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Ibrahim SS, Ibrahim RS, Arabi B, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M, Büsselberg D. The effect of GLP-1R agonists on the medical triad of obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10192-9. [PMID: 38801466 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have garnered significant attention for their therapeutic potential in addressing the interconnected health challenges of diabetes, obesity, and cancer. The role of GLP-1R in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highlighted, emphasizing its pivotal contribution to glucose homeostasis, promoting β-cell proliferation, and facilitating insulin release. GLP-1R agonists have effectively managed obesity by reducing hunger, moderating food intake, and regulating body weight. Beyond diabetes and obesity, GLP-1R agonists exhibit a multifaceted impact on cancer progression across various malignancies. The mechanisms underlying these effects involve the modulation of signaling pathways associated with cell growth, survival, and metabolism. However, the current literature reveals a lack of in vivo studies on specific GLP-1R agonists such as semaglutide, necessitating further research to elucidate its precise mechanisms and effects, particularly in cancer. While other GLP-1R agonists have shown promising outcomes in mitigating cancer progression, the association between some GLP-1R agonists and an increased risk of cancer remains a topic requiring more profound investigation. This calls for more extensive research to unravel the intricate relationships between the GLP-1R agonist and different cancers, providing valuable insights for clinicians and researchers alike.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Batoul Arabi
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, 24144, Qatar
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, D-80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, D-80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, 24144, Qatar.
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2
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Ozer I, Slezak A, Sirohi P, Li X, Zakharov N, Yao Y, Everitt JI, Spasojevic I, Craig SL, Collier JH, Campbell JE, D'Alessio DA, Chilkoti A. An injectable PEG-like conjugate forms a subcutaneous depot and enables sustained delivery of a peptide drug. Biomaterials 2023; 294:121985. [PMID: 36630826 PMCID: PMC10918641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many biologics have a short plasma half-life, and their conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to solve this problem. However, the improvement in the plasma half-life of PEGylated drugs' is at an asymptote because the development of branched PEG has only had a modest impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Here, we developed an injectable PEG-like conjugate that forms a subcutaneous depot for the sustained delivery of biologics. The PEG-like conjugate consists of poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (POEGMA) conjugated to exendin, a peptide drug used in the clinic to treat type 2 diabetes. The depot-forming exendin-POEGMA conjugate showed greater efficacy than a PEG conjugate of exendin as well as Bydureon, a clinically approved sustained-release formulation of exendin. The injectable depot-forming exendin-POEGMA conjugate did not elicit an immune response against the polymer, so that it remained effective and safe for long-term management of type 2 diabetes upon chronic administration. In contrast, the PEG conjugate induced an anti-PEG immune response, leading to early clearance and loss of efficacy upon repeat dosing. The exendin-POEGMA depot also showed superior long-term efficacy compared to Bydureon. Collectively, these results suggest that an injectable POEGMA conjugate of biologic drugs that forms a drug depot under the skin, providing favorable pharmacokinetic properties and sustained efficacy while remaining non-immunogenic, offers significant advantages over other commonly used drug delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna Slezak
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Parul Sirohi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xinghai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nikita Zakharov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Duke School of Medicine, Department of Medicine-Oncology, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, PK/PD Core Laboratory, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Joel H Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David A D'Alessio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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3
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L’intestin un organe endocrine : de la physiologie aux implications thérapeutiques en nutrition. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2021.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Girdhar K, Soto M, Huang Q, Orliaguet L, Cederquist C, Sundaresh B, Hu J, Figura M, Raisingani A, Canfora EE, Dirice E, Fujisaka S, Goossens GH, Blaak EE, Kulkarni RN, Kahn CR, Altindis E. Gut Microbiota Regulate Pancreatic Growth, Exocrine Function, and Gut Hormones. Diabetes 2022; 71:945-960. [PMID: 35212729 PMCID: PMC9044125 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates an important link between gut microbiota, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Alterations in exocrine pancreatic function are also widely present in patients with diabetes and obesity. To examine this interaction, C57BL/6J mice were fed a chow diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or an HFD plus oral vancomycin or metronidazole to modify the gut microbiome. HFD alone leads to a 40% increase in pancreas weight, decreased glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY levels, and increased glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide in the plasma. Quantitative proteomics identified 138 host proteins in fecal samples of these mice, of which 32 were significantly changed by the HFD. The most significant of these were the pancreatic enzymes. These changes in amylase and elastase were reversed by antibiotic treatment. These alterations could be reproduced by transferring gut microbiota from donor C57BL/6J mice to germ-free mice. By contrast, antibiotics had no effect on pancreatic size or exocrine function in C57BL/6J mice fed the chow diet. Further, 1 week vancomycin administration significantly increased amylase and elastase levels in obese men with prediabetes. Thus, the alterations in gut microbiota in obesity can alter pancreatic growth, exocrine function, and gut endocrine function and may contribute to the alterations observed in patients with obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marion Soto
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Huang
- Biology Department Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
| | - Lucie Orliaguet
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, Immunity and Metabolism in Diabetes Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Carly Cederquist
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jiang Hu
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Emanuel E. Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ercument Dirice
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Shiho Fujisaka
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women′s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - C. Ronald Kahn
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Corresponding authors: Emrah Altindis, , and C. Ronald Kahn,
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Biology Department Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA
- Corresponding authors: Emrah Altindis, , and C. Ronald Kahn,
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5
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Abstract
The enteroendocrine system coordinates the physiological response to food intake by regulating rates of digestion, nutrient absorption, insulin secretion, satiation and satiety. Gut hormones with important anorexigenic and/or insulinotropic roles include glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY3-36), cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). High BMI or obesogenic diets do not markedly disrupt this enteroendocrine system, which represents a critical target for inducing weight loss and treating co-morbidities in individuals with obesity.
