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Voldstedlund CT, Sjøberg KA, Schlabs FL, Sigvardsen CM, Andersen NR, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Wojtaszewski JFP, Kiens B, McConell GK, Richter EA. Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity in men is amplified when assessed using a meal test. Diabetologia 2024:10.1007/s00125-024-06148-x. [PMID: 38662135 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exercise has a profound effect on insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. The euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC) is the gold standard for assessment of insulin sensitivity but it does not reflect the hyperglycaemia that occurs after eating a meal. In previous EHC investigations, it has been shown that the interstitial glucose concentration in muscle is decreased to a larger extent in previously exercised muscle than in rested muscle. This suggests that previously exercised muscle may increase its glucose uptake more than rested muscle if glucose supply is increased by hyperglycaemia. Therefore, we hypothesised that the exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity would appear greater after eating a meal than previously observed with the EHC. METHODS Ten recreationally active men performed dynamic one-legged knee extensor exercise for 1 h. Following this, both femoral veins and one femoral artery were cannulated. Subsequently, 4 h after exercise, a solid meal followed by two liquid meals were ingested over 1 h and glucose uptake in the two legs was measured for 3 h. Muscle biopsies from both legs were obtained before the meal test and 90 min after the meal test was initiated. Data obtained in previous studies using the EHC (n=106 participants from 13 EHC studies) were used for comparison with the meal-test data obtained in this study. RESULTS Plasma glucose and insulin peaked 45 min after initiation of the meal test. Following the meal test, leg glucose uptake and glucose clearance increased twice as much in the exercised leg than in the rested leg; this difference is twice as big as that observed in previous investigations using EHCs. Glucose uptake in the rested leg plateaued after 15 min, alongside elevated muscle glucose 6-phosphate levels, suggestive of compromised muscle glucose metabolism. In contrast, glucose uptake in the exercised leg plateaued 45 min after initiation of the meal test and there were no signs of compromised glucose metabolism. Phosphorylation of the TBC1 domain family member 4 (TBC1D4; p-TBC1D4Ser704) and glycogen synthase activity were greater in the exercised leg compared with the rested leg. Muscle interstitial glucose concentration increased with ingestion of meals, although it was 16% lower in the exercised leg than in the rested leg. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Hyperglycaemia after meal ingestion results in larger differences in muscle glucose uptake between rested and exercised muscle than previously observed during EHCs. These findings indicate that the ability of exercise to increase insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake is even greater when evaluated with a meal test than has previously been shown with EHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Voldstedlund
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Farina L Schlabs
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper M Sigvardsen
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicoline R Andersen
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glenn K McConell
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Erik A Richter
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Ashcroft SP, Stocks B, Egan B, Zierath JR. Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations to enhance cardiometabolic health. Cell Metab 2024; 36:278-300. [PMID: 38183980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The risk associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality is decreased in individuals who meet the current recommendations for physical activity. Therefore, regular exercise remains a cornerstone in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. An acute bout of exercise results in the coordinated interaction between multiple tissues to meet the increased energy demand of exercise. Over time, the associated metabolic stress of each individual exercise bout provides the basis for long-term adaptations across tissues, including the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, gut, and brain. Therefore, regular exercise is associated with a plethora of benefits throughout the whole body, including improved cardiorespiratory fitness, physical function, and glycemic control. Overall, we summarize the exercise-induced adaptations that occur within multiple tissues and how they converge to ultimately improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ashcroft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Stocks
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Integrative Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Dreher SI, Irmler M, Pivovarova-Ramich O, Kessler K, Jürchott K, Sticht C, Fritsche L, Schneeweiss P, Machann J, Pfeiffer AFH, Hrabě de Angelis M, Beckers J, Birkenfeld AL, Peter A, Niess AM, Weigert C, Moller A. Acute and long-term exercise adaptation of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans: a matched transcriptomics approach after 8-week training-intervention. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:313-324. [PMID: 36774413 PMCID: PMC10113153 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise exerts many health benefits by directly inducing molecular alterations in physically utilized skeletal muscle. Molecular adaptations of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) might also contribute to the prevention of metabolic diseases. AIM To characterize the response of human SCAT based on changes in transcripts and mitochondrial respiration to acute and repeated bouts of exercise in comparison to skeletal muscle. METHODS Sedentary participants (27 ± 4 yrs) with overweight or obesity underwent 8-week supervised endurance exercise 3×1h/week at 80% VO2peak. Before, 60 min after the first and last exercise bout and 5 days post intervention, biopsies were taken for transcriptomic analyses and high-resolution respirometry (n = 14, 8 female/6 male). RESULTS In SCAT, we found 37 acutely regulated transcripts (FC > 1.2, FDR < 10%) after the first exercise bout compared to 394, respectively, in skeletal muscle. Regulation of only 5 transcripts overlapped between tissues highlighting their differential response. Upstream and enrichment analyses revealed reduced transcripts of lipid uptake, storage and lipogenesis directly after exercise in SCAT and point to β-adrenergic regulation as potential major driver. The data also suggest an exercise-induced modulation of the circadian clock in SCAT. Neither term was associated with transcriptomic changes in skeletal muscle. No evidence for beigeing/browning was found in SCAT along with unchanged respiration. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue responds completely distinct from adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise. The acute and repeated reduction in transcripts of lipid storage and lipogenesis, interconnected with a modulated circadian rhythm, can counteract metabolic syndrome progression toward diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon I Dreher
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Kessler
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Next Generation Sequencing Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schneeweiss
- Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Potsdam, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Anja Moller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85784, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Andersson DP, Kerr AG, Dahlman I, Rydén M, Arner P. Relationship Between a Sedentary Lifestyle and Adipose Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2023; 72:316-325. [PMID: 36445942 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary people have insulin resistance in their skeletal muscle, but whether this also occurs in fat cells was unknown. Insulin inhibition of hydrolysis of triglycerides (antilipolysis) and stimulation of triglyceride formation (lipogenesis) were investigated in subcutaneous fat cells from 204 sedentary and 336 physically active subjects. Insulin responsiveness (maximum hormone effect) and sensitivity (half-maximal effective concentration) were determined. In 69 women, hyperinsulinemia-induced circulating fatty acid levels were measured. In 128 women, adipose gene expression was analyzed. Responsiveness of insulin for antilipolysis (60% inhibition) and lipogenesis (twofold stimulation) were similar between sedentary and active subjects. Sensitivity for both measures decreased ˜10-fold in sedentary subjects (P < 0.01). However, upon multiple regression analysis, only the association between antilipolysis sensitivity and physical activity remained significant when adjusting for BMI, age, sex, waist-to-hip ratio, fat-cell size, and cardiometabolic disorders. Fatty acid levels decreased following hyperinsulinemia but remained higher in sedentary compared with active women (P = 0.01). mRNA expression of insulin receptor and its substrates 1 and 2 was decreased in sedentary subjects. In conclusion, while the maximum effect is preserved, sensitivity to insulin's antilipolytic effect in subcutaneous fat cells is selectively lower in sedentary subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Andersson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alastair G Kerr
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Tijjani A, Salim B, da Silva MVB, Eltahir HA, Musa TH, Marshall K, Hanotte O, Musa HH. Genomic signatures for drylands adaptation at gene-rich regions in African zebu cattle. Genomics 2022; 114:110423. [PMID: 35803449 PMCID: PMC9388378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Indigenous Sudanese cattle are mainly indicine/zebu (humped) type. They thrive in the harshest dryland environments characterised by high temperatures, long seasonal dry periods, nutritional shortages, and vector disease challenges. Here, we sequenced 60 indigenous Sudanese cattle from six indigenous breeds and analysed the data using three genomic scan approaches to unravel cattle adaptation to the African dryland region. Results We identified a set of gene-rich selective sweep regions, detected mostly on chromosomes 5, 7 and 19, shared across African and Gir zebu. These include genes involved in immune response, body size and conformation, and heat stress response. We also identified selective sweep regions unique to Sudanese zebu. Of these, a 250 kb selective sweep on chromosome 16 spans seven genes, including PLCH2, PEX10, PRKCZ, and SKI, which are involved in alternative adaptive metabolic strategies of insulin signalling, glucose homeostasis, and fat metabolism. Conclusions Our results suggest that environmental adaptation may involve recent and ancient selection at gene-rich regions, which might be under a common regulatory genetic control, in zebu cattle. Sudanese cattle thrive in the harshest environments of the African drylands. Bos indicus shared selected genes are involved in immune response, conformation, and heat stress response. Sudanese zebu-specific sweep includes genes involved in alternative adaptive metabolic strategies of insulin signalling, glucose homeostasis, and fat metabolism. Environmental adaptation in zebu cattle may involve recent and ancient selection at gene-rich regions, which might be under a common regulatory genetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulfatai Tijjani
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Ethiopia, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Bashir Salim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | - Taha H Musa
- Biomedical Research Institute, Darfur College, Sudan
| | - Karen Marshall
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Ethiopia, PO Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Cells, Organisms and Molecular Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Hassan H Musa
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Nyala, Sudan; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
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Wasserman DH. Insulin, Muscle Glucose Uptake, and Hexokinase: Revisiting the Road Not Taken. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:115-127. [PMID: 34779282 PMCID: PMC8977147 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00034.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research conducted over the last 50 yr has provided insight into the mechanisms by which insulin stimulates glucose transport across the skeletal muscle cell membrane Transport alone, however, does not result in net glucose uptake as free glucose equilibrates across the cell membrane and is not metabolized. Glucose uptake requires that glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinases. Phosphorylated glucose cannot leave the cell and is the substrate for metabolism. It is indisputable that glucose phosphorylation is essential for glucose uptake. Major advances have been made in defining the regulation of the insulin-stimulated glucose transporter (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle. By contrast, the insulin-regulated hexokinase (hexokinase II) parallels Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken." Here the case is made that an understanding of glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase II is necessary to define the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose uptake in health and insulin resistance. Results of studies from different physiological disciplines that have elegantly described how hexokinase II can be regulated are summarized to provide a framework for potential application to skeletal muscle. Mechanisms by which hexokinase II is regulated in skeletal muscle await rigorous examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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7
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Richter EA, Sylow L, Hargreaves M. Interactions between insulin and exercise. Biochem J 2021; 478:3827-46. [PMID: 34751700 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20210185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between insulin and exercise is an example of balancing and modifying the effects of two opposing metabolic regulatory forces under varying conditions. While insulin is secreted after food intake and is the primary hormone increasing glucose storage as glycogen and fatty acid storage as triglycerides, exercise is a condition where fuel stores need to be mobilized and oxidized. Thus, during physical activity the fuel storage effects of insulin need to be suppressed. This is done primarily by inhibiting insulin secretion during exercise as well as activating local and systemic fuel mobilizing processes. In contrast, following exercise there is a need for refilling the fuel depots mobilized during exercise, particularly the glycogen stores in muscle. This process is facilitated by an increase in insulin sensitivity of the muscles previously engaged in physical activity which directs glucose to glycogen resynthesis. In physically trained individuals, insulin sensitivity is also higher than in untrained individuals due to adaptations in the vasculature, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In this paper, we review the interactions between insulin and exercise during and after exercise, as well as the effects of regular exercise training on insulin action.
