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Kim JH, Dong J, Le BH, Lonergan ZR, Gu W, Girke T, Zhang W, Newman DK, Martins-Green M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Activates Quorum Sensing, Antioxidant Enzymes and Type VI Secretion in Response to Oxidative Stress to Initiate Biofilm Formation and Wound Chronicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:655. [PMID: 38929094 PMCID: PMC11200925 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an opportunistic pathogen frequently isolated from cutaneous chronic wounds. How PA, in the presence of oxidative stress (OS), colonizes chronic wounds and forms a biofilm is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in gene expression seen when PA is challenged with the high levels of OS present in chronic wounds. We used a biofilm-forming PA strain isolated from the chronic wounds of our murine model (RPA) and performed a qPCR to obtain gene expression patterns as RPA developed a biofilm in vitro in the presence of high levels of OS, and then compared the findings in vivo, in our mouse model of chronic wounds. We found that the planktonic bacteria under OS conditions overexpressed quorum sensing genes that are important for the bacteria to communicate with each other, antioxidant stress genes important to reduce OS in the microenvironment for survival, biofilm formation genes and virulence genes. Additionally, we performed RNAseq in vivo and identified the activation of novel genes/pathways of the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) involved in RPA pathogenicity. In conclusion, RPA appears to survive the high OS microenvironment in chronic wounds and colonizes these wounds by turning on virulence, biofilm-forming and survival genes. These findings reveal pathways that may be promising targets for new therapies aimed at disrupting PA-containing biofilms immediately after debridement to facilitate the treatment of chronic human wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H. Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Julianna Dong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Brandon H. Le
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zachery R. Lonergan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Weifeng Gu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Thomas Girke
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Dianne K. Newman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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2
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Zhang P, Ma Y, Wang Y, Dong E, Ma S. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Phenoxyalkylhydrazide Benzoxazole Derivatives as Quorum Sensing Inhibitors with Strong Antibiofilm Effect. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5721-5743. [PMID: 38564271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics, there is an urgent need for new antibacterial agents with novel mechanisms to treat infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. In this paper, we designed and synthesized 2-phenoxyalkylhydrazide benzoxazole derivatives and evaluated their quorum sensing inhibition activity. Among them, 26c at a concentration of 102.4 μg/mL not only inhibited the production of pyocyanin and rhamnolipid by 45.6% and 38.3%, respectively, but also suppressed 76.6% of biofilm production at 32 μg/mL. In addition, 26c did not affect bacterial growth, but in a mouse model infected with P. aeruginosa PAO1, it could help ciprofloxacin effectively eliminate the living bacteria. In the targeting experiment, 26c could inhibit the fluorescence intensity of PAO1-lasB-gfp and PAO1-pqsA-gfp in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that the compound acts on the quorum sensing system. Overall, 26c is worthy of further investigation as a quorum sensing inhibitor with strong antibiofilm effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yangchun Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Enhui Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
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3
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Mudaliar SB, Bharath Prasad AS. A biomedical perspective of pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: its applications and challenges. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:90. [PMID: 38341389 PMCID: PMC10858844 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Pyocyanin is a bioactive pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is an important virulence factor that plays a critical role in P. aeruginosa infections as a redox-active secondary metabolite and a quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecule. Pyocyanin production from chorismic acid requires the involvement of two homologous operons, phz1 and phz2, which are activated by QS regulatory proteins. Pyocyanin inhibits the proliferation of bacterial, fungal, and mammalian cells by inducing oxidative stress due to which it acts as a potent antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer agent. Its potential role as a neuroprotectant needs further exploration. However, pyocyanin exacerbates the damaging effects of nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa in immunocompromised individuals. Further, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are highly susceptible to persistent P. aeruginosa infections in the respiratory system. The bacterial cells form colonies and three interconnected QS networks-pqs, las, and rhl-get activated, thus stimulating the cells to produce pyocyanin which exacerbates pulmonary complications. As an opportunistic pathogen, P. aeruginosa produces pyocyanin to impede the recovery of injuries like burn wounds through its anti-proliferative activity. Moreover, pyocyanin plays a vital role in compounding P. aeruginosa infections by promoting biofilm formation. This review begins with a brief description of the characteristics of pyocyanin, its activity, and the different aspects of its production including its biosynthesis, the role of QS, and the effect of environmental factors. It then goes on to explore the potential applications of pyocyanin as a biotherapeutic molecule while also highlighting the biomedical challenges and limitations that it presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriti Balaji Mudaliar
- Department of Public Health & Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Alevoor Srinivas Bharath Prasad
- Department of Public Health & Genomics, Manipal School of Life Sciences (MSLS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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4
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Thalhammer KO, Newman DK. A phenazine-inspired framework for identifying biological functions of microbial redox-active metabolites. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 75:102320. [PMID: 37201291 PMCID: PMC10524139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While the list of small molecules known to be secreted by environmental microbes continues to grow, our understanding of their in situ biological functions remains minimal. The time has come to develop a framework to parse the meaning of these "secondary metabolites," which are ecologically ubiquitous and have direct applications in medicine and biotechnology. Here, we focus on a particular subset of molecules, redox active metabolites (RAMs), and review the well-studied phenazines as archetypes of this class. We argue that efforts to characterize the chemical, physical and biological makeup of the microenvironments, wherein these molecules are produced, coupled with measurements of the molecules' basic chemical properties, will enable significant progress in understanding the precise roles of novel RAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian O Thalhammer
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dianne K Newman
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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5
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Myszor IT, Gudmundsson GH. Modulation of innate immunity in airway epithelium for host-directed therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197908. [PMID: 37251385 PMCID: PMC10213533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity of the mucosal surfaces provides the first-line defense from invading pathogens and pollutants conferring protection from the external environment. Innate immune system of the airway epithelium consists of several components including the mucus layer, mucociliary clearance of beating cilia, production of host defense peptides, epithelial barrier integrity provided by tight and adherens junctions, pathogen recognition receptors, receptors for chemokines and cytokines, production of reactive oxygen species, and autophagy. Therefore, multiple components interplay with each other for efficient protection from pathogens that still can subvert host innate immune defenses. Hence, the modulation of innate immune responses with different inducers to boost host endogenous front-line defenses in the lung epithelium to fend off pathogens and to enhance epithelial innate immune responses in the immunocompromised individuals is of interest for host-directed therapy. Herein, we reviewed possibilities of modulation innate immune responses in the airway epithelium for host-directed therapy presenting an alternative approach to standard antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona T. Myszor
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gudmundur Hrafn Gudmundsson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Campylobacter jejuni Modulates Reactive Oxygen Species Production and NADPH Oxidase 1 Expression in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Cell Microbiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/3286330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the major bacterial cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Mechanistically, how this pathogen interacts with intrinsic defence machinery of human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) remains elusive. To address this, we investigated how C. jejuni counteracts the intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in IECs. Our work shows that C. jejuni differentially regulates intracellular and extracellular ROS production in human T84 and Caco-2 cells. C. jejuni downregulates the transcription and translation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) oxidase (NOX1), a key ROS-generating enzyme in IECs and antioxidant defence genes CAT and SOD1. Furthermore, inhibition of NOX1 by diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and siRNA reduced C. jejuni ability to interact, invade, and intracellularly survive within T84 and Caco-2 cells. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insight into how C. jejuni modulates the IEC defence machinery.
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7
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Vrenna G, Artini M, Ragno R, Relucenti M, Fiscarelli EV, Tuccio Guarna Assanti V, Papa R, Selan L. Anti-Virulence Properties of Coridothymus capitatus Essential Oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2257. [PMID: 34835383 PMCID: PMC8623622 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections, and is often involved in airway infections of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. P. aeruginosa virulence is related to its ability to form biofilm, trigger different types of motilities, and produce toxins (for example, bacterial pigments). In this scenario, essential oils (EOs) have gained notoriety for their role in phenotype modulation, including virulence modulation. Among different EOs previously analyzed, herein we investigated the activity of Coridothymus capitatus EO (CCEO) against specific virulence factors produced by P. aeruginosa isolated from CF patients. CCEO showed inhibition of new biofilm formation and reduction in mature biofilm in about half of the tested strains. On selected strains, SEM analysis provided interesting information regarding CCEO action in a pre-adhesion assay. CCEO treatment showed a dramatic modification of the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure. Our results clearly showed a drastic reduction in pyocyanin production (between 84% and 100%) for all tested strains in the presence of CCEO. Finally, CCEO was also able to strongly affect P. aeruginosa swarming and swimming motility for almost all tested strains. In consideration of the novel results obtained on clinical strains isolated from CF patients, CCEO may be a potential candidate to limit P. aeruginosa virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Vrenna
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ersilia Vita Fiscarelli
- Unit Cystic Fibrosis Diagnostic Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostics, Diagnostic Medicine and Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (E.V.F.); (V.T.G.A.)
| | - Vanessa Tuccio Guarna Assanti
- Unit Cystic Fibrosis Diagnostic Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostics, Diagnostic Medicine and Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (E.V.F.); (V.T.G.A.)
| | - Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.A.)
