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Honkala SM, Motiani P, Kivelä R, Hemanthakumar KA, Tolvanen E, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Kemppainen J, Heiskanen MA, Löyttyniemi E, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise training improves adipose tissue metabolism and vasculature regardless of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000830. [PMID: 32816872 PMCID: PMC7437884 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effects of a supervised progressive sprint interval training (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on adipocyte morphology and adipose tissue metabolism and function; we also tested whether the responses were similar regardless of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 26 insulin-resistant (IR) and 28 healthy participants were randomized into 2-week-long SIT (4-6×30 s at maximum effort) and MICT (40-60 min at 60% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2peak)). Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting-free fatty acid uptake in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissues (SATs) were quantified with positron emission tomography. Abdominal SAT biopsies were collected to determine adipocyte morphology, gene expression markers of lipolysis, glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation. RESULTS Training increased glucose uptake in VAT (p<0.001) and femoral SAT (p<0.001) and decreased fatty acid uptake in VAT (p=0.01) irrespective of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. In IR participants, training increased adipose tissue vasculature and decreased CD36 and ANGPTL4 gene expression in abdominal SAT. SIT was superior in increasing VO2peak and VAT glucose uptake in the IR group, whereas MICT reduced VAT fatty acid uptake more than SIT. CONCLUSIONS Short-term training improves adipose tissue metabolism both in healthy and IR participants independently of the sex. Adipose tissue angiogenesis and gene expression was only significantly affected in IR participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riikka Kivelä
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Erik Tolvanen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Presby DM, Checkley LA, Jackman MR, Higgins JA, Jones KL, Giles ED, Houck JA, Webb PG, Steig AJ, Johnson GC, Rudolph MC, MacLean PS. Regular exercise potentiates energetically expensive hepatic de novo lipogenesis during early weight regain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R684-R695. [PMID: 31553623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00074.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a potent facilitator of long-term weight loss maintenance (WLM), whereby it decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure beyond the cost of the exercise bout. We have previously shown that exercise may amplify energy expenditure through energetically expensive nutrient deposition. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) during WLM and relapse to obesity. Obese rats were calorically restricted with (EX) or without (SED) treadmill exercise (1 h/day, 6 days/wk, 15 m/min) to induce and maintain weight loss. After 6 wk of WLM, subsets of WLM-SED and WLM-EX rats were allowed ad libitum access to food for 1 day to promote relapse (REL). An energy gap-matched group of sedentary, relapsing rats (REL-GM) were provided a diet matched to the positive energy imbalance of the REL-EX rats. During relapse, exercise increased enrichment of hepatic DN-derived lipids and induced hepatic molecular adaptations favoring DNL compared with the gap-matched controls. In the liver, compared with both REL-SED and REL-GM rats, REL-EX rats had lower hepatic expression of genes required for cholesterol biosynthesis; greater hepatic expression of genes that mediate very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion; and greater mRNA expression of Cyp27a1, which encodes an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of bile acids. Altogether, these data provide compelling evidence that the liver has an active role in exercise-mediated potentiation of energy expenditure during early relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Presby
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - L Allyson Checkley
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Julie A Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Patricia G Webb
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amy J Steig
- Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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3
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Flores‐Opazo M, Raajendiran A, Watt MJ, Hargreaves M. Exercise serum increases GLUT4 in human adipocytes. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:630-634. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Flores‐Opazo
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Activity SciencesDepartment of PhysiotherapyUniversity Finis Terrae Santiago Chile
| | - Arthe Raajendiran
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of PhysiologyMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew J. Watt
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of PhysiologyMonash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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4