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8
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Ajčević M, Candido R, Assaloni R, Accardo A, Francescato MP. Personalized Approach for the Management of Exercise-Related Glycemic Imbalances in Type 1 Diabetes: Comparison with Reference Method. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:1153-1160. [PMID: 32744095 PMCID: PMC8442171 DOI: 10.1177/1932296820945372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most frequently adopted strategies to counterbalance the risk of exercise-induced hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes is carbohydrates supplement. Nevertheless, the estimation of its amount is still challenging. We investigated the efficacy of the personalized Exercise Carbohydrate Requirement Estimation System (ECRES) method compared to a tabular approach to estimate the glucose supplement needed for the prevention of exercise-related glycemic imbalances. METHOD Twenty-six patients performed two one-hour constant intensity exercises one week apart; the amount of extra carbohydrates was estimated, in random order, by the personalized ECRES method or through the tabular approach; glycemia was determined every 30 minutes. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics were calculated over the 48 hours preceding, and the afternoon and night following the trials. RESULTS Applying the personalized ECRES method, a significantly lower amount of carbohydrates was administered to the active patients compared to the tabular approach, median (interquartile range): 9.0 (0.5-21.0) g vs 23.0 (21.0-25.0) g; P < .01; the two methods were similar for the sedentary patients, 18 (13.5-36.0) g vs 23.0 (21.0-27.0) g; P = NS. After overlapping CGM metrics before the exercises, both methods avoided hypoglycemia and resulted in similar glucose levels throughout them. The ECRES method led to CGM metrics within the guidelines for either the afternoon and the night just following the trials, whereas the tabular approach resulted in a significantly greater time below range in the afternoon (11.8% ± 18.2%; P < .05) and time above range during the night (39.3% ± 29.8%; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The results support the validity of the personalized ECRES method: although the estimated amounts of carbohydrates were lower, patients' glycemia was maintained within safe clinical limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Ajčević
- Department of Engineering and
Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Agostino Accardo
- Department of Engineering and
Architecture, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Francescato
- Department of Medicine, University of
Udine, Italy
- Maria Pia Francescato, MD, Department of
Medicine, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy.
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9
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Mandrup CM, Roland CB, Egelund J, Nyberg M, Enevoldsen LH, Kjaer A, Clemmensen A, Christensen AN, Suetta C, Frikke-Schmidt R, Utoft BB, Kristensen JM, Wojtaszewski JFP, Hellsten Y, Stallknecht B. Effects of High-Intensity Exercise Training on Adipose Tissue Mass, Glucose Uptake and Protein Content in Pre- and Post-menopausal Women. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:60. [PMID: 33345051 PMCID: PMC7739715 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The menopausal transition is accompanied by changes in adipose tissue storage, leading to an android body composition associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Estrogens probably affect local adipose tissue depots differently. We investigated how menopausal status and exercise training influence adipose tissue mass, adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue proteins associated with lipogenesis/lipolysis and mitochondrial function. Healthy, normal-weight pre- (n = 21) and post-menopausal (n = 20) women participated in high-intensity exercise training three times per week for 12 weeks. Adipose tissue distribution was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. Adipose tissue glucose uptake was assessed by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) by the glucose analog [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) during continuous insulin infusion (40 mU·m−2·min−1). Protein content associated with insulin signaling, lipogenesis/lipolysis, and mitochondrial function were determined by western blotting in abdominal and femoral white adipose tissue biopsies. The mean age difference between the pre- and the post-menopausal women was 4.5 years. Exercise training reduced subcutaneous (~4%) and visceral (~6%) adipose tissue masses similarly in pre- and post-menopausal women. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, assessed by [18F]FDG-uptake during PET/CT, was similar in pre- and post-menopausal women in abdominal, gluteal, and femoral adipose tissue depots, despite skeletal muscle insulin resistance in post- compared to pre-menopausal women in the same cohort. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipose tissue depots was not changed after 3 months of high-intensity exercise training, but insulin sensitivity was higher in visceral compared to subcutaneous adipose tissue depots (~139%). Post-menopausal women exhibited increased hexokinase and adipose triglyceride lipase content in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Physical activity in the early post-menopausal years reduces abdominal obesity, but insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue seems unaffected by both menopausal status and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Mandrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline B Roland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Egelund
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Hahn Enevoldsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Clemmensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Nymark Christensen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Geriatric Research Unit, Herlev-Gentofte & Frederiksberg-Bispebjerg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Stallknecht
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Hoffmann C, Schneeweiss P, Randrianarisoa E, Schnauder G, Kappler L, Machann J, Schick F, Fritsche A, Heni M, Birkenfeld A, Niess AM, Häring HU, Weigert C, Moller A. Response of Mitochondrial Respiration in Adipose Tissue and Muscle to 8 Weeks of Endurance Exercise in Obese Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5895511. [PMID: 32827042 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exercise training improves glycemic control and increases mitochondrial content and respiration capacity in skeletal muscle. Rodent studies suggest that training increases mitochondrial respiration in adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of endurance training on respiratory capacities of human skeletal muscle and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and to study the correlation with improvement in insulin sensitivity. DESIGN Using high-resolution respirometry, we analyzed biopsies from 25 sedentary (VO2 peak 25.1 ± 4.0 VO2 mL/[kg*min]) subjects (16 female, 9 male; 29.8 ± 8.4 years) with obesity (body mass index [BMI] 31.5 ± 4.3 kg/m2), who did not have diabetes. They performed a supervised endurance training over 8 weeks (3 × 1 hour/week at 80% VO2 peak). RESULTS Based on change in insulin sensitivity after intervention (using the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index [ISIMats]), subjects were grouped in subgroups as responders (>15% increase in ISIMats) and low-responders. The response in ISIMats was correlated to a reduction of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue volume. Both groups exhibited similar increases in fitness, respiratory capacity, and abundance of mitochondrial enzymes in skeletal muscle fibers. Respiratory capacities in subcutaneous adipose tissue were not altered by the intervention. Compared with muscle fibers, adipose tissue respiration showed a preference for β-oxidation and complex II substrates. Respiratory capacities were higher in adipose tissue from female participants. CONCLUSION Our data show that the improvement of peripheral insulin sensitivity after endurance training is not directly related to an increase in mitochondrial respiratory capacities in skeletal muscle and occurs without an increase in the respiratory capacity of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hoffmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schneeweiss
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elko Randrianarisoa
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Günter Schnauder
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Kappler
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
| | - Anja Moller
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Yang L, Lin H, Lin W, Xu X. Exercise Ameliorates Insulin Resistance of Type 2 Diabetes through Motivating Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Cell Autophagy. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:biology9080203. [PMID: 32756447 PMCID: PMC7464264 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exercise can ameliorate type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by regulating intestinal flora metabolites. However, the detailed mechanism needs to be further explored. Methods: A T2DM model using mice was established by feeding them a high-fat diet and giving them subsequent streptozocin injections. Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin were determined by blood glucose meter and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Intestinal flora was measured by 16sRNA sequencing. SCFA content was measured by gas chromatography (GC) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A fluorescently labeled 2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) kit was employed to detect glucose uptake capacity, and western blot was utilized to explore the signaling pathway of insulin resistance and cell autophagy. Results: In the T2DM model, along with a reduction in insulin resistance (IR), exercise reversed the decline of intestinal Bacteroidetes and the increase of Firmicutes. For metabolites of Bacteroides, exercise restored the decline in total intestinal and plasma short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in T2DM mice. However, the administration of GLPG0974—the inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), which is the receptor of SCFAs—abolished exercise-mediated alleviation in IR in vivo and acetate-mediated reduction of skeletal muscle IR (SMIR) in vitro. Mechanistically, exercise induced skeletal muscle cell autophagy, thereby ameliorating SMIR, which was neutralized by GLPG0974 exposure. Conclusions: Exercise-mediated SCFAs-upregulation may ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) through increasing autophagy of skeletal muscle cells by binding to GPR43. This study provides a theoretical basis for targeting gut bacterial metabolites to prevent T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, School of Physical Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- School of Physical Education, Shao Guan University, Shaoguan 512000, China
| | - Haiqi Lin
- School of Physical Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;
| | - Wentao Lin
- Guangzhou Institute of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China;
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Sports Science Education, School of Physical Education, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-0300-9002
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12
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Honkala SM, Motiani P, Kivelä R, Hemanthakumar KA, Tolvanen E, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Kemppainen J, Heiskanen MA, Löyttyniemi E, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Exercise training improves adipose tissue metabolism and vasculature regardless of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000830. [PMID: 32816872 PMCID: PMC7437884 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the effects of a supervised progressive sprint interval training (SIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on adipocyte morphology and adipose tissue metabolism and function; we also tested whether the responses were similar regardless of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 26 insulin-resistant (IR) and 28 healthy participants were randomized into 2-week-long SIT (4-6×30 s at maximum effort) and MICT (40-60 min at 60% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2peak)). Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting-free fatty acid uptake in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal and femoral subcutaneous adipose tissues (SATs) were quantified with positron emission tomography. Abdominal SAT biopsies were collected to determine adipocyte morphology, gene expression markers of lipolysis, glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation. RESULTS Training increased glucose uptake in VAT (p<0.001) and femoral SAT (p<0.001) and decreased fatty acid uptake in VAT (p=0.01) irrespective of baseline glucose tolerance and sex. In IR participants, training increased adipose tissue vasculature and decreased CD36 and ANGPTL4 gene expression in abdominal SAT. SIT was superior in increasing VO2peak and VAT glucose uptake in the IR group, whereas MICT reduced VAT fatty acid uptake more than SIT. CONCLUSIONS Short-term training improves adipose tissue metabolism both in healthy and IR participants independently of the sex. Adipose tissue angiogenesis and gene expression was only significantly affected in IR participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riikka Kivelä
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Erik Tolvanen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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13
