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Fröhlich E. Animals in Respiratory Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2903. [PMID: 38474149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory barrier, a thin epithelial barrier that separates the interior of the human body from the environment, is easily damaged by toxicants, and chronic respiratory diseases are common. It also allows the permeation of drugs for topical treatment. Animal experimentation is used to train medical technicians, evaluate toxicants, and develop inhaled formulations. Species differences in the architecture of the respiratory tract explain why some species are better at predicting human toxicity than others. Some species are useful as disease models. This review describes the anatomical differences between the human and mammalian lungs and lists the characteristics of currently used mammalian models for the most relevant chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and tuberculosis). The generation of animal models is not easy because they do not develop these diseases spontaneously. Mouse models are common, but other species are more appropriate for some diseases. Zebrafish and fruit flies can help study immunological aspects. It is expected that combinations of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo (mammalian and invertebrate) models will be used in the future for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Attia SH, Saadawy SF, El-Mahroky SM, Nageeb MM. Alleviation of pulmonary fibrosis by the dual PPAR agonist saroglitazar and breast milk mesenchymal stem cells via modulating TGFß/SMAD pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03004-y. [PMID: 38376539 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a complex disorder with high morbidity and mortality. Limited efficacies of the available drugs drive researchers to seek for new therapies. Saroglitazar (Saro), a full (PPAR α/γ) agonist, is devoid of known PPAR-mediated adverse effects. Breast milk mesenchymal stem cells (BrMSCs) are contemplated to be the ideal cell type harboring differentiation/anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive properties. Accordingly, our aims were to investigate the potential roles of Saro and/or BrMSCs in PF and to spot their underlying protective mechanisms. In this study, PF was induced by bleomycin (BLM) via intratracheal instillation. Treatment started 14 days later. Animals were treated with oral saroglitazar (3 mg/kg daily) or intraperitoneal single BrMSCs injection (0.5 ml phosphate buffer saline (PBS) containing 2 × 107 cells) or their combination with same previous doses. At the work end, 24 h following the 6 weeks of treatment period, the levels of oxidative (MDA, SOD), inflammatory (IL-1ß, IL-10), and profibrotic markers (TGF-ß, αSMA) were assessed. The autophagy-related genes (LC3, Beclin) and the expression of PPAR-α/γ and SMAD-3/7 were evaluated. Furthermore, immunohistochemical and histological work were evaluated. Our study revealed marked lung injury influenced by BLM with severe oxidative/inflammatory/fibrotic damage, autophagy inhibition, and deteriorated lung histology. Saro and BrMSCs repaired the lung structure worsened by BLM. Treatments greatly declined the oxidative/inflammatory markers. The pro-fibrotic TGF-ß, αSMA, and SMAD-3 were decreased. Contrarily, autophagy markers were increased. SMAD-7 and PPAR α/γ were activated denoting their pivotal antifibrotic roles. Co-administration of Saro and BrMSCs revealed the top results. Our findings support the study hypothesis that Saro and BrMSCs can be proposed as potential treatments for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seba Hassan Attia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Sara F Saadawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samaa M El-Mahroky
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahitab M Nageeb
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Soh WT, Zhang J, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H, Rothenberg ME, Sokol CL, Robinson C, Jacquet A. Protease allergens as initiators-regulators of allergic inflammation. Allergy 2023; 78:1148-1168. [PMID: 36794967 PMCID: PMC10159943 DOI: 10.1111/all.15678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in the last few years has been made to explain how seemingly harmless environmental proteins from different origins can induce potent Th2-biased inflammatory responses. Convergent findings have shown the key roles of allergens displaying proteolytic activity in the initiation and progression of the allergic response. Through their propensity to activate IgE-independent inflammatory pathways, certain allergenic proteases are now considered as initiators for sensitization to themselves and to non-protease allergens. The protease allergens degrade junctional proteins of keratinocytes or airway epithelium to facilitate allergen delivery across the epithelial barrier and their subsequent uptake by antigen-presenting cells. Epithelial injuries mediated by these proteases together with their sensing by protease-activated receptors (PARs) elicit potent inflammatory responses resulting in the release of pro-Th2 cytokines (IL-6, IL-25, IL-1β, TSLP) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs; IL-33, ATP, uric acid). Recently, protease allergens were shown to cleave the protease sensor domain of IL-33 to produce a super-active form of the alarmin. At the same time, proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen can trigger TLR4 signaling, and cleavage of various cell surface receptors further shape the Th2 polarization. Remarkably, the sensing of protease allergens by nociceptive neurons can represent a primary step in the development of the allergic response. The goal of this review is to highlight the multiple innate immune mechanisms triggered by protease allergens that converge to initiate the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Tuck Soh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Caroline L. Sokol
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clive Robinson