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Iwasa K, Yamamoto S, Yamashina K, Yagishita-Kyo N, Maruyama K, Awaji T, Takei Y, Hirasawa A, Yoshikawa K. A peripheral lipid sensor GPR120 remotely contributes to suppression of PGD 2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the mouse hippocampus. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:304. [PMID: 34961526 PMCID: PMC8711188 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is a key pathological component of neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by microglial activation and the secretion of proinflammatory mediators. We previously reported that a surge in prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) production and PGD2-induced microglial activation could provoke neuroinflammation. We also reported that a lipid sensor GPR120 (free fatty acid receptor 4), which is expressed in intestine, could be activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), thereby mediating secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Dysfunction of GPR120 results in obesity in both mice and humans. METHODS To reveal the relationship between PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and intestinal PUFA/GPR120 signaling, we investigated neuroinflammation and neuronal function with gene and protein expression, histological, and behavioral analysis in GPR120 knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS In the current study, we discovered notable neuroinflammation (increased PGD2 production and microglial activation) and neurodegeneration (declines in neurogenesis, hippocampal volume, and cognitive function) in GPR120 KO mice. We also found that Hematopoietic-prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) was expressed in microglia, microglia were activated by PGD2, H-PGDS expression was upregulated in GPR120 KO hippocampus, and inhibition of PGD2 production attenuated this neuroinflammation. GPR120 KO mice exhibited reduced intestinal, plasma, and intracerebral GLP-1 contents. Peripheral administration of a GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide, reduced PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in GPR120 KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neurological phenotypes in GPR120 KO mice are probably caused by dysfunction of intestinal GPR120. These observations raise the possibility that intestinal GLP-1 secretion, stimulated by intestinal GPR120, may remotely contributed to suppress PGD2-microglia-provoked neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Iwasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kota Yamashina
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Nan Yagishita-Kyo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takeo Awaji
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takei
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Genomic Drug Discovery Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Moro-hongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
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7
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Wan J, Wang J, Wagner LE, Wang OH, Gui F, Chen J, Zhu X, Haddock AN, Edenfield BH, Haight B, Mukhopadhyay D, Wang Y, Yule DI, Bi Y, Ji B. Pancreas-specific CHRM3 activation causes pancreatitis in mice. JCI Insight 2021; 6:132585. [PMID: 34314386 PMCID: PMC8492327 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.132585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperstimulation of the cholecystokinin 1 receptor (CCK1R), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in pancreatic acinar cells is commonly used to induce pancreatitis in rodents. Human pancreatic acinar cells lack CCK1R but express cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (M3R), another GPCR. To test whether M3R activation is involved in pancreatitis, a mutant M3R was conditionally expressed in pancreatic acinar cells in mice. This mutant receptor loses responsiveness to its native ligand, acetylcholine, but can be activated by an inert small molecule, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO). Intracellular calcium and amylase were elicited by CNO in pancreatic acinar cells isolated from mutant M3R mice but not WT mice. Similarly, acute pancreatitis (AP) could be induced by a single injection of CNO in the transgenic mice but not WT mice. Compared with the cerulein-induced AP, CNO caused more widespread acinar cell death and inflammation. Furthermore, chronic pancreatitis developed at 4 weeks after 3 episodes of CNO-induced AP. In contrast, in mice with 3 recurrent episodes of cerulein-included AP, pancreas histology was restored in 4 weeks. Furthermore, the M3R antagonist ameliorated the severity of cerulein-induced AP in WT mice. We conclude that M3R activation can cause the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. This model may provide an alternative approach for pancreatitis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Jiale Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Larry E. Wagner
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Oliver H. Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Fu Gui
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Jiaxiang Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ashley N. Haddock
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Brian Haight
- Prodo Laboratories Inc., Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David I. Yule
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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8