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McConell GK, Sjøberg KA, Ceutz F, Gliemann L, Nyberg M, Hellsten Y, Frøsig C, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA. Insulin-induced membrane permeability to glucose in human muscles at rest and following exercise. J Physiol 2020; 598:303-315. [PMID: 31696935 DOI: 10.1113/jp278600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Increased insulin action is an important component of the health benefits of exercise, but its regulation is complex and not fully elucidated. Previous studies of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the skeletal muscle membrane found insufficient increases to explain the increases in glucose uptake. By determination of leg glucose uptake and interstitial muscle glucose concentration, insulin-induced muscle membrane permeability to glucose was calculated 4 h after one-legged knee-extensor exercise during a submaximal euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. It was found that during submaximal insulin stimulation, muscle membrane permeability to glucose in humans increases twice as much in previously exercised vs. rested muscle and outstrips the supply of glucose, which then becomes limiting for glucose uptake. This methodology can now be employed to determine muscle membrane permeability to glucose in people with diabetes, who have reduced insulin action, and in principle can also be used to determine membrane permeability to other substrates or metabolites. ABSTRACT Increased insulin action is an important component of the health benefits of exercise, but the regulation of insulin action in vivo is complex and not fully elucidated. Previously determined increases in skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation are inconsistent and mostly cannot explain the increases in insulin action in humans. Here we used leg glucose uptake (LGU) and interstitial muscle glucose concentration to calculate insulin-induced muscle membrane permeability to glucose, a variable not previously possible to quantify in humans. Muscle membrane permeability to glucose, measured 4 h after one-legged knee-extensor exercise, increased ∼17-fold during a submaximal euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp in rested muscle (R) and ∼36-fold in exercised muscle (EX). Femoral arterial infusion of NG -monomethyl l-arginine acetate or ATP decreased and increased, respectively, leg blood flow (LBF) in both legs but did not affect membrane glucose permeability. Decreasing LBF reduced interstitial glucose concentrations to ∼2 mM in the exercised but only to ∼3.5 mM in non-exercised muscle and abrogated the augmented effect of insulin on LGU in the EX leg. Increasing LBF by ATP infusion increased LGU in both legs with uptake higher in the EX leg. We conclude that it is possible to measure functional muscle membrane permeability to glucose in humans and it increases twice as much in exercised vs. rested muscle during submaximal insulin stimulation. We also show that muscle perfusion is an important regulator of muscle glucose uptake when membrane permeability to glucose is high and we show that the capillary wall can be a significant barrier for glucose transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn K McConell
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik Ceutz
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Nyberg
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Frøsig
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Riis S, Christensen B, Nellemann B, Møller AB, Husted AS, Pedersen SB, Schwartz TW, Jørgensen JOL, Jessen N. Molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue after ten weeks of endurance exercise training in healthy males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:569-577. [PMID: 30571288 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00989.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise training induces adaptations in metabolically active organs, but adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) remains incompletely understood. On the basis of animal studies, we hypothesized that endurance exercise training would increase the expression of proteins involved in lipolysis and glucose uptake in scAT. To test these hypotheses, 19 young and healthy males were randomized to either endurance exercise training (TR; age 18-24 yr; BMI 19.0-25.4 kg/m2) or a nonexercising control group (CON; age 21-35 yr; BMI 20.5-28.8 kg/m2). Abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies and blood were obtained at rest before and after intervention. By using Western blotting and PCR, we determined expression of lipid droplet-associated proteins, various proteins involved in substrate metabolism, and mRNA abundance of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Adipose tissue insulin sensitivity was determined from fasting plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acids (adipose tissue insulin resistance index; Adipo-IR). Adipo-IR improved in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.03). This was accompanied by increased insulin receptor (IR) protein expression in scAT with a 1.54-fold (SD 0.79) change from baseline in TR vs. 0.85 (SD 0.30) in CON ( P = 0.007). Additionally, hexokinase II (HKII) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) protein increased in TR compared with CON ( P = 0.006 and P = 0.04, respectively). We did not observe changes in lipid droplet-associated proteins or mRNA abundance of GPCRs. Collectively, 10 weeks of endurance exercise training improved adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, which was accompanied by increased IR, HKII, and SDHA protein expression in scAT. We suggest that these adaptations contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to investigate the molecular adaptations in human subcutaneous adipose tissue (scAT) after endurance exercise training compared with a nonexercising control group. We show that endurance exercise training improves insulin sensitivity in human scAT, and this is accompanied by increased expression of insulin receptor, hexokinase II, and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A. Collectively, our data suggest that endurance exercise training induces molecular adaptations in human scAT, which may contribute to an improved metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Riis
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Britt Christensen
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Birgitte Nellemann
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Andreas Buch Møller
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anna Sofie Husted
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Steen B Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | - Niels Jessen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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15
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Hu D, Russell RD, Remash D, Greenaway T, Rattigan S, Squibb KA, Jones G, Ross RM, Roberts CK, Premilovac D, Richards SM, Keske MA. Are the metabolic benefits of resistance training in type 2 diabetes linked to improvements in adipose tissue microvascular blood flow? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1242-E1250. [PMID: 30351988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00234.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The microcirculation in adipose tissue is markedly impaired in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Resistance training (RT) often increases muscle mass and promotes a favorable metabolic profile in people with T2D, even in the absence of fat loss. Whether the metabolic benefits of RT in T2D are linked to improvements in adipose tissue microvascular blood flow is unknown. Eighteen sedentary people with T2D (7 women/11 men, 52 ± 7 yr) completed 6 wk of RT. Before and after RT, overnight-fasted participants had blood sampled for clinical chemistries (glucose, insulin, lipids, HbA1c, and proinflammatory markers) and underwent an oral glucose challenge (OGC; 50 g glucose × 2 h) and a DEXA scan to assess body composition. Adipose tissue microvascular blood volume and flow were assessed at rest and 1 h post-OGC using contrast-enhanced ultrasound. RT significantly reduced fasting blood glucose ( P = 0.006), HbA1c ( P = 0.007), 2-h glucose area under the time curve post-OGC ( P = 0.014), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance ( P = 0.005). This was accompanied by a small reduction in total body fat ( P = 0.002), trunk fat ( P = 0.023), and fasting triglyceride levels ( P = 0.029). Lean mass ( P = 0.003), circulating TNF-α ( P = 0.006), and soluble VCAM-1 ( P < 0.001) increased post-RT. There were no significant changes in adipose tissue microvascular blood volume or flow following RT; however those who did have a higher baseline microvascular blood flow post-RT also had lower fasting triglyceride levels ( r = -0.476, P = 0.045). The anthropometric, glycemic, and insulin-sensitizing benefits of 6 wk of RT in people with T2D are not associated with an improvement in adipose tissue microvascular responses; however, there may be an adipose tissue microvascular-linked benefit to fasting triglyceride levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Hu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Ryan D Russell
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Health Services, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , Brownsville, Texas
| | - Devika Remash
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
| | - Timothy Greenaway
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
- Royal Hobart Hospital , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
| | - Stephen Rattigan
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
| | - Kathryn A Squibb
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
| | - Graeme Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
| | - Renee M Ross
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
| | - Christian K Roberts
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dino Premilovac
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
| | - Stephen M Richards
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong , Australia
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Ajčević M, Francescato MP, Geat M, Accardo A. Comparison of ECRES Algorithm with Classical Method in Management of Diabetes Type 1 Exercise-Related Imbalances. In: Lhotska L, Sukupova L, Lacković I, Ibbott GS, editors. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering 2018. Singapore: Springer; 2019. pp. 803-6. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-9035-6_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Motiani P, Virtanen KA, Motiani KK, Eskelinen JJ, Middelbeek RJ, Goodyear LJ, Savolainen AM, Kemppainen J, Jensen J, Din MU, Saunavaara V, Parkkola R, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Decreased insulin-stimulated brown adipose tissue glucose uptake after short-term exercise training in healthy middle-aged men. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1379-1388. [PMID: 28318098 PMCID: PMC5607085 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the hypothesis that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) improve brown adipose tissue (BAT) insulin sensitivity. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Healthy middle-aged men (n = 18, age 47 years [95% confidence interval {CI} 49, 43], body mass index 25.3 kg/m2 [95% CI 24.1-26.3], peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ) 34.8 mL/kg/min [95% CI 32.1, 37.4] ) were recruited and randomized into six HIIT or MICT sessions within 2 weeks. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured using 2-[18 F]flouro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron-emission tomography in BAT, skeletal muscle, and abdominal and femoral subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depots before and after the training interventions. RESULTS Training improved VO2peak (P = .0005), insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the quadriceps femoris muscle (P = .0009) and femoral subcutaneous WAT (P = .02) but not into BAT, with no difference between the training modes. Using pre-intervention BAT glucose uptake, we next stratified subjects into high BAT (>2.9 µmol/100 g/min; n = 6) or low BAT (<2.9 µmol/100 g/min; n = 12) groups. Interestingly, training decreased insulin-stimulated BAT glucose uptake in the high BAT group (4.0 [2.8, 5.5] vs 2.5 [1.7, 3.6]; training*BAT, P = .02), whereas there was no effect of training in the low BAT group (1.5 [1.2, 1.9] vs 1.6 [1.2, 2.0] µmol/100 g/min). Participants in the high BAT group had lower levels of inflammatory markers compared with those in the low BAT group. CONCLUSIONS Participants with functionally active BAT have an improved metabolic profile compared with those with low BAT activity. Short-term exercise training decreased insulin-stimulated BAT glucose uptake in participants with active BAT, suggesting that training does not work as a potent stimulus for BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roeland J. Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and MetabolismJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusetts
| | - Laurie J. Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and MetabolismJoslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | | | - Jukka Kemppainen
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear MedicineTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport SciencesOsloNorway
| | | | - Virva Saunavaara
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of Medical PhysicsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of RadiologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET CentreUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of EndocrinologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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Chauveau P, Moreau K, Lasseur C, Combe C, Aparicio M. [Common therapeutic approaches of sarcopenia in the elderly and uremic myopathy]. Nephrol Ther 2017; 13:511-517. [PMID: 28606408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The gradual loss of weight and function of muscle in patients with chronic kidney disease as in the elderly impacts the quality of life. Early management should help slow the functional limitation. Physical activity is the first therapy to propose that ensures stability of muscle mass and improved function. Resistance training programs have proven effective but are not yet widely available in nephrology units. The nutritional management should not be forgotten because there is a resistance to anabolism and protein intake should be involved in physical activity program. Associated treatments should not be neglected: vitamin D, anti-inflammatory, androgens. Some are still under evaluation. Therapeutic option, tomorrow, could be anti-myostatin antibodies and glitazones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Chauveau
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Aurad-Aquitaine, 2, allée des Demoiselles, 33170 Gradignan, France.