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8
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Chadha J, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Revisiting the virulence hallmarks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a chronicle through the perspective of quorum sensing. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:2630-2656. [PMID: 34559444 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and the leading cause of mortality among immunocompromised patients in clinical setups. The hallmarks of virulence in P. aeruginosa encompass six biologically competent attributes that cumulatively drive disease progression in a multistep manner. These multifaceted hallmarks lay the principal foundation for rationalizing the complexities of pseudomonal infections. They include factors for host colonization and bacterial motility, biofilm formation, production of destructive enzymes, toxic secondary metabolites, iron-chelating siderophores and toxins. This arsenal of virulence hallmarks is fostered and stringently regulated by the bacterial signalling system called quorum sensing (QS). The central regulatory functions of QS in controlling the timely expression of these virulence hallmarks for adaptation and survival drive the disease outcome. This review describes the intricate mechanisms of QS in P. aeruginosa and its role in shaping bacterial responses, boosting bacterial fitness. We summarize the virulence hallmarks of P. aeruginosa, relating them with the QS circuitry in clinical infections. We also examine the role of QS in the development of drug resistance and propose a novel antivirulence therapy to combat P. aeruginosa infections. This can prove to be a next-generation therapy that may eventually become refractory to the use of conventional antimicrobial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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9
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Papa R, Vrenna G, D’Angelo C, Casillo A, Relucenti M, Donfrancesco O, Corsaro MM, Fiscarelli EV, Tuccio Guarna Assanti V, Tutino ML, Parrilli E, Artini M, Selan L. Anti-Virulence Activity of the Cell-Free Supernatant of the Antarctic Bacterium Psychrobacter sp. TAE2020 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:944. [PMID: 34438994 PMCID: PMC8388993 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen often involved in airway infections of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Its pathogenicity is related to several virulence factors, such as biofilm formation, motility and production of toxins and proteases. The expression of these virulence factors is controlled by quorum sensing (QS). Thus, QS inhibition is considered a novel strategy for the development of antipathogenic compounds acting on specific bacterial virulence programs without affecting bacterial vitality. In this context, cold-adapted marine bacteria living in polar regions represent an untapped reservoir of biodiversity endowed with an interesting chemical repertoire. In this paper, we investigated the biological activity of a supernatant derived from a novel Antarctic bacterium (SN_TAE2020) against specific virulence factors produced by P. aeruginosa strains isolated from FC patients. Our results clearly show a reduction in pyocyanin and protease production in the presence of SN_TAE2020. Finally, SN_TAE2020 was also able to strongly affect swarming and swimming motility for almost all tested strains. Furthermore, the effect of SN_TAE2020 was investigated on biofilm growth and texture, captured by SEM analysis. In consideration of the novel results obtained on clinical strains, polar bacteria might represent potential candidates for the discovery of new compounds limiting P. aeruginosa virulence in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (L.S.)
| | - Gianluca Vrenna
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (L.S.)
| | - Caterina D’Angelo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.L.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Angela Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.L.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Michela Relucenti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (O.D.)
| | - Orlando Donfrancesco
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (O.D.)
| | - Maria Michela Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.L.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Ersilia Vita Fiscarelli
- Unit Cystic Fibrosis Diagnostic Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostics, Diagnostic Medicine and Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s IRCCS Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (E.V.F.); (V.T.G.A.)
| | - Vanessa Tuccio Guarna Assanti
- Unit Cystic Fibrosis Diagnostic Microbiology and Immunology Diagnostics, Diagnostic Medicine and Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s IRCCS Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy; (E.V.F.); (V.T.G.A.)
| | - Maria Luisa Tutino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.L.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Ermenegilda Parrilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.C.); (M.M.C.); (M.L.T.); (E.P.)
| | - Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, p.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (L.S.)
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10
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Du Y, Guo H, Guo L, Miao J, Ren H, Liu K, Ren L, He J, Wang X, Chen J, Li J, Wang Y, Wang J, Huang N. The regulatory effect of acetylation of HMGN2 and H3K27 on pyocyanin-induced autophagy in macrophages by affecting Ulk1 transcription. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7524-7537. [PMID: 34278675 PMCID: PMC8335688 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin (PYO) is a major virulence factor secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and autophagy is a crucial homeostatic mechanism for the interaction between the pathogens and the host. It remains unknown whether PYO leads to autophagy in macrophages by regulating histone acetylation. The high mobility group nucleosomal binding domain 2 (HMGN2) has been reported to regulate the PYO‐induced autophagy and oxidative stress in the epithelial cells; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, PYO was found to induce autophagy in macrophages, and the mechanism might be correlated with the up‐regulation of HMGN2 acetylation (HMGN2ac) and the down‐regulation of H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) by modulation of the activities of acetyltransferases and deacetylases. Moreover, we further demonstrated that the up‐regulated HMGN2ac enhances its recruitment to the Ulk1 promoter, while the down‐regulation of H3K27ac reduces its recruitment to the Ulk1 promoter, thereby promoting or inhibiting the transcription of Ulk1. In conclusion, HMGN2ac and H3K27ac play regulatory roles in the PYO‐induced autophagy in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Second Clinical Medical Institution, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hongjun Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junming Miao
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keyun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, China
| | - Laibin Ren
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinchen He
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junli Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Aiyer A, Manoharan A, Paino D, Farrell J, Whiteley GS, Kriel FH, Glasbey TO, Manos J, Das T. Disruption of biofilms and killing of Burkholderia cenocepacia from cystic fibrosis lung using an antioxidant-antibiotic combination therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2021; 58:106372. [PMID: 34116184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). The resulting chloride and bicarbonate imbalance produces a thick, static lung mucus. This mucus is not easily expelled from the lung and can be colonised by bacteria, leading to biofilm formation. CF lung infection with Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), particularly the subspecies B. cenocepacia, results in higher morbidity and mortality. Patients infected with BCC can rapidly progress to "cepacia syndrome", a fatal necrotising pneumonia. The aim of this study was to identify whether a combination therapy (CT) of selected antioxidants and antibiotics significantly disrupts B. cenocepacia biofilms and to determine the optimum CT level for treatment. Using controlled in vitro spectrophotometry, colony-forming unit and microscopy assays, three antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine [NAC], glutathione and vitamin C) and three antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and tobramycin) were screened and assessed for their ability to disrupt the early and mature biofilms of six B. cenocepacia CF isolates. A combination of NAC and ciprofloxacin produced a statistically significant biofilm disruption in all strains tested, with growth inhibition (>5-8 log10) observed when exposed to 4890 or 8150 μg/mL NAC in combination with 32 or 64 μg/mL ciprofloxacin. NAC-mediated biofilm disruption may be aided by the acidic pH of NAC at higher concentrations. This study showed that NAC is an effective disruptor that reduces the necessity for high concentrations of antibiotic. Further research will focus on the host toxicity and efficacy in ex vivo CF models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Aiyer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney.
| | - Arthika Manoharan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney.
| | - Denis Paino
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney.
| | - Jessica Farrell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney and Whiteley Corporation, Level 5, 12 Mount Street North Sydney NSW 2060.
| | | | | | | | - Jim Manos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney.
| | - Theerthankar Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney.
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12
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Adsorption of Phenazines Produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using AST-120 Decreases Pyocyanin-Associated Cytotoxicity. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040434. [PMID: 33924459 PMCID: PMC8068879 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AST-120 (Kremezin) is used to treat progressive chronic kidney disease by adsorbing uremic toxin precursors produced by the gut microbiota, such as indole and phenols. Previously, we found that AST-120 decreased drug tolerance and virulence in Escherichia coli by adsorbing indole. Here, we show that AST-120 adsorbs phenazine compounds, such as pyocyanin, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa including multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains, and suppresses pyocyanin-associated toxicity in A-549 (alveolar adenocarcinoma) and Caco-2 (colon adenocarcinoma) cells. Addition of fosfomycin, colistin and amikacin, which are often used to treat P. aeruginosa, inhibited the bacterial growth, regardless of the presence or absence of AST-120. These results suggest a further benefit of AST-120 that supports anti-Pseudomonas chemotherapy in addition to that of E. coli and propose a novel method to treat P. aeruginosa infection.