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Riis S, Christensen B, Nellemann B, Møller AB, Husted AS, Pedersen SB, Schwartz TW, Jørgensen JOL, Jessen N. Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:569-577. [PMID: 30571288 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00989.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise training induces adaptations in metabolically active organs, but adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) remains incompletely understood. On the basis of animal studies, we hypothesized that endurance exercise training would increase the expression of proteins involved in lipolysis and glucose uptake in scAT. To test these hypotheses, 19 young and healthy males were randomized to either endurance exercise training (TR; age 18-24 yr; BMI 19.0-25.4 kg/m2) or a nonexercising control group (CON; age 21-35 yr; BMI 20.5-28.8 kg/m2). Abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies and blood were obtained at rest before and after intervention. By using Western blotting and PCR, we determined expression of lipid droplet-associated proteins, various proteins involved in substrate metabolism, and mRNA abundance of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity was determined from fasting plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (adipose tissue insulin resistance index; Adipo-IR). Adipo-IR improved in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.03). This was accompanied by increased insulin receptor (IR) protein expression in scAT with a 1.54-fold (SD 0.79) change from baseline in TR vs. 0.85 (SD 0.30) in CON ( P = 0.007). Additionally, hexokinase II (HKII) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) protein increased in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.006 and P = 0.04, respectively). We did not observe changes in lipid droplet-associated proteins or mRNA abundance of GPCRs. Collectively, 10 weeks of endurance exercise training improved adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, which was accompanied by increased IR, HKII, and SDHA protein expression in scAT. We suggest that these adaptations contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) after endurance exercise training compared with a nonexercising control group. We show that endurance exercise training improves insulin sensitivity in human scAT, and this is accompanied by increased expression of insulin receptor, hexokinase II, and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A. Collectively, our data suggest that endurance exercise training induces molecular adaptations in human scAT, which may contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Riis
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Britt Christensen
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nellemann
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anna Sofie Husted
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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5
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Flores‐Opazo M, Boland E, Garnham A, Murphy RM, McGee SL, Hargreaves M. Exercise and GLUT4 in human subcutaneous adipose tissue. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13918. [PMID: 30450826 PMCID: PMC6240583 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the effect of acute and chronic exercise on adipose tissue GLUT4 expression, a total of 20 healthy, male subjects performed one of two studies. Ten subjects performed cycle ergometer exercise for 60 min at 73 ± 2% VO2 peak and abdominal adipose tissue samples were obtained immediately before and after exercise and after 3 h of recovery. Another 10 subjects completed 10 days of exercise training, comprising a combination of six sessions of 60 min at 75% VO2 peak and four sessions of 6 × 5 min at 90% VO2 peak, separated by 3 min at 40% VO2 peak. Abdominal adipose tissue and vastus lateralis muscle samples were obtained before training and 24 h after the last training session. A single bout of exercise did not change adipose tissue GLUT4 mRNA; however, there was a small, but significant, reduction in adipose tissue GLUT4 protein expression 3 h after exercise. There were no changes in adipose tissue GLUT4 or COX-IV expression following exercise training. In contrast, skeletal muscle GLUT4 and COX-IV were increased by 47% and 44%, respectively following exercise training. The exercise training-induced increase in GLUT4 expression was similar in both type I and type IIa single muscle fibers. Our results indicate that neither a single exercise bout, nor 10 days of exercise training, increased adipose tissue GLUT4, in contrast with the increases observed in skeletal muscle GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Flores‐Opazo
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Activity SciencesDepartment of PhysiotherapyUniversity Finis TerraeSantiagoChile
| | - Eva Boland
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- School of Exercise & Nutrition SciencesDeakin UniversityBurwoodAustralia
| | - Robyn M. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry & GeneticsLaTrobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLaTrobe UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sean L. McGee
- Metabolic Research UnitSchool of MedicineDeakin UniversityWaurn PondsAustralia
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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6