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Alain Jacquet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gul A, Yang F, Xie C, Du W, Mohammadtursun N, Wang B, Le J, Dong J. Pulmonary fibrosis model of mice induced by different administration methods of bleomycin. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:91. [PMID: 36944966 PMCID: PMC10029181 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive disease of the lung. How to build a typical human mimicking animal model has been a challenge. Thus, to reveal the mechanism and to make it useful for IPF clinical treatment, a different type of mice model and inspection methods are used to evaluate which one is applicable for the study of IPF. METHOD 69 Twelve-weeks-old C57BL/6 mice were divided into 3 type groups (n = 7 for each control group, n = 8 for each BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis groups), as intraperitoneal injection, intratracheal administration, and intravenous administration of bleomycin (BLM) to initiate lung fibrosis. Changes of the lung function measured through mice Pulmonary function test (PFT). Morphological changes in mice were observed by PET/CT, Masson and Picro-Sirius staining, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Biochemical changes were tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). RESULTS PET/CT of BLM-receiving mice showed an increase in fibrotic consolidations and an increase in non-aerated lung area in BLM-treated mice compared with that in controls. TGF-b1, TNF-a, IL-6, GM-CSF in BALF and serum. PAI-1, HYP in the lung tissue of mice were significantly different in each BLM groups than those in the controls. The results of Masson staining in mice indicate that the lung tissues of all BLM received groups, the intratracheal groups, the intravenous groups, and the intraperitoneal groups have a higher degree of pulmonary septal thickening and collagen fiber consolidation compare to saline control. Picro-Sirius staining results are consistent with the results of Masson staining. Compared with the saline control group, the ratio of Col 1/Col 3 was significantly increased in each BLM group. TEM results found that in BLM group, type I alveolar epithelial cells were degenerated. Exfoliated endothelial cells were swelling, and type II alveolar epithelial cells were proliferated, the shape of the nucleus was irregular, and some tooth-like protrusions were seen. CONCLUSIONS With three different methods of animal model construction, high dose of each show more compliable, and BLM can successfully induce animal models of pulmonary fibrosis, however, certain differences in the fibrosis formation sites of them three, and tail vein injection of BLM induced PF model is closer to the idiopathic pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Gul
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyong Yang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Xie
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Du
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Nabijan Mohammadtursun
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- College of Xinjiang Uyghur Medicine, Hotan, 848000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
- Medical College of Hexi University, Zhangye, 734000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Le
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Lai X, Najafi M. Redox Interactions in Chemo/Radiation Therapy-induced Lung Toxicity; Mechanisms and Therapy Perspectives. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1261-1276. [PMID: 35792117 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220705123315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lung toxicity is a key limiting factor for cancer therapy, especially lung, breast, and esophageal malignancies. Radiotherapy for chest and breast malignancies can cause lung injury. However, systemic cancer therapy with chemotherapy may also induce lung pneumonitis and fibrosis. Radiotherapy produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly via interacting with water molecules within cells. However, radiation and other therapy modalities may induce the endogenous generation of ROS and nitric oxide (NO) by immune cells and some nonimmune cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. There are several ROS generating enzymes within lung tissue. NADPH Oxidase enzymes, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), dual oxidases (DUOX1 and DUOX2), and the cellular respiratory system in the mitochondria are the main sources of ROS production following exposure of the lung to anticancer agents. Furthermore, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has a key role in the generation of NO following radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Continuous generation of ROS and NO by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes causes apoptosis, necrosis, and senescence, which lead to the release of inflammatory and pro-fibrosis cytokines. This review discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms of redox-induced lung injury following cancer therapy and proposes some targets and perspectives to alleviate lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Lai
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Affiliated with the Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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How Aging and Oxidative Stress Influence the Cytopathic and Inflammatory Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cellular Glutathione and Cysteine Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071366. [PMID: 35883857 PMCID: PMC9311797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome with inflammatory and thrombotic complications, the severity of which increases with patients’ age and presence of comorbidity. The reasons for an age-dependent increase in the risk of severe COVID-19 could be many. These include defects in the homeostatic processes that control the cellular redox and its pivotal role in sustaining the immuno-inflammatory response to the host and the protection against oxidative stress and tissue degeneration. Pathogens may take advantage of such age-dependent abnormalities. Alterations of the thiol redox balance in the lung tissue and lining fluids may influence the risk of infection, and the host capability to respond to pathogens and to avoid severe complications. SARS-CoV-2, likewise other viruses, such as HIV, influenza, and HSV, benefits in its replication cycle of pro-oxidant conditions that the same viral infection seems to induce in the host cell with mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that the pro-oxidant effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with changes in the cellular metabolism and transmembrane fluxes of Cys and GSH. These appear to be the consequence of an increased use of Cys in viral protein synthesis and to ER stress pathway activation that interfere with transcription factors, as Nrf2 and NFkB, important to coordinate the metabolism of GSH with other aspects of the stress response and with the pro-inflammatory effects of this virus in the host cell. This narrative review article describes these cellular and molecular aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the role that antivirals and cytoprotective agents such as N-acetyl cysteine may have to limit the cytopathic effects of this virus and to recover tissue homeostasis after infection.