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Ajiboye BO, Oyinloye BE, Awurum JC, Onikanni SA, Adefolalu A, Oluba OM. Protective role of Sterculia tragacantha aqueous extract on pancreatic gene expression and oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:323-333. [PMID: 33984878 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study evaluates the protective role of aqueous extract of Sterculia tragacantha leaf (AESTL) on pancreatic gene expressions (insulin, PCNA, PDX-1, KI-67 and GLP-1R) and oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Diabetes mellitus was induced into the experimental Wistar animals via intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg body weight) and 5% glucose water was given to the rats for 24 h after induction. The animals were categorized into five groups of 10 rats each as follows normal control, diabetic control, diabetic rats administered AESTL (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) and diabetic rats administered metformin (200 mg/kg) orally for two weeks. Thereafter, the animals were euthanized, blood sample collected, pancreas harvested and some pancreatic gene expressions (such as insulin, PCNA, PDX-1, KI-67, and GLP-1R)s as well as oxidative stress parameters were analyzed. RESULTS The results revealed that AESTL significantly (p<0.05) reduced fasting blood glucose level, food and water intake, and lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats administered different doses of AESTL showed a substantial upsurge in body weight, antioxidant enzyme activities, and pancreatic gene expressions (insulin, PCNA, PDX-1, KI-67, and GLP-1R). CONCLUSIONS It can therefore be concluded that AESTL has the ability to protect the pancreas during diabetes mellitus conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.,Phytomedicine and Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.,Biotechnology and Structural Biochemistry (BSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Chidera Awurum
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Amos Onikanni
- Phytomedicine, Biochemical Toxicology and Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Adedotun Adefolalu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Lafia, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
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9
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GLP-1 improves the neuronal supportive ability of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease by regulating mitochondrial dysfunction via the cAMP/PKA pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114578. [PMID: 33895160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was shown to have neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Astrocytic mitochondrial abnormalities have been revealed to constitute important pathologies. In the present study, we investigated the role of astrocytic mitochondria in the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 in AD. To this end, 6-month-old 5 × FAD mice were subcutaneously treated with liraglutide, a GLP-1 analogue (25 nmol/kg/qd) for 8 weeks. Liraglutide ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and prevented neuronal loss with activation of the cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)/phosphorylate protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in the brain of 5 × FAD mice. Next, we exposed astrocytes to β-amyloid (Aβ) in vitro and treated them with GLP-1. By activating the cAMP/PKA pathway, GLP-1 increased the phosphorylation of DRP-1 at the s637 site and mitigated mitochondrial fragmentation in Aβ-treated astrocytes. GLP-1 further improved the Aβ-induced energy failure, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, and cell toxicity in astrocytes. Moreover, GLP-1 also promoted the neuronal supportive ability of Aβ-treated astrocytes via the cAMP/PKA pathway. This study revealed a new mechanism behind the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 in AD.
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McLean BA, Wong CK, Campbell JE, Hodson DJ, Trapp S, Drucker DJ. Revisiting the Complexity of GLP-1 Action from Sites of Synthesis to Receptor Activation. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:101-132. [PMID: 33320179 PMCID: PMC7958144 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced in gut endocrine cells and in the brain, and acts through hormonal and neural pathways to regulate islet function, satiety, and gut motility, supporting development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Classic notions of GLP-1 acting as a meal-stimulated hormone from the distal gut are challenged by data supporting production of GLP-1 in the endocrine pancreas, and by the importance of brain-derived GLP-1 in the control of neural activity. Moreover, attribution of direct vs indirect actions of GLP-1 is difficult, as many tissue and cellular targets of GLP-1 action do not exhibit robust or detectable GLP-1R expression. Furthermore, reliable detection of the GLP-1R is technically challenging, highly method dependent, and subject to misinterpretation. Here we revisit the actions of GLP-1, scrutinizing key concepts supporting gut vs extra-intestinal GLP-1 synthesis and secretion. We discuss new insights refining cellular localization of GLP-1R expression and integrate recent data to refine our understanding of how and where GLP-1 acts to control inflammation, cardiovascular function, islet hormone secretion, gastric emptying, appetite, and body weight. These findings update our knowledge of cell types and mechanisms linking endogenous vs pharmacological GLP-1 action to activation of the canonical GLP-1R, and the control of metabolic activity in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A McLean
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chi Kin Wong
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, and Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Andersen DB, Grunddal KV, Pedersen J, Kuhre RE, Lund ML, Holst JJ, Ørskov C. Using a Reporter Mouse to Map Known and Novel Sites of GLP-1 Receptor Expression in Peripheral Tissues of Male Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6122689. [PMID: 33508122 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation is used in the treatment of diabetes and obesity; however, GLP-1 induces many other physiological effects with unclear mechanisms of action. To identify the cellular targets of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogues, we generated a Glp1r.tdTomato reporter mouse expressing the reporter protein, tdTomato, in Glp1r-expressing cells. The reporter signal is expressed in all cells where GLP-1R promoter was ever active. To complement this, we histologically mapped tdTomato-fluorescence, and performed Glp-1r mRNA in situ hybridization and GLP-1R immunohistochemistry on the same tissues. In male mice, we found tdTomato signal in mucus neck, chief, and parietal cells of the stomach; Brunner's glands; small intestinal enteroendocrine cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes; and myenteric plexus nerve fibers throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Pancreatic acinar-, β-, and δ cells, but rarely α cells, were tdTomato-positive, as were renal arteriolar smooth muscle cells; endothelial cells of the liver, portal vein, and endocardium; aortal tunica media; and lung type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes. Some thyroid