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Kamimura K, Inoue R, Nagoya T, Sakai N, Goto R, Ko M, Niwa Y, Terai S. Autonomic nervous system network and liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1616-1621. [PMID: 29686468 PMCID: PMC5910544 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i15.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, various signal transducers, cytokines, growth factors, and hormones have been reported to play an important role in homeostasis of various organs. Various cells and organs are involved in the hepatic regeneration process, which proceeds as a result of the coordination of many factors. While these factors are well known to be involved in the liver regeneration after the liver injury, however, as the details of such mechanisms have not been sufficiently elucidated, the practical applicability of hepatic regeneration based on the action of these and cytokines growth factors is still unclear. In terms of the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in hepatic regeneration, cell proliferation resulting from direct signal transduction to the liver has also been reported and recent studies focusing on the inter-organ communication via neural network opened a novel aspect of this field for therapeutic applicability. Therefore, the appropriate understanding of the relationship between autonomic neural network and liver regeneration through various organs including brain, afferent nerve, efferent nerve, etc. is essential. This mini-review explains the principle of neural system involved in the inter-organ communication and its contribution on the liver regeneration upon the liver injury reviewing recent progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takuro Nagoya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sakai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Goto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Niwa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Dezfuli G, Gillis RA, Tatge JE, Duncan KR, Dretchen KL, Jackson PG, Verbalis JG, Sahibzada N. Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy With Pyloroplasty Ameliorates the Obesity Caused by Genetic Deletion of the Melanocortin 4 Receptor in the Mouse. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:104. [PMID: 29545738 PMCID: PMC5838008 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that abolishing vagal nerve activity will reverse the obesity phenotype of melanocortin 4 receptor knockout mice (Mc4r−/−). Subjects/Methods: In two separate studies, we examined the efficacy of bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SDV) with pyloroplasty in the prevention and treatment of obesity in Mc4r−/− mice. Results: In the first study, SDV prevented >20% increase in body weight (BW) associated with this genotype. This was correlated with a transient reduction in overall food intake (FI) in the preventative arm of the study. Initially, SDV mice had reduced weekly FI; however, FI normalized to that of controls and baseline FI within the 8-week study period. In the second study, the severe obesity that is characteristic of the adult Mc4r−/− genotype was significantly improved by SDV with a magnitude of 30% loss in excess BW over a 4-week period. Consistent with the first preventative study, within the treatment arm, SDV mice also demonstrated a transient reduction in FI relative to control and baseline levels that normalized over subsequent weeks. In addition to the accompanying loss in weight, mice subjected to SDV showed a decrease in respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and an increase in locomotor activity (LA). Analysis of the white fat-pad deposits of these mice showed that they were significantly less than the control groups. Conclusions: Altogether, our data demonstrates that SDV both prevents gain in BW and causes weight loss in severely obese Mc4r−/− mice. Moreover, it suggests that an important aspect of weight reduction for this type of monogenic obesity involves loss of signaling in vagal motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaul Dezfuli
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Richard A Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Tatge
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kimbell R Duncan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kenneth L Dretchen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Patrick G Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Joseph G Verbalis
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Niaz Sahibzada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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3
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Inoue R, Kamimura K, Nagoya T, Sakai N, Yokoo T, Goto R, Ogawa K, Shinagawa-Kobayashi Y, Watanabe-Mori Y, Sakamaki A, Abe S, Kamimura H, Miyamura N, Nishina H, Terai S. Effect of a neural relay on liver regeneration in mice: activation of serotonin release from the gastrointestinal tract. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:449-460. [PMID: 29511622 PMCID: PMC5832978 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic options to promote hepatic regeneration following severe liver injury is essential. While humoral factors have been reported as mechanisms of liver regeneration, the contributions of interorgan communication to liver regeneration have not been reported. In this study, we examined the effect of a neural relay on liver regeneration via activation of serotonin release from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Our results demonstrated that the afferent visceral nerve from the liver activates the efferent vagus nerve from the brain, leading to activation of serotonin release from the GI tract and contributing to liver regeneration. While it is difficult to apply these results directly to human health, we believe that this study may represent a step toward developing essential therapeutics to promote liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Inoue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Takuro Nagoya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Norihiro Sakai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Ryo Goto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Yoko Shinagawa-Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Yukari Watanabe-Mori
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Akira Sakamaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Hiroteru Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
| | - Norio Miyamura
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology Medical Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology Medical Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University Japan
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Lubaczeuski C, Balbo SL, Ribeiro RA, Vettorazzi JF, Santos-Silva JC, Carneiro EM, Bonfleur ML. Vagotomy ameliorates islet morphofunction and body metabolic homeostasis in MSG-obese rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:447-57. [PMID: 25714886 PMCID: PMC4445669 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The parasympathetic nervous system is important for β-cell secretion and mass
regulation. Here, we characterized involvement of the vagus nerve in pancreatic
β-cell morphofunctional regulation and body nutrient homeostasis in 90-day-old
monosodium glutamate (MSG)-obese rats. Male newborn Wistar rats received MSG (4 g/kg
body weight) or saline [control (CTL) group] during the first 5 days of life. At 30
days of age, both groups of rats were submitted to sham-surgery (CTL and MSG groups)
or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (Cvag and Mvag groups). The 90-day-old MSG rats
presented obesity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hypertriglyceridemia.