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Elajaili H, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Harris P, Sparagna GC, Jonscher R, Ohlstrom D, Sucharov CC, Bowler RP, Suliman H, Fritz KS, Roede JR, Nozik ES. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) R213G variant reduces mitochondrial ROS and preserves mitochondrial function in bleomycin-induced lung injury: EC-SOD R213G variant and intracellular redox regulation. ADVANCES IN REDOX RESEARCH 2022; 5:100035. [PMID: 38273965 PMCID: PMC10810244 DOI: 10.1016/j.arres.2022.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is highly expressed in the lung and vasculature. A common human single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the matrix binding region of EC-SOD leads to a single amino acid substitution, R213G, and alters EC-SOD tissue binding affinity. The change in tissue binding affinity redistributes EC-SOD from tissue to extracellular fluids. Mice (R213G mice) expressing a knock-in of this EC-SOD SNP exhibit elevated plasma and reduced lung EC-SOD content and activity and are protected against bleomycin-induced lung injury and inflammation. It is unknown how the redistribution of EC-SOD alters site-specific redox-regulated molecules relevant for protection. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the change in the local EC-SOD content would influence not only the extracellular redox microenvironment where EC-SOD is localized but also protect the intracellular redox status of the lung. Mice were treated with bleomycin and harvested 7 days post-treatment. Superoxide levels, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), were lower in plasma and Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells in R213G mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, while lung cellular superoxide levels in R213G mice were not elevated post-bleomycin compared to WT mice despite low lung EC-SOD levels. Lung glutathione redox potential (EhGSSG), determined by HPLC and fluorescence, was more oxidized in WT compared to R213G mice. In R213G mice, lung mitochondrial oxidative stress was reduced shown by mitochondrial superoxide level measured by EPR in lung and the resistance to bleomycin-induced cardiolipin oxidation. Bleomycin treatment suppressed mitochondrial respiration in WT mice. Mitochondrial function was impaired at baseline in R213G mice but did not exhibit further suppression in respiration post-bleomycin. Collectively, the results indicate that R213G variant preserves intracellular redox state and protects mitochondrial function in the setting of bleomycin-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Elajaili
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Hernandez-Lagunas
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Genevieve C. Sparagna
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Raleigh Jonscher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Denis Ohlstrom
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carmen C. Sucharov
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Hagir Suliman
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristofer S. Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James R. Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eva S. Nozik
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Ivanov V, Smereka Y, Rasputin V, Dmytriiev K. Homocysteine and atrial fibrillation: novel evidences and insights. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2022; 93. [PMID: 35443572 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2022.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most prevalent rhythm disorders worldwide, with around 37.574 million cases around the globe (0.51 % global population). Different studies showed a high informative value of different biomarkers, including such related to the systemic inflammation, biomechanical stress and fibrosis. In this review article we aimed to study only the relation of homocysteine to the AF development. Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid, that is produced in the process of methionine metabolism. Which is a non-canonical amino acid, that is derived from the food proteins. From the scientific point of view there is a relation between hyperhomocysteinemia and myocardial fibrosis, but these mechanisms are complicated and not sufficiently studied. Homocysteine regulates activity of the ion channels through their redox state. Elevated homocysteine level can condition electrical remodeling of the cardiomyocytes through the increase of sodium current and change in the function of rapid sodium channels, increase of inwards potassium current and decrease in amount of rapid potassium channels. High homocysteine concentration also leads to the shortening of the action potential, loss of the rate adaptation of the action potential and persistent circulation of the re-entry waves. In a series of experimental studies on mice there was an association found between the homocysteine level and activity of vascular inflammation. Elevation of homocysteine level is an independent factor of the thromboembolic events and AF relapses. Population studies showed, that homocysteine is an independent risk factor for AF. So, homocysteine is an interesting target for up-stream therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Ivanov
- Vinnytsia National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsia.
| | - Yuliia Smereka
- Vinnytsia Regional Clinical Center of Cardiovascular Pathology, Vinnytsia.
| | - Volodymyr Rasputin
- Vinnytsia Regional Clinical Center of Cardiovascular Pathology, Vinnytsia.
