribute to the development of chronic ventilator dependence. What is Known: • In prematurely born infants, excessive tidal volumes are important in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), but a tidal volume that is too low will increase the risk of atelectasis, work of breathing and energy expenditure. What is New: • A high tidal volume in the first 24 h was associated with an increased risk of ventilator dependence at 28 days, which remained significant after adjusting for gestational age. Carbon dioxide levels significantly increased over the first month despite increased pressures and volumes in those who remained ventilator dependent.
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8
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Maruyama K, Nemoto E, Yamada S. Mechanical regulation of macrophage function - cyclic tensile force inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1β secretion in murine macrophages. Inflamm Regen 2019; 39:3. [PMID: 30774738 PMCID: PMC6367847 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-019-0092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress maintains tissue homeostasis by regulating many cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation and immune responses. In inflammatory microenvironments, macrophages in mechanosensitive tissues receive mechanical signals that regulate various cellular functions and inflammatory responses. Macrophage function is affected by several types of mechanical stress, but the mechanisms by which mechanical signals influence macrophage function in inflammation, such as the regulation of interleukin-1β by inflammasomes, remain unclear. In this review, we describe the role of mechanical stress in macrophage and monocyte cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Maruyama
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Nemoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
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Massip-Copiz MM, Santa-Coloma TA. Extracellular pH and lung infections in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:402-410. [PMID: 29933921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by CFTR mutations. It is characterized by high NaCl concentration in sweat and the production of a thick and sticky mucus, occluding secretory ducts, intestine and airways, accompanied by chronic inflammation and infections of the lungs. This causes a progressive and lethal decline in lung function. Therefore, finding the mechanisms driving the high susceptibility to lung infections has been a key issue. For decades the prevalent hypothesis was that a reduced airway surface liquid (ASL) volume and composition, and the consequent increased mucus concentration (dehydration), create an environment favoring infections. However, a few years ago, in a pig model of CF, the Na+/K+ concentrations and the ASL volume were found intact. Immediately a different hypothesis arose, postulating a reduced ASL pH as the cause for the increased susceptibility to infections, due to a diminished bicarbonate secretion through CFTR. Noteworthy, a recent report found normal ASL pH values in CF children and in cultured primary airway cells, challenging the ASL pH hypothesis. On the other hand, recent evidences revitalized the hypothesis of a reduced ASL secretion. Thus, the role of the ASL pH in the CF is still a controversial matter. In this review we discuss the basis that sustain the role of CFTR in modulating the extracellular pH, and the recent results sustaining the different points of view. Finding the mechanisms of CFTR signaling that determine the susceptibility to infections is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of CF and related lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Macarena Massip-Copiz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED UCA-CONICET), The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), and School of Medical Sciences, The Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tomás Antonio Santa-Coloma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED UCA-CONICET), The National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), and School of Medical Sciences, The Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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10
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Spassov SG, Faller S, Hummel M, Helo K, Ihle A, Ryter SW, Strosing KM, Hoetzel A. Hydrogen Sulfide Confers Lung Protection During Mechanical Ventilation via Cyclooxygenase 2, 15-deoxy Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2, and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e849-e857. [PMID: 28445238 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hydrogen sulfide reduces ventilator-induced lung injury in mice. Here, we have examined the underlying mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide-mediated lung protection and determined the involvement of cyclooxygenase 2, 15-deoxy Δ-prostaglandin J2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in this response. DESIGN Randomized, experimental study. SETTING University medical center research laboratory. SUBJECTS C57BL/6 mice and in vitro cell catheters. INTERVENTIONS The effects of hydrogen sulfide were analyzed in a mouse ventilator-induced lung injury model in vivo as well as in a cell stretch model in vitro in the absence or presence of hydrogen sulfide. The physiologic relevance of our findings was confirmed using pharmacologic inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mechanical ventilation caused significant lung inflammation and injury that was prevented in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide-mediated protection was associated with induction of cyclooxygenase 2 and increases of its product 15-deoxy Δ-prostaglandin J2 as well as cyclooxygenase 2/15-deoxy Δ-prostaglandin J2-dependent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Hydrogen sulfide-dependent effects were mainly observed in macrophages. Applied mechanical stretch to RAW 264.7 macrophages resulted in increased expression of interleukin receptor 1 messenger RNA and release of macrophage inflammatory protein-2. In contrast, incubation of stretched macrophages with sodium hydrosulfide prevented the inflammatory response dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity. Finally, application of a specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibitor abolished hydrogen sulfide-mediated protection in ventilated animals. CONCLUSIONS One hydrogen sulfide-triggered mechanism in the protection against ventilator-induced lung injury involves cyclooxygenase 2/15-deoxy Δ-prostaglandin J2-dependent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and macrophage activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashko G Spassov
- 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.2Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the intention to summarize the currently available evidence on the pathophysiological relevance of inflammation in heart failure, this review addresses the question whether inflammation is a cause or consequence of heart failure, or both. RECENT FINDINGS This review discusses the diversity (sterile, para-inflammation, chronic inflammation) and sources of inflammation and gives an overview of how inflammation (local versus systemic) can trigger heart failure. On the other hand, the review is outlined how heart failure-associated wall stress and signals released by stressed, malfunctioning, or dead cells (DAMPs: e.g., mitochondrial DNA, ATP, S100A8, matricellular proteins) induce cardiac sterile inflammation and how heart failure provokes inflammation in various peripheral tissues in a direct (inflammatory) and indirect (hemodynamic) manner. The crosstalk between the heart and peripheral organs (bone marrow, spleen, gut, adipose tissue) is outlined and the importance of neurohormonal mechanisms including the renin angiotensin aldosteron system and the ß-adrenergic nervous system in inflammation and heart failure is discussed. Inflammation and heart failure are strongly interconnected and mutually reinforce each other. This indicates the difficulty to counteract inflammation and heart failure once this chronic vicious circle has started and points out the need to control the inflammatory process at an early stage avoiding chronic inflammation and heart failure. The diversity of inflammation further addresses the need for a tailored characterization of inflammation enabling differentiation of inflammation and subsequent target-specific strategies. It is expected that the characterization of the systemic and/or cardiac immune profile will be part of precision medicine in the future of cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Horstman EM, Keswani RK, Frey BA, Rzeczycki PM, LaLone V, Bertke JA, Kenis PJA, Rosania GR. Elasticity in Macrophage-Synthesized Biocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1815-1819. [PMID: 28079296 PMCID: PMC5514847 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular crystalline assembly constitutes a rational approach to bioengineer intracellular structures. Here, biocrystals of clofazimine (CFZ) that form in vivo within macrophages were measured to have marked curvature. Isolated crystals, however, showed reduced curvature suggesting that intracellular forces bend these drug crystals. Consistent with the ability of biocrystals to elastically deform, the inherent crystal structure of the principal molecular component of the biocrystals-the hydrochloride salt of CFZ (CFZ-HCl)-has a corrugated packing along the (001) face and weak dispersive bonding in multiple directions. These characteristics were previously found to be linked to the elasticity of other organic crystals. Internal stress in bent CFZ-HCl led to photoelastic effects on the azimuthal orientation of polarized light transmittance. We propose that elastic, intracellular crystals can serve as templates to construct functional microdevices with different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Horstman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rahul K Keswani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin A Frey