Their pancreatic islets hypersecreted insulin in response to glucose but did not
increase insulin release upon carbachol (Cch) stimulus, despite a higher
intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Furthermore, while the pancreas weight
was 34% lower in MSG rats, no alteration in islet and β-cell mass was observed.
However, in the MSG pancreas, increases of 51% and 55% were observed in the total
islet and β-cell area/pancreas section, respectively. Also, the β-cell number per
β-cell area was 19% higher in MSG rat pancreas than in CTL pancreas. Vagotomy
prevented obesity, reducing 25% of body fat stores and ameliorated glucose
homeostasis in Mvag rats. Mvag islets demonstrated partially reduced insulin
secretion in response to 11.1 mM glucose and presented normalization of Cch-induced
Ca2+ mobilization and insulin release. All morphometric parameters were
similar among Mvag and CTL rat pancreases. Therefore, the higher insulin release in
MSG rats was associated with greater β-cell/islet numbers and not due to hypertrophy.
Vagotomy improved whole body nutrient homeostasis and endocrine pancreatic
morphofunction in Mvag rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lubaczeuski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - S L Balbo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
| | - R A Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, RJ, Brasil
| | - J F Vettorazzi
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - J C Santos-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - E M Carneiro
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - M L Bonfleur
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina e Metabolismo, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brasil
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Urrunaga NH, Jadeja RN, Rachakonda V, Ahmad D, McLean LP, Cheng K, Shah V, Twaddell WS, Raufman JP, Khurana S. M1 muscarinic receptors modify oxidative stress response to acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:66-81. [PMID: 25452146 PMCID: PMC4392405 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in modulating acute liver injury is unknown. We detected M1 muscarinic receptor (M1R) expression in human and murine hepatocytes, and investigated the consequences of M1R deficiency on acute liver injury in vivo and inhibiting M1R activation on hepatocyte injury in vitro. Age-matched wild-type (WT) and M1R-deficient (Chrm1(-/-)) male mice were injected intraperitoneally with 200mg/kg acetaminophen (APAP) and euthanized 0, 2, 4, 16, 24, and 36h later. Biochemical and histological parameters indicated that liver injury peaked within 16h after APAP treatment and resolved by 24h. Compared to WT, M1R-deficient mice had reduced intrahepatic hemorrhage and hepatocyte necrosis, reflected by an attenuated rise in serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Livers of M1R-deficient mice showed reduced hepatocyte DNA fragmentation and attenuated expression of injury cytokines (Il-1α, Il-1β, Il-6, and Fasl). In all mice hepatic glutathione levels decreased after APAP injection, but they recovered more quickly in M1R-deficient mice. During the course of APAP-induced liver injury in M1R-deficient compared to WT mice, hepatic Nrf-2, Gclc, and Nqo1 expressions increased and nitrotyrosine generation decreased. APAP metabolic pathways were not altered by M1R deficiency; expression of hepatic Cyp2e1, Cyp1a2, Cyp3a11, Cyp3a13, Car, and Pxr was similar in Chrm1(-/-) and WT mice. Finally, treatment of murine AML12 hepatocytes with a novel M1R antagonist, VU0255035, attenuated H2O2-induced oxidative stress, prevented GSH depletion, and enhanced viability. We conclude that M1R modify hepatocyte responses to oxidative stress and that targeting M1R has therapeutic potential for toxic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie H Urrunaga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ravirajsinh N Jadeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Vikrant Rachakonda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Leon P McLean
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kunrong Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vijay Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - William S Twaddell
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Raufman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sandeep Khurana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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6