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Zhu J, Song S, Xu X, Zhou G, Li C. White meat proteins were more conducive to hepatic antioxidative status than soybean and red meat proteins. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e13947. [PMID: 34561892 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intake of protein-rich foods might induce oxidative stress in organs. This study investigated the impacts of protein sources including casein, soybean, fish, chicken, pork, and beef proteins on hepatic oxidation and antioxidation status in rats. It was shown that meat proteins produced higher reactive oxygen species in livers (from 64,868 to 87,153 F/mgpro) than casein (54,045 F/mgpro) and soybean protein (48,361 F/mgpro, p < .05). Pork and soybean proteins induced higher hepatic oxidative stress than fish, chicken and beef proteins by increasing malondialdehyde production (>16%, p < .05). White meat (fish and chicken) proteins promoted hepatic superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity compared to soybean and red meat (pork and beef) proteins (p < .05). Compared to red meat proteins, white meat proteins increased hepatic expressions of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin. Rats fed red meat proteins showed hepatic steatosis with small vacuoles. Therefore, white meat proteins were more conducive to hepatic antioxidative status than soybean and red meat proteins. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Intake of protein-rich foods may induce oxidative stress response at both cell and organ levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of different protein sources including casein, soybean, fish, chicken, pork, and beef proteins on oxidation and antioxidation status in rat livers. It was shown that meat proteins induced higher production of reactive oxygen species than casein and soybean protein. However, white meat proteins showed higher antioxidant capacity than soybean and red meat proteins by increasing hepatic superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity. Therefore, compared to soybean and red meat proteins, white meat proteins lowered hepatic oxidative stress by reducing malondialdehyde production. This study suggested that intake of moderate white meat proteins was more conducive to hepatic antioxidative status than intake of soybean and red meat proteins. This study would promote the understanding of healthy effects of different protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Meat Processing, MARA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Shangxin Song
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xinglian Xu
- Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Meat Processing, MARA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Meat Processing, MARA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Key Lab of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Meat Processing, MARA, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Ekin S, Yildirim S, Akkoyun MB, Gok HN, Arihan O, Oto G, Akkoyun T, Basbugan Y, Aslan S. Theophylline attenuates bleomycin-induced oxidative stress in rats: The role of IL-6, NF-κB, and antioxidant enzymes. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Giustarini D, Santucci A, Bartolini D, Galli F, Rossi R. The age-dependent decline of the extracellular thiol-disulfide balance and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101902. [PMID: 33662873 PMCID: PMC7889000 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome. The risk of severe manifestations and mortality characteristically increase in the elderly and in the presence of non-COVID-19 comorbidity. We and others previously demonstrated that the low molecular weight (LMW) and protein thiol/disulfide ratio declines in human plasma with age and such decline is even more rapid in the case of inflammatory and premature aging diseases, which are also associated with the most severe complications of COVID-19 infection. The same decline with age of the LMW thiol/disulfide ratio observed in plasma appears to occur in the extracellular fluids of the respiratory tract and in association with many pulmonary diseases that characteristically reduce the concentrations and adaptive stress response of the lung glutathione. Early evidence in literature suggests that the thiol to disulfide balance of critical Cys residues of the COVID-19 spike protein and the ACE-2 receptor may influence the risk of infection and the severity of the disease, with a more oxidizing environment producing the worst prognosis. With this hypothesis paper we propose that the age-dependent decline of LMW thiol/disulfide ratio of the extracellular fluids, could play a role in promoting the physical (protein-protein) interaction of CoV-2 and the host cell in the airways. Therefore, this redox-dependent interaction is expected to affect the risk of severe infection in an age-dependent manner. The hypothesis can be verified in experimental models of in vitro CoV-2 infection and at the clinical level in that LMW thiols and protein thiolation can now be investigated with standardized, reliable and versatile laboratory protocols. Presenting the verification strategy of our hypothesis, we also discuss available nutritional and ancillary pharmacological strategies to intervene on the thiol/disulfide ratio of extracellular fluids of subjects at risk of infection and COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Zakaria DM, Zahran NM, Arafa SAA, Mehanna RA, Abdel-Moneim RA. Histological and Physiological Studies of the Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bleomycin Induced Lung Fibrosis in Adult Albino Rats. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:127-141. [PMID: 33090319 PMCID: PMC7579902 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung fibrosis is considered as an end stage for many lung diseases including lung inflammatory disease, autoimmune diseases and malignancy. There are limited therapeutic options with bad prognostic outcome. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow on Bleomycin (BLM) induced lung fibrosis in albino rats. METHODS 30 adult female albino rats were distributed randomly into 4 groups; negative control group, Bleomycin induced lung fibrosis group, lung fibrosis treated with bone marrow-MSCs (BM-MSCs) and lung fibrosis treated with cell free media. Lung fibrosis was induced with a single dose of intratracheal instillation of BLM. BM-MSCs or cell free media were injected intravenously 28 days after induction and rats were sacrificed after another 28 days for assessment. Minute respiratory volume (MRV), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) were recorded using spirometer (Power lab data acquisition system). Histological assessment was performed by light microscopic examination of H&E, and Masson's trichrome stained sections and was further supported by morphometric studies. In addition, electron microscopic examination to assess ultra-structural changes was done. Confocal Laser microscopy and PCR were used as tools to ensure MSCs homing in the lung. RESULTS Induction of lung fibrosis was confirmed by histological examination, which revealed disorganized lung architecture, thickened inter-alveolar septa due excessive collagen deposition together with inflammatory cellular infiltration. Moreover, pneumocytes depicted variable degenerative changes. Reduction in MRV, FVC and FEV1 were recorded. BM-MSCs treatment showed marked structural improvement with minimal cellular infiltration and collagen deposition and hence restored lung architecture, together with lung functions. CONCLUSION MSCs are promising potential therapy for lung fibrosis that could restore the normal structure and function of BLM induced lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mohamed Zakaria
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha Mahmoud Zahran
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samia Abdel Aziz Arafa
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Radwa Ali Mehanna
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Azareeta, Khartoom Square, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.