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Bertholdt L, Gudiksen A, Stankiewicz T, Villesen I, Tybirk J, van Hall G, Bangsbo J, Plomgaard P, Pilegaard H. Impact of training state on fasting-induced regulation of adipose tissue metabolism in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:729-740. [PMID: 29191981 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of fatty acids from adipose tissue is increased during fasting. However, the molecular mechanisms behind fasting-induced metabolic regulation in human adipose tissue and the potential impact of training state in this are unknown. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate 1) fasting-induced regulation of lipolysis and glyceroneogenesis in human adipose tissue as well as 2) the impact of training state on basal oxidative capacity and fasting-induced metabolic regulation in human adipose tissue. Untrained [maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) < 45 ml·min-1·kg-1] and trained subjects (V̇o2max > 55 ml·min-1·kg-1) fasted for 36 h, and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained 2, 12, 24, and 36 h after a standardized meal. Adipose tissue oxidative phosphorylation complexes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-E1α protein as well as PDH kinase (PDK) 2, PDK4, and PDH phosphatase 2 mRNA content were higher in trained subjects than in untrained subjects. In addition, trained subjects had higher adipose tissue hormone-sensitive lipase Ser660 phosphorylation and adipose triglyceride lipase protein content as well as higher plasma free fatty acid concentration than untrained subjects during fasting. Moreover, adipose tissue PDH phosphorylation increased with fasting only in trained subjects. Taken together, trained subjects seem to possess higher basal adipose tissue oxidative capacity as well as higher capacity for regulation of lipolysis and for providing substrate for glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue during fasting than untrained subjects. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows for the first time higher protein content of lipolytic enzymes and higher oxidative phosphorylation protein in adipose tissue from trained subjects than from untrained subjects during fasting. Furthermore, trained subjects had higher capacity for adipose tissue glyceroneogenesis than untrained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lærke Bertholdt
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anders Gudiksen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Tomasz Stankiewicz
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ida Villesen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jonas Tybirk
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Peter Plomgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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7
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Knudsen JG, Bertholdt L, Joensen E, Lassen SB, Hidalgo J, Pilegaard H. Skeletal muscle interleukin-6 regulates metabolic factors in iWAT during HFD and exercise training. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1616-24. [PMID: 26109166 PMCID: PMC6084358 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of skeletal muscle (SkM) interleukin (IL)-6 in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism. METHODS Muscle-specific IL-6 knockout (IL-6 MKO) and IL-6(loxP/loxP) (Floxed) mice were subjected to standard rodent diet (Chow), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD in combination with exercise training (HFD ExTr) for 16 weeks. RESULTS Total fat mass increased (P < 0.05) in both genotypes with HFD. However, HFD IL-6 MKO mice had lower (P < 0.05) inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) mass than HFD Floxed mice. Accordingly, iWAT glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein content, 5'AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)(Thr172) phosphorylation, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA content were lower (P < 0.05) in IL-6 MKO than Floxed mice on Chow. In addition, iWAT AMPK(Thr172) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)(Ser565) phosphorylation as well as perilipin protein content was higher (P < 0.05) in HFD IL-6 MKO than HFD Floxed mice, and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α (PDH-E1α) protein content was higher (P < 0.05) in HFD ExTr IL-6 MKO than HFD ExTr Floxed mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that SkM IL-6 affects iWAT mass through regulation of glucose uptake capacity as well as lipogenic and lipolytic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob G. Knudsen
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lærke Bertholdt
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ella Joensen
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Signe B. Lassen
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Departamento die Biología Celular y FisiologíaUniversidad De Autonoma De BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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8
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Sertié RAL, Andreotti S, Proença ARG, Campaña AB, Lima FB. Fat gain with physical detraining is correlated with increased glucose transport and oxidation in periepididymal white adipose tissue in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:650-3. [PMID: 26017340 PMCID: PMC4512105 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As it is a common observation that obesity tends to occur after discontinuation of
exercise, we investigated how white adipocytes isolated from the periepididymal fat
of animals with interrupted physical training transport and oxidize glucose, and