follicular and parafollicular cells displayed tdTomato expression, as did tracheal cartilage chondrocytes, skin fibroblasts, and sublingual gland mucus cells. In conclusion, our reporter mouse is a powerful tool for mapping known and novel sites of GLP-1R expression in the mouse, thus enhancing our understanding of the many target cells and effects of GLP-1 and GLP-1R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare V Grunddal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, University of Copenhagen, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mari L Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Ørskov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Svane MS, Johannesen HH, Martinussen C, Bojsen-Møller KN, Hansen ML, Hansen AE, Deacon CF, Hartmann B, Keller SH, Klausen TL, Loft A, Kjaer A, Madsbad S, Löfgren J, Holst JJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. No effects of a 6-week intervention with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist on pancreatic volume and oedema in obese men without diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1837-1846. [PMID: 32495988 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), liraglutide, on pancreatic volume, oedema, cellularity and DNA synthesis in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed an open-label study in 14 obese men (age 38 ± 11 years, body mass index 32 ± 4 kg/m2 ) without diabetes. Subjects were examined at baseline, during titration (week 4) of liraglutide towards 3.0 mg/day, and 2 weeks after steady-state treatment (week 6) of a final dose of liraglutide. The primary endpoint was pancreatic volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Secondary endpoints included pancreatic oedema and cellularity, positron emission tomography-based [18 F]fluorothymidine (FLT) uptake (DNA synthesis) and plasma pancreatic enzymes. RESULTS Plasma amylase (+7 U/L [95% confidence intervals 3-11], P < .01) and lipase (+19 U/L [7-30], P < .01) increased during liraglutide treatment. Pancreatic volume did not change from baseline to steady state of treatment (+0.2 cm3 [-8-8], P = .96) and no change in pancreatic cellular infiltration was found (P = .22). During titration of liraglutide, FLT uptake in pancreatic tissue increased numerically (+0.08 [0.00-0.17], P = .0507). CONCLUSIONS Six weeks of treatment with liraglutide did not affect pancreatic volume, oedema or cellularity in obese men without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle H Johannesen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Martinussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Adam E Hansen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune H Keller
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Klausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika Loft
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Johan Löfgren
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Trujillo J. Safety and tolerability of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 45 Suppl 1:43-60. [PMID: 32910487 PMCID: PMC7540535 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE In recent years, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) including once-weekly (QW) formulations have been incorporated into type 2 diabetes (T2D) clinical guidelines, making it essential that pharmacists and healthcare professionals (HCPs) have a clear understanding of their safety profiles. Currently, three QW GLP-1 RAs are approved and marketed in the United States for the treatment of T2D: dulaglutide, exenatide extended-release and semaglutide. This review provides pharmacists and HCPs with collated data related to potential safety and tolerability issues when patients use QW GLP-1 RAs, enabling patient education and treatment optimization. METHODS This is a narrative review comparing the safety and tolerability of the three QW GLP-1 RAs, using data from Phase 3 clinical trials. Extracted safety data included gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs), hypoglycaemia, injection-site reactions, pancreatitis, neoplasms, gallbladder events, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and/or its complications (DRCs). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 30 trials were identified for inclusion; eight were head-to-head trials involving another GLP-1 RA; of these, six compared GLP-1 RAs with different dosing regimens (QW vs once-daily or twice-daily), and two were direct QW vs QW GLP-1 RA comparisons. The most commonly reported AEs were GI events (notably nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea), but there was variation between the three QW drugs. These were generally mild-to-moderate in severity and transient. Risk of hypoglycaemia, injection-site reactions, pancreatitis, neoplasms and gallbladder events was generally low across the GLP-1 RAs investigated. Overall rates of DR or DRC were low across the trials. Only in one trial (SUSTAIN 6) there were significantly more DRC events reported in patients treated with QW semaglutide (3.0%) compared with placebo (1.8%). This was likely due to the rapid improvement in glucose control in patients with pre-existing DR enrolled within that trial. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This review puts the latest clinical data from the marketed QW GLP-1 RAs into context with results from older Phase 3 trials, to enable pharmacists and HCPs to make informed treatment decisions. Each of the three QW GLP-1 RAs has their own safety profile, which should be considered when choosing the optimal treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Trujillo
- Department of Clinical PharmacySkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ColoradoAuroraCOUSA
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14