| | - Rehab Ahmed Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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13
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A Positive Feed Forward Loop between Wnt/ β-Catenin and NOX4 Promotes Silicon Dioxide-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Lung Epithelial Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3404168. [PMID: 33376577 PMCID: PMC7744200 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3404168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis is a chronic fibrotic lung disease caused by the accumulation of silica dust in the distal lung. Canonical Wnt signaling and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis including silicosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of crosstalk between these two signalings are not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to explore the interaction of Wnt/β-catenin and NOX4 of human epithelial cells in response to an exposure of silica dust. Results demonstrated an elevated expression of key components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and NOX4 in the lungs of silicon dioxide- (SiO2-) induced silicosis mice. Furthermore, the activated Wnt/β-catenin and NOX4 signaling are accompanied by an inhibition of cell proliferation, an increase of ROS production and cell apoptosis, and an upregulation of profibrogenic factors in BEAS-2B human lung epithelial cells exposed to SiO2. A mechanistic study further demonstrated that the Wnt3a-mediated activation of canonical Wnt signaling could augment the SiO2-induced NOX4 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production but reduced glutathione (GSH), while Wnt inhibitor DKK1 exhibited an opposite effect to Wnt3a. Vice versa, an overexpression of NOX4 further activated SiO2-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling and NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response along with a reduction of GSH, whereas the shRNA-mediated knockdown of NOX4 showed an opposite effect to NOX4 overexpression. These results imply a positive feed forward loop between Wnt/β-catenin and NOX4 signaling that may promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung epithelial cells in response to an exposure of silica dust, which may thus provide an insight into the profibrogenic role of Wnt/β-catenin and NOX4 crosstalk in lung epithelial cell injury and pathogenesis of silicosis.
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14
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Watson WH, Greenwell JC, Zheng Y, Furmanek S, Torres-Gonzalez E, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J. Impact of sex, age and diet on the cysteine/cystine and glutathione/glutathione disulfide plasma redox couples in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108431. [PMID: 32615368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age, sex and diet are well-established risk factors for several diseases. In humans, each of these variables has been linked to differences in plasma redox potentials (Eh) of the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) redox couples. Mice have been very useful for modeling human disease processes, but it is unknown if age, sex and diet affect redox couples in mice as they do in humans. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of these factors on plasma redox potentials in C57BL/6J mice. We found that age had no effect on either redox couple in either sex. Plasma Eh Cys/CySS and Eh GSH/GSSG were both more oxidized (more positive) in females than in males. A 24-hour fast negated the sex differences in both redox potentials by oxidizing both redox couples in male mice, while having no effect on Eh Cys/CySS and a smaller effect on Eh GSH/GSSG in female mice. A diet with excess sulfur amino acids reduced the plasma Eh Cys/CySS in females to a level comparable to that seen in male mice. Thus, sex-specific differences in plasma Eh Cys/CySS could be normalized by two different dietary interventions. Some of these findings are consistent with reported human studies, while others are not. Most strikingly, mice do not exhibit age-dependent oxidation of plasma redox potentials. Care must be taken when designing and interpreting mouse studies to investigate redox regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John C Greenwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Stephen Furmanek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Edilson Torres-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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15
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Janssen-Heininger Y, Reynaert NL, van der Vliet A, Anathy V. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and glutathione therapeutics in chronic lung diseases. Redox Biol 2020; 33:101516. [PMID: 32249209 PMCID: PMC7251249 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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16
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Otoupalova E, Smith S, Cheng G, Thannickal VJ. Oxidative Stress in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:509-547. [PMID: 32163196 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been linked to various disease states as well as physiological aging. The lungs are uniquely exposed to a highly oxidizing environment and have evolved several mechanisms to attenuate oxidative stress. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive age-related disorder that leads to architectural remodeling, impaired gas exchange, respiratory failure, and death. In this article, we discuss cellular sources of oxidant production, and antioxidant defenses, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. We outline the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF and how oxidative stress contributes to fibrosis. Further, we link oxidative stress to the biology of aging that involves DNA damage responses, loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. We discuss the recent findings on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in specific fibrotic processes such as macrophage polarization and immunosenescence, alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and senescence, myofibroblast differentiation and senescence, and alterations in the acellular extracellular matrix. Finally, we provide an overview of the current preclinical studies and clinical trials targeting oxidative stress in fibrosis and potential new strategies for future therapeutic interventions. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:509-547, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Otoupalova
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sam Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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17