whether these adaptations support the weight regain seen after 4 weeks of physical
detraining. Male Wistar rats (45 days old, weighing 200 g) were divided into two
groups (n=10): group D (detrained), trained for 8 weeks and detrained for 4 weeks;
and group S (sedentary). The physical exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 60
min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks, at 50-60% of the maximum running capacity. After
the training protocol, adipocytes isolated from the periepididymal adipose tissue
were submitted to glucose uptake and oxidation tests. Adipocytes from detrained
animals increased their glucose uptake capacity by 18.5% compared with those from
sedentary animals (P<0.05). The same cells also showed a greater glucose oxidation
capacity in response to insulin stimulation (34.55%) compared with those from the S
group (P<0.05). We hypothesize that, owing to the more intense glucose entrance
into adipose cells from detrained rats, more substrate became available for
triacylglycerol synthesis. Furthermore, this increased glucose oxidation rate allowed
an increase in energy supply for triacylglycerol synthesis. Thus, physical detraining
might play a role as a possible obesogenic factor for increasing glucose uptake and
oxidation by adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A L Sertié
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S Andreotti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A R G Proença
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brasil
| | - A B Campaña
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F B Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Reichkendler MH, Auerbach P, Rosenkilde M, Christensen AN, Holm S, Petersen MB, Lagerberg A, Larsson HBW, Rostrup E, Mosbech TH, Sjödin A, Kjaer A, Ploug T, Hoejgaard L, Stallknecht B. Exercise training favors increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in contrast to adipose tissue: a randomized study using FDG PET imaging. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E496-506. [PMID: 23800880 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00128.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, but regional differences are poorly elucidated in humans. We investigated the effect of aerobic exercise training on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in five individual femoral muscle groups and four different adipose tissue regions, using dynamic (femoral region) and static (abdominal region) 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) PET/CT methodology during steady-state insulin infusion (40 mU·m⁻²·min⁻¹). Body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry and MRI. Sixty-one healthy, sedentary [V(O2max) 36(5) ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; mean(SD)], moderately overweight [BMI 28.1(1.8) kg/m²], young [age: 30(6) yr] men were randomized to sedentary living (CON; n = 17 completers) or moderate (MOD; 300 kcal/day, n = 18) or high (HIGH; 600 kcal/day, n = 18) dose physical exercise for 11 wk. At baseline, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was highest in femoral skeletal muscle followed by intraperitoneal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), retroperitoneal VAT, abdominal (anterior + posterior) subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and femoral SAT (P < 0.0001 between tissues). Metabolic rate of glucose increased similarly (~30%) in the two exercise groups in femoral skeletal muscle (MOD 24[9, 39] μmol·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, P = 0.004; HIGH 22[9, 35] μmol·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, P = 0.003) (mean[95% CI]) and in five individual femoral muscle groups but not in femoral SAT. Standardized uptake value of FDG decreased ~24% in anterior abdominal SAT and ~20% in posterior abdominal SAT compared with CON but not in either intra- or retroperitoneal VAT. Total adipose tissue mass decreased in both exercise groups, and the decrease was distributed equally among subcutaneous and intra-abdominal depots. In conclusion, aerobic exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle but not in adipose tissue, which demonstrates some interregional differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Reichkendler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hulstrøm V, Prats C, Vinten J. Adipocyte size and cellular expression of caveolar proteins analyzed by confocal microscopy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C1168-75. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00273.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are abundant in adipocytes and are involved in the regulation of lipid accumulation, which is the main volume determinant of these cells. We have developed and applied a confocal microscopic technique for measuring individual cellular expression of the caveolar proteins cavin-1 and caveolin-1 along with the size of individual adipocytes. The technique was applied on collagenase isolated adipocytes from ad libitum fed Sprague-Dawley rats of different age (4–26 wk) and weight (103–629 g). We found that cellular expression of caveolar proteins was variable (SD of log expression in the range from 0.25 to 0.65). Regression analysis of protein expression on adipocyte size revealed that the expression of the caveolar proteins cavin-1 and caveolin-1 on adipocytes from individual rats was tightly related to adipocyte cell surface area (mean coefficient of regression was 0.83 for cavin and 0.77 for caveolin), indicating that caveolar density was the same in membranes from all cells within a biopsy. This intrinsic relation remained unchanged with animal age, but adipocytes from animals with increasing age showed a decrease in mean expression of caveolar proteins per unit cell surface. The different relation between adipocyte size and cellular expression levels of caveolar proteins within and between individuals of different age shows that caveolar density is an age-sensitive characteristic of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Hulstrøm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C. Prats