| | - Karine Moreau
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Lasseur
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Aurad-Aquitaine, 2, allée des Demoiselles, 33170 Gradignan, France
| | - Christian Combe
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Unité INSERM 1026, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Aparicio
- Service de néphrologie transplantation dialyse, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Kitaoka K, Takeuchi M, Tsuboi A, Minato S, Kurata M, Tanaka S, Kazumi T, Fukuo K. Increased Adipose and Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Without Changes in Serum Adiponectin in Young Female Collegiate Athletes. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:246-251. [PMID: 28318384 PMCID: PMC5485219 DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of endurance training on adipose insulin sensitivity in association with body composition, circulating adipokines, and markers of inflammation have been studied less in young Asian subjects. METHODS Adipose insulin sensitivity/resistance was compared between 170 female Japanese collegiate athletes and 311 nonathletes (18-24 years), who underwent measurements of serum adipokines, markers of insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Two separate subsamples of two groups of women underwent either a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test or a standardized meal test, but not both. RESULTS As compared with nonathletes, athletes, characterized by higher skeletal muscle mass and lower percentage of body fat (both P < 0.001), had lower adipose insulin resistance (IR) (a product of fasting insulin and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and lower leptin/adiponectin ratio (both P < 0.001). Although athletes had lower postmeal/postglucose insulinemia (P = 0.009 and 0.01, respectively), the two groups did not differ in postmeal percentage NEFA suppression and postmeal/postglucose glycemia, suggesting increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, respectively. Serum leptin (P < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.01) were lower in athletes, whereas adiponectin and homeostasis model assessment IR did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Endurance training was associated with increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue as well as skeletal muscle without changes in circulating adiponectin even in young, normal-weight Japanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kitaoka
- 1 Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan .,2 Department of Welfare and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Welfare, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences , Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Takeuchi
- 3 Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tsuboi
- 1 Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Satomi Minato
- 1 Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan .,4 Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo , Himeji, Japan
| | - Miki Kurata
- 1 Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan .,3 Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Tanaka
- 5 Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kazumi
- 1 Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan .,6 Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Kohnan Kakogawa Hospital , Kakogawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukuo
- 1 Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan .,3 Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University , Nishinomiya, Japan
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Motiani KK, Savolainen AM, Eskelinen JJ, Toivanen J, Ishizu T, Yli-Karjanmaa M, Virtanen KA, Parkkola R, Kapanen J, Grönroos TJ, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Savisto N, Ahotupa M, Löyttyniemi E, Knuuti J, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Hannukainen JC. Two weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training, but not high-intensity interval training, increases insulin-stimulated intestinal glucose uptake. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1188-1197. [PMID: 28183816 PMCID: PMC5451533 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00431.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first study where the effects of exercise training on the intestinal substrate uptake have been investigated using the most advanced techniques available. We also show the importance of exercise intensity in inducing these changes. Similar to muscles, the intestine is also insulin resistant in obese subjects and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Exercise training improves muscle insulin sensitivity, but its effects on intestinal metabolism are not known. We studied the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on intestinal glucose and free fatty acid uptake from circulation in humans. Twenty-eight healthy, middle-aged, sedentary men were randomized for 2 wk of HIIT or MICT. Intestinal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and fasting free fatty acid uptake from circulation were measured using positron emission tomography and [18F]FDG and [18F]FTHA. In addition, effects of HIIT and MICT on intestinal GLUT2 and CD36 protein expression were studied in rats. Training improved aerobic capacity (P = 0.001) and whole body insulin sensitivity (P = 0.04), but not differently between HIIT and MICT. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake increased only after the MICT in the colon (HIIT = 0%; MICT = 37%) (P = 0.02 for time × training) and tended to increase in the jejunum (HIIT = −4%; MICT = 13%) (P = 0.08 for time × training). Fasting free fatty acid uptake decreased in the duodenum in both groups (HIIT = −6%; MICT = −48%) (P = 0.001 time) and tended to decrease in the colon in the MICT group (HIIT = 0%; MICT = −38%) (P = 0.08 for time × training). In rats, both training groups had higher GLUT2 and CD36 expression compared with control animals. This study shows that already 2 wk of MICT enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, while both training modes reduce fasting free fatty acid uptake in the intestine in healthy, middle-aged men, providing an additional mechanism by which exercise training can improve whole body metabolism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study where the effects of exercise training on the intestinal substrate uptake have been investigated using the most advanced techniques available. We also show the importance of exercise intensity in inducing these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tamiko Ishizu
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nina Savisto
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Ahotupa
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
The majority of hepatocellular carcinoma occurs over pre-existing chronic liver diseases that share cirrhosis as an endpoint. In the last decade, a strong association between lifestyle and hepatocellular carcinoma has become evident. Abundance of energy-rich food and sedentary lifestyles have caused metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes mellitus to become global epidemics. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are both tightly linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and also increase hepatocellular carcinoma risk independent of cirrhosis. Emerging data suggest that physical activity not only counteracts obesity, diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but also reduces cancer risk. Physical activity exerts significant anticancer effects in the absence of metabolic disorders. Here, we present a systematic review on lifestyles and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Saran
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Department of Visceral & Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Kolly
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Knudsen JG, Bertholdt L, Joensen E, Lassen SB, Hidalgo J, Pilegaard H. Skeletal muscle interleukin-6 regulates metabolic factors in iWAT during HFD and exercise training. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1616-24. [PMID: 26109166 PMCID: PMC6084358 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of skeletal muscle (SkM) interleukin (IL)-6 in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism. METHODS Muscle-specific IL-6 knockout (IL-6 MKO) and IL-6(loxP/loxP) (Floxed) mice were subjected to standard rodent diet (Chow), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD in combination with exercise training (HFD ExTr) for 16 weeks. RESULTS Total fat mass increased (P < 0.05) in both genotypes with HFD. However, HFD IL-6 MKO mice had lower (P < 0.05) inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) mass than HFD Floxed mice. Accordingly, iWAT glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein content, 5'AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)(Thr172) phosphorylation, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA content were lower (P < 0.05) in IL-6 MKO than Floxed mice on Chow. In addition, iWAT AMPK(Thr172) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)(Ser565) phosphorylation as well as perilipin protein content was higher (P < 0.05) in HFD IL-6 MKO than HFD Floxed mice, and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α (PDH-E1α) protein content was higher (P < 0.05) in HFD ExTr IL-6 MKO than HFD ExTr Floxed mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that SkM IL-6 affects iWAT mass through regulation of glucose uptake capacity as well as lipogenic and lipolytic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob G. Knudsen
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lærke Bertholdt
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Ella Joensen
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Signe B. Lassen
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Departamento die Biología Celular y FisiologíaUniversidad De Autonoma De BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Department of BiologyCentre for Inflammation and Metabolism, The August Krogh Centre, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is a major regulator of metabolism in health and disease. The prominent roles of adipose tissue are to sequester fatty acids in times of energy excess and to release fatty acids via the process of lipolysis during times of high-energy demand, such as exercise. The fatty acids released during lipolysis are utilized by skeletal muscle to produce adenosine triphosphate to prevent fatigue during prolonged exercise. Lipolysis is controlled by a complex interplay between neuro-humoral regulators, intracellular signaling networks, phosphorylation events involving protein kinase A, translocation of proteins within the cell, and protein-protein interactions. Herein, we describe in detail the cellular and molecular regulation of lipolysis and how these processes are altered by acute exercise. We also explore the processes that underpin adipocyte adaptation to endurance exercise training, with particular focus on epigenetic modifications, control by microRNAs and mitochondrial adaptations. Finally, we examine recent literature describing how exercise might influence the conversion of traditional white adipose tissue to high energy-consuming "brown-like" adipocytes and the implications that this has on whole-body energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tsiloulis
- Biology of Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Biology of Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Pistor KE, Sepa-Kishi DM, Hung S, Ceddia RB. Lipolysis, lipogenesis, and adiposity are reduced while fatty acid oxidation is increased in visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes of endurance-trained rats. Adipocyte 2015; 4:22-31. [PMID: 26167399 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.955423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the alterations in triglyceride (TG) breakdown and storage in subcutaneous inguinal (SC Ing) and epididymal (Epid) fat depots following chronic endurance training. Male Wistar rats were either kept sedentary (Sed) or subjected to endurance training (Ex) at 70-85% peak VO2 for 6 weeks. At weeks 0, 3, and 6 blood was collected at rest and immediately after a bout of submaximal exercise of similar relative intensity to assess whole-body lipolysis. At week 6, adipocytes were isolated from Epid and SC Ing fat pads for the determination of lipolysis under basal or isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated conditions, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose incorporation into lipids, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Body weight, fat pad mass, and insulin were reduced by endurance training. Also, circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were 33% lower in Ex than Sed rats when exercising at the same relative intensity. This coincided with reduced isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis in the Epid (27%) and SC Ing (25%) adipocytes in Ex rats. Similarly, forskolin-stimulated lipolysis was reduced in Epid (51%) and SC Ing (49%) adipocytes from Ex rats. Insulin-stimulated glucose incorporation into lipids in adipocytes from both fat depots from Ex rats was also lower (∼43%) than Sed controls. Conversely, FAO was increased in Epid (1.71-fold) and SC Ing (1.82-fold) adipocytes of Ex rats. In conclusion, chronic endurance exercise reduced lipolysis and lipogenesis while increasing FAO in Epid and SC Ing adipocytes. These are compatible with an energy-sparing adaptive response to reduced adiposity under chronic endurance training conditions.