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Jacquet A, Robinson C. Proteolytic, lipidergic and polysaccharide molecular recognition shape innate responses to house dust mite allergens. Allergy 2020; 75:33-53. [PMID: 31166610 DOI: 10.1111/all.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
House dust mites (HDMs) are sources of an extensive repertoire of allergens responsible for a range of allergic conditions. Technological advances have accelerated the identification of these allergens and characterized their putative roles within HDMs. Understanding their functional bioactivities is illuminating how they interact with the immune system to cause disease and how interrelations between them are essential to maximize allergic responses. Two types of allergen bioactivity, namely proteolysis and peptidolipid/lipid binding, elicit IgE and stimulate bystander responses to unrelated allergens. Much of this influence arises from Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 or TLR2 signalling and, in the case of protease allergens, the activation of additional pleiotropic effectors with strong disease linkage. Of related interest is the interaction of HDM allergens with common components of the house dust matrix, through either their binding to allergens or their autonomous modulation of immune receptors. Herein, we provide a contemporary view of how proteolysis, lipid-binding activity and interactions with polysaccharides and polysaccharide molecular recognition systems coordinate the principal responses which underlie allergy. The power of the catalytically competent group 1 HDM protease allergen component is demonstrated by a review of disclosures surrounding the efficacy of novel inhibitors produced by structure-based design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Jacquet
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center-Chula VRC) Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Clive Robinson
- Institute for Infection and Immunity St George's, University of London London UK
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18
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Elko EA, Mahoney JM, Vacek P, van der Vliet A, Anathy V, van der Velden JLJL, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Seward DJ. Age-dependent dysregulation of redox genes may contribute to fibrotic pulmonary disease susceptibility. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:438-446. [PMID: 31315063 PMCID: PMC6820706 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with enhanced oxidative stress and increased susceptibility to numerous diseases. This relationship is particularly striking with respect to the incidence of fibrotic lung disease. To identify potential mechanisms underlying the association between aging and susceptibility to fibrotic lung disease we analyzed transcriptome data from 342 disease-free human lung samples as a function of donor age. Our analysis reveals that aging in lung is accompanied by modest yet progressive changes in genes modulating redox homeostasis, the TGF-beta 1 signaling axis, and the extracellular matrix (ECM), pointing to an aging lung functional network (ALFN). Further, the transcriptional changes we document are tissue-specific, with age-dependent gene expression patterns differing across organ systems. Our findings suggest that the age-associated increased incidence of fibrotic pulmonary disease occurs in the context of tissue-specific, age-dependent transcriptional changes. Understanding the relationship between age-associated gene expression and susceptibility to fibrotic pulmonary disease may allow for more accurate risk stratification and effective therapeutic interventions within this challenging clinical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - J Matthew Mahoney
- Department of Neurological Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Pamela Vacek
- Medical Biostatistics, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jos L J L van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | | | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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19
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Lee EJ, Cárdenes N, Álvarez D, Sellarés J, Sembrat J, Aranda P, Peng Y, Bullock J, Nouraie SM, Mora AL, Rojas M. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce ER stress via PERK-Nrf2 pathway in an aged mouse model. Respirology 2019; 25:417-426. [PMID: 31364255 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to ameliorate the deleterious effects of bleomycin in murine models. However, the mechanism responsible for protection from pulmonary fibrosis by stem cell therapy is still poorly understood, especially in terms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesized that during bleomycin-induced lung injury, markers of ER stress, specifically the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), increase during injury, resembling the kinetics of collagen deposition in the lung described for the bleomycin model. We aimed to elucidate the possible role of MSC in ER stress modulation. METHODS To determine the kinetics of ER stress in aged mice, the expression of ER stress markers after bleomycin lung injury was measured in old mice at different time points (days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21). To evaluate the consequences of systemic delivery of MSC on lung ER stress in the bleomycin model, we evaluated changes in body weight, lung histology and protein expression of ER stress markers. RESULTS The level of expression of UPR transcription factor XBP-1 and its regulator BiP was elevated at day 7 and progressively increased up to day 21. MSC inhibited BiP expression in bleomycin-induced ER stress, attenuating ER stress via the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-Nrf2 pathway. The expression levels of other ER stress markers were not perturbed by MSC. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that MSC operate on ER stress via several pathways, but the PERK-Nrf2 pathway revealed to be the main functioning pathway in our bleomycin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Lee
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayra Cárdenes
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diana Álvarez
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacobo Sellarés
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Interstitial Lung Disease Program, Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Sembrat
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paola Aranda
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yating Peng
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jordan Bullock
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seyed M Nouraie
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana L Mora