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Vinten
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Sertie RAL, Andreotti S, Proença ARG, Campana AB, Lima-Salgado TM, Batista ML, Seelaender MCL, Curi R, Oliveira AC, Lima FB. Cessation of physical exercise changes metabolism and modifies the adipocyte cellularity of the periepididymal white adipose tissue in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:394-402. [PMID: 23703117 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01272.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All of the adaptations acquired through physical training are reversible with inactivity. Although significant reductions in maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) can be observed within 2 to 4 wk of detraining, the consequences of detraining on the physiology of adipose tissue are poorly known. Our aim was therefore to investigate the effects of discontinuing training (physical detraining) on the metabolism and adipocyte cellularity of rat periepididymal (PE) adipose tissue. Male Wistar rats, aged 6 wk, were divided into three groups and studied for 12 wk under the following conditions: 1) trained (T) throughout the period; 2) detrained (D), trained during the first 8 wk and detrained during the remaining 4 wk; and 3) age-matched sedentary (S). Training consisted of treadmill running sessions (1 h/day, 5 days/wk, 50-60% Vo2max). The PE adipocyte size analysis revealed significant differences between the groups. The adipocyte cross-sectional area (in μm(2)) was significantly larger in D than in the T and S groups (3,474 ± 68.8; 1,945.7 ± 45.6; 2,492.4 ± 49.08, respectively, P < 0.05). Compared with T, the isolated adipose cells (of the D rats) showed a 48% increase in the ability to perform lipogenesis (both basal and maximally insulin-stimulated) and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. No changes were observed with respect to unstimulated lipolysis. A 15% reduction in the proportion of apoptotic adipocytes was observed in groups T and D compared with group S. The gene expression levels of adiponectin and PPAR-gamma were upregulated by factors of 3 and 2 in D vs. S, respectively. PREF-1 gene expression was 3-fold higher in T vs. S. From these results, we hypothesize that adipogenesis was stimulated in group D and accompanied by significant adipocyte hypertrophy and an increase in the lipogenic capacity of the adipocytes. The occurrence of apoptotic nuclei in PE fat cells was reduced in the D and T rats; these results raise the possibility that the adipose tissue changes after detraining are obesogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogerio A L Sertie
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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PGC-1α is required for exercise- and exercise training-induced UCP1 up-regulation in mouse white adipose tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64123. [PMID: 23717545 PMCID: PMC3661446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to test the hypotheses that 1) a single exercise bout increases UCP1 mRNA in both inguinal (i)WAT and epididymal (e)WAT, 2) UCP1 expression and responsiveness to exercise are different in iWAT and eWAT, 3) PGC-1α determines the basal levels of UCP1 and PRDM16 in WAT and 4) exercise and exercise training regulate UCP1 and PRDM16 expression in WAT in a PGC-1α-dependent manner. METHODS Whole body PGC-1α knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) littermate mice performed a single treadmill exercise bout at 14 m/min and 10% slope for 1 hour. Mice were sacrificed and iWAT, eWAT and quadriceps muscle were removed immediately after, 2, 6 and 10 hours after running, and from sedentary mice that served as controls. In addition, PGC-1α KO mice and WT littermates were exercise trained for 5 weeks with sedentary mice as untrained controls. Thirty-six-37 hours after the last exercise bout iWAT was removed. RESULTS UCP1 mRNA content increased 19-fold in iWAT and 7.5-fold in eWAT peaking at 6 h and 0' of recovery, respectively, in WT but with no changes in PGC-1α KO mice. UCP1 protein was undetectable in eWAT and very low in iWAT of untrained mice but increased with exercise training to 4.4 (AU) in iWAT from WT mice without significant effects in PGC-1α KO mice. CONCLUSION The present observations provide evidence that exercise training increases UCP1 protein in iWAT through PGC-1α, likely as a cumulative effect of transient increases in UCP1 expression after each exercise bout. Moreover, the results suggest that iWAT is more responsive than eWAT in exercise-induced regulation of UCP1. In addition, as PRDM16 mRNA content decreased in recovery from acute exercise, the present findings suggest that acute exercise elicits regulation of several brown adipose tissue genes in mouse WAT.