- Morgan State University, 1700 E Cold Spring Ln, Baltimore, MD, 21251, USA
| | - Phillip M Rzeczycki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Vernon LaLone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeffery A Bertke
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 505 South Mathews Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul J A Kenis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gus R Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Horstman EM, Keswani RK, Frey BA, Rzeczycki PM, LaLone V, Bertke JA, Kenis PJA, Rosania GR. Elasticity in Macrophage-Synthesized Biocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Horstman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; 600 South Mathews Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Rahul K. Keswani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 428 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Benjamin A. Frey
- Morgan State University; 1700 E Cold Spring Ln Baltimore MD 21251 USA
| | - Phillip M. Rzeczycki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 428 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Vernon LaLone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 428 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- School of Chemical Sciences; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; 505 South Mathews Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Paul J. A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; 600 South Mathews Street Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Gus R. Rosania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; 428 Church Street Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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Le Guen M, Grassin-Delyle S, Naline E, Buenestado A, Brollo M, Longchampt E, Kleinmann P, Devillier P, Faisy C. The impact of low-frequency, low-force cyclic stretching of human bronchi on airway responsiveness. Respir Res 2016; 17:151. [PMID: 27842540 PMCID: PMC5109770 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo, the airways are constantly subjected to oscillatory strain (due to tidal breathing during spontaneous respiration) and (in the event of mechanical ventilation) positive pressure. This exposure is especially problematic for the cartilage-free bronchial tree. The effects of cyclic stretching (other than high-force stretching) have not been extensively characterized. Hence, the objective of the present study was to investigate the functional and transcriptional response of human bronchi to repetitive mechanical stress caused by low-frequency, low-force cyclic stretching. METHODS After preparation and equilibration in an organ bath, human bronchial rings from 66 thoracic surgery patients were stretched in 1-min cycles of elongation and relaxation over a 60-min period. For each segment, the maximal tension corresponded to 80% of the reference contraction (the response to 3 mM acetylcholine). The impact of cyclic stretching (relative to non-stretched controls) was examined by performing functional assessments (epithelium removal and incubation with sodium channel agonists/antagonists or inhibitors of intracellular pathways), biochemical assays of the organ bath fluid (for detecting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines), and RT-PCR assays of RNA isolated from tissue samples. RESULTS The application of low-force cyclic stretching to human bronchial rings for 60 min resulted in an immediate, significant increase in bronchial basal tone, relative to non-cyclic stretching (4.24 ± 0.16 g vs. 3.28 ± 0.12 g, respectively; p < 0.001). This cyclic stimulus also increased the affinity for acetylcholine (-log EC50: 5.67 ± 0.07 vs. 5.32 ± 0.07, respectively; p p < 0.001). Removal of airway epithelium and pretreatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 and inward-rectifier K+ or L-type Ca2+ channel inhibitors significantly modified the basal tone response. Exposure to L-NAME had opposing effects in all cases. Pro-inflammatory pathways were not involved in the response; cyclic stretching up-regulated the early mRNA expression of MMP9 only, and was not associated with changes in organ bath levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION Low-frequency, low-force cyclic stretching of whole human bronchi induced a myogenic response rather than activation of the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways mediated by mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Le Guen
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology - UPRES EA220, Université Versailles - Saint-Quentin, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Hôpital Foch, Université Versailles - Saint-Quentin, Suresnes, France.
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology - UPRES EA220, Université Versailles - Saint-Quentin, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology - UPRES EA220, Université Versailles - Saint-Quentin, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Amparo Buenestado
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology - UPRES EA220, Université Versailles - Saint-Quentin, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Marion Brollo
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology - UPRES EA220, Université Versailles - Saint-Quentin, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Philippe Kleinmann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Médico-Chirurgical du Val d'Or, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology - UPRES EA220, Université Versailles - Saint-Quentin, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Christophe Faisy
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Pharmacology - UPRES EA220, Université Versailles - Saint-Quentin, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, F-92150, Suresnes, France
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15
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Shykoff BE, Hawari FI, Izzo JL. Diameter, pressure and compliance relationships in dorsal hand veins. Vasc Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1358836x0100600205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The diameter-pressure characteristics of dorsal hand veins previously have not been characterized. In this study, the effects of distending pressure with and without infused norepinephrine on diameter and compliance were observed. The elevation needed for venous collapse was measured, and the effects of baseline constriction on venous reactivity were assessed. In seven supine subjects, a brachial cuff on an elevated arm was used to generate distending pressures while a linear variable displacement transformer (LVDT) measured changes in venous diameter. Arctangent functions of distending pressure were fitted to the normalized diameter, then compliance functions were calculated. In supine subjects, 5-15 cm of elevation emptied dorsal hand veins. Norepinephrine decreased the venous diameter at any distending pressure by increasing the P50 without significantly changing the midpoint slope. Compliance was a nearly single-valued function of the normalized diameter with a maximum value at about 60% distention. Reactivity depends on distending pressure and baseline P50. Percentage constriction is a function of initial and final P50 and of distending pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Shykoff
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA,
| | - Feras I Hawari
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Joseph L Izzo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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16