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Singh AK, Gangopadhyay KK, Singh R. Risk of acute pancreatitis with incretin-based therapy: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:461-468. [PMID: 32129106 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1736041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link of acute pancreatitis (AP) with Incretin based therapies (IBTs) in type 2 diabetes has existed since United States Food and Drug Administration alert in 2010. This issue still remains unresolved due to conflicting results among studies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases until 31 July 2019, and retrieved all cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of IBTs conducted for ≥12 months that reported the pre-specified and or pre-adjudicated pancreatitis outcomes. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis to study the risk of AP observed with IBT in CVOTs. RESULTS A meta-analysis of seven CVOTs of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) compared with placebo (N = 55,932) found no significant increase in AP (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.42; p = 0.77). In contrast, meta-analysis of five CVOTs comparing DPP-4 inhibitors with placebo (N = 47,714) and six CVOTs comparing DPP-4 inhibitors with placebo or active comparator (N = 53,747), found a significant increase (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.21-2.70; p = 0.04 and OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.08-2.18; p = 0.02, respectively) in AP without any significant heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed a significant association between pancreatitis and DPP-4 inhibitors; however, no such association was observed for GLP-1RAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, G. D Hospital & Diabetes Institute , Kolkata, India
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15
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Sun Z, Li P, Wang X, Lai S, Qiu H, Chen Z, Hu S, Yao J, Shen J. GLP-1/GLP-1R Signaling Regulates Ovarian PCOS-Associated Granulosa Cells Proliferation and Antiapoptosis by Modification of Forkhead Box Protein O1 Phosphorylation Sites. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:1484321. [PMID: 32655632 PMCID: PMC7321515 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1484321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the major cause of female anovulatory infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects a great proportion of women at childbearing age. Although glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-IRAs) show therapeutic effects for PCOS, its target and underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we identified that, both in vivo and in vitro, GLP-1 functioned as the regulator of proliferation and antiapoptosis of MGCs of follicle in PCOS mouse ovary. Furthermore, forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) plays an important role in the courses. Regarding the importance of granulosa cells (GCs) in oocyte development and function, the results from the current study could provide a more detailed illustration on the already known beneficial effects of GLP-1RAs on PCOS and support the future efforts to develop more efficient GLP-1RAs for PCOS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Sun
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiyi Li
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuchang Lai
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shidi Hu
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong, China
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16
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Khera E, Zhang L, Roberts S, Nessler I, Sandoval D, Reiner T, Thurber GM. Blocking of Glucagonlike Peptide-1 Receptors in the Exocrine Pancreas Improves Specificity for β-Cells in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1635-1641. [PMID: 31076502 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.224881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The diabetes community has long desired an imaging agent to quantify the number of insulin-secreting β-cells, beyond just functional equivalents (insulin secretion), to help diagnose and monitor early stages of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Loss in the number of β-cells can be masked by a compensatory increase in function of the remaining cells. Since β-cells form only about 1% of the pancreas and decrease as the disease progresses, only a few imaging agents, such as exendin, have demonstrated clinical potential to detect a drop in the already scarce signal. However, clinical translation of imaging with exendin has been hampered by pancreatic uptake that is higher than expected in subjects with long-term diabetes who lack β-cells. Exendin binds glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), previously thought to be expressed only on β-cells, but recent studies report low levels of GLP-1R on exocrine cells, complicating β-cell mass quantification. Methods: Here, we used a GLP-1R knockout mouse model to demonstrate that exocrine binding of exendin is exclusively via GLP-1R (∼1,000/cell) and not any other receptor. We then used lipophilic Cy-7 exendin to selectively preblock exocrine GLP-1R in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Results: Sufficient receptors remain on β-cells for subsequent labeling with a fluorescent- or 111In-exendin. Conclusion: Selective GLP-1R blocking, which improves contrast between healthy and diabetic pancreata and provides a potential avenue for achieving the long-standing goal of imaging β-cell mass in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Khera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sheryl Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ian Nessler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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17
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Satoh K, Ouchi M, Morita A, Kashimata M. MARCKS phosphorylation and amylase release in GLP-1-stimulated acini isolated from rat pancreas. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:143-149. [PMID: 29845509 PMCID: PMC10717726 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) on the pancreatic exocrine gland. In the gland, secretagogues induce amylase release. That signal transduction is evoked mainly by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). We previously demonstrated that myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), a PKC substrate, is involved in pancreatic amylase release. Here, we studied the effects of GLP-1 on MARCKS phosphorylation and amylase release in rat pancreatic acini. GLP-1 induced amylase release and MARCKS phosphorylation in isolated pancreatic acini. Inhibitors of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) suppressed those effects. Furthermore, a MARCKS-related peptide inhibited the GLP-1-induced amylase release. These findings suggest that GLP-1 induces amylase release through MARCKS phosphorylation via activation of PKA in isolated pancreatic acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Satoh
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan.