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Kartono A. Modified minimal model for effect of physical exercise on insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness in type 2 diabetes and healthy human. Theory Biosci 2013; 132:195-206. [PMID: 23576172 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-013-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Bergman's minimal model of glucose and insulin plasma levels is commonly used to analyse the results of glucose tolerance tests in humans. In this paper, we present the modified minimal model with plasma insulin compartment under the assumption that if the plasma glucose compartment drops below the basal glucose levels, the rate of insulin entering the plasma glucose compartment is zero. Insulin is cleared from the plasma insulin compartment at a rate proportional to the amount of insulin in the plasma insulin compartment. The modified minimal model was used to study the effect of physical exercise via parameters of a mathematical model to qualitative the magnitude of changes in insulin sensitivity (S(I)) and glucose effectiveness (S(G)) in response to exercise in type 2 diabetes and healthy human. The short-term effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes did not improve S(G), but markedly improved the low S(I) values found in type 2 diabetes, indicating that the effects of exercise on S(I) are quantitatively important in the interpretation of training-related S(I) changes and may even be therapeutically useful in type 2 diabetes patients. Physical exercise is indicated either to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes or to assure a good control of type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agus Kartono
- Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Physics, Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Jalan Meranti, Building Wing S, 2nd Floor, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
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Dela F, Stallknecht B. Effect of physical training on insulin secretion and action in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E80-91. [PMID: 20407006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00765.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical training affects insulin secretion and action, but there is a paucity of data on the direct effects in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and on the effect of training in first-degree relatives (FDR) of patients with type 2 diabetes. We studied insulin action at the whole body level and peripherally in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue as well as insulin-secretory capacity in seven FDR and eight control (CON) subjects before and after 12 wk of endurance training. Training improved physical fitness. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake (GU) increased (whole body and leg; P < 0.05) after training in CON but not in FDR, whereas glucose-mediated GU increased (P < 0.05) in both groups. Adipose tissue GU was not affected by training, but it was higher (abdominal, P < 0.05; femoral, P = 0.09) in FDR compared with CON. Training increased skeletal muscle lipolysis (P < 0.05), and it was markedly higher (P < 0.05) in subcutaneous abdominal than in femoral adipose tissue and quadriceps muscle with no difference between FDR and CON. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was lower in FDR compared with CON, but no effect of training was seen. Glucagon-like peptide-1 stimulated insulin secretion five- to sevenfold. We conclude that insulin-secretory capacity is lower in FDR than in CON and that there is dissociation between training-induced changes in insulin secretion and insulin-mediated GU. Maximal GU rates are similar between groups and increases with physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Dela
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Vieira VJ, Valentine RJ. Mitochondrial biogenesis in adipose tissue: can exercise make fat cells 'fit'? J Physiol 2009; 587:3427-8. [PMID: 19602637 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.175307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Vieira
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Enevoldsen LH, Stallknecht B, Langfort J, Petersen LN, Holm C, Ploug T, Galbo H. The effect of exercise training on hormone-sensitive lipase in rat intra-abdominal adipose tissue and muscle. J Physiol 2001; 536:871-7. [PMID: 11691879 PMCID: PMC2278911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2001] [Accepted: 07/02/2001] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in adipose tissue may increase with training. The rate-limiting step in adipose tissue lipolysis is catalysed by the enzyme hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). We studied the effect of exercise training on the activity of the total and the activated form of HSL, referred to as HSL (DG) and HSL (TG), respectively, and on the concentration of HSL protein in retroperitoneal (RE) and mesenteric (ME) adipose tissue, and in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles in rats. 2. Rats (weighing 96 +/- 1 g, mean +/- S.E.M.) were either swim trained (T, 18 weeks, n = 12) or sedentary (S, n = 12). Then RE and ME adipose tissue and the EDL and soleus muscles were incubated for 20 min with 4.4 microM adrenaline. 