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Taylor BA, Zaleski AL, Dornelas EA, Thompson PD. The impact of tetrahydrobiopterin administration on endothelial function before and after smoking cessation in chronic smokers. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:144-50. [PMID: 26606877 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease mortality is reduced following smoking cessation but the reversibility of specific atherogenic risk factors such as endothelial dysfunction is less established. We assessed brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in 57 chronic smokers and 15 healthy controls, alone and after oral tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) administration, to assess the extent to which reduced bioactivity of BH4, a cofactor for the endothelial nitric oxide synthase enzyme (eNOS), contributes to smoking-associated reductions in FMD. Thirty-four smokers then ceased cigarette and nicotine use for 1 week, after which FMD (±BH4 administration) was repeated. Brachial artery FMD was calculated as the peak dilatory response observed relative to baseline (%FMD). Endothelium-independent dilation was assessed by measuring the dilatory response to sublingual nitroglycerin (%NTG). Chronic smokers exhibited reduced %FMD relative to controls: (5.6±3.0% vs. 8.1±3.7%; P<0.01) and %NTG was not different between groups (P=0.22). BH4 administration improved FMD in both groups (P=0.03) independent of smoking status (P=0.78) such that FMD was still lower in smokers relative to controls (6.6±3.3% vs. 9.8±3.2%; P<0.01). With smoking cessation, FMD increased significantly (from 5.0±2.9 to 7.8±3.2%;P<0.01); %NTG was not different (P=0.57) and BH4 administration did not further improve FMD (P=0.33). These findings suggest that the blunted FMD observed in chronic smokers, likely due at least in part to reduced BH4 bioactivity and eNOS uncoupling, can be restored with smoking cessation. Post-cessation BH4 administration does not further improve endothelial function in chronic smokers, unlike the effect observed in nonsmokers, indicating a longer-term impact of chronic smoking on vascular function that is not acutely reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Taylor
- Division of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Amanda L Zaleski
- Division of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ellen A Dornelas
- Division of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Paul D Thompson
- Division of Cardiology, Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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17
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Turner MJ, Saint-Criq V, Patel W, Ibrahim SH, Verdon B, Ward C, Garnett JP, Tarran R, Cann MJ, Gray MA. Hypercapnia modulates cAMP signalling and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-dependent anion and fluid secretion in airway epithelia. J Physiol 2015; 594:1643-61. [PMID: 26574187 PMCID: PMC4799982 DOI: 10.1113/jp271309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercapnia is clinically defined as an arterial blood partial pressure of CO2 of above 40 mmHg and is a feature of chronic lung disease. In previous studies we have demonstrated that hypercapnia modulates agonist-stimulated cAMP levels through effects on transmembrane adenylyl cyclase activity. In the airways, cAMP is known to regulate cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mediated anion and fluid secretion, which contributes to airway surface liquid homeostasis. The aim of the current work was to investigate if hypercapnia could modulate cAMP-regulated ion and fluid transport in human airway epithelial cells. We found that acute exposure to hypercapnia significantly reduced forskolin-stimulated elevations in intracellular cAMP as well as both adenosine- and forskolin-stimulated increases in CFTR-dependent transepithelial short-circuit current, in polarised cultures of Calu-3 human airway cells. This CO2 -induced reduction in anion secretion was not due to a decrease in HCO3 (-) transport given that neither a change in CFTR-dependent HCO3 (-) efflux nor Na(+) /HCO3 (-) cotransporter-dependent HCO3 (-) influx were CO2 -sensitive. Hypercapnia also reduced the volume of forskolin-stimulated fluid secretion over 24 h, yet had no effect on the HCO3 (-) content of the secreted fluid. Our data reveal that hypercapnia reduces CFTR-dependent, electrogenic Cl(-) and fluid secretion, but not CFTR-dependent HCO3 (-) secretion, which highlights a differential sensitivity of Cl(-) and HCO3 (-) transporters to raised CO2 in Calu-3 cells. Hypercapnia also reduced forskolin-stimulated CFTR-dependent anion secretion in primary human airway epithelia. Based on current models of airways biology, a reduction in fluid secretion, associated with hypercapnia, would be predicted to have important consequences for airways hydration and the innate defence mechanisms of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Turner
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Physiology, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Vinciane Saint-Criq
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Waseema Patel
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Salam H Ibrahim
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Bernard Verdon
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christopher Ward
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - James P Garnett
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Martin J Cann
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Michael A Gray
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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18
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Garnett JP, Hickman E, Tunkamnerdthai O, Cuthbert AW, Gray MA. Protein phosphatase 1 coordinates CFTR-dependent airway epithelial HCO3- secretion by reciprocal regulation of apical and basolateral membrane Cl(-)-HCO3- exchangers. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 168:1946-60. [PMID: 23215877 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our recent studies on human airway serous-like Calu-3 cells showed that cAMP agonists stimulated a HCO3(-) rich secretion containing up to 80 mM HCO3(-). This alkaline secretion relied on a coordinated switch in the activity of distinct Cl(-)-HCO3(-) anion exchangers (AE) located at different regions of the cell. At the apical membrane, cAMP agonists activated the electroneutral AE pendrin (SLC26A4), together with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), while at the basolateral membrane the agonists inhibited AE2 (SLC4A2). However, the underlying mechanism(s) that orchestrates this cAMP-dependent switch in AE activity has not been elucidated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Apical and basolateral Cl(-)-HCO3(-) exchange was assessed by measuring Cl(-)-dependent changes in intracellular pH (pH(i)). KEY RESULTS We show that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), together with CFTR, play central roles in this reciprocal regulation of AE activity. Activation of pendrin by cAMP agonists, but not inhibition of the basolateral exchanger, was protein kinase A-dependent. Knocking down CFTR expression, or blocking its activity with GlyH-101, led to incomplete inhibition of the basolateral AE by cAMP, supporting a role for CFTR in this process. Addition of the PP1/2A inhibitor, okadaic acid, but not the PP2A specific inhibitor fostreicin, mimicked the effect of cAMP stimulation. Furthermore, okadaic acid-treated Calu-3 monolayers produced a more alkaline fluid than untreated cells, which was comparable with that produced by cAMP stimulation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results identify PP1 as a novel regulator of AE activity which, in concert with CFTR, coordinates events at both apical and basolateral membranes, crucial for efficient HCO3(-) secretion from Calu-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Garnett
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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19
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McWhorter FY, Davis CT, Liu WF. Physical and mechanical regulation of macrophage phenotype and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1303-16. [PMID: 25504084 PMCID: PMC4795453 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are tissue-resident immune cells that play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and fighting infection. In addition, these cells are involved in the progression of many pathologies including cancer and atherosclerosis. In response to a variety of microenvironmental stimuli, macrophages can be polarized to achieve a spectrum of functional phenotypes. This review will discuss some emerging evidence in support of macrophage phenotypic regulation by physical and mechanical cues. As alterations in the physical microenvironment often underlie pathophysiological states, an understanding of their effects on macrophage phenotype and function may help provide mechanistic insights into disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Y. McWhorter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, 2400 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Chase T. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, 2400 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Wendy F. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, 2400 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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20