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13
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Li HH, Bao LS, Deng SM, Liu L, Cheng J, Chen X, Pan YX, Zhang JS, Chu WY. Investigation of Proteus vulgaris and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica invasion on muscle oxidative stress and autophagy in Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Sci Rep 2021; 11:3657. [PMID: 33574492 PMCID: PMC7878920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle is an important structural tissue in aquatic animals and it is susceptible to bacterial and fungal infection, which could affect flesh quality and health. In this study, Chinese soft-shelled turtles were artificially infected with two pathogens, Proteus vulgaris and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and the effects on muscle nutritional characteristics, oxidative stress and autophagy were assayed. Upon infection, the muscle nutritional composition and muscle fiber structure were notably influenced. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression of Nrf2 was down-regulated and Keap1 up-regulated, thus resulting in a decrease in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress. However, with N-acetylcysteine treatment, the level of oxidative stress was decreased, accompanied by significant increases in antioxidant enzyme activities and the mRNA levels of SOD, CAT, GSTCD, and GSTO1. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in autophagy in the muscle tissue after the pathogen infection, but this increase could be reduced by N-acetylcysteine treatment. Our findings suggest that muscle nutritional characteristics were dramatically changed after pathogen infection, and oxidative stress and autophagy were induced by pathogen infection. However, N-acetylcysteine treatment could compromise the process perhaps by decreasing the ROS level and regulating Nrf2-antioxidant signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
- College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Sheng Bao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Li Liu
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya-Xiong Pan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-She Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wu-Ying Chu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, China.
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14
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Pejčić M, Stojanović-Radić Z, Genčić M, Dimitrijević M, Radulović N. Anti-virulence potential of basil and sage essential oils: Inhibition of biofilm formation, motility and pyocyanin production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111431. [PMID: 32417365 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and sage (Salvia officinalis) essential oils on selected virulence factors (biofilm formation, mature biofilm resistance, motility, and pyocyanin production) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates were evaluated in the present study for the first time. The two essential oils were chemically characterized by GC and GC-MS analyses. Linalool and (E)-anethole were found to be the main components of the investigated basil oil, while α-thujone and camphor were the major constituents of the studied sage essential oil. The oils inhibited biofilm formation up to 99.9% vs control, and significant reductions (74.7-99.9%) were also noted when the oils were applied to mature biofilms. Likewise, swimming, swarming, and twitching motility patterns were highly affected by both oils. The basil and sage oils reduced pyocyanin production by 13.32-55.6% and 5.0-58.7%, respectively. Thus, basil and sage essential oils are potentially highly efficient antipseudomonal agents that could be used against both acute and chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pejčić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojanović-Radić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia.
| | - Marija Genčić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marina Dimitrijević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia
| | - Niko Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, Serbia
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15
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Díaz MA, González SN, Alberto MR, Arena ME. Human probiotic bacteria attenuate Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm and virulence by quorum-sensing inhibition. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:597-609. [PMID: 32573275 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1783253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated chloroform extracts from culture supernatants of two human probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 730 for the production of virulence factors and quorum sensing (QS) interference against three Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Both extracts inhibited biofilm biomass (up to 50%), biofilm metabolic activity (up to 39%), the production of the enzyme elastase (up to 63%) and pyocyanin (up to 77%), and decreased QS, without presenting any antibacterial acgivity. In addition, the chloroform extracts of both strains disrupted preformed biofilms of the three strains of P. aeruginosa analyzed (up to 40%). GC-MS analysis revealed that the major compounds detected in the bioactive extracts were four diketopiperazines. This study suggests that the metabolites of L. casei and L. acidophilus could be a promising alternative to combat the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Anabel Díaz
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia Nelina González
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Alberto
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mario Eduardo Arena
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
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16
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Choi W, Choe S, Lau GW. Inactivation of FOXA2 by Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens and Dysregulation of Pulmonary Mucus Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:515. [PMID: 32269574 PMCID: PMC7109298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are transcriptional factors that regulate various cellular processes. This minireview provides an overview of FOXA2 functions, with a special emphasis on the regulation airway mucus homeostasis in both healthy and diseased lungs. FOXA2 plays crucial roles during lung morphogenesis, surfactant protein production, goblet cell differentiation and mucin expression. In healthy airways, FOXA2 exerts a tight control over goblet cell development and mucin biosynthesis. However, in diseased airways, microbial infections and proinflammatory responses deplete FOXA2 expression, resulting in uncontrolled goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia, mucus hypersecretion, and impaired mucociliary clearance of pathogens. Furthermore, accumulated mucus clogs the airways and creates a niche environment for persistent microbial colonization and infection, leading to acute exacerbation and deterioration of pulmonary function in patients with chronic lung diseases. Various studies have shown that FOXA2 inhibition is mediated through induction of antagonistic EGFR and IL-13R-STAT6 signaling pathways as well as through posttranslational modifications induced by microbial infections. An improved understanding of how bacterial pathogens inactivate FOXA2 may pave the way for developing therapeutics that preserve the protein's function, which in turn, will improve the mucus status and mucociliary clearance of pathogens, reduce microbial-mediated acute exacerbation and restore lung function in patients with chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosuk Choi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Shawn Choe
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gee W Lau
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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17
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Susilowati H, Artanto S, Yulianto HDK, Sosroseno W, Hutomo S. The protective effects of antigen-specific IgY on pyocyanin-treated human lymphoma Raji cells. F1000Res 2020; 8:1008. [PMID: 32025288 PMCID: PMC6971839 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19327.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pyocyanin (PCN), a highly pathogenic pigment produced by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, induces caspase 3-dependent human B cell (Raji cells) death. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to assess whether antigen-specific IgY antibodies may be protective on PCN-induced Raji cell death. Methods: Chickens were subcutaneously immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant containing PCN, and then given two boosted immunizations. Anti-PCN IgY antibodies were purified from egg yolk and detected using an agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and ELISA. Protective effects of antigen-specific IgY on Raji cells were tested using a cell viability assay. Results: AGPT results showed the formation of strong immune complex precipitates, whilst ELISA further confirmed the presence of IgY antibodies specific to PCN at significant concentration. Further experiments showed that anti-PCN IgY antibodies significantly increased PCN-treated Raji cell viability in a dose-dependent fashion (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that anti-PCN IgY antibodies may be protective on PCN-induced Raji cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heni Susilowati
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sidna Artanto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veteriner, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Heribertus Dedy Kusuma Yulianto
- Department of Dental Biomedical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | | | - Suryani Hutomo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dutawacana Christian University, Yogyakarta, 55225, Indonesia
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18
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Arslan-Acaroz D, Bayşu-Sozbilir N. Ameliorative effect of boric acid against formaldehyde-induced oxidative stress in A549 cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:4067-4074. [PMID: 31823256 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06986-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a reactive agent and the most essential common carcinogenic environmental pollutant. The present study investigated the protective and ameliorative effects of boric acid (BA) against formaldehyde-induced oxidative stress in A549 cell lines. The first group served as a control, the second group was treated with only 100 μM formaldehyde, and the third, fourth, and fifth groups were treated with 2.5, 5, and 10 mM BA, respectively. The sixth, seventh, and eighth groups were treated with 2.5, 5, and 10 mM BA plus 100 μM formaldehyde, respectively. In A549 cell lines, formaldehyde treatment significantly decreased cell viability, glutathione level, and enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase; however, malondialdehyde levels of the cell lysate were found to increase compared with the control group. In addition, formaldehyde treatment did not significantly alter nitric oxide levels. Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels of Tnf-α, NFĸB, and caspase-3 significantly increased but the Bcl-XL level did not show significant alteration by formaldehyde treatment. In contrast, the BA treatment reversed the formaldehyde-induced alteration in A549 cell lines. Consequently, BA exhibited a protective effect in A549 cell line against formaldehyde-induced lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, it ameliorated the antioxidant status and mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nalan Bayşu-Sozbilir
- Department of Biochemistry, Veterinary Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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19
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Zhou G, Wang YS, Peng H, Shen PF, Xie XB, Shi QS. Functional roles ofnorCBinPseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 9027 under aerobic conditions. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:1154-1162. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Ying-Si Wang
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Hong Peng
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Peng-Fei Shen
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Bao Xie
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Qing-Shan Shi
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology; Guangdong Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Guangdong China
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20