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Abstract
Physical fitness, achieved through regular exercise and/or spontaneous physical activity, confers resilience by inducing positive psychological and physiological benefits, blunting stress reactivity, protecting against potentially adverse behavioural and metabolic consequences of stressful events and preventing many chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical fitness on mental and physical health. Physical fitness appears to buffer against stress-related disease owing to its blunting/optimizing effects on hormonal stress responsive systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. This blunting appears to contribute to reduced emotional, physiological and metabolic reactivity as well as increased positive mood and well-being. Another mechanism whereby regular exercise and/or physical fitness may confer resilience is through minimizing excessive inflammation. Chronic psychological stress, physical inactivity and abdominal adiposity have been associated with persistent, systemic, low-grade inflammation and exert adverse effects on mental and physical health. The anti-inflammatory effects of regular exercise/activity can promote behavioural and metabolic resilience, and protect against various chronic diseases associated with systemic inflammation. Moreover, exercise may benefit the brain by enhancing growth factor expression and neural plasticity, thereby contributing to improved mood and cognition. In summary, the mechanisms whereby physical fitness promotes increased resilience and well-being and positive psychological and physical health are diverse and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia A. Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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26
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Marchianti AC, Arimura E, Ushikai M, Horiuchi M. Voluntary exercise under a food restriction condition decreases blood branched-chain amino acid levels, in addition to improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism, in db mice, animal model of type 2 diabetes. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:339-47. [PMID: 25085431 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-014-0400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exercise is effective for preventing the onset and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in human cases; however, the effect of exercise on the pathophysiology using animal models of T2DM has not been fully evaluated. METHODS We applied voluntary exercise under pair-fed (P) conditions in db mice, an animal model of T2DM. Exercising (Ex) and sedentary (Se) mice were placed in a cage, equipped with a free or locked running wheel, for 4 weeks, respectively. The amount of food consumed by ad libitum-fed wild-type mice under the Se condition (ad-WT) was supplied to all mice, except ad libitum db mice (ad-db). Blood parameters and expression of the genes involved in nutrient metabolism were analyzed. RESULTS PEx-db (pair-fed and exercising) mice showed significantly lower HbA1c, body weight and liver weight than PSe-db and ad-db mice. Decreased hepatic triglycerides in PEx-db mice corresponded to a lower expression of lipogenic enzyme genes in the liver. Moreover, PEx-db mice showed significantly lower plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), arginine, proline, and tyrosine, in addition to increased skeletal muscle (SM) weight, than PSe-db and ad-db mice, in spite of little influence on the expression of the BCAA transaminase gene, in SM and WAT. CONCLUSION We found that exercise under a food restriction condition decreases several amino acids, including BCAA, and may improve insulin sensitivity more than mere food restriction. We propose that the decreased concentration of blood amino acids may be a valuable marker evaluating the effects of exercise on diabetic conditions.
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Reichkendler MH, Auerbach P, Rosenkilde M, Christensen AN, Holm S, Petersen MB, Lagerberg A, Larsson HBW, Rostrup E, Mosbech TH, Sjödin A, Kjaer A, Ploug T, Hoejgaard L, Stallknecht B. Exercise training favors increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in contrast to adipose tissue: a randomized study using FDG PET imaging. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E496-506. [PMID: 23800880 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00128.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise increases peripheral insulin sensitivity, but regional differences are poorly elucidated in humans. We investigated the effect of aerobic exercise training on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in five individual femoral muscle groups and four different adipose tissue regions, using dynamic (femoral region) and static (abdominal region) 2-deoxy-2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) PET/CT methodology during steady-state insulin infusion (40 mU·m⁻²·min⁻¹). Body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry and MRI. Sixty-one healthy, sedentary [V(O2max) 36(5) ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹; mean(SD)], moderately overweight [BMI 28.1(1.8) kg/m²], young [age: 30(6) yr] men were randomized to sedentary living (CON; n = 17 completers) or moderate (MOD; 300 kcal/day, n = 18) or high (HIGH; 600 kcal/day, n = 18) dose physical exercise for 11 wk. At baseline, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was highest in femoral skeletal muscle followed by intraperitoneal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), retroperitoneal VAT, abdominal (anterior + posterior) subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and femoral SAT (P < 0.0001 between tissues). Metabolic rate of glucose increased similarly (~30%) in the two exercise groups in femoral skeletal muscle (MOD 24[9, 39] μmol·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, P = 0.004; HIGH 22[9, 35] μmol·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹, P = 0.003) (mean[95% CI]) and in five individual femoral muscle groups but not in femoral SAT. Standardized uptake value of FDG decreased ~24% in anterior abdominal SAT and ~20% in posterior abdominal SAT compared with CON but not in either intra- or retroperitoneal VAT. Total adipose tissue mass decreased in both exercise groups, and the decrease was distributed equally among subcutaneous and intra-abdominal depots. In conclusion, aerobic exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle but not in adipose tissue, which demonstrates some interregional differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Reichkendler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Asmar M, Simonsen L, Arngrim N, Holst JJ, Dela F, Bülow J. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide has impaired effect on abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolism in obese subjects. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:259-65. [PMID: 23736366 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) appears to have a role in lipid metabolism. Recently, we showed that GIP in combination with hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia increases triglyceride uptake in abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue in lean humans. It has been suggested that increased GIP secretion in obesity will promote lipid deposition in adipose tissue. In light of the current attempts to employ GIP antagonists in the treatment and prevention of human obesity, the present experiments were performed in order to elucidate whether the adipose tissue lipid metabolism would be enhanced or blunted during a GIP, hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic (HI-HG) clamp in obese subjects with either normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). DESIGN Sixteen obese (BMI>30 kg m(-2)) subjects were divided into two groups, based on their plasma glucose response to an oral glucose challenge: (i) NGT and (ii) IGT. Abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue lipid metabolism was studied by conducting measurements of arteriovenous concentrations of metabolites and regional adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) during GIP (1.5 pmol kg(-1) min(-1)) in combination with a HI-HG clamp. RESULTS In both groups, ATBF responses were significantly lower than what we have found previously in healthy, lean subjects (P<0.0001). The flow response was significantly lower in the IGT group than in the NGT group (P=0.03). It was not possible to show any increase in the lipid deposition in adipose tissue under the applied experimental conditions and likewise the circulating triglyceride (TAG) concentrations remained constant. CONCLUSION The applied GIP, HI-HG clamp did not induce any changes in TAG uptake in adipose tissue in obese subjects. This may be due to a blunted increase in ATBF. These experiments therefore suggest that GIP does not have a major role in postprandial lipid metabolism in obese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asmar
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Simonsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Arngrim
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J J Holst
- 1] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bülow
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kartono A. Modified minimal model for effect of physical exercise on insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness in type 2 diabetes and healthy human. Theory Biosci 2013; 132:195-206. [PMID: 23576172 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-013-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Bergman's minimal model of glucose and insulin plasma levels is commonly used to analyse the results of glucose tolerance tests in humans. In this paper, we present the modified minimal model with plasma insulin compartment under the assumption that if the plasma glucose compartment drops below the basal glucose levels, the rate of insulin entering the plasma glucose compartment is zero. Insulin is cleared from the plasma insulin compartment at a rate proportional to the amount of insulin in the plasma insulin compartment. The modified minimal model was used to study the effect of physical exercise via parameters of a mathematical model to qualitative the magnitude of changes in insulin sensitivity (S(I)) and glucose effectiveness (S(G)) in response to exercise in type 2 diabetes and healthy human. The short-term effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes did not improve S(G), but markedly improved the low S(I) values found in type 2 diabetes, indicating that the effects of exercise on S(I) are quantitatively important in the interpretation of training-related S(I) changes and may even be therapeutically useful in type 2 diabetes patients. Physical exercise is indicated either to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes or to assure a good control of type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agus Kartono
- Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Physics, Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Jalan Meranti, Building Wing S, 2nd Floor, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