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Kim SH, Li M, Pyeon TH, So KY, Kwak SH. The volatile anesthetic sevoflurane attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury through inhibition of ERK1/2 and Akt signal transduction. Korean J Anesthesiol 2015; 68:62-9. [PMID: 25664157 PMCID: PMC4318867 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2015.68.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) sustained during mechanical ventilator support is still a cause of a high rate of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units and in operating rooms. VILI is characterized by pulmonary inflammation that appears to be mediated by proinflammatory cytokines. This study investigates whether the volatile anesthetic sevoflurane has an anti-inflammatory effect that attenuates VILI. Methods Twenty one male rabbits were anesthetized and were mechanically ventilated with 50% oxygen at a peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 10 cmH2O, I : E ratio of 1 : 4, and positive end expiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O. All animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups that were ventilated for 5 h with 10 cmH2O of PIP (Sham group, n = 7); 30 cmH2O of PIP (Control group, n = 7); or 30 cmH2O of PIP and 0.8 vol% sevoflurane (Sevoflurane group, n = 7). The wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio and histopathology of the lung; concentration of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt were measured in the lung tissue after completing the protocol. Results Histopathology indicated that the sevoflurane group showed fewer inflammatory cells and architectural changes than the control group did. The W/D ratio [(5.36 ± 0.13) versus (6.61 ± 0.20)], expression of IL-8 [(144.08 ± 14.61) versus (228.56 ± 15.13) pg/ml] and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt decreased significantly in the sevoflurane group relative to the control group. Conclusions Sevoflurane attenuates VILI in rabbits mainly by inhibiting expression of IL-8, and Sevoflurane-induced inhibition of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Akt might be a possible pathway for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Meidicne, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tae-Hee Pyeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Meidicne, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Keum-Young So
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Meidicne, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Meidicne, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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21
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Stress et strain : application au cours du syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-014-0906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Wellman TJ, Winkler T, Costa EL, Musch G, Harris RS, Zheng H, Venegas JG, Vidal Melo MF. Effect of local tidal lung strain on inflammation in normal and lipopolysaccharide-exposed sheep*. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:e491-500. [PMID: 24758890 PMCID: PMC4123638 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regional tidal lung strain may trigger local inflammation during mechanical ventilation, particularly when additional inflammatory stimuli are present. However, it is unclear whether inflammation develops proportionally to tidal strain or only above a threshold. We aimed to 1) assess the relationship between regional tidal strain and local inflammation in vivo during the early stages of lung injury in lungs with regional aeration heterogeneity comparable to that of humans and 2) determine how this strain-inflammation relationship is affected by endotoxemia. DESIGN Interventional animal study. SETTING Experimental laboratory and PET facility. SUBJECTS Eighteen 2- to 4-month-old sheep. INTERVENTIONS Three groups of sheep (n = 6) were mechanically ventilated to the same plateau pressure (30-32 cm H2O) with high-strain (VT = 18.2 ± 6.5 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure = 0), high-strain plus IV lipopolysaccharide (VT = 18.4 ± 4.2 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure = 0), or low-strain plus lipopolysaccharide (VT = 8.1 ± 0.2 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure = 17 ± 3 cm H2O). At baseline, we acquired respiratory-gated PET scans of inhaled NN to measure tidal strain from end-expiratory and end-inspiratory images in six regions of interest. After 3 hours of mechanical ventilation, dynamic [F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose scans were acquired to quantify metabolic activation, indicating local neutrophilic inflammation, in the same regions of interest. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Baseline regional tidal strain had a significant effect on [F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose net uptake rate Ki in high-strain lipopolysaccharide (p = 0.036) and on phosphorylation rate k3 in high-strain (p = 0.027) and high-strain lipopolysaccharide (p = 0.004). Lipopolysaccharide exposure increased the k3-tidal strain slope three-fold (p = 0.009), without significant lung edema. The low-strain lipopolysaccharide group showed lower baseline regional tidal strain (0.33 ± 0.17) than high-strain (1.21 ± 0.62; p < 0.001) or high-strain lipopolysaccharide (1.26 ± 0.44; p < 0.001) and lower k3 (p < 0.001) and Ki (p < 0.05) than high-strain lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS Local inflammation develops proportionally to regional tidal strain during early lung injury. The regional inflammatory effect of strain is greatly amplified by IV lipopolysaccharide. Tidal strain enhances local [F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake primarily by increasing the rate of intracellular [F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Wellman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tilo Winkler
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eduardo L.V. Costa
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guido Musch
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - R. Scott Harris
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jose G. Venegas
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marcos F. Vidal Melo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Nichols JE, Niles JA, Vega SP, Argueta LB, Eastaway A, Cortiella J. Modeling the lung: Design and development of tissue engineered macro- and micro-physiologic lung models for research use. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1135-69. [PMID: 24962174 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214536679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract specific cell populations, or tissue engineered in vitro grown human lung, have the potential to be used as research tools to mimic physiology, toxicology, pathology, as well as infectious diseases responses of cells or tissues. Studies related to respiratory tract pathogenesis or drug toxicity testing in the past made use of basic systems where single cell populations were exposed to test agents followed by evaluations of simple cellular responses. Although these simple single-cell-type systems provided good basic information related to cellular responses, much more can be learned from cells grown in fabricated microenvironments which mimic in vivo conditions in specialized microfabricated chambers or by human tissue engineered three-dimensional (3D) models which allow for more natural interactions between cells. Recent advances in microengineering technology, microfluidics, and tissue engineering have provided a new approach to the development of 2D and 3D cell culture models which enable production of more robust human in vitro respiratory tract models. Complex models containing multiple cell phenotypes also provide a more reasonable approximation of what occurs in vivo without the confounding elements in the dynamic in vivo environment. The goal of engineering good 3D human models is the formation of physiologically functional respiratory tissue surrogates which can be used as pathogenesis models or in the case of 2D screening systems for drug therapy evaluation as well as human toxicity testing. We hope that this manuscript will serve as a guide for development of future respiratory tract model systems as well as a review of conventional models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan E Nichols
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA University of Texas Medical Branch, School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Jean A Niles
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Stephanie P Vega
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Lissenya B Argueta
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Adriene Eastaway
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA University of Texas Medical Branch, School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
| | - Joaquin Cortiella
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Anesthesiology, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
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European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) : the fifth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Int J Behav Med 2014; 19:403-88. [PMID: 23093473 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-012-9242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Manicone AM. Role of the pulmonary epithelium and inflammatory signals in acute lung injury. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.5.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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[Ventilator-induced immune dysfunction]. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2014; 23:9-16. [PMID: 32288738 PMCID: PMC7117828 DOI: 10.1007/s13546-014-0846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Although mechanical ventilation is an essential support in patients admitted to the intensive care unit, clinical and experimental studies have shown that it could be harmful and could induce lung injury. Pulmonary and immune cells can convert mechanical stimuli into biological signals that will lead to inflammation. This sterile inflammation both locally and systemically will cause immunosuppression.