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Suzuki Y, Inoue S, Shimizu H, Ishizuka N, Kasahara Y, Takahashi T, Arai K, Kobayashi Y, Kishi M, Imazeki N, Senoo A, Osaka T. Cell proliferation in visceral organs induced by ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions: Development of electrical VMH lesions in mice and resulting pathophysiological profiles. Endocr J 2011; 58:247-56. [PMID: 21325743 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k10e-408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have found that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions produced by electrocoagulation induce cell proliferation in visceral organs through vagal hyperactivity, and also stimulate regeneration of partially resected liver in rats. To facilitate identification of proliferative and/or regenerative factors at the gene level, we developed electrical production of VMH lesions in mice, for which more genetic information is available compared to rats, and examined the pathophysiological profiles in these mice. Using ddy mice, we produced VMH lesions with reference to the previously reported method in rats. We then examined the pathophysiological profiles of the VMH-lesioned mice. Electrical VMH lesions in mice were produced using the following coordinates: 1.6 mm posterior to the bregma, anteriorly; 0.5 mm lateral to the midsagittal line, transversely; and 0.2 mm above the base of the skull, vertically, with 1 mA of current intensity and 10 s duration. The VMH-lesioned mice showed similar metabolic characteristics to those of VMH-lesioned rats, including body weight gain, increased food intake, increased percentage body fat, and elevated serum insulin and leptin. However, there were some differences in short period of hyperphagia, and in normal serum lipids compared to those of VMH-lesioned rats. The mice showed a similar cell proliferation in visceral organs, including stomach, small intestine, liver, and, exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In conclusion, procedures for development of VMH lesions in mice by electrocoagulation were developed and the VMH-lesioned mice showed pathophysiological profiles similar to those of VMH-lesioned rats, particularly in cell proliferation in visceral organs. These findings have not been observed previously in gold thioglucose-induced VMH-lesioned mice. This model may be a new tool for identifying factors involved in cell proliferation or regeneration in visceral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Suzuki
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Care, Kiryu University, Gunma, Japan
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7
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Abstract
It has been reported that ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions induce hepatic cell proliferation and apoptosis and metabolic changes in the body. In the present study, we identified genes of which expression profiles showed significant modulation in rat liver after VMH lesions. Total RNA was extracted, and differences in the gene expression profiles between rats at day 3 after VMH lesioning and sham-VMH lesioned rats were investigated using DNA microarray analysis. The results revealed that VMH lesions regulated the genes that were involved in various types of metabolisms and cell proliferations in the liver. Real-time PCR also confirmed that gene expressions of ELOVL6 and SPC24 were upregulated, and that of SERPINA7 was downregulated. VMH lesions may change the expressions of multiple metabolism genes and cell proliferation–related genes in rat liver.
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8
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Kintaka Y, Osaka T, Suzuki Y, Hashiguchi T, Niijima A, Kageyama H, Fumiko T, Shioda S, Inoue S. Effects of gastric vagotomy on visceral cell proliferation induced by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions: role of vagal hyperactivity. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 38:243-9. [PMID: 19455436 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In rats, ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions induce cell proliferation in the visceral organs (stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas) due to hyperactivity of the vagus nerve. To investigate the effects of selective gastric vagotomy on VMH lesion-induced cell proliferation and secretion of gastric acid, we assessed the mitotic index (the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-immunopositive cells per 1,000 cells in the gastric mucosal cell layer) and measured the volume of secreted basal gastric acid. Furthermore, to explore whether or not ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal lesions (AGML) lead to ulcer formation in VMH-lesioned rats, we assessed the ulcer index of both sham-operated and VMH-lesioned rats after administration of ethanol. VMH lesions resulted in an increased mitotic index and thickness of the gastric mucosal cell layer and gave rise to the hypersecretion of gastric acid. Selective gastric vagotomy restored these parameters to normal without affecting cell proliferation in other visceral organs. Ethanol-induced AGML caused ulcers in sham VMH-lesioned rats, whereas VMH-lesioned rats were less likely to exhibit such ulcers. These results suggest that VMH lesion-induced vagally mediated cell proliferation in the visceral organs is associated with hyperfunction in these organs, and VMH lesion-induced resistance to ethanol may be due to thickening of the gastric mucosal cell layer resulting from cell proliferation in the gastric mucosa-this in turn is due to hyperactivity of the vagus nerve.