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Davis RT, Stabley JN, Dominguez JM, Ramsey MW, McCullough DJ, Lesniewski LA, Delp MD, Behnke BJ. Differential effects of aging and exercise on intra-abdominal adipose arteriolar function and blood flow regulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:808-15. [PMID: 23349454 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01358.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT), which typically comprises an increased percentage of body mass with advancing age, receives a large proportion of resting cardiac output. During exercise, an old age-associated inability to increase vascular resistance within the intra-abdominal AT may compromise the ability of the cardiovascular system to redistribute blood flow to the active musculature, contributing to the decline in exercise capacity observed in this population. We tested the hypotheses that 1) there would be an elevated perfusion of AT during exercise with old age that was associated with diminished vasoconstrictor responses of adipose-resistance arteries, and 2) chronic exercise training would mitigate the age-associated alterations in AT blood flow and vascular function. Young (6 mo; n = 40) and old (24 mo; n = 28) male Fischer 344 rats were divided into young sedentary (YSed), old sedentary (OSed), young exercise trained (YET), or old exercise trained (OET) groups, where training consisted of 10-12 wk of treadmill exercise. In vivo blood flow at rest and during exercise and in vitro α-adrenergic and myogenic vasoconstrictor responses in resistance arteries from AT were measured in all groups. In response to exercise, there was a directionally opposite change in AT blood flow in the OSed group (≈ 150% increase) and YSed (≈ 55% decrease) vs. resting values. Both α-adrenergic and myogenic vasoconstriction were diminished in OSed vs. YSed AT-resistance arteries. Exercise training resulted in a similar AT hyperemic response between age groups during exercise (YET, 9.9 ± 0.5 ml · min(-1) · 100(-1) g; OET, 8.1 ± 0.9 ml · min(-1) · 100(-1) g) and was associated with enhanced myogenic and α-adrenergic vasoconstriction of AT-resistance arteries from the OET group relative to OSed. These results indicate that there is an inability to increase vascular resistance in AT during exercise with old age, due, in part, to a diminished vasoconstriction of AT arteries. Furthermore, the results indicate that exercise training can augment vasoconstriction of AT arteries and mitigate age-related alterations in the regulation of AT blood flow during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Davis
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology and Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Nordby P, Auerbach PL, Rosenkilde M, Kristiansen L, Thomasen JR, Rygaard L, Groth R, Brandt N, Helge JW, Richter EA, Ploug T, Stallknecht B. Endurance training per se increases metabolic health in young, moderately overweight men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:2202-12. [PMID: 22436841 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Health benefits of physical activity may depend on a concomitant weight loss. In a randomized, controlled trial, we compared the effects of endurance training with or without weight loss to the effect of weight loss induced by an energy-reduced diet in 48 sedentary, moderately overweight men who completed a 12-week intervention program of training (T), energy-reduced diet (D), training and increased diet (T-iD), or control (C). An energy deficit of 600 kcal/day was induced by endurance training or diet in T and D and a similar training regimen plus an increased dietary intake of 600 kcal/day defined the T-iD group. Primary end point was insulin sensitivity as evaluated by HOMA-IR (mainly reflecting hepatic insulin sensitivity) and hyperinsulinemic, isoglycemic clamps (primarily reflecting peripheral insulin sensitivity). Body mass decreased in T and D by 5.9 ± 0.7 and 5.3 ± 0.7 kg, respectively, whereas T-iD and C remained weight stable. Total and abdominal fat mass were reduced in an additive manner in the T-iD, D, and T groups by 1.9 ± 0.3/0.2 ± 0.1, 4.4 ± 0.7/0.5 ± 0.1, and 7.7 ± 0.8/0.9 ± 0.1 kg, respectively. HOMA-IR was improved in T, D, and T-iD, whereas insulin-stimulated glucose clearance and suppression of plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were increased only in the two training groups. Thus, loss of fat mass (diet or training induced) improves hepatic insulin sensitivity, whereas peripheral insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is increased by endurance training only. This demonstrates that endurance training per se increases various metabolic health parameters and that endurance training should preferably always be included in any intervention regimen for improving metabolic health in moderately overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Nordby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Objective: The aim was to investigate adipose tissue vascular and metabolic effects of an adrenaline infusion in vivo in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Design: Clinical intervention study with 1-h intravenous adrenaline infusion. Subjects: Eight male overweight T2DM subjects and eight male weight-matched, non-T2DM subjects were studied before, during and after an 1-h intravenous adrenaline infusion. Adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) was determined by 133Xenon wash-out technique, and microvascular volume in the adipose tissue was studied by contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging. Adipose tissue fluxes of glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triacylglycerol and glucose were measured by Fick's principle after catherisation of a radial artery and a vein draining the abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue. Results: ATBF increased similarly in both groups during the adrenaline infusion. One hour post adrenaline, ATBF was still increased in overweight T2DM subjects. Adrenaline increased microvascular volume in non-T2DM subjects while this response was impaired in overweight T2DM subjects. Adrenaline-induced increase in lipolysis was similar in both groups, but NEFA output from adipose tissue was delayed in overweight T2DM subjects. Glucose uptake in adipose tissue increased in non-T2DM subjects during adrenaline infusion but was unchanged in overweight T2DM subjects. This results in a delayed excess release of NEFA from the adipose tissue in overweight T2DM subjects after cessation of the adrenaline infusion. Conclusion: Capillaries in the adipose tissue are recruited by adrenaline in non-T2DM subjects; however, this response is impaired in overweight T2DM subjects. NEFA, released in adipose tissue during adrenaline stimulation, is insufficiently re-esterified in situ in overweight T2DM subjects, probably owing to increased ATBF after adrenaline infusion and inability to increase adipose tissue glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tobin
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclearmedicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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Abstract
According to Fick's principle, any metabolic or hormonal exchange through a given tissue depends on the product of the blood flow to that tissue and the arteriovenous difference. The proper function of adipose tissue relies on adequate adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF), which determines the influx and efflux of metabolites as well as regulatory endocrine signals. Adequate functioning of adipose tissue in intermediary metabolism requires finely tuned perfusion. Because metabolic and vascular processes are so tightly interconnected, any disruption in one will necessarily impact the other. Although altered ATBF is one consequence of expanding fat tissue, it may also aggravate the negative impacts of obesity on the body's metabolic milieu. This review attempts to summarize the current state of knowledge on adipose tissue vascular bed behavior under physiological conditions and the various factors that contribute to its regulation as well as the possible participation of altered ATBF in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sotornik
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Group, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Physical activity and exercise are key components of energy expenditure and therefore of energy balance. Changes in energy balance alter fat mass. It is therefore reasonable to ask: What are the links between physical activity and adipose tissue function? There are many complexities. Physical activity is a multifaceted behavior of which exercise is just one component. Physical activity influences adipose tissue both acutely and in the longer term. A single bout of exercise stimulates adipose tissue blood flow and fat mobilization, resulting in delivery of fatty acids to skeletal muscles at a rate well-matched to metabolic requirements, except perhaps in vigorous intensity exercise. The stimuli include adrenergic and other circulating factors. There is a period following an exercise bout when fatty acids are directed away from adipose tissue to other tissues such as skeletal muscle, reducing dietary fat storage in adipose. With chronic exercise (training), there are changes in adipose tissue physiology, particularly an enhanced fat mobilization during acute exercise. It is difficult, however, to distinguish chronic "structural" changes from those associated with the last exercise bout. In addition, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of training per se and negative energy balance. Epidemiological observations support the idea that physically active people have relatively low fat mass, and intervention studies tend to show that exercise training reduces fat mass. A much-discussed effect of exercise versus calorie restriction in preferentially reducing visceral fat is not borne out by meta-analyses. We conclude that, in addition to the regulation of fat mass, physical activity may contribute to metabolic health through beneficial dynamic changes within adipose tissue in response to each activity bout.
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Izawa T, Ogasawara JE, Sakurai T, Nomura S, Kizaki T, Ohno H. Recent advances in the adaptations of adipose tissue to physical activity: Morphology and adipose tissue cellularity. JPFSM 2012. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.1.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Takeshita H, Horiuchi M, Izumo K, Kawaguchi H, Arimura E, Aoyama K, Takeuchi T. Long-term voluntary exercise, representing habitual exercise, lowers visceral fat and alters plasma amino acid levels in mice. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 17:275-84. [PMID: 22052204 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-011-0249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of long-term voluntary exercise, representing habitual exercise for the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, on glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism in mice. METHODS Twenty-four mice aged 6 weeks were divided into three groups. Two groups (16 mice) were housed individually in either cages equipped with a running wheel (8 mice, exercising, Ex-mice) or without (8 mice, sedentary, Se-mice) for 24 weeks. The remaining group (8 mice) was sacrificed at 6 weeks of age. Biomarkers related to glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism were examined. RESULTS Ex-mice ran voluntarily, predominantly in the dark. The distance per day peaked at 4 weeks and then decreased until 12 weeks to around the level seen at the beginning of the experimental period, and was maintained at 4.9 ± 0.2 km/day from 12 to 24 weeks. Ex-mice showed a similar adrenal weight and vitamin C content to Se-mice but had a significantly lower body weight and higher food intake. Ex-mice also showed a higher skeletal muscle weight, a lower white adipose tissue and liver weight, associated with lower plasma leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and a lower hepatic triglyceride content. Analysis of plasma amino acids showed that Ex-mice had significantly higher phenylalanine, tyrosine, and glutamine levels, resulting in a significantly lower Fischer's ratio. CONCLUSIONS We present an animal model of long-term voluntary exercise under low stress. Findings related to the effects of long-term voluntary exercise on lipid, and amino acid metabolism in our mouse model indicate that such an exercise regimen may affect pathophysiological states related to appetite and behavior.