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Shiga Y, Sugamata R, Iwamura C, Nagao T, Zao J, Kawakami K, Kawachi S, Nakayama T, Suzuki K. Effect of invariant natural killer T cells with IL-5 and activated IL-6 receptor in ventilator-associated lung injury in mice. Exp Lung Res 2013; 40:1-11. [PMID: 24246030 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.854518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is well known to potentially cause ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI). It has also been reported recently that activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells is involved in the onset/progression of airway inflammation. We analyzed the roles of inflammatory cells, including iNKT cells, and cytokines/chemokines in a mouse model of VALI. C57BL/6 and Vα14(+)NKT cell-deficient (Jα18KO) female mice were subjected to MV for 5 hours. The MV induced lung injury in the mice, with severe histological abnormalities, elevation in the percentages of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and increase in the number of iNKT cells in the lung. Jα18KO mice subjected to MV for 5 hours also showed lung injury, with decrease of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (P/F ratio) and elevation of the levels of total protein, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12p40, and keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC) in the BALF. Intranasal administration of anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or anti-IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) mAb into the Jα18KO mice prior to the start of MV resulted in significant improvement in the blood oxygenation. In addition, the anti-IL-5 mAb administration was associated with a decrease in the levels of IL-5, IL-9, and IL-6R in the BALF, and anti-IL-6R mAb administration suppressed the mRNA expressions of IL-5, IL-6, IL-6R, and KC. These results suggest that iNKT cells may play a role in attenuating the inflammatory caused by ventilation through IL-5 and IL-6R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shiga
- 1Inflammation Program, Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
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Saha D, Takahashi K, de Prost N, Winkler T, Pinilla-Vera M, Baron RM, Vidal Melo MF. Micro-autoradiographic assessment of cell types contributing to 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose uptake during ventilator-induced and endotoxemic lung injury. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:19-27. [PMID: 22752654 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to use micro-autoradiography to investigate the lung cell types responsible for 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) uptake in murine models of acute lung injury (ALI). PROCEDURES C57/BL6 mice were studied in three groups: controls, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), and endotoxin. VILI was produced by high tidal volumes and zero end-expiratory pressure and endotoxin ALI, by intranasal administration. Following FDG injection, the lungs were processed and exposed to autoradiographic emulsion. Grain density over cells was used to quantify FDG uptake. RESULTS Neutrophils, macrophages, and type 2 epithelial cells presented higher grain densities during VILI and endotoxin ALI than controls. Remarkably, cell grain density in specific cell types was dependent on the injury mechanism. Whereas macrophages showed high grain densities during endotoxin ALI, similar to those exhibited by neutrophils, type 2 epithelial cells demonstrated the second highest grain density (with neutrophils as the highest) during VILI. CONCLUSIONS In murine models of VILI and endotoxin ALI, FDG uptake occurs not only in neutrophils but also in macrophages and type 2 epithelial cells. FDG uptake by individual cell types depends on the mechanism underlying ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Saha
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Pantazi D, Kitsiouli E, Karkabounas A, Trangas T, Nakos G, Lekka ME. Dipalmitoyl-Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis is Induced by Non-Injurious Mechanical Stretch in a Model of Alveolar Type II Cells. Lipids 2013; 48:827-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilia are complex and powerful cellular structures of the respiratory mucosa that play a critical role in airway defense. Respiratory epithelium is lined with cilia that perform an integrated and coordinated mechanism called mucociliary clearance. Mucociliary clearance is the process by which cilia transport the mucus blanket overlying respiratory mucosa to the gastrointestinal tract for ingestion. It is the primary means by which the airway clears pathogens, allergens, debris, and toxins. The complex structure and regulatory mechanisms that dictate the form and function of normal cilia are not entirely understood, but it is clear that ciliary dysfunction results in impaired respiratory defense. METHODS A literature review of the current knowledge of cilia dysfunction in chronic rhinosinsusitis was conducted. RESULTS Ciliary dysfunction may be primary, the result of genetic mutations resulting in abnormal cilia structure, or, more commonly, secondary, the result of environmental, infectious, or inflammatory stimuli that disrupt normal motility or coordination. Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been found to have impaired mucociliary clearance. Many biochemical, environmental, and mechanical stimuli have been shown to influence ciliary beat frequency, and common microbial pathogens of respiratory mucosa such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae have developed toxins that appear to interrupt normal mucociliary function. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators known to be present in patients with CRS appear to impair secondarily mucociliary clearance. CONCLUSION The goal of this article is to summarize the recent developments in the understanding of cilia dysfunction and mucociliary clearance in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gudis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012): the Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 19:585-667. [PMID: 22763626 DOI: 10.1177/2047487312450228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
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- School of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, Stagneliusgatan 14, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Surfactant protein A (SP-A) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) as early biomarkers for pulmonary edema formation in ventilated human lung lobes. Lung 2012; 190:431-40. [PMID: 22466057 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-012-9386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ex vivo perfused and ventilated lung lobes frequently develop pulmonary edema. We were looking for a suitable and early detectable biomarker in the perfusion fluid indicating lung cell damage and loss of tissue integrity in ventilated human lung lobes. Therefore, we elucidated whether surfactant protein A (SP-A) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were measurable in the perfusion fluid and whether they were suitable indicators for edema formation occurring within the experimental time frame of 1-2 h. METHODS Patients (n = 39) undergoing a lobectomy, bilobectomy or pneumonectomy due to primary bronchial cell carcinoma were included in the studies. Lung lobes were extracorporally ventilated and perfused for up to 2 h. Two different perfusion fluids were used, plain perfusion buffer and perfusion buffer containing packed erythrocytes or buffy coats. Perfusion fluid samples were analyzed for SP-A and ACE using immunoassays served as perfusion fluids. RESULTS SP-A and ACE concentrations were analyzed in fluid sample sets of 39 and 33 perfusion experiments, respectively. Degrees of edema formation were arbitrarily classified into three groups (≤ 29, 30-59, ≥ 60 % weight gain). The maximum increase of SP-A and ACE concentrations in the perfusate was significantly higher for more pronounced edemas in case of perfusions using a mixture of blood components and buffer. Interestingly, the time courses of ACE and SP-A were highly similar. CONCLUSION We suggest that SP-A and ACE are promising early biochemical markers for the development for pulmonary edema formation in the ex vivo lung lobe perfusion.