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Asuka Morita
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masanori Kashimata
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) released from gut enteroendocrine cells controls meal-related glycemic excursions through augmentation of insulin and inhibition of glucagon secretion. GLP-1 also inhibits gastric emptying and food intake, actions maximizing nutrient absorption while limiting weight gain. Here I review the circuits engaged by endogenous versus pharmacological GLP-1 action, highlighting key GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R)-positive cell types and pathways transducing metabolic and non-glycemic GLP-1 signals. The role(s) of GLP-1 in the benefits and side effects associated with bariatric surgery are discussed and actions of GLP-1 controlling islet function, appetite, inflammation, and cardiovascular pathophysiology are highlighted. Refinement of the risk-versus-benefit profile of GLP-1-based therapies for the treatment of diabetes and obesity has stimulated development of orally bioavailable agonists, allosteric modulators, and unimolecular multi-agonists, all targeting the GLP-1R. This review highlights established and emerging concepts, unanswered questions, and future challenges for development and optimization of GLP-1R agonists in the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Mailbox 39, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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19
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Saisho Y. Incretin-based therapy and pancreatitis: accumulating evidence and unresolved questions. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:131. [PMID: 29955591 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.02.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Saisho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Albrechtsen R, Bremholm L, Svendsen B, Kuhre RE, Poulsen SS, Christiansen CB, Jensen EP, Janus C, Hilsted L, Deacon CF, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Signaling in Acinar Cells Causes Growth-Dependent Release of Pancreatic Enzymes. Cell Rep 2017; 17:2845-2856. [PMID: 27974199 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Incretin-based therapies are widely used for type 2 diabetes and now also for obesity, but they are associated with elevated plasma levels of pancreatic enzymes and perhaps a modestly increased risk of acute pancreatitis. However, little is known about the effects of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) on the exocrine pancreas. Here, we identify GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic acini and analyze the impact of receptor activation in humans, rodents, isolated acini, and cell lines from the exocrine pancreas. GLP-1 did not directly stimulate amylase or lipase release. However, we saw that GLP-1 induces phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and activation of Foxo1, resulting in cell growth with concomitant enzyme release. Our work uncovers GLP-1-induced signaling pathways in the exocrine pancreas and suggests that increases in amylase and lipase levels in subjects treated with GLP-1 receptor agonists reflect adaptive growth rather than early-stage pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reidar Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Bremholm
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600 Køge, Denmark
| | - Berit Svendsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Christiansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisa P Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Janus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Hilsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Beta-glucans and cancer: The influence of inflammation and gut peptide. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:486-492. [PMID: 28964548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dietary β-glucans are soluble fibers with potentially health-promoting effects. Gut peptides are important signals in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. This article reviews the effects of different enriched β-glucan food consumption on immune responses, inflammation, gut hormone and cancer. Gut hormones are influenced by enriched β-glucan food consumption and levels of such peptide as YY, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2 in humans influence serum glucose concentration as well as innate and adaptive immunity. Cancer cell development is also regulated by obesity and glucose dishomeostasy that are influenced by β-glucan food consumption that in turn regulated gut hormones.