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Homa M, Sándor A, Tóth E, Szebenyi C, Nagy G, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T. In vitro Interactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa With Scedosporium Species Frequently Associated With Cystic Fibrosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 30894846 PMCID: PMC6414507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Scedosporium apiospermum species complex are the second most frequently isolated pathogens after Aspergillus fumigatus from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with fungal pulmonary infections. Even so, the main risk factors for the infection are unrevealed. According to previous studies, bacterial infections might reduce the risk of a fungal infection, but an antibacterial therapy may contribute to the airway colonization by several fungal pathogens. Furthermore, corticosteroids, which are often used to reduce lung inflammation in children and adults with CF, are also proved to enhance the growth of A. fumigatus in vitro. Considering all the above discussed points, we aimed to test how Pseudomonas aeruginosa influences the growth of scedosporia and to investigate the potential effect of commonly applied antibacterial agents and corticosteroids on Scedosporium species. Direct interactions between fungal and bacterial strains were tested using the disk inhibition method. Indirect interactions via volatile compounds were investigated by the plate-in-plate method, while the effect of bacterial media-soluble molecules was tested using a modified cellophane assay and also in liquid culture media conditioned by P. aeruginosa. To test the effect of bacterial signal molecules, antibacterial agents and corticosteroids on the fungal growth, the broth microdilution method was used. We also investigated the germination ability of Scedosporium conidia in the presence of pyocyanin and diffusible signal factor by microscopy. According to our results, P. aeruginosa either inhibited or enhanced the growth of scedosporia depending on the culture conditions and the mode of interactions. When the two pathogens were cultured physically separately from each other in the plate-in-plate tests, the presence of the bacteria was able to stimulate the growth of several fungal isolates. While in direct physical contact, bacterial strains inhibited the fungal growth. This effect might be attributed to bacterial signal molecules, which also proved to inhibit the germination and growth of scedosporia. In addition, antibacterial agents showed growth-promoting, while corticosteroids exhibited growth inhibitory effect on several Scedosporium isolates. These data raise the possibility that a P. aeruginosa infection or a previously administered antibacterial therapy might be able to increase the chance of a Scedosporium colonization in a CF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Homa
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Sándor
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Tóth
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Szebenyi
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Papp
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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21
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Marreiro de Sales-Neto J, Lima ÉA, Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Vasconcelos U, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S. Anti-inflammatory potential of pyocyanin in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:102-108. [PMID: 30623710 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1555845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Context: Pyocyanin is a typical Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor, a common Gram-negative rod responsible for a wide range of severe nosocomial infections. There is evidence indicating that pyocyanin has multiple biological activities, but little is known about anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: This study investigated pyocyanin effect on nitric oxide and cytokine production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine peritoneal macrophages. Materials and methods: Macrophages were incubated in the presence and absence of pyocyanin (1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 µM) with and without LPS (1 µg/mL). Nitric oxide production was determined by Griess reagent and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β production was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, pyocyanin effects on zymosan A-induced peritonitis in mice were evaluated. Results: Pyocyanin (5 and 10 µM) decreased nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-1β production independent of macrophage death. On the other hand, in vivo, pyocyanin (5 mg/kg) was not able to affect leukocyte migration into the site of inflammation. Discussion and conclusion: Thus, our findings suggest that pyocyanin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on murine peritoneal macrophages, downregulating nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels, which seems to be independent of cell migration. These effects may represent a mechanism of immune evasion; nevertheless more detailed studies should be performed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - É A Lima
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular , Universidade Federal da Paraíba , João Pessoa , Brazil
| | - L H A Cavalcante-Silva
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular , Universidade Federal da Paraíba , João Pessoa , Brazil
| | - U Vasconcelos
- b Departamento de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal da Paraíba , João Pessoa , Brazil
| | - S Rodrigues-Mascarenhas
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular , Universidade Federal da Paraíba , João Pessoa , Brazil
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22
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Zhao J, Yu W. Interaction between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus in cystic fibrosis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5931. [PMID: 30430043 PMCID: PMC6231424 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease characterized by chronic airway infection with a high incidence and poor prognosis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus are pathogens commonly found in CF patients. Clinically, these two microorganisms often coexist in the airway of CF patients. Combined infection with P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus results in worsening lung function and clinical condition. Methods In this review, we focus on the mutual inhibition and promotion mechanisms of P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus in CF patients. We also summarized the mechanisms of the interaction between these pathogenic microorganisms. Results P. aeruginosa inhibits A. fumigatus growth through the effects of phenazines, the quorum sensing system, iron competition, bacteriophages, and small colony variants. P. aeruginosa induces A. fumigatus growth through volatile organic compounds and subbacteriostatic concentrations of phenazines. A. fumigatus interferes with P. aeruginosa, affecting its metabolic growth via phenazine metabolic transformation, gliotoxin production, and reduced antibiotic sensitivity. Discussion Coexistence of P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus can lead to both mutual inhibition and promotion. In different stages of CF disease, the interaction between these two pathogenic microorganisms may shift between promotion and inhibition. A discussion of the mechanisms of P. aeruginosa and A. fumigatus interaction can be beneficial for further treatment of CF patients and for improving the prognosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wencheng Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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23
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Das T, Simone M, Ibugo AI, Witting PK, Manefield M, Manos J. Glutathione Enhances Antibiotic Efficiency and Effectiveness of DNase I in Disrupting Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms While Also Inhibiting Pyocyanin Activity, Thus Facilitating Restoration of Cell Enzymatic Activity, Confluence and Viability. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2429. [PMID: 29312161 PMCID: PMC5729223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a virulence factor that damages epithelial cells during infection through the action of reactive oxygen species, however, little is known about its direct effect on biofilms. We demonstrated that pyocyanin-producing P. aeruginosa strains (PA14WT, DKN370, AES-1R, and AES-2) formed robust biofilms in contrast to the poorly formed biofilms of the pyocyanin mutant PA14ΔphzA-G and the low pyocyanin producer AES-1M. Addition of DNase I and reduced glutathione (GSH) significantly reduced biofilm biomass of pyocyanin-producing strains (P < 0.05) compared to non-pyocyanin producers. Subsequently we showed that a combined treatment comprising: GSH + DNase I + antibiotic, disrupted and reduced biofilm biomass up to 90% in cystic fibrosis isolates AES-1R, AES-2, LESB58, and LES431 and promoted lung epithelial cell (A549) recovery and growth. We also showed that exogenously added GSH restored A549 epithelial cell glutathione reductase activity in the presence of pyocyanin through recycling of GSSG to GSH and consequently increased total intracellular GSH levels, inhibiting oxidative stress, and facilitating cell growth and confluence. These outcomes indicate that GSH has multiple roles in facilitating a return to normal epithelial cell growth after insult by pyocyanin. With increased antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species, there is an urgency to establish novel antimicrobial agents. GSH is able to rapidly and comprehensively destroy P. aeruginosa associated biofilms while at a same time assisting in the recovery of host cells and re-growth of damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerthankar Das
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Simone
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amaye I. Ibugo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul K. Witting
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike Manefield
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Manos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Mechanisms of Pyocyanin Toxicity and Genetic Determinants of Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00221-17. [PMID: 28607159 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00221-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly isolated from polymicrobial infections, such as wound infections and chronic respiratory infections of persons with cystic fibrosis. Despite their coisolation, P. aeruginosa produces substances toxic to S. aureus, including pyocyanin, a blue-pigmented molecule that functions in P. aeruginosa virulence. Pyocyanin inhibits S. aureus respiration, forcing it to derive energy from fermentation and adopt a small-colony variant (SCV) phenotype. The mechanisms by which S. aureus sustains infection in the presence of pyocyanin are not clear. We sought to clarify the mechanisms of pyocyanin toxicity in S. aureus as well as identify the staphylococcal factors involved in its resistance to pyocyanin toxicity. Nonrespiring S. aureus SCVs are inhibited by pyocyanin through pyocyanin-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, indicating that pyocyanin toxicity is mediated through respiratory inhibition and ROS generation. Selection on pyocyanin yielded a menadione auxotrophic SCV capable of growth on high concentrations of pyocyanin. Genome sequencing of this isolate identified mutations in four genes, including saeS, menD, NWMN_0006, and qsrR QsrR is a quinone-sensing repressor of quinone detoxification genes. Inactivation of qsrR resulted in significant pyocyanin resistance, and additional pyocyanin resistance was achieved through combined inactivation of qsrR and menadione biosynthesis. Pyocyanin-resistant S. aureus has an enhanced capability to inactivate pyocyanin, suggesting QsrR-regulated gene products may degrade pyocyanin to alleviate toxicity. These findings demonstrate pyocyanin-mediated ROS generation as an additional mechanism of pyocyanin toxicity and define QsrR as a key mediator of pyocyanin resistance in S. aureus IMPORTANCE Many bacterial infections occur in the presence of other microbes, where interactions between different microbes and the host impact disease. In patients with cystic fibrosis, chronic lung infection with multiple microbes results in the most severe disease manifestations. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are prevalent cystic fibrosis pathogens, and infection with both is associated with worse outcomes. These organisms have evolved mechanisms of competing with one another. For example, P. aeruginosa produces pyocyanin, which inhibits S. aureus growth. Our research has identified how pyocyanin inhibits S. aureus growth and how S. aureus can adapt to survive in the presence of pyocyanin. Understanding how S. aureus sustains infection in the presence of P. aeruginosa may identify means of disrupting these microbial communities.