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Gheorghe G, Galambos C, Jain S, Krishnamurti L, Jaffe R. A novel TCIRG1 gene mutation leads to severe osteopetrosis with altered content of monocytes/macrophages in several organs. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:156-9. [PMID: 22280207 DOI: 10.2350/11-05-1032-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteopetrosis (OP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease. Defects in the TCIRG1 gene are most frequently implicated in the osteoclast-rich form of OP. Little is known about the content and/or function of monocytes and macrophages of various organs rich in those cells in patients with OP. We report a patient with a novel TCIRG1 gene mutation that led to an osteoclast-rich OP. A bone marrow transplant failed to engraft, and the patient developed pulmonary hypertension. At autopsy he was found to have abnormal remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and alveolar proteinosis. Alveolar macrophages were decreased. Pulmonary findings in this patient could be at least partially explained by abnormal surfactant metabolism due to depleted or defective alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gheorghe
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Shan J, Huang J, Liao J, Robert R, Hanrahan JW. Anion secretion by a model epithelium: more lessons from Calu-3. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2011; 202:523-31. [PMID: 21251238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anion transport drives fluid into the airways and is essential for humidifying inspired air and supplying surface liquid for mucociliary transport. Despite the importance of airway secretion in diseases such as cystic fibrosis, the cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood, in part due to the small size and complicated structure of the submucosal glands that produce most of the fluid. The Calu-3 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line has become a popular model for studying airway secretion because it can be cultured as a flat sheet, expresses the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and several acinar cell markers, forms polarized monolayers with tight junctions, has robust cAMP-stimulated anion transport, and responds to secretagogues that regulate the glands in vivo. However, some properties of Calu-3 cells are less consistent with those of native tissue. In particular, Calu-3 monolayers do not secrete chloride when stimulated by forskolin under short-circuit conditions. Bicarbonate ions are thought to carry the short-circuit current (I(sc)) and the drive secretion of alkaline fluid, in contrast to the neutral pH secretions that are produced by submucosal glands. Calu-3 cells also have abnormal chromosomes and characteristics of both serous and mucus cells. In this article, we discuss Calu-3 as a model in light of our ongoing studies, which suggest that Calu-3 monolayers resemble submucosal glands more closely than was previously thought. For example, we find that net HCO(3)(-) flux fully accounts for I(sc) as previously suggested but Cl(-) is the main anion transported under physiological conditions. A novel, HCO(3)(-) -dependent mechanism of Cl(-) transport is emerging which may explain secretion by Calu-3 and perhaps other epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shan
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Muhammad E, Leventhal N, Parvari G, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I, Chalifa-Caspi V, Feinstein Y, Weinbrand J, Jacoby H, Manor E, Nagar T, Beck JC, Sheffield VC, Hershkovitz E, Parvari R. Autosomal recessive hyponatremia due to isolated salt wasting in sweat associated with a mutation in the active site of Carbonic Anhydrase 12. Hum Genet 2010; 129:397-405. [PMID: 21184099 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic disorders of excessive salt loss from sweat glands have been observed in pseudohypoaldosteronism type I (PHA) and cystic fibrosis that result from mutations in genes encoding epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) subunits and the transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), respectively. We identified a novel autosomal recessive form of isolated salt wasting in sweat, which leads to severe infantile hyponatremic dehydration. Three affected individuals from a small Bedouin clan presented with failure to thrive, hyponatremic dehydration and hyperkalemia with isolated sweat salt wasting. Using positional cloning, we identified the association of a Glu143Lys mutation in carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) with the disease. Carbonic anhydrase is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to form a bicarbonate anion and a proton. Glu143 in CA12 is essential for zinc coordination in this metalloenzyme and lowering of the protein-metal affinity reduces its catalytic activity. This is the first presentation of an isolated loss of salt from sweat gland mimicking PHA, associated with a mutation in the CA12 gene not previously implicated in human disorders. Our data demonstrate the importance of bicarbonate anion and proton production on salt concentration in sweat and its significance for sodium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Muhammad
- Department of Virology and Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
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Melani R, Tomati V, Galietta LJV, Zegarra-Moran O. Modulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity and genistein binding by cytosolic pH. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41591-6. [PMID: 20974851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.166850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentiators are molecules that increase the activity of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Some potentiators can also inhibit CFTR at higher concentrations. The activating binding site is thought to be located at the interface of the dimer formed by the two nucleotide-binding domains. We have hypothesized that if binding of potentiators involves titratable residues forming salt bridges, then modifications of cytosolic pH (pH(i)) would alter the binding affinity. Here, we analyzed the effect of pH(i) on CFTR activation and on the binding of genistein, a well known CFTR potentiator. We found that pH(i) does modify CFTR maximum current (I(m)) and half-activation concentration (K(d)): I(m) = 127.7, 185.5, and 231.8 μA/cm(2) and K(d) = 32.7, 56.6 and 71.9 μm at pH 6, 7.35, and 8, respectively. We also found that the genistein apparent dissociation constant for activation (K(a)) increased at alkaline pH(i), near cysteine pK (K(a) = 1.83, 1.81 and 4.99 μm at pH(i) 6, 7.35, and 8, respectively), suggesting the involvement of cysteines in the binding site. Mutations of cysteine residues predicted to be within (Cys-491) or outside (Cys-1344) the potentiator-binding site showed that Cys-491 is responsible for the sensitivity of potentiator binding to alkaline pH(i). Effects of pH(i) on inhibition by high genistein doses were also analyzed. Our results extend previous data about multiple effects of pH(i) on CFTR activity and demonstrate that binding of potentiators involves salt bridge formation with amino acids of nucleotide-binding domain 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Melani
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
Cilia are complex and powerful cellular structures that serve a multitude of functions across many types of organisms. In humans, one of the most critical roles of cilia is defense of the airway. The respiratory epithelium is lined with cilia that normally carry out an integrated and coordinated mechanism called mucociliary clearance. Mucociliary clearance, the process by which cilia transport the viscous mucus blanket of the upper airway to the gastrointestinal tract, is the primary means by which the upper airway clears itself of pathogens, allergens, debris, and toxins. The complex structure and regulatory mechanisms that dictate the form and function of normal cilia are not entirely understood, but it is clear that ciliary dysfunction results in impaired respiratory defense. Ciliary dysfunction may be primary, the result of genetic mutations resulting in abnormal cilia structure, or secondary, the result of environmental, infectious or inflammatory stimuli that disrupt normal motility or coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gudis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Ravdin Building, 5th Floor, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Tu J, Le G, Ballard HJ. Involvement of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in the acidosis-induced efflux of ATP from rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2010; 588:4563-78. [PMID: 20819945 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.195255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the effect of acidosis on the efflux of ATP from skeletal muscle. Infusion of lactic acid to the perfused hindlimb muscles of anaesthetised rats produced dose-dependent decreases in pH and increases in the interstitial ATP of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle: 10 mM lactic acid reduced the venous pH