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Vascular Medicine Institute University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Vascular Medicine Institute University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Chen L, Chao Y, Cheng P, Li N, Zheng H, Yang Y. UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Reveals the Protective Mechanism of Hydrogen on Mice with Ischemic Stroke. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1950-1963. [PMID: 31236794 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a reductive gas, hydrogen plays an antioxidant role by selectively scavenging oxygen free radicals. It has been reported that hydrogen has protective effects against nerve damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion in stroke, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the protective effects of hydrogen on stroke-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury and its detailed mechanism. Two weeks after the inhalation of high concentrations (66.7%) of hydrogen, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in mice using the thread occlusion technique to establish an animal model of the focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Then, a metabolomics analysis of mouse cerebral cortex tissues was first performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) to study the metabolic changes and protective mechanisms of hydrogen on stroke ischemia-reperfusion injury. According to the metabolomic profiling of cortex tissues, 29 different endogenous metabolites were screened, including palmitoyl-L-carnitine, citric acid, glutathione, taurine, acetyl-L-carnitine, N-acetylaspartylglutamic acid (NAAG), L-aspartic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE). Through pathway analysis, the metabolic pathways were concentrate on the glutathione pathway and the taurine pathway, mitochondrial energy metabolism and phospholipid metabolism that related to the oxidative stress process. This result reveals that hydrogen may protect against ischemic stroke by reducing oxidative stress during ischemia-reperfusion, thereby protecting nerve cells from reactive oxygen species(ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufan Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengchao Cheng
- College of Basic Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongnan Zheng
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yajuan Yang
- Department of Nursing, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Allawzi A, Elajaili H, Redente EF, Nozik-Grayck E. Oxidative Toxicology of Bleomycin: Role of the Extracellular Redox Environment. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019; 13:68-73. [PMID: 31289762 PMCID: PMC6615752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bleomycin is a commonly used cancer therapeutic that is associated with oxidative stress leading to pulmonary toxicity. Bleomycin has been used in animal studies to model pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary hypertension secondary to interstitial lung disease. The toxicity with bleomycin is initiated by direct oxidative damage, which then leads to subsequent inflammation and fibrosis mediated by generation of both extracellular ROS and intracellular ROS. While most studies focus on the intracellular ROS implicated in TGFβ signaling and fibrosis, the changes in the extracellular redox environment, particularly with the initiation of early inflammation, is also critical to the pathogenesis of bleomycin induced injury and fibrosis. In this review, we focus on the role of extracellular redox environment in bleomycin toxicity, with attention to the generation of extracellular ROS, alterations in the redox state of extracellular thiols, and the central role of the extracellular isoform of superoxide dismutase in the development of bleomycin induced injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayed Allawzi
- Developmental Lung Biology and Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Hanan Elajaili
- Developmental Lung Biology and Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Elizabeth F. Redente
- Program in Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Developmental Lung Biology and Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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22
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Zheng Y, Ritzenthaler JD, Burke TJ, Otero J, Roman J, Watson WH. Age-dependent oxidation of extracellular cysteine/cystine redox state (E h(Cys/CySS)) in mouse lung fibroblasts is mediated by a decline in Slc7a11 expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 118:13-22. [PMID: 29458149 PMCID: PMC5884717 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with progressive oxidation of the extracellular environment. The redox state of human plasma, defined by the concentrations of cysteine (Cys) and cystine (CySS), becomes more oxidized as we age. Recently, we showed that fibroblasts isolated from the lungs of young and old mice retain this differential phenotype; old cells produce and maintain a more oxidizing extracellular redox potential (Eh(Cys/CySS)) than young cells. Microarray analysis identified down-regulation of Slc7a11, the light subunit of the CySS/glutamate transporter, as a potential mediator of age-related oxidation in these cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanistic link between Slc7a11 expression and extracellular Eh(Cys/CySS). Sulforaphane treatment or overexpression of Slc7a11 was used to increase Slc7a11 in lung fibroblasts from old mice, and sulfasalazine treatment or siRNA-mediated knock down was used to decrease Slc7a11 in young fibroblasts. Slc7a11 mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR, Slc7a11 activity was determined by measuring the rate of glutamate release, Cys, CySS, glutathione (GSH) and its disulfide (GSSG) were measured by HPLC, and Eh(Cys/CySS) was calculated from the Nernst equation. The results showed that both Eh(Cys/CySS) and Eh(GSH/GSSG) were more oxidized in the conditioned media of old cells than in young cells. Up-regulation of Slc7a11 via overexpression or sulforaphane treatment restored extracellular Eh(Cys/CySS) in cultures of old cells, whereas down-regulation reproduced the oxidizing Eh(Cys/CySS) in young cells. Only sulforaphane treatment was able to increase total GSH and restore Eh(GSH/GSSG), whereas overexpression, knock down and sulfasalazine had no effect on these parameters. In addition, inhibition of GSH synthesis with buthionine sulfoximine had no effect on the ability of cells to restore their extracellular redox potential in response to an oxidative challenge. In conclusion, our study reveals Slc7a11 is the key regulator of age-dependent changes in extracellular Eh(Cys/CySS) in primary mouse lung fibroblasts, and its effects are not dependent on GSH synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Tom J Burke
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Javier Otero
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 800 Zorn Avenue, Louisville, KY 40206, United States.