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Liu K, Wang X, Sha K, Zhang F, Xiong F, Wang X, Chen J, Li J, Churilov LP, Chen S, Wang Y, Huang N. Nuclear protein HMGN2 attenuates pyocyanin-induced oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling and inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa internalization in A549 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:404-417. [PMID: 28408162 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyocyanin (PCN, 1-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenazine) is one of the most essential virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) to cause various cytotoxic effects in long-term lung infectious diseases, however the early effect of this bacterial toxin during PA infection and subsequent autonomous immune response in host cells have not been fully understood yet. Our results display that early onset of PCN stimulates Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 adhesion and invasion in A549 cells via ROS production. Non-histone nuclear protein HMGN2 is found to be involved in the regulation of PCN-induced oxidative stress by promoting intracellular ROS clearance. Mechanistically, HMGN2 facilitates nuclear translocation of transcription factor Nrf2 upon PCN stimulation and in turn elevates antioxidant gene expression. We also found that actin cytoskeleton dynamics is targeted by ROS, which is to be exploited by PAO1 for host cell internalization. HMGN2 regulates actin skeleton rearrangement in both PCN-dependent and independent manners and specifically attenuates PCN-mediated PAO1 infection via ROS elimination. These results uncover a novel link between nuclear protein HMGN2 and Nrf2-mediated cellular redox circumstance and suggest roles of HMGN2 in autonomous immune response to PA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyun Liu
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaihui Sha
- School of Nursing, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Fumei Zhang
- Experimental Center, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junli Chen
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leonid P Churilov
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; Saint Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russia
| | - Shanze Chen
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ning Huang
- Research Unit of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathophysiology, West China College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Mossine VV, Waters JK, Chance DL, Mawhinney TP. Transient Proteotoxicity of Bacterial Virulence Factor Pyocyanin in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Induces ER-Related Vacuolation and Can Be Efficiently Modulated by Iron Chelators. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:403-415. [PMID: 27613716 PMCID: PMC5139071 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections of biofilm forming bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are common among human populations, due to the bacterial resistance to antibiotics and other adaptation strategies, including release of cytotoxic virulent factors such as pigment pyocyanin (PCN). Urinary tract infections harbor P. aeruginosa strains characterized by the highest PCN-producing capacity, yet no information is available on PCN cytotoxicity mechanism in kidney. We report here that renal tubular epithelial cell (RTEC) line NRK-52E responds to PCN treatments with paraptosis-like activity features. Specifically, PCN-treated cells experienced dilation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and an extensive development of ER-derived vacuoles after about 8 h. This process was accompanied with hyper-activation of proteotoxic stress-inducible transcription factors Nrf2, ATF6, and HSF-1. The cells could be rescued by withdrawal of PCN from the culture media before the vacuoles burst and cells die of non-programmed necrosis after about 24–30 h. The paraptosis-like activity was abrogated by co-treatment of the cells with metal-chelating antioxidants. A microscopic examination of cells co-treated with PCN and agents aiming at a variety of the cellular stress mediators and pathways have identified iron as a single most significant co-factor of the PCN cytotoxicity in the RTECs. Among biologically relevant metal ions, low micromolar Fe2+ specifically mediated anaerobic oxidation of glutathione by PCN, but catechol derivatives and other strong iron complexing agents could inhibit the reaction. Our data suggest that iron chelation could be considered as a supplementary treatment in the PCN-positive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry .,Experiment Station Chemical Labs, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - James K Waters
- Experiment Station Chemical Labs, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Deborah L Chance
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Thomas P Mawhinney
- Department of Biochemistry.,Experiment Station Chemical Labs, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211.,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Cellular Effects of Pyocyanin, a Secreted Virulence Factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8080236. [PMID: 27517959 PMCID: PMC4999852 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin has recently emerged as an important virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The redox-active tricyclic zwitterion has been shown to have a number of potential effects on various organ systems in vitro, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, urological, and central nervous systems. It has been shown that a large number of the effects to these systems are via the formation of reactive oxygen species. The limitations of studies are, to date, focused on the localized effect of the release of pyocyanin (PCN). It has been postulated that, given its chemical properties, PCN is able to readily cross biological membranes, however studies have yet to be undertaken to evaluate this effect. This review highlights the possible manifestations of PCN exposure; however, most studies to date are in vitro. Further high quality in vivo studies are needed to fully assess the physiological manifestations of PCN exposure on the various body systems.
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Mitochondrial Activity and Cyr1 Are Key Regulators of Ras1 Activation of C. albicans Virulence Pathways. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005133. [PMID: 26317337 PMCID: PMC4552728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is both a major fungal pathogen and a member of the commensal human microflora. The morphological switch from yeast to hyphal growth is associated with disease and many environmental factors are known to influence the yeast-to-hyphae switch. The Ras1-Cyr1-PKA pathway is a major regulator of C. albicans morphogenesis as well as biofilm formation and white-opaque switching. Previous studies have shown that hyphal growth is strongly repressed by mitochondrial inhibitors. Here, we show that mitochondrial inhibitors strongly decreased Ras1 GTP-binding and activity in C. albicans and similar effects were observed in other Candida species. Consistent with there being a connection between respiratory activity and GTP-Ras1 binding, mutants lacking complex I or complex IV grew as yeast in hypha-inducing conditions, had lower levels of GTP-Ras1, and Ras1 GTP-binding was unaffected by respiratory inhibitors. Mitochondria-perturbing agents decreased intracellular ATP concentrations and metabolomics analyses of cells grown with different respiratory inhibitors found consistent perturbation of pyruvate metabolism and the TCA cycle, changes in redox state, increased catabolism of lipids, and decreased sterol content which suggested increased AMP kinase activity. Biochemical and genetic experiments provide strong evidence for a model in which the activation of Ras1 is controlled by ATP levels in an AMP kinase independent manner. The Ras1 GTPase activating protein, Ira2, but not the Ras1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Cdc25, was required for the reduction of Ras1-GTP in response to inhibitor-mediated reduction of ATP levels. Furthermore, Cyr1, a well-characterized Ras1 effector, participated in the control of Ras1-GTP binding in response to decreased mitochondrial activity suggesting a revised model for Ras1 and Cyr1 signaling in which Cyr1 and Ras1 influence each other and, together with Ira2, seem to form a master-regulatory complex necessary to integrate different environmental and intracellular signals, including metabolic status, to decide the fate of cellular morphology. Candida albicans is a successful fungal commensal and pathogen of humans. It is a polymorphic organism and the ability to switch from yeast to hyphal growth is associated with the commensal-to-pathogen switch. Previous research identified the Ras1-cAMP-protein kinase A pathway as a key regulator of hyphal growth. Here, we report that mitochondrial activity plays a key role in Ras1 activation, as respiratory inhibition decreased Ras1 activity and Ras1-dependent filamentation. We found that intracellular ATP modulates Ras1 activity through a pathway involving the GTPase activating protein Ira2 and the adenylate cyclase Cyr1. Based on our data the canonical Ras1 signaling model in C. albicans needs to be restructured in such a way that Cyr1 is no longer placed downstream of Ras1 but rather in a major signaling node with Ras1 and Ira2. Our studies suggest that the energy status of the cell is the most important signal involved in the decision of C. albicans to undergo the yeast-to-hyphae switch or express genes associated with the hyphal morphology as low intracellular ATP or associated cues override several hypha-inducing signals. Future studies will show if this knowledge can be used to develop therapies that would favor benign host-Candida interactions by promoting low Ras1 activity.