from 7.22 ± 0.04 to 6.97 ± 0.02 and increased interstitial ATP from 38 ± 8 to 67 ± 11 nM. The increase in interstitial ATP was well-correlated with the decrease in pH (r(2) = 0.93; P < 0.05). Blockade of cellular uptake of lactic acid using α-cyano-hydroxycinnamic acid abolished the lactic acid-induced ATP release, whilst infusion of sodium lactate failed to depress pH or increase interstitial ATP, suggesting that intracellular pH depression, rather than lactate, stimulated the ATP efflux. Incubation of cultured skeletal myoblasts with 10 mM lactic acid significantly increased the accumulation of ATP in the bathing medium from 0.46 ± 0.06 to 0.76 ± 0.08 μM, confirming the skeletal muscle cells as the source of the released ATP. Acidosis-induced ATP efflux from the perfused muscle was abolished by CFTR(inh)-172, a specific inhibitor of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), or glibenclamide, an inhibitor of both K(ATP) channels and CFTR, but it was not affected by atractyloside, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP transporter. Silencing of the CFTR gene using an siRNA abolished the acidosis-induced increase in ATP release from cultured myoblasts. CFTR expression on skeletal muscle cells was confirmed using immunostaining in the intact muscle and Western blotting in the cultured cells. These data suggest that depression of the intracellular pH of skeletal muscle cells stimulates ATP efflux, and that CFTR plays an important role in the release mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tu
- Department of Physiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Geiser M. Update on Macrophage Clearance of Inhaled Micro- and Nanoparticles. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010; 23:207-17. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2009.0797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Winkelmann BR, von Holt K, Unverdorben M. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Part I: atherosclerotic disease process. Biomark Med 2010; 3:411-28. [PMID: 20477486 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal endothelium inhibits platelet and leukocyte adhesion to the vascular surface maintaining a balance of profibrinolytic and prothrombotic activity. Endothelial function is assessed largely as endothelium-dependent vasomotion, partly based on the assumption that impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation reflects the alteration of important endothelial functions. Atherosclerotic risk factors, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking, are associated with endothelial dysfunction. In the diseased endothelium, the balance between pro- and antithrombotic, pro- and anti-inflammatory, pro- and antiadhesive or pro- and antioxidant effects shifts towards a proinflammatory, prothrombotic, pro-oxidative and proadhesive phenotype of the endothelium. A common mechanism underlying endothelial dysfunction is related to the increased vascular production of reactive oxygen species. Recent studies suggest that inflammation per se, and C-reactive protein in particular, may contribute directly to endothelial dysfunction. The loss of endothelial integrity is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and the causal possible link between each individual risk factor, the development of atherosclerosis and the subsequent clinical events, such as myocardial infarction or stroke.
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Unverdorben M, von Holt K, Winkelmann BR. Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: part II: role of cigarette smoking in cardiovascular disease development. Biomark Med 2010; 3:617-53. [PMID: 20477529 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential mechanisms and biomarkers of atherosclerosis related to cigarette smoking - a modifiable risk factor for that disease - are discussed in this article. These include smoking-associated inflammatory markers, such as leukocytes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, ICAM-1 and IL-6. Other reviewed markers are indicative for smoking-related impairment of arterial endothelial function (transcapillary leakage of albumin, inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthase activity and reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation) or point to oxidative stress caused by various chemicals (cholesterol oxidation, autoantibodies to oxidized low-density lipoprotein, plasma levels of malondialdehyde and F(2)-isoprostanes and reduced antioxidant capacity). Smoking enhances platelet aggregability, increases blood viscosity and shifts the pro- and antithrombotic balance towards increased coagulability (e.g., fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, ICAM-1 and P-selectin). Insulin resistance is higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers, and hemoglobin A1c is dose-dependently elevated, as is homocysteine. Smoke exposure may influence the kinetics of markers with different response to transient or chronic changes in cigarette smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Unverdorben
- Clinical Research Institute, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Heinz-Meise-Strasse 100, 36199 Rotenburg an der Fulda, Germany.
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Abstract
Although mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life-saving intervention for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it can aggravate or cause lung injury, known as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The biophysical characteristics of heterogeneously injured ARDS lungs increase the parenchymal stress associated with breathing, which is further aggravated by MV. Cells, in particular those lining the capillaries, airways and alveoli, transform this strain into chemical signals (mechanotransduction). The interaction of reparative and injurious mechanotransductive pathways leads to VILI. Several attempts have been made to identify clinical surrogate measures of lung stress/strain (e.g., density changes in chest computed tomography, lower and upper inflection points of the pressure-volume curve, plateau pressure and inflammatory cytokine levels) that could be used to titrate MV. However, uncertainty about the topographical distribution of stress relative to that of the susceptibility of the cells and tissues to injury makes the existence of a single 'global' stress/strain injury threshold doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Plataki
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rolf D Hubmayr
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Epithelium, cilia, and mucus: their importance in chronic rhinosinusitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2010; 29:631-43. [PMID: 19879439 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease resulting from inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. It has long been recognized that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis have impaired capacity to clear sinonasal secretions. However, the cause of this pathologic process is not well understood. In this article the components of mucociliary clearance, including cilia, mucus production, and cilia beat frequency, are reviewed and alterations of the system discussed regarding contribution to the disease process.
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Charles PE, Barbar SD. Toll-like receptors: a link between mechanical ventilation, innate immunity and lung injury? Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:909-11. [PMID: 20397010 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Jaecklin T, Otulakowski G, Kavanagh BP. Do soluble mediators cause ventilator-induced lung injury and multi-organ failure? Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:750-7. [PMID: 20232037 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1850-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant advances in the management of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome have been few in the recent past despite considerable efforts in clinical testing and experimental work. The biotrauma hypothesis of ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI), suggesting that mechanical ventilation induces the release of injurious mediators from the lung, implies that pharmaceutical interventions targeting these circulating pathogenic mediators would be clinically beneficial. Among the commonly reported classes of ventilation-associated mediators are cytokines, coagulation factors, hormones (e.g., angiotensin-II), lipid-derived mediators and oxidants, yet proof of their pathogenicity is lacking. DISCUSSION This review discusses evidence surrounding the roles of these mediators in VALI and describes how definitive proof could be provided based on Koch's postulates, using an isolated perfused lung model. According to this experimental concept, candidate mediators would fulfill certain criteria, including increased accumulation in perfusate during injurious ventilation and induction of injury during non-injurious ventilation. Accumulation of mediators in the perfusate would facilitate isolation and characterization by standard biochemical means, from broad determination of physical and chemical properties to precise identification of individual molecules (e.g., by modern "omic" approaches such as mass spectrometry). Finally, confirmation by exogenous administration of mediators or antagonists can assess effects on injury and its mechanisms such as cell permeability or cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Adaptation of Koch's postulates to the biotrauma hypothesis of VALI could provide important insights. Translation of the acquired knowledge into clinical testing is challenged by the heterogeneity of the patient population (e.g., etiology, co-morbidity, genetics or concomitant therapy) and the specificity and efficacy of the therapeutic intervention on the cellular/molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jaecklin