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22
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Steinberg WM, Rosenstock J, Wadden TA, Donsmark M, Jensen CB, DeVries JH. Impact of Liraglutide on Amylase, Lipase, and Acute Pancreatitis in Participants With Overweight/Obesity and Normoglycemia, Prediabetes, or Type 2 Diabetes: Secondary Analyses of Pooled Data From the SCALE Clinical Development Program. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:839-848. [PMID: 28473337 DOI: 10.2337/dc16-2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe amylase/lipase activity levels and events of acute pancreatitis (AP) in the SCALE (Satiety and Clinical Adiposity-Liraglutide Evidence in individuals with and without diabetes) weight-management trials. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Secondary analyses were performed on pooled data from four trials (N = 5,358 with BMI ≥30, or 27 to <30 kg/m2 with ≥1 comorbidity). Of these, 1,723 had normoglycemia, 2,789 had prediabetes, and 846 had type 2 diabetes. Participants were randomized to liraglutide 3.0 mg (n = 3,302), liraglutide 1.8 mg (n = 211, only type 2 diabetes), or placebo (n = 1,845). Relationships between baseline characteristics and amylase/lipase activity at baseline and during treatment were investigated. RESULTS Over 56 weeks, liraglutide 3.0 mg versus placebo was associated with increases in mean levels of 7% (amylase) and 31% (lipase), respectively. Similar changes in amylase/lipase levels were observed with liraglutide 1.8 mg. More participants receiving liraglutide 3.0 mg versus placebo experienced amylase (9.4% vs. 5.9%) and lipase (43.5% vs. 15.1%) elevations greater than or equal to the upper limit of normal (ULN); few had elevations ≥3 × ULN for amylase (<0.1% with liraglutide 3.0 mg or placebo) or lipase (2.9% vs. 1.5%, respectively). After liraglutide discontinuation, enzymes returned to baseline levels. Thirteen participants developed AP: 12 on (n = 9, 0.3%) or after (n = 3, 0.1%) liraglutide 3.0 mg treatment and one (0.1%) with placebo. A total of 6/13 participants with AP (5/12 liraglutide; 1 placebo) had gallstone disease evident at AP onset. Amylase/lipase elevations either 1 × ULN or ≥3 × ULN before AP onset had very low positive predictive value for AP (<1%). CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide resulted in dose-independent, reversible increases in amylase/lipase activity, unrelated to baseline characteristics, not predicting AP onset. Gallstones possibly contributed to 50% of AP cases. Data provide no basis for amylase/lipase level monitoring in liraglutide treatment except in suspected AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Steinberg
- Department of Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.,Rockville Internal Medicine Group, Rockville, MD
| | | | - Thomas A Wadden
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - J Hans DeVries
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sun YH, He L, Yan MY, Zhao RQ, Li B, Wang F, Yang Y, Yu HP. Overexpression of GLP-1 receptors suppresses proliferation and cytokine release by airway smooth muscle cells of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via activation of ABCA1. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:929-936. [PMID: 28560433 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP‑1) is an important insulin secretagogue that possesses anti‑inflammatory effects. GLP‑1 receptor (GLP‑1R) agonists have been demonstrated to serve a pivotal role in the treatment of obstructive lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the specific function and underlying mechanisms of GLP‑1R in COPD remain uncertain. The aim of the present study was to investigate the action and underlying mechanisms of GLP‑1R in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells from COPD patients. GLP‑1R expression levels were markedly decreased in ASM cells from COPD patients compared with those from healthy controls. ASM cell proliferation and migration, and the levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and granulocyte‑macrophage colony‑stimulating factor (GM‑CSF) were measured. Transfection of pcDNA3.1‑GLP‑1R had inhibitory effects on ASM cell proliferation and migration, whereas GLP‑1R small interfering (si)RNA reversed these effects. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that GLP‑1R overexpression markedly suppressed IL‑1β, IL‑4, TNF‑α and GM‑CSF levels. GLP‑1R overexpression upregulated the expression levels of adenosine triphosphate‑binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1 (ABCA1) in ASM cells, and the effects of GLP‑1R on cell proliferation and migration, and inflammatory cytokine expression in ASM cells was abolished by siRNA‑mediated silencing of ABCA1. The results of the present study suggested that GLP‑1R contributes to COPD pathology, potentially via an ABCA1‑mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Sun
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
| | - Lan He
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010050, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Yan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 014010, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qian Zhao
- Graduate School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010110, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010110, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010110, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Physiology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010110, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Peng Yu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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24
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Smits MM, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MHA, Diamant M, Kramer MHH, Cahen DL, van Raalte DH. Acute plasma amylase increase after glucagon-like peptide -1 receptor agonist exenatide administration in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2017; 34:591-592. [PMID: 27278095 PMCID: PMC5363237 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Smits
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Tonneijck
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M H A Muskiet
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Diamant
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M H H Kramer
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D L Cahen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D H van Raalte
- Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1, produced predominantly in enteroendocrine cells, controls glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis through regulation of islet hormone secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, enabling development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. GLP-1 also acts on the immune system to suppress inflammation, and GLP-1R signaling in multiple tissues impacts cardiovascular function in health and disease. Here we review how GLP-1 and clinically approved GLP-1R agonists engage mechanisms that influence the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. We discuss how GLP-1R agonists modify inflammation, cardiovascular physiology, and pathophysiology in normal and diabetic animals through direct and indirect mechanisms and review human studies illustrating mechanisms linking GLP-1R signaling to modification of the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. The risks and benefits of GLP-1R agonists are updated in light of recent data suggesting that GLP-1R agonists favorably modify outcomes in diabetic subjects at high risk for cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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26