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van ‘t Wout EFA, van Schadewijk A, van Boxtel R, Dalton LE, Clarke HJ, Tommassen J, Marciniak SJ, Hiemstra PS. Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Induce Both the Unfolded Protein and Integrated Stress Responses in Airway Epithelial Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004946. [PMID: 26083346 PMCID: PMC4471080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection can be disastrous in chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Its toxic effects are largely mediated by secreted virulence factors including pyocyanin, elastase and alkaline protease (AprA). Efficient functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for cell survival and appropriate immune responses, while an excess of unfolded proteins within the ER leads to “ER stress” and activation of the “unfolded protein response” (UPR). Bacterial infection and Toll-like receptor activation trigger the UPR most likely due to the increased demand for protein folding of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we show that cell-free conditioned medium of the PAO1 strain of P. aeruginosa, containing secreted virulence factors, induces ER stress in primary bronchial epithelial cells as evidenced by splicing of XBP1 mRNA and induction of CHOP, GRP78 and GADD34 expression. Most aspects of the ER stress response were dependent on TAK1 and p38 MAPK, except for the induction of GADD34 mRNA. Using various mutant strains and purified virulence factors, we identified pyocyanin and AprA as inducers of ER stress. However, the induction of GADD34 was mediated by an ER stress-independent integrated stress response (ISR) which was at least partly dependent on the iron-sensing eIF2α kinase HRI. Our data strongly suggest that this increased GADD34 expression served to protect against Pseudomonas-induced, iron-sensitive cell cytotoxicity. In summary, virulence factors from P. aeruginosa induce ER stress in airway epithelial cells and also trigger the ISR to improve cell survival of the host. Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a devastating infection when it affects patients with cystic fibrosis or other chronic lung diseases. It often causes chronic infection due to its resistance to antibiotic treatment and its ability to form biofilms in these patients. The toxic effects of P. aeruginosa are largely mediated by secreted virulence factors. Efficient functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum is crucial for cell survival and appropriate immune responses, while its dysfunction causes stress and activation of the unfolded protein response. In this study, we found that virulence factors secreted by P. aeruginosa trigger the unfolded protein response in human cells by causing endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, secreted virulence factors activate the integrated stress response via a parallel independent pathway. Both stress pathways lead to the induction of the protein GADD34, which appears to provide protection against the toxic effects of the secreted virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. A. van ‘t Wout
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ria van Boxtel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lucy E. Dalton
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hanna J. Clarke
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Tommassen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan J. Marciniak
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Briard B, Bomme P, Lechner BE, Mislin GLA, Lair V, Prévost MC, Latgé JP, Haas H, Beauvais A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa manipulates redox and iron homeostasis of its microbiota partner Aspergillus fumigatus via phenazines. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8220. [PMID: 25665925 PMCID: PMC5389140 DOI: 10.1038/srep08220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is increasingly found as a coinfecting agent along with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. Amongst the numerous molecules secreted by P. aeruginosa during its growth, phenazines constitute a major class. P. aeruginosa usually secreted four phenazines, pyocyanin (PYO), phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-HP) and phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA). These phenazines inhibited the growth of A. fumigatus but the underlying mechanisms and the impact of these four phenazines on A. fumigatus biology were not known. In the present study, we analyzed the functions of the four phenazines and their mode of action on A. fumigatus. All four phenazines showed A. fumigatus growth inhibitory effects by inducing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically O2(·-), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), ONOO(-). A. fumigatus Sod2p was the major factor involved in resistance against the ROS and RNS induced by phenazines. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of PYO, PCA and PCN promote A. fumigatus growth by an independent iron-uptake acquisition. Of the four phenazines 1-HP had a redox-independent function; being able to chelate metal ions 1-HP induced A. fumigatus iron starvation. Our data show the fine-interactions existing between A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa, which can lead to stimulatory or antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Briard
- Unité des Aspergillus Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Bomme
- Plateforme de microscopie ultrastructurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Beatrix E. Lechner
- Biocenter-Division of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gaëtan L. A. Mislin
- UMR 7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, France
| | - Virginie Lair
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hubertus Haas
- Biocenter-Division of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Martinac B, Nomura T, Chi G, Petrov E, Rohde PR, Battle AR, Foo A, Constantine M, Rothnagel R, Carne S, Deplazes E, Cornell B, Cranfield CG, Hankamer B, Landsberg MJ. Bacterial mechanosensitive channels: models for studying mechanosensory transduction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:952-69. [PMID: 23834368 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sensations of touch and hearing are manifestations of mechanical contact and air pressure acting on touch receptors and hair cells of the inner ear, respectively. In bacteria, osmotic pressure exerts a significant mechanical force on their cellular membrane. Bacteria have evolved mechanosensitive (MS) channels to cope with excessive turgor pressure resulting from a hypo-osmotic shock. MS channel opening allows the expulsion of osmolytes and water, thereby restoring normal cellular turgor and preventing cell lysis. RECENT ADVANCES As biological force-sensing systems, MS channels have been identified as the best examples of membrane proteins coupling molecular dynamics to cellular mechanics. The bacterial MS channel of large conductance (MscL) and MS channel of small conductance (MscS) have been subjected to extensive biophysical, biochemical, genetic, and structural analyses. These studies have established MscL and MscS as model systems for mechanosensory transduction. CRITICAL ISSUES In recent years, MS ion channels in mammalian cells have moved into focus of mechanotransduction research, accompanied by an increased awareness of the role they may play in the pathophysiology of diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, muscular dystrophy, or Xerocytosis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A recent exciting development includes the molecular identification of Piezo proteins, which function as nonselective cation channels in mechanosensory transduction associated with senses of touch and pain. Since research on Piezo channels is very young, applying lessons learned from studies of bacterial MS channels to establishing the mechanism by which the Piezo channels are mechanically activated remains one of the future challenges toward a better understanding of the role that MS channels play in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Martinac
- 1 Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division/Mechanosensory Biophysics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute , Darlinghurst, Australia
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Chai W, Zhang J, Duan Y, Pan D, Liu W, Li Y, Yan X, Chen B. Pseudomonas pyocyanin stimulates IL-8 expression through MAPK and NF-κB pathways in differentiated U937 cells. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 24499192 PMCID: PMC3925954 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyocyanin (PCN), an extracellular product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a blue redox active secondary metabolite, plays an important role in invasive pulmonary infection. However, the detailed inflammatory response triggered by PCN infection in inflammatory cells (particularly macrophages), if present, remains to be clarified. To investigate the effects of PCN on macrophages, the ability of PCN to induce inflammation reaction and the signaling pathway for IL-8 release in PCN-induced differentiated U937 cells were examined. Results It was found that PCN increased IL-8 release and mRNA expression in Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) differentiated U937 cells in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). P38 and ERK MAPKs were activated after 10 min of induction with PCN and their levels returned to baselines after 30 min by Western blotting. It was also found that within 10 min of PCN incubation, the level of p-I-κBα in the cytosol was increased, which returned to baseline level after 60 min. Meanwhile, the level of p-p65 was increased in the nuclear extract and cytosol, and maintained high in total cell lysates. The results were further confirmed by the observation that p38, ERK1/2 and NF-κB inhibitors inhibited PCN-induced NF-κB activation and attenuated PCN-induced IL-8 expression in U937 cells as a function of their concentrations. Moreover, it was shown that PCN induced oxidative stress in U937 cells and N-acetyl cysteine, an antioxidant, was able to inhibit PCN-induced IL-8 protein expression. Conclusions It is concluded that PCN induces IL-8 secretion and mRNA expression in PMA-differentiated U937 cells in a concentration- and time- dependent manner. Furthermore, p38 and ERK MAPKs and NF-κΒ signaling pathways may be involved in the expression of IL-8 in PCN-incubated PMA-differentiated U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Chai
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, China.
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Hayden SC, Bryant JJ, Mackey MA, Höfer K, Lindner BD, Nguyen VP, Jäschke A, Bunz UHF. Antimicrobial Activity of Water-Soluble Triazole Phenazine Clickamers againstE. coli. Chemistry 2013; 20:719-23. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Barakat R, Goubet I, Manon S, Berges T, Rosenfeld E. Unsuspected pyocyanin effect in yeast under anaerobiosis. Microbiologyopen 2013; 3:1-14. [PMID: 24307284 PMCID: PMC3937724 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue–green phenazine, Pyocyanin (PYO), is a well-known virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, notably during cystic fibrosis lung infections. It is toxic to both eukaryotic and bacterial cells and several mechanisms, including the induction of oxidative stress, have been postulated. However, the mechanism of PYO toxicity under the physiological conditions of oxygen limitation that are encountered by P. aeruginosa and by target organisms in vivo remains unclear. In this study, wild-type and mutant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as an effective eukaryotic model to determine the toxicity of PYO (100–500 μmol/L) under key growth conditions. Under respiro-fermentative conditions (with glucose as substrate), WT strains and certain H2O2-hypersensitive strains showed a low-toxic response to PYO. Under respiratory conditions (with glycerol as substrate) all the strains tested were significantly more sensitive to PYO. Four antioxidants were tested but only N-acetylcysteine was capable of partially counteracting PYO toxicity. PYO did not appear to affect short-term respiratory O2 uptake, but it did seem to interfere with cyanide-poisoned mitochondria through a complex III-dependent mechanism. Therefore, a combination of oxidative stress and respiration disturbance could partly explain aerobic PYO toxicity. Surprisingly, the toxic effects of PYO were more significant under anaerobic conditions. More pronounced effects were observed in several strains including a ‘petite’ strain lacking mitochondrial DNA, strains with increased or decreased levels of ABC transporters, and strains deficient in DNA damage repair. Therefore, even though PYO is toxic for actively respiring cells, O2 may indirectly protect the cells from the higher anaerobic-linked toxicity of PYO. The increased sensitivity to PYO under anaerobic conditions is not unique to S. cerevisiae and was also observed in another yeast, Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Barakat
- Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - UMR 7266 - LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - Team: Approches Moléculaires: Environnement, Santé - Microbial Physiology Group, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042, La Rochelle Cedex 1, France