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Højbjerre L, Alibegovic AC, Sonne MP, Dela F, Vaag A, Bruun JM, Stallknecht B. Increased lipolysis but diminished gene expression of lipases in subcutaneous adipose tissue of healthy young males with intrauterine growth retardation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1863-70. [PMID: 21903886 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00960.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with a central fat distribution and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in adults when exposed to a sedentary Western lifestyle. Increased lipolysis is an early defect of metabolism in IUGR subjects, but the sites and molecular mechanisms involved are unknown. Twenty IUGR and 20 control (CON) subjects, aged 20-30 years, were studied before and after 10 days of bed rest using the glucose clamp technique combined with measurements of in vivo metabolism by microdialysis technique and blood flow by (133)Xe washout technique in subcutaneous abdominal (SCAAT) and femoral (SCFAT) adipose tissue. Additionally, mRNA expression of lipases was evaluated in biopsies from SCAAT. Lipolysis in SCAAT was substantially higher in IUGR than in CON subjects despite markedly lower mRNA expression of lipases. Blood flow was higher in IUGR compared with CON in both SCAAT and SCFAT. Whole body insulin sensitivity did not differ between groups and decreased after bed rest. After bed rest, SCAAT lipolysis remained higher in IUGR compared with CON, and SCFAT lipolysis decreased in CON but not in IUGR. Prior to the development of whole body insulin resistance, young men with IUGR are characterized by increased in vivo adipose tissue lipolysis and blood flow with a paradoxically decreased expression of lipases compared with CON, and 10 days of physical inactivity underlined the baseline findings. Subjects with IUGR exhibit primary defects in adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Højbjerre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Błachnio-Zabielska A, Zabielski P, Baranowski M, Gorski J. Aerobic training in rats increases skeletal muscle sphingomyelinase and serine palmitoyltransferase activity, while decreasing ceramidase activity. Lipids 2011; 46:229-38. [PMID: 21181285 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are important components of cell membranes that may also serve as cell signaling molecules; ceramide plays a central role in sphingolipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 5 weeks of aerobic training on key enzymes and intermediates of ceramide metabolism in skeletal muscles. The experiments were carried out on rats divided into two groups: (1) sedentary and (2) trained for 5 weeks (on a treadmill). The activity of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), neutral and acid sphingomyelinase (nSMase and aSMase), neutral and alkaline ceramidases (nCDase and alCDase) and the content of sphingolipids was determined in three types of skeletal muscle. We also measured the fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentration for calculating HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment) for estimating insulin resistance. We found that the activities of aSMase and SPT increase in muscle in the trained group. These changes were followed by elevation in the content of sphinganine. The activities of both isoforms of ceramidase were reduced in muscle in the trained group. Although the activities of SPT and SMases increased and the activity of CDases decreased, the ceramide content did not change in any of the studied muscle. Although ceramide level did not change, we noticed increased insulin sensitivity in trained animals. It is concluded that training affects the activity of key enzymes of ceramide metabolism but also activates other metabolic pathways which affect ceramide metabolism in skeletal muscles.
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Højbjerre L, Sonne MP, Alibegovic AC, Dela F, Vaag A, Meldgaard JB, Christensen KB, Stallknecht B. Impact of physical inactivity on subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolism in healthy young male offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2010; 59:2790-8. [PMID: 20823100 PMCID: PMC2963537 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical inactivity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and may be more detrimental in first-degree relative (FDR) subjects, unmasking underlying defects of metabolism. Using a positive family history of type 2 diabetes as a marker of increased genetic risk, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of physical inactivity on adipose tissue (AT) metabolism in FDR subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 13 FDR and 20 control (CON) subjects participated in the study. All were studied before and after 10 days of bed rest using the glucose clamp technique combined with measurements of glucose uptake, lipolysis, and lactate release from subcutaneous abdominal (SCAAT) and femoral (SCFAT) adipose tissue by the microdialysis technique. Additionally, mRNA expression of lipases was determined in biopsies from SCAAT. RESULTS Before bed rest, the FDR subjects revealed significantly increased glucose uptake in SCAAT. Furthermore, mRNA expression of lipases was significantly decreased in the SCAAT of FDR subjects. Bed rest significantly decreased lipolysis and tended to increase glucose uptake in the SCFAT of both CON and FDR subjects. In response to bed rest, SCAAT glucose uptake significantly increased in CON subjects but not in FDR subjects. CONCLUSIONS FDR subjects exhibit an abnormal AT metabolism including increased glucose uptake prior to bed rest. However, the differences between FDR and CON subjects in AT metabolism were attenuated during bed rest due to relatively more adverse changes in CON subjects compared with FDR subjects. Physical inactivity per se is not more deleterious in FDR subjects as compared with CON subjects with respect to derangements in AT metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Højbjerre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dela F, Stallknecht B. Effect of physical training on insulin secretion and action in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E80-91. [PMID: 20407006 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00765.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical training affects insulin secretion and action, but there is a paucity of data on the direct effects in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and on the effect of training in first-degree relatives (FDR) of patients with type 2 diabetes. We studied insulin action at the whole body level and peripherally in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue as well as insulin-secretory capacity in seven FDR and eight control (CON) subjects before and after 12 wk of endurance training. Training improved physical fitness. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake (GU) increased (whole body and leg; P < 0.05) after training in CON but not in FDR, whereas glucose-mediated GU increased (P < 0.05) in both groups. Adipose tissue GU was not affected by training, but it was higher (abdominal, P < 0.05; femoral, P = 0.09) in FDR compared with CON. Training increased skeletal muscle lipolysis (P < 0.05), and it was markedly higher (P < 0.05) in subcutaneous abdominal than in femoral adipose tissue and quadriceps muscle with no difference between FDR and CON. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was lower in FDR compared with CON, but no effect of training was seen. Glucagon-like peptide-1 stimulated insulin secretion five- to sevenfold. We conclude that insulin-secretory capacity is lower in FDR than in CON and that there is dissociation between training-induced changes in insulin secretion and insulin-mediated GU. Maximal GU rates are similar between groups and increases with physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Dela
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Fischer CP, Berntsen A, Perstrup LB, Eskildsen P, Pedersen BK. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are associated with physical inactivity independent of obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008; 17:580-7. [PMID: 17076827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is recognized that the path from physical inactivity and obesity to lifestyle-related diseases involves low-grade inflammation, indicated by elevated plasma levels of inflammatory markers. Interestingly, contracting skeletal muscle is a major source of circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to acute exercise, but with a markedly lower response in trained subjects. As C-reactive protein (CRP) is induced by IL-6, we hypothesized that basal levels of IL-6 and CRP reflect the degree of regular physical activity when compared with other markers of inflammation associated with lifestyle-related morbidity. Fasting plasma/serum levels of IL-6, IL-18, CRP, tumur necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble TNF receptor II (sTNF-RII), and adiponectin were measured in healthy non-diabetic men and women (n=84). The amount of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was assessed by interview. Obesity was associated with elevated insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, IL-6, CRP, and adiponectin (all P<0.05). Importantly, physical inactivity was associated with elevated C-peptide (P=0.036), IL-6 (P=0.014), and CRP (P=0.007) independent of obesity, age, gender, and smoking. Furthermore, the LTPA score was inversely associated with IL-6 (P=0.017) and CRP (P=0.005), but with neither of the other markers. The results indicate that low levels of IL-6 and CRP - not IL-18, TNF-alpha, sTNF-RII, or adiponectin - reflect regular physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Fischer
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many studies have shown associations between risk of morbidity and mortality with both obesity and low physical activity (PA), but association does not imply causality. Moreover, there is an inverse relationship between PA and obesity; therefore, controlling for one of these factors when investigating the risk associated with the other is essential. The purpose of this review is to determine whether low PA and obesity actually cause metabolic dysfunction and chronic disease, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D), rather than simply operating as predictors or markers. METHODS The case for causality is strengthened if the following two conditions are satisfied: first, that significant associations between obesity or low PA and risk persist after controlling appropriately; and second, that the physiological mechanisms by which obesity or low PA may exert a causal effect are clearly established. The studies examined include those that have used cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness as a surrogate measure for PA, thus also providing evidence for low CR fitness as an independent risk factor in its own right. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Low PA and poor CR fitness are independent predictors of mortality related to type 2 diabetes and chronic disease in general. Together with well-demonstrated mechanisms, there is strong evidence that low PA and low CR fitness are direct, independent causes of metabolic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Despite some reports to the contrary, there is evidence that both general and visceral obesity are predictors of mortality and morbidity after controlling for PA. However, in the absence of established mechanisms, evidence is insufficient to conclude that either general or visceral obesity is a direct, independent cause of metabolic dysfunction or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Telford