3. HSL enzyme activities in adipose tissue were higher in T compared with S rats. Furthermore, in RE adipose tissue, training also doubled HSL protein concentration (P < 0.05). In ME adipose tissue, the HSL protein levels did not differ significantly between T and S rats. In muscle, HSL (TG) activity as well as HSL (TG)/HSL (DG) were lower in T rats, whereas HSL (DG) activity did not differ between groups. Furthermore, HSL protein concentration in muscle did not differ between T and S rats (P > 0.05). 4. In conclusion, training increased the amount of HSL and the sensitivity of HSL to stimulation by adrenaline in intra-abdominal adipose tissue, the extent of the change differing between anatomical locations. In contrast, in skeletal muscle the amount of HSL was unchanged and its sensitivity to stimulation by adrenaline reduced after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Enevoldsen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Stallknecht B, Larsen JJ, Mikines KJ, Simonsen L, Bülow J, Galbo H. Effect of training on insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake and lipolysis in human adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279:E376-85. [PMID: 10913038 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.2.e376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Training increases insulin sensitivity of both whole body and muscle in humans. To investigate whether training also increases insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue, we performed a three-step hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp in eight endurance-trained (T) and eight sedentary (S) young men [insulin infusion rates: 10,000 (step I), 20,000 (step II), and 150,000 (step III) microU x min(-1) x m(-2)]. Glucose and glycerol concentrations were measured in arterial blood and also by microdialysis in interstitial fluid in periumbilical, subcutaneous adipose tissue and in quadriceps femoris muscle (glucose only). Adipose tissue blood flow was measured by (133)Xe washout. In the basal state, adipose tissue blood flow tended to be higher in T compared with S subjects, and in both groups blood flow was constant during the clamp. The change from basal in arterial-interstitial glucose concentration difference was increased in T during the clamp but not in S subjects in both adipose tissue and muscle [adipose tissue: step I (n = 8), 0.48 +/- 0.18 mM (T), 0.23 +/- 0.11 mM (S); step II (n = 8), 0.19 +/- 0.09 (T), -0.09 +/- 0.24 (S); step III (n = 5), 0.47 +/- 0.24 (T), 0.06 +/- 0.28 (S); (T: P < 0.001, S: P > 0.05); muscle: step I (n = 4), 1. 40 +/- 0.46 (T), 0.31 +/- 0.21 (S); step II (n = 4), 1.14 +/- 0.54 (T), -0.08 +/- 0.14 (S); step III (n = 4), 1.23 +/- 0.34 (T), 0.24 +/- 0.09 (S); (T: P < 0.01, S: P > 0.05)]. Interstitial glycerol concentration decreased faster in T than in S subjects [half-time: T, 44 +/- 9 min (n = 7); S, 102 +/- 23 min (n = 5); P < 0.05]. In conclusion, training enhances insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake in subcutaneous adipose tissue and in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, interstitial glycerol data suggest that training also increases insulin sensitivity of lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Insulin per se does not influence subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stallknecht
- Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Enevoldsen LH, Stallknecht B, Fluckey JD, Galbo H. Effect of exercise training on in vivo insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in intra-abdominal adipose tissue in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278:E25-34. [PMID: 10644533 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.1.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intra-abdominal obesity may be crucial in the pathogenesis of the insulin-resistance syndrome, and training may alleviate this condition. We compared insulin-mediated glucose uptake in vivo in three intra-abdominal adipose tissues (ATs; retroperitoneal, parametrial, and mesenteric) and in subcutaneous AT and also studied the effect of training. Rats were either swim trained (15 wk, n = 9) or sedentary (n = 16). While the rats were under anesthesia, a hyperinsulinemic ( approximately 900 pM), euglycemic clamp was carried out and local glucose uptake was measured by both the 2-deoxy-D-[(3)H]glucose and microdialysis techniques. Blood flow was measured by microspheres. Upon insulin stimulation, blood flow generally decreased in AT. Flow was higher in mesenteric tissue than in other ATs, whereas insulin-mediated glucose uptake did not differ between ATs. Training doubled the glucose infusion rate during hyperinsulinemia, in part, reflecting an effect in muscle. During hyperinsulinemia, interstitial glucose concentrations were lower, glucose uptake per 100 g of tissue was higher in AT in trained compared with sedentary rats, and training influenced glucose uptake identically in all ATs. In conclusion, differences between ATs in insulin sensitivity with respect to glucose uptake do not explain that insulin resistance is associated with intra-abdominal rather than subcutaneous obesity. Furthermore, training may be beneficial by enhancing insulin sensitivity in intra-abdominal fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Enevoldsen
- Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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