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Forbes A, Davey AK, Perkins AV, Grant GD, McFarland AJ, McDermott CM, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. ERK1/2 activation modulates pyocyanin-induced toxicity in A549 respiratory epithelial cells. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 208:58-63. [PMID: 24316274 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyocyanin (PCN), a virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has many damaging effects on mammalian cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that this damage is primarily mediated by its ability to generate oxidative stress. However mechanisms underlying PCN-induced oxidative injury remain unclear. Although oxidative stress and subsequent MAPK signaling has been shown to modulate cell death in other models, its role in PCN-induced cytotoxicity remains unknown. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the role of redox-sensitive MAPK in PCN-induced toxicity in A549 cells. Here we show that PCN (50μM) rapidly increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation after 5min. Pre-treatment of A549 cells with the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10μM) decreased PCN-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and protected cells against apoptosis and cell injury suggesting a role for ERK signalling. In contrast, JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation remained unchanged following exposure to PCN and pretreatment with either the JNK or p38 MAPK inhibitors (10μM SP600125 and 10μM SB203580, respectively) did not afford protection against PCN toxicity. This would suggest that PCN-induced cytotoxicity appears to occur independently of JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Finally, although we confirm that oxidative stress contributes to PCN-induced toxicity, our data suggest the contribution of oxidative stress is independent of ERK1/2 signaling. These findings may provide insight for novel targeted therapies to reduce PCN-mediated lung injury in patients with chronic P. aeruginosa respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Forbes
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew K Davey
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary D Grant
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia J McFarland
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catherine M McDermott
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
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Jayaseelan S, Ramaswamy D, Dharmaraj S. Pyocyanin: production, applications, challenges and new insights. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 30:1159-68. [PMID: 24214679 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic, Gram-negative bacterium and is one of the most commercially and biotechnologically valuable microorganisms. Strains of P. aeruginosa secrete a variety of redox-active phenazine compounds, the most well studied being pyocyanin. Pyocyanin is responsible for the blue-green colour characteristic of Pseudomonas spp. It is considered both as a virulence factor and a quorum sensing signalling molecule for P. aeruginosa. Pyocyanin is an electrochemically active metabolite, involved in a variety of significant biological activities including gene expression, maintaining fitness of bacterial cells and biofilm formation. It is also recognised as an electron shuttle for bacterial respiration and as an antibacterial and antifungal agent. This review summarises recent advances of pyocyanin production from P. aeruginosa with special attention to antagonistic property and bio-control activity. The review also covers the challenges and new insights into pyocyanin from P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Jayaseelan
- Dr. Sir A. L. Mudaliar Vocational Arts and Science College, Vengal, 601103, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chai W, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Liu W, Pan D, Li Y, Chen B. Pyocyanin from Pseudomonas induces IL-8 production through the PKC and NF-κB pathways in U937 cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1404-10. [PMID: 24002221 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin, an extracellular product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), is important in invasive pulmonary infection. Pseudomonas infections are characterized by a marked influx of polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils). An increased release of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophil chemoattractant, in response to pyocyanin may contribute to the marked infiltration of neutrophils and subsequent neutrophil-mediated tissue damage observed in Pseudomonas-associated lung diseases. In order to explore the pathogenesis of pyocyanin on macrophages, we treated phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated U937 cells with pyocyanin in vitro and explored the expression of IL-8 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the present study, we also investigated the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in PMA-differentiated U937 cells by western blotting and immunohistochemical methods. It was found that pyocyanin increased IL-8 release and mRNA expression in differentiated U937 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Calphostin C (Cal C), a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) , an NF-κB inhibitor, blocked IL-8 expression in a concentration-dependent manner in pyocyanin-induced U937 cells. We concluded that pyocyanin promotes IL-8 secretion and mRNA expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and furthermore, that the PKC and NF-κΒ signaling pathways may be involved in the expression of IL-8 in pyocyanin-infected PMA-differentiated U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshu Chai
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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Hao Y, Kuang Z, Xu Y, Walling BE, Lau GW. Pyocyanin-induced mucin production is associated with redox modification of FOXA2. Respir Res 2013; 14:82. [PMID: 23915402 PMCID: PMC3765780 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The redox-active pyocyanin (PCN) is a toxic, secondary metabolite secreted by the respiratory pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Previously, we have shown that mouse lungs chronically exposed to PCN develop goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia (GCHM) and mucus hypersecretion, fibrosis and emphysema. These pathological features are commonly found in the airways of several chronic lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF), as well as in mouse airways deficient in the forkhead box A2 (FOXA2), a transcriptional repressor of goblet GCHM and mucus biosynthesis. Furthermore, PCN inhibits FOXA2 by activating the pro-GCHM signaling pathways Stat6 and EGFR. However, it is not known whether PCN-generated reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species posttranslationally modify and inactivate FOXA2. Methods We examined the posttranslational modifications of FOXA2 by PCN using specific antibodies against oxidation, nitrosylation, acetylation and ubiquitination. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to examine the ability of modified FOXA2 to bind the promoter of MUC5B mucin gene. In addition, we used quantitative real time PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and mouse lung infection to assess whether the loss of FOXA2 function caused GCHM and mucin overexpression. Finally, we examined the restoration of FOXA2 function by the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Results We found that PCN-generated ROS/RNS caused nitrosylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and degradation of FOXA2. Modified FOXA2 had reduced ability to bind the promoter of the MUC5B gene. The antioxidant GSH alleviated the modification of FOXA2 by PCN, and inhibited the overexpression of MUC5AC and MUC5B mucins. Conclusion These results suggest that PCN-mediated posttranslational modifications of FOXA2 are positively correlated with GCHM and overexpression of airway mucins. Furthermore, antioxidant treatment restores the function of FOXA2 to attenuate GCHM and mucus hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Hao
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2001, Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, United States of America.
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Fones H, Preston GM. The impact of transition metals on bacterial plant disease. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2013; 37:495-519. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Kishta OA, Iskandar M, Dauletbaev N, Kubow S, Lands LC. Pressurized whey protein can limit bacterial burden and protein oxidation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Nutrition 2013; 29:918-24. [PMID: 23395602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with an exuberant inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and lung damage. Whey protein is a rich source of cysteine, and anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing peptides. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of whey are augmented by hyperbaric pressure treatment. In this study, we tested whether dietary supplementation with pressurized whey protein enhances the host ability to clear P. aeruginosa infection compared with native (i.e., unpressurized) whey. METHODS Using a minimally invasive, non-lethal model of murine (female C57Bl/6) model of P. aeruginosa infection (mucoid strain embedded in agar beads), we studied kinetics of infection, inflammation, and oxidative stress at d 1, 3, and 7 postinfection. A parallel set of mice were fed for 4 wk a semipurified diet containing either native or pressurized whey and subsequently infected with P. aeruginosa. In these mice, the parameters mentioned previously were studied at d 1 and 3 postinfection. RESULTS Infection with P. aeruginosa resulted in inflammation and protein oxidation sustained beyond bacterial clearance. Animals that were fed pressurized whey had fewer bacteria at day 3 than mice on native whey. Weight loss or broncho-alveolar lavage cell content were comparable. Airway protein oxidation was attenuated, whereas airway leukocyte bacterial killing ability and oxidative burst in response to opsonized bacteria were increased in the pressurized whey-fed animals. CONCLUSIONS Use of nutritionally derived substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, such as pressurized whey, aids in limiting airway bacterial infection, particularly, under conditions of ongoing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Kishta
- Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Rada B, Leto TL. Pyocyanin effects on respiratory epithelium: relevance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infections. Trends Microbiol 2012; 21:73-81. [PMID: 23140890 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) uses several virulence factors to establish chronic respiratory infections in bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. One of its toxins, pyocyanin (PYO), is a redox-active pigment that is required for full virulence in animal models and has been detected in patients' airway secretions. PYO promotes virulence by interfering with several cellular functions in host cells including electron transport, cellular respiration, energy metabolism, gene expression, and innate immune mechanisms. This review summarizes recent advances in PYO biology with special attention to current views on its role in human airway infections and on its interactions with the first line of our airway defense, the respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Rada
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
The analysis of the genomes of bacterial pathogens indicates that they have acquired their pathogenic capability by incorporating different genetic elements through horizontal gene transfer. The ancestors of virulent bacteria, as well as the origin of virulence determinants, lay most likely in the environmental microbiota. Studying the role that these determinants may have in non-clinical ecosystems is thus of value for understanding in detail the evolution and the ecology of bacterial pathogens. In this article, I propose that classical virulence determinants might be relevant for basic metabolic processes (for instance iron-uptake systems) or in modulating prey/predator relationships (toxins) in natural, non-infective ecosystems. The different role that horizontal gene transfer and mutation may have in the evolution of bacterial pathogens either for their speciation or in short-sighted evolution processes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
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A universal primer multiplex PCR method for typing of toxinogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1579-87. [PMID: 22923133 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a well-known opportunistic pathogen that can cause acute nosocomial necrotizing pneumonia and genetic disorder cystic fibrosis of lung patients. Pathogenic interactions between P. aeruginosa and hosts are often guided by the secreted virulence determinants that interact with specific host targets. Exotoxin A, pyocyanin, elastase, and type III secretion system are the most significant virulence determinants and cause great concern. However, P. aeruginosa in various environments has high genotypic diversity, leading to deficiency of exotoxin genes for some P. aeruginosa strains. In current study, a universal primer-multiplex PCR method (UP-MPCR) was employed for the detection of five significant enterotoxin genes (toxA, phzM, lasB, ExoU, and ExoS) and one internal control gene ecfX in P. aeruginosa. Owing to the application of universal primer (UP), different targeted products have identical amplified efficiency and the sensitivity of multiplex PCR is improved. In addition, the complexity of multiplex PCR system is reduced and the compatibility of primers in a reaction is greatly increased. This UP-MPCR method can detect the presence of five P. aeruginosa enterotoxin genes in a single assay more rapidly and sensitively than conventional methods. In 214 drinking water and environmental isolates, the ExoU, ExoS, phzM, toxA, and lasB genes were detected in 20 (9 %), 180 (84 %), 179 (84 %), 196 (92 %), and 171 (80 %) isolates, respectively.