| | - Walter H Watson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 550 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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Zhong W, Weiss HL, Jayswal RD, Hensley PJ, Downes LM, St Clair DK, Chaiswing L. Extracellular redox state shift: A novel approach to target prostate cancer invasion. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 117:99-109. [PMID: 29421238 PMCID: PMC5845758 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) and the cysteine/glutamate transporter (Cys)/(xCT) are tumor microenvironment (TME) redox state homeostasis regulators. Altered expression of ECSOD and xCT can lead to imbalance of the TME redox state and likely have a profound effect on cancer invasion. In the present study, we investigated whether ECSOD and xCT could be therapeutic targets for prostate cancer (PCa) invasion. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry of tumor microarray PCa tissues (N = 165) with high Gleason scores indicated that xCT protein expression is significantly increased while ECSOD protein expression is significantly decreased. Metastatic PCa indicated ECSOD protein expression is significantly decreased in epithelial area whereas xCT protein expression is significantly increased in stromal area. Furthermore, inhibition of extracellular O2•- by overexpression of ECSOD or alteration of the extracellular Cys/CySS ratio by knockdown of xCT protein inhibited PCa cell invasion. Simultaneous overexpression of ECSOD and knockdown xCT inhibited PCa cell invasion more than overexpression of ECSOD or knockdown of xCT alone. In the co-culturing system, simultaneous overexpression of ECSOD and knockdown of xCT in prostate stromal WPMY-1 cells inhibited PCa cell invasiveness more than overexpression of ECSOD alone. The decrease in PCa invasion correlated with increased of extracellular H2O2 levels. Notably, overexpression of catalase in TME reversed the inhibitory effect of ECSOD on cancer cell invasion. CONCLUSION Impaired ECSOD activity and an upregulated of xCT protein expression may be clinical features of an aggressive PCa, particularly metastatic cancers and/or those with a high Gleason score. Therefore, shifting the extracellular redox state toward an oxidizing status by targeted modulation of ECSOD and xCT, in both cancer and stromal cells, may provide a greater strategy for potential therapeutic interventions of aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heidi L Weiss
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Rani D Jayswal
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | | | - Laura M Downes
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Luksana Chaiswing
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA.
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24
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Wei Z, Caty J, Whitson J, Zhang AD, Srinivasagan R, Kavanagh TJ, Yan H, Fan X. Reduced Glutathione Level Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Lens Epithelial Cells via a Wnt/β-Catenin-Mediated Pathway: Relevance for Cataract Therapy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2399-2412. [PMID: 28827139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification because of remnant lens epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and transformation after cataract surgery. The latter, we hypothesize, may result in posterior capsule wrinkling and opacification because of a profound change in the lens growth environment via a 1000-fold reduction of extracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the EMT process in cell culture and GSH biosynthesis deficiency mouse models. Our data indicate a dramatic increase of pro-EMT markers, such as type I collagen, α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and fibronectin, under conditions of lens GSH depletion. Further study suggests that decreased GSH triggers the Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway, independent of transforming growth factor-β. Equally important, the antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine and GSH ethyl ester could significantly attenuate the EMT signaling stimulated by decreased GSH levels. These findings were further confirmed by mock cataract surgery in both gamma glutamyl-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit, and gamma glutamyl-cysteine ligase, modifier subunit, knockout mouse models. Remarkably, increased EMT marker expression, β-catenin activation, and translocation into the nucleus were found in both knockout mice compared with the wild type, and such increased expression could be significantly attenuated by N-acetyl cysteine or GSH ethyl ester treatment. This study, for the first time we believe, links oxidative stress to lens fibrosis and posterior capsular opacification formation via EMT-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbo Wei
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jane Caty
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jeremy Whitson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amy D Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingjun Fan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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25
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Zhong H, Li H, Liu G, Wan H, Mercier Y, Zhang X, Lin Y