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Yoshimura R, Omori H, Somekawa S, Osaka T, Ito R, Inoue S, Endo Y. Continuous carbachol infusion promotes peripheral cell proliferation and mimics vagus hyperactivity in a rat model of hypothalamic obesity. Biomed Res 2006; 27:81-8. [PMID: 16707847 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.27.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) result in obesity and enhanced cellular proliferation in various organs, including the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. Previous studies have suggested that vagal hyperactivity, rather than overeating, induces the peripheral cell proliferation in VMH-lesioned rats. The goal of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of peripheral cell proliferation in VMH-lesion-induced obesity by infusing rats with the acetylcholine agonist, carbachol, and then measuring cellular proliferation in the pancreas and duodenum using immunohistochemistry. The ventromedial hypothalamus was bilaterally lesioned in five rats. In other rats, the bilateral vagus nerves were ligated (vagotomized), and saline or carbachol was continuously administered by an osmotic minipump (n = 5 in each group). Three days later, rats were killed, and cell proliferation was assessed in the pancreas and the duodenum using immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Additionally, cellular proliferation in the duodenum was more precisely examined by assessing incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Cellular proliferation was higher in rats that received carbachol infusions and in rats with VMH-lesions when compared with control rats (P < 0.05, respectively). The pancreatic PCNA-expressing cells were predominantly identified as the B-cells of the islets of Langerhans. These data demonstrate that carbachol infusion can induce pancreatic and duodenal cell proliferation to a degree that was comparable to that in vagal hyperactivity induced by VMH lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.
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10
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Yoneda M, Kurosawa M, Watanobe H, Shimada T, Terano A. Brain-gut axis of the liver: the role of central neuropeptides. J Gastroenterol 2002; 37 Suppl 14:151-6. [PMID: 12572884 DOI: 10.1007/bf03326435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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Kiba T, Saito S, Numata K, Kon Y, Mizutani T, Sekihara H. Expression of apoptosis on rat liver by hepatic vagus hyperactivity after ventromedial hypothalamic lesioning. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G958-67. [PMID: 11292605 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.5.g958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether the Fas (APO-1/CD95)/Fas ligand system mediates apoptosis in rats with ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lesions. Northern and Western blotting indicated that VMH lesions lead to a significant increase in Fas mRNA and protein expression from day 1 to day 7 and in Fas ligand mRNA and protein expression from day 2 to day 7. Immunohistochemistry indicated that the region of strongest Fas expression shifted from acinar zone 1 to zones 2 and 3 by day 7 after VMH lesioning and that at days 2-7 Fas-ligand-positive hepatocyte cell membranes and cytoplasm were randomly distributed in acinar zones 1-3. We also analyzed activation of caspase 3-like proteases in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Spectrofluorometric assay demonstrated that caspase 3-like activity significantly increased only in hepatocytes after VMH lesioning. Moreover, electron microscopy and TUNEL assay showed that VMH lesions induced apoptosis. All of these effects were completely inhibited by hepatic vagotomy and administration of atropine. Vagal firing after VMH lesioning may stimulate Fas/Fas ligand system-mediated apoptosis through the cholinergic system in the rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kiba
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004.
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12
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Yoneda M. Regulation of hepatic function by brain neuropeptides. World J Gastroenterol 1998; 4:192-196. [PMID: 11819273 PMCID: PMC4723454 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v4.i3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/1998] [Revised: 05/15/1998] [Accepted: 06/02/1998] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Kiba T, Tanaka K, Numata K, Hoshino M, Inoue S. Facilitation of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy by ventromedial hypothalamic lesions in rats. Pflugers Arch 1994; 428:26-9. [PMID: 7971158 DOI: 10.1007/bf00374748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Whether or not the hypothalamus is involved in initiating hepatic DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy is unclear. To determine the role of the ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei in liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, we studied hepatic DNA synthesis during liver regeneration in rats with bilateral lesions of these nuclei. Lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus accelerated the increase in hepatic DNA synthesis and raised the peak level of thymidine incorporation after partial hepatectomy. These effects of hypothalamic lesions were completely inhibited by hepatic vagotomy. Thus, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus appear to promote hepatic regeneration by increasing vagal stimulation of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kiba
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University, School of Medicine, Japan
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14
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Naitoh M, Satoh S, Kogawa T, Tanaka K, Inoue S. Elevated content and secretion of gut GLI in VMH-lesioned rats. Brain Res Bull 1992; 29:45-9. [PMID: 1504851 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90007-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI), a supposed intestinal growth factor in the plasma and gastrointestinal tract, and weight of the gastrointestinal tract, an intestinal growth indicator, were examined in ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH)-lesioned rats 1 week after VMH lesions. Postprandial plasma gut GLI in VMH-lesioned rats was significantly higher than that in control rats. The content of gut GLI in all gastrointestinal sections except the duodenum in VMH-lesioned rats was significantly greater than that in control rats. Gel chromatography in the lower portion of the small intestine in which GLI content was the highest of all sections revealed the same pattern in both VMH-lesioned and control rats with two peaks of similar molecular size. Weight of all gastrointestinal sections except the cecum in VMH-lesioned rats significantly increased. These results demonstrated that both gut GLI secretion and production were enhanced in VMH-lesioned rats. The elevated gut GLI release may accelerate growth of the gastrointestinal tract in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naitoh
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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