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Fones H, Preston GM. Reactive oxygen and oxidative stress tolerance in plant pathogenic Pseudomonas. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 327:1-8. [PMID: 22092667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a key feature of plant (and animal) defences against invading pathogens. As a result, plant pathogens must be able to either prevent their production or tolerate high concentrations of these highly reactive chemicals. In this review, we focus on plant pathogenic bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and the ways in which they overcome the challenges posed by ROS. We also explore the ways in which pseudomonads may exploit plant ROS generation for their own purposes and even produce ROS directly as part of their infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Fones
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rada B, Gardina P, Myers TG, Leto TL. Reactive oxygen species mediate inflammatory cytokine release and EGFR-dependent mucin secretion in airway epithelial cells exposed to Pseudomonas pyocyanin. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:158-71. [PMID: 20962773 PMCID: PMC3026888 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the long-appreciated in vivo role of the redox-active virulence factor pyocyanin in Pseudomonas airway infections and the importance of airway epithelial cells in combating bacterial pathogens, little is known about pyocyanin's effect on airway epithelial cells. We find that exposure of bronchiolar epithelial cells to pyocyanin results in MUC2/MUC5AC induction and mucin secretion through release of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, heparin-bound epidermal growth factor, tissue growth factor-α, tumor necrosis factor-α) that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway. These changes are mediated by reactive oxygen species produced by pyocyanin. Microarray analysis identified 286 pyocyanin-induced genes in airway epithelial cells, including many inflammatory mediators elevated in cystic fibrosis (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-monocyte CSF, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), serum amyloid, IL-23) and several novel pyocyanin-responsive genes of potential importance in the infection process (IL-24, CXCL2, CXCL3, CCL20, CXCR4). This comprehensive study uncovers numerous details of pyocyanin's proinflammatory action and establishes airway epithelial cells as key responders to this microbial toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Rada
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Host Defenses, 12441 Parklawn Drive, 20852 Rockville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Paul Gardina
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies Section, 50 South Drive, 20892 Bethesda MD, U.S.A
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies Section, 50 South Drive, 20892 Bethesda MD, U.S.A
| | - Thomas L. Leto
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Host Defenses, 12441 Parklawn Drive, 20852 Rockville, MD, U.S.A
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Goyal MM, Basak A. Human catalase: looking for complete identity. Protein Cell 2010; 1:888-97. [PMID: 21204015 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalases are well studied enzymes that play critical roles in protecting cells against the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide. The ubiquity of the enzyme and the availability of substrates made heme catalases the focus of many biochemical and molecular biology studies over 100 years. In human, this has been implicated in various physiological and pathological conditions. Advancement in proteomics revealed many of novel and previously unknown features of this mysterious enzyme, but some functional aspects are yet to be explained. Along with discussion on future research area, this mini-review compile the information available on the structure, function and mechanism of action of human catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur M Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, J. N. Medical College, Datta Meghe Insatitute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Wardha 442004, India.
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Liu GY, Nizet V. Color me bad: microbial pigments as virulence factors. Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:406-13. [PMID: 19726196 PMCID: PMC2743764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of several pathogenic microbes is the distinctive color of their colonies when propagated in the clinical laboratory. Such pigmentation comes in a variety of hues, and has often proven useful in presumptive clinical diagnosis. Recent advances in microbial pigment biochemistry and the genetic basis of pigment production have sometimes revealed a more sinister aspect to these curious materials that change the color of reflected light by selective light absorbance. In many cases, the microbial pigment contributes to disease pathogenesis by interfering with host immune clearance mechanisms or by exhibiting pro-inflammatory or cytotoxic properties. We review several examples of pigments that promote microbial virulence, including the golden staphyloxanthin of Staphylococcusaureus, the blue-green pyocyanin of Pseudomonas spp., and the dark brown or black melanin pigments of Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus spp. Targeted pigment neutralisation might represent a viable concept to enhance treatment of certain difficult infectious disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Y Liu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Redox warfare between airway epithelial cells and Pseudomonas: dual oxidase versus pyocyanin. Immunol Res 2009; 43:198-209. [PMID: 18979077 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of reactive oxygen species-dependent microbial killing by the phagocytic cell NADPH oxidase has been appreciated for some time, although only recently has an appreciation developed for the partnership of lactoperoxidase with related dual oxidases (Duox) within secretions of the airway surface layer. This system produces mild oxidants designed for extracellular killing that are effective against several airway pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Burkholderia cepacia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Establishment of chronic pseudomonas infections involves adaptations to resist oxidant-dependent killing by expression of a redox-active virulence factor, pyocyanin, that competitively inhibits epithelial Duox activity by consuming intracellular NADPH and producing superoxide, thereby inflicting oxidative stress on the host.
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Schwarzer C, Fischer H, Kim EJ, Barber KJ, Mills AD, Kurth MJ, Gruenert DC, Suh JH, Machen TE, Illek B. Oxidative stress caused by pyocyanin impairs CFTR Cl(-) transport in human bronchial epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1653-62. [PMID: 18845244 PMCID: PMC2628806 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyocyanin (N-methyl-1-hydroxyphenazine), a redox-active virulence factor produced by the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is known to compromise mucociliary clearance. Exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to pyocyanin increased the rate of cellular release of H(2)O(2) threefold above the endogenous H(2)O(2) production. Real-time measurements of the redox potential of the cytosolic compartment using the redox sensor roGFP1 showed that pyocyanin (100 microM) oxidized the cytosol from a resting value of -318+/-5 mV by 48.0+/-4.6 mV within 2 h; a comparable oxidation was induced by 100 microM H(2)O(2). Whereas resting Cl(-) secretion was slightly activated by pyocyanin (to 10% of maximal currents), forskolin-stimulated Cl(-) secretion was inhibited by 86%. The decline was linearly related to the cytosolic redox potential (1.8% inhibition/mV oxidation). Cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells homozygous for DeltaF508 CFTR failed to secrete Cl(-) in response to pyocyanin or H(2)O(2), indicating that these oxidants specifically target the CFTR and not other Cl(-) conductances. Treatment with pyocyanin also decreased total cellular glutathione levels to 62% and cellular ATP levels to 46% after 24 h. We conclude that pyocyanin is a key factor that redox cycles in the cytosol, generates H(2)O(2), depletes glutathione and ATP, and impairs CFTR function in Pseudomonas-infected lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwarzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Horst Fischer
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Katharine J. Barber
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Aaron D. Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Dieter C. Gruenert
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jung H. Suh
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
| | - Terry E. Machen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Beate Illek
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California
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Schwarzer C, Fu Z, Fischer H, Machen TE. Redox-independent activation of NF-kappaB by Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin in a cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cell line. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27144-53. [PMID: 18682396 PMCID: PMC2555996 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived pigment pyocyanin (PYO) as an oxidant and activator of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB were tested in a cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelial cell line, CF15. 100 microm PYO on its own had no effect or only small effects to activate NF-kappaB (<1.5-fold), but PYO synergized with the TLR5 agonist flagellin. Flagellin activated NF-kappaB 4-20-fold, and PYO increased these activations >2.5-fold. PYO could have synergized with flagellin to activate NF-kappaB by redox cycling with NADPH, generating superoxide (O(2)*), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and hydroxyl radical (HO*). Cytosol-targeted, redox-sensitive roGFP1 and imaging microscopy showed that 1-100 microm PYO oxidized CF15 cytosol redox potential (Psi(cyto)) from -325 mV (control) to -285 mV. O(2)* (derived from KO(2)*. or xanthine + xanthine oxidase) or H(2)O(2) oxidized Psi(cyto) dose-dependently but did not activate NF-kappaB, even in the presence of flagellin, and 400 microm H(2)O(2) inhibited NF-kappaB. Overexpressing intracellular catalase decreased effects of PYO and H(2)O(2) on Psi(cyto) but did not affect flagellin + PYO-activated NF-kappaB. Catalase also reversed the inhibitory effects of H(2)O(2) on NF-kappaB. The HO* scavenger DMSO did not alter the effects of PYO on Psi(cyto) and NF-kappaB. The synergistic NF-kappaB activation was calcium-independent. Thus, in the presence of flagellin, PYO activated NF-kappaB through a redox- and calcium-independent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwarzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA
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