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Villar J, Cabrera NE, Casula M, Flores C, Valladares F, Díaz-Flores L, Muros M, Slutsky AS, Kacmarek RM. Mechanical ventilation modulates TLR4 and IRAK-3 in a non-infectious, ventilator-induced lung injury model. Respir Res 2010; 11:27. [PMID: 20199666 PMCID: PMC2841148 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous experimental studies have shown that injurious mechanical ventilation has a direct effect on pulmonary and systemic immune responses. How these responses are propagated or attenuated is a matter of speculation. The goal of this study was to determine the contribution of mechanical ventilation in the regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-3 (IRAK-3) during experimental ventilator-induced lung injury. METHODS Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study using male, healthy adults Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350 g. Animals were anesthetized and randomized to spontaneous breathing and to two different mechanical ventilation strategies for 4 hours: high tidal volume (VT) (20 ml/kg) and low VT (6 ml/kg). Histological evaluation, TLR2, TLR4, IRAK3 gene expression, IRAK-3 protein levels, inhibitory kappa B alpha (IkappaBalpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL6) gene expression in the lungs and TNF-alpha and IL-6 protein serum concentrations were analyzed. RESULTS High VT mechanical ventilation for 4 hours was associated with a significant increase of TLR4 but not TLR2, a significant decrease of IRAK3 lung gene expression and protein levels, a significant decrease of IkappaBalpha, and a higher lung expression and serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS The current study supports an interaction between TLR4 and IRAK-3 signaling pathway for the over-expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during ventilator-induced lung injury. Our study also suggests that injurious mechanical ventilation may elicit an immune response that is similar to that observed during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Villar
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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Hong CM, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Cheng Y, Pisarenko V, Doucet D, Brown M, Aisner S, Zhang C, Deitch EA, Delphin E. Low tidal volume and high positive end-expiratory pressure mechanical ventilation results in increased inflammation and ventilator-associated lung injury in normal lungs. Anesth Analg 2010; 110:1652-60. [PMID: 20103541 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181cfc416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective mechanical ventilation with low tidal volume (Vt) and low plateau pressure reduces mortality and decreases the length of mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mechanical ventilation that will protect normal lungs during major surgical procedures of long duration may improve postoperative outcomes. We performed an animal study comparing 3 ventilation strategies used in the operating room in normal lungs. We compared the effects on pulmonary mechanics, inflammatory mediators, and lung tissue injury. METHODS Female pigs were randomized into 3 groups. Group H-Vt/3 (n = 6) was ventilated with a Vt of 15 mL/kg predicted body weight (PBW)/positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 3 cm H(2)O, group L-Vt/3 (n = 6) with a Vt of 6 mL/kg PBW/PEEP of 3 cm H(2)O, and group L-Vt/10 (n = 6) with a Vt of 6 mL/kg PBW/PEEP of 10 cm H(2)O, for 8 hours. Hemodynamics, airway mechanics, arterial blood gases, and inflammatory markers were monitored. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was analyzed for inflammatory markers and protein concentration. The right lower lobe was assayed for mRNA of specific cytokines. The right lower lobe and right upper lobe were evaluated histologically. RESULTS In contrast to groups H-Vt/3 and L-Vt/3, group L-Vt/10 exhibited a 6-fold increase in inflammatory mediators in BAL (P < 0.001). Cytokines in BAL were similar in groups H-Vt/3 and L-Vt/3. Group H-Vt/3 had a significantly lower lung injury score than groups L-Vt/3 and L-Vt/10. CONCLUSION Comparing intraoperative strategies, ventilation with high PEEP resulted in increased production of inflammatory markers. Low PEEP resulted in lower levels of inflammatory markers. High Vt/low PEEP resulted in less histologic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caron M Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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49
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Chen JH, Cai Z, Sheppard DN. Direct sensing of intracellular pH by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel. J Biol Chem 2010; 284:35495-506. [PMID: 19837660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.072678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel disrupts epithelial ion transport and perturbs the regulation of intracellular pH (pH(i)). CFTR modulates pH(i) through its role as an ion channel and by regulating transport proteins. However, it is unknown how CFTR senses pH(i). Here, we investigate the direct effects of pH(i) on recombinant CFTR using excised membrane patches. By altering channel gating, acidic pH(i) increased the open probability (P(o)) of wild-type CFTR, whereas alkaline pH(i) decreased P(o) and inhibited Cl(-) flow through the channel. Acidic pH(i) potentiated the MgATP dependence of wild-type CFTR by increasing MgATP affinity and enhancing channel activity, whereas alkaline pH(i) inhibited the MgATP dependence of wild-type CFTR by decreasing channel activity. Because these data suggest that pH(i) modulates the interaction of MgATP with the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) of CFTR, we examined the pH(i) dependence of site-directed mutations in the two ATP-binding sites of CFTR that are located at the NBD1:NBD2 dimer interface (site 1: K464A-, D572N-, and G1349D-CFTR; site 2: G551D-, K1250M-, and D1370N-CFTR). Site 2 mutants, but not site 1 mutants, perturbed both potentiation by acidic pH(i) and inhibition by alkaline pH(i), suggesting that site 2 is a critical determinant of the pH(i) sensitivity of CFTR. The effects of pH(i) also suggest that site 2 might employ substrate-assisted catalysis to ensure that ATP hydrolysis follows NBD dimerization. We conclude that the CFTR Cl(-) channel senses directly pH(i). The direct regulation of CFTR by pH(i) has important implications for the regulation of epithelial ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Haur Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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Reddy MM, Quinton PM. PKA mediates constitutive activation of CFTR in human sweat duct. J Membr Biol 2009; 231:65-78. [PMID: 19865788 PMCID: PMC2776937 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-009-9205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channels are constitutively activated in sweat ducts. Since phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms can activate CFTR, we sought to determine the actual mechanism responsible for constitutive activation of these channels in vivo. We show that the constitutively activated CFTR Cl− conductance (gCFTR) in the apical membrane is completely deactivated following α-toxin permeabilization of the basolateral membrane. We investigated whether such inhibition of gCFTR following permeabilization is due to the loss of cytoplasmic glutamate or due to dephosphorylation of CFTR by an endogenous phosphatase in the absence of kinase activity (due to the loss of kinase agonist cAMP, cGMP or GTP through α-toxin pores). In order to distinguish between these two possibilities, we examined the effect of inhibiting the endogenous phosphatase activity with okadaic acid (10−8 M) on the permeabilization-induced deactivation of gCFTR. We show that okadaic acid (1) inhibits an endogenous phosphatase responsible for dephosphorylating cAMP but not cGMP or G protein-activated CFTR and (2) prevents deactivation of CFTR following permeabilization of the basolateral membrane. These results indicate that distinctly different phosphatases may be responsible for dephosphorylating different kinase-specific sites on CFTR. We conclude that the phosphorylation by PKA alone appears to be primarily responsible for constitutive activation of gCFTR in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0830, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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