- Faculty of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Enevoldsen LH, Polak J, Simonsen L, Hammer T, Macdonald I, Crampes F, de Glisezinski I, Stich V, Bülow J. Post-exercise abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue lipolysis in fasting subjects is inhibited by infusion of the somatostatin analogue octreotide. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2007; 27:320-6. [PMID: 17697029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2007.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether blockade of the exercise-induced increase in growth hormone (GH) secretion may affect the regional lipolytic rate in the post-exercise recovery period, the aim of the present experiments was to study the effect of infusion of the somatostatin analogue octreotide on the s.c., abdominal adipose tissue metabolism, before, during and after exercise in healthy, fasting, young male subjects. The adipose tissue net releases of fatty acids and glycerol were measured by arterio-venous catheterizations and simultaneous measurements of adipose tissue blood flow with the local Xe-clearance method. Nine subjects were studied during 1-h basal rest, and then during continuous octreotide infusion during 1-h rest, 1-h exercise at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption and 4-h post-exercise rest. A control study on seven subjects was performed under similar conditions but without octreotide infusion. The results show that octreotide infusion during rest increased lipolysis and fatty acid release from the abdominal, s.c. adipose tissue. The exercise-induced increase in lipolysis and fatty acid release does not seem to be affected by octreotide when compared with the control study without octreotide infusion while the post-exercise increase in lipolysis is inhibited by octreotide, suggesting that the exercise-induced increase in GH secretion plays a role for the post-exercise lipolysis in s.c., abdominal adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte H Enevoldsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The long time pharmacokinetics of highly lipid soluble compounds is dominated by blood-adipose tissue exchange and depends on the magnitude and heterogeneity of adipose blood flow. Because the adipose tissue is an infinite sink at short times (hours), the kinetics must be followed for days in order to determine if the adipose perfusion is heterogeneous. The purpose of this paper is to quantitate human adipose blood flow heterogeneity and determine its importance for human pharmacokinetics. METHODS The heterogeneity was determined using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) to describe the 6 day volatile anesthetic data previously published by Yasuda et. al. The analysis uses the freely available software PKQuest and incorporates perfusion-ventilation mismatch and time dependent parameters that varied from the anesthetized to the ambulatory period. This heterogeneous adipose perfusion PBPK model was then tested by applying it to the previously published cannabidiol data of Ohlsson et. al. and the cannabinol data of Johansson et. al. RESULTS The volatile anesthetic kinetics at early times have only a weak dependence on adipose blood flow while at long times the pharmacokinetics are dominated by the adipose flow and are independent of muscle blood flow. At least 2 adipose compartments with different perfusion rates (0.074 and 0.014 l/kg/min) were needed to describe the anesthetic data. This heterogeneous adipose PBPK model also provided a good fit to the cannabinol data. CONCLUSION Human adipose blood flow is markedly heterogeneous, varying by at least 5 fold. This heterogeneity significantly influences the long time pharmacokinetics of the volatile anesthetics and tetrahydrocannabinol. In contrast, using this same PBPK model it can be shown that the long time pharmacokinetics of the persistent lipophilic compounds (dioxins, PCBs) do not depend on adipose blood flow. The ability of the same PBPK model to describe both the anesthetic and cannabinol kinetics provides direct qualitative evidence that their kinetics are flow limited and that there is no significant adipose tissue diffusion limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Levitt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 6-125 Jackson Hall, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Hannukainen JC, Nuutila P, Borra R, Ronald B, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Janatuinen T, Heinonen OJ, Kapanen J, Viljanen T, Haaparanta M, Rönnemaa T, Parkkola R, Knuuti J, Kalliokoski KK. Increased physical activity decreases hepatic free fatty acid uptake: a study in human monozygotic twins. J Physiol 2006; 578:347-58. [PMID: 17053033 PMCID: PMC2075122 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.121368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is considered to be beneficial for free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism, although reports of the effects of increased physical activity on FFA uptake and oxidation in different tissues in vivo in humans have been inconsistent. To investigate the heredity-independent effects of physical activity and fitness on FFA uptake in skeletal muscle, the myocardium, and liver we used positron emission tomography (PET) in nine healthy young male monozygotic twin pairs discordant for physical activity and fitness. The cotwins with higher physical activity constituting the more active group had a similar body mass index but less body fat and 18 +/- 10% higher (P < 0.001) compared to the less active brothers with lower physical activity. Low-intensity knee-extension exercise increased skeletal muscle FFA and oxygen uptake six to 10 times compared to resting values but no differences were observed between the groups at rest or during exercise. At rest the more active group had lower hepatic FFA uptake compared to the less active group (5.5 +/- 4.3 versus 9.0 +/- 6.1 micromol (100 ml)(-1) min(-1), P = 0.04). Hepatic FFA uptake associated significantly with body fat percentage (P = 0.05). Myocardial FFA uptake was similar between the groups. In conclusion, in the absence of the confounding effects of genetic factors, moderately increased physical activity and aerobic fitness decrease body adiposity even in normal-weighted healthy young adult men. Further, increased physical activity together with decreased intra-abdominal adiposity seems to decrease hepatic FFA uptake but has no effects on skeletal muscle or myocardial FFA uptake.
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Polak J, Moro C, Klimcakova E, Hejnova J, Majercik M, Viguerie N, Langin D, Lafontan M, Stich V, Berlan M. Dynamic strength training improves insulin sensitivity and functional balance between adrenergic alpha 2A and beta pathways in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2631-40. [PMID: 16273345 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-0003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to investigate whether dynamic strength training modifies the control of lipolysis, with particular attention paid to the involvement of the antilipolytic adrenergic alpha 2A receptor (ADRA2A) pathway. METHODS Twelve obese men (age: 47.4+/-2.8 years; BMI: 32.7+/-0.9) were investigated during a 210-min euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp conducted before and after 3 months of dynamic strength training. Before and during the third hour of the clamp, the lipolytic effect of a perfusion of isoproterenol or adrenaline (epinephrine) alone or associated with the ADRA2A antagonist phentolamine was evaluated using the microdialysis method of measuring extracellular glycerol concentration (EGC) in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT). In addition, biopsies of SCAAT were carried out before and after training to determine mRNA levels RESULTS The training increased insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. The decrease of EGC was more pronounced during the clamp conducted after the training period than during the clamp done in pre-training conditions. Before and after the training, catecholamines induced an increase in EGC, the increase being lower during the clamp on each occasion. The isoproterenol-induced increase in EGC was higher after the training. Adrenaline-induced lipolysis was potentiated by phentolamine after but not before the training. There were no training-induced changes in mRNA levels of key genes of the lipolytic pathway in SCAAT. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In obese subjects, dynamic strength training improves whole-body and adipose tissue insulin responsiveness. It increases responsiveness to the adrenergic beta receptor stimulation of lipolysis and to the antilipolytic action of catecholamines mediated by ADRA2As.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/physiology
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adult
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3
- Epinephrine/pharmacology
- Exercise/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
- Glucose Clamp Technique
- Glycerol/analysis
- Glycerol/blood
- Humans
- Insulin/physiology
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Lipid Metabolism
- Lipolysis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Phentolamine/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Sterol Esterase/genetics
- Sterol Esterase/physiology
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/chemistry
- Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J Polak
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, French Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm U586) and 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
AIM The present study was performed to test the hypothesis that the interstitial glucose concentration in human skeletal muscle is decreased for a prolonged period following a single bout of exercise, while blood flow has returned to resting levels. METHODS Muscle interstitial concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and urea were monitored in six healthy individuals during 8 h following a 2-h one-leg exercise session by microdialysis at low perfusion flow rate. Simultaneously the blood flow was measured by the microdialysis ethanol technique. RESULTS The blood glucose and the control leg interstitial glucose concentrations were stable during the experiment averaging 5.7 +/- 0.1 and 4.1 +/- 0.3 mm, respectively. In contrast, the interstitial glucose concentration in the exercise leg was markedly decreased, averaging 1.9 +/- 0.5 mm, during the first 5.5 h following exercise (P < 0.01), after which it returned towards normal values. Muscle blood flow at the site of the microdialysis catheter, measured as the ethanol outflow-to-inflow ratio, did not change significantly over time in the control or exercise leg and did not differ significantly between the two legs. Interstitial concentrations of lactate, pyruvate and urea were not significantly different between the control and exercise leg. CONCLUSION The study shows that the interstitial glucose concentration in skeletal muscle is markedly decreased for several hours following a single exercise session. The decreased interstitial glucose concentration may serve to limit the rate of post-exercise muscle glucose uptake to a rate compatible with normal blood glucose levels and may also be speculated to have a positive long-term health implication by augmenting muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Adamo KB, Sigal RJ, Williams K, Kenny G, Prud'homme D, Tesson F. Influence of Pro12Ala peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 polymorphism on glucose response to exercise training in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1503-9. [PMID: 15986237 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Exercise training improves glycaemic control in some but not all individuals and little research has been done regarding genetic impact on the exercise training response in type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the Pro(12)Ala variant of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma2 gene on changes in fasting plasma glucose in response to exercise training. METHODS The study population comprised 139 sedentary type 2 diabetic patients (age: 54.4+/-7.2; HbA(1)c: 7.7+/-0.9%) who completed 3 months of supervised exercise training. The primary outcome variable in our analysis was the post-intervention change in blood glucose. Other assessments included measures of body composition, insulin sensitivity indices and maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2max)). RESULTS The frequency of the Ala allele was 8.3% and the genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. At baseline, neither body composition variables (weight, BMI, waist circumference), glucose homeostasis variables (glucose, insulin, HbA(1)c, homeostasis model assessment method) nor VO(2max) were different between genotypes (wild-type: Pro(12)Pro n=117, Ala carriers: X(12)Ala n=22). The exercise-training intervention led to similar improvements in body composition and glucose homeostasis variables in both genotype groups (p<0.05). The change in fasting plasma glucose was significantly different between PPARgamma2 genotypes (-1.66 mmol/l vs -0.54 mmol/l, Ala carriers and wild-type, respectively) (p=0.034 unadjusted and p=0.089 including baseline glucose) and the significant association between genotype and glucose response remained after adjusting for statistically significant predictors (age, changes in insulin and BMI [p=0.015]) and including baseline glucose, insulin and BMI (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that the Pro(12)Ala polymorphism may influence the glycaemic response to exercise in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Adamo
- Genetics Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Francescato MP, Cattin L, Geat M, Tosoratti E, Lazzer S, Noacco C, di Prampero PE. Glucose Pulse: a simple method to estimate the amount of glucose oxidized during exercise in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:2028-30. [PMID: 16043750 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.8.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Francescato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 - Udine, Italy.
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