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Nomiyama T, Yanase T. GLP-1 receptor agonist as treatment for cancer as well as diabetes: beyond blood glucose control. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:357-364. [PMID: 30058925 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2016.1191349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that cancer is a new complication of diabetes. In Japan, cancer is the most critical cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes. Areas covered: Unlike diabetic angiopathies, diabetes does not accelerate the onset and progression of cancer, even though diabetes and cancer exhibit very similar pathophysiological features including obesity, insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and decreased adipokine imbalance. Agonists to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor are a newly identified therapy for type 2 diabetes. These drugs exert their effects by enhancing glucose-induced insulin secretion and inhibiting appetite. However, the relationship between GLP-1 receptor agonists and cancer is controversial. Expert commentary: GLP-1 receptor agonist may possess anti-cancer effect in several kind of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nomiyama
- a Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, School of Medicine , Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanase
- a Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, School of Medicine , Fukuoka University , Fukuoka , Japan
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27
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Kanoski SE, Hayes MR, Skibicka KP. GLP-1 and weight loss: unraveling the diverse neural circuitry. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R885-95. [PMID: 27030669 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00520.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is currently one of the most promising biological systems for the development of effective obesity pharmacotherapies. Long-acting GLP-1 analogs potently reduce food intake and body weight, and recent discoveries reveal that peripheral administration of these drugs reduces food intake largely through humoral pathways involving direct action on brain GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R). Thus, it is of critical importance to understand the neural systems through which GLP-1 and long-acting GLP-1 analogs reduce food intake and body weight. In this review, we discuss several neural, physiological, cellular and molecular, as well as behavioral mechanisms through which peripheral and central GLP-1R signaling reduces feeding. Particular attention is devoted to discussion regarding the numerous neural substrates through which GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs act to reduce food intake and body weight, including various hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamic area), hindbrain nuclei (parabrachial nucleus, medial nucleus tractus solitarius), hippocampus (ventral subregion; vHP), and nuclei embedded within the mesolimbic reward circuitry [ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)]. In some of these nuclei [VTA, NAc, and vHP], GLP-1R activation reduces food intake and body weight without concomitant nausea responses, suggesting that targeting these specific pathways may be of particular interest for future obesity pharmacotherapy. The widely distributed neural systems through which GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs act to reduce body weight highlight the complexity of the neural systems regulating energy balance, as well as the challenges for developing effective obesity pharmacotherapies that reduce feeding without producing parallel negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania; and
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Hou Y, Ernst SA, Lentz SI, Williams JA. Genetic deletion of Rab27B in pancreatic acinar cells affects granules size and has inhibitory effects on amylase secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 471:610-5. [PMID: 26845357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Small G protein Rab27B is expressed in various secretory cell types and plays a role in mediating secretion. In pancreatic acinar cells, Rab27B was found to be expressed on the zymogen granule membrane and by overexpression to regulate the secretion of zymogen granules. However, the effect of Rab27B deletion on the physiology of pancreatic acinar cells is unknown. In the current study, we utilized the Rab27B KO mouse model to better understand the role of Rab27B in the secretion of pancreatic acinar cells. Our data show that Rab27B deficiency had no obvious effects on the expression of major digestive enzymes and other closely related proteins, e.g. similar small G proteins, such as Rab3D and Rab27A, and putative downstream effectors. The overall morphology of acinar cells was not changed in the knockout pancreas. However, the size of zymogen granules was decreased in KO acinar cells, suggesting a role of Rab27B in regulating the maturation of secretory granules. The secretion of digestive enzymes was moderately decreased in KO acini, compared with the WT control. These data indicate that Rab27B is involved at a different steps of zymogen granule maturation and secretion, which is distinct from that of Rab3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hou
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen A Ernst
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen I Lentz
- Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John A Williams
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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29
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) mimetic drugs or degradation inhibitors mimic the action of native GLP-1 as a incretin hormone and have become a common second line of therapy for Type 2 diabetes. However, an important clinical issue is whether these drugs increase the incidence of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. OBJECTIVE This paper reviews the physiology of GLP-1 including its synthesis, secretion and action of the peptide. Reported effects of the mimetic drugs on the exocrine pancreas in animal studies are also reviewed. RESULTS GLP-1 is synthesized in a specific class of enteroendocrine cell, the L-cell, by post-translational processing of proglucagon. It is released in response to the presence of nutrients in the small intestine and stimulates vagal afferent nerve endings as well as entering the blood where it is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Its actions are mediated by specific G-protein coupled receptors. The major target tissues are the pancreatic islet beta cells, the brain and the heart but GLP-1 also affects gastrointestinal motility and secretion including the exocrine pancreas where its major systemic action is to inhibit secretion. In some animal, as well as human studies, the GLP-1 mimetic drugs are associated with pancreatitis or precursor lessions to pancreatic cancer but a mechanism is not clear. The most common occurrence of pathology in rodents is when the drugs are combined with a high fat diet. CONCLUSIONS There is nothing in the physiology of GLP-1 or animal toxicology studies to support a mechanism of action or a major concern about the action of GLP-1 mimetic drugs on the exocrine pancreas. Further studies are warranted using animal models of disease and high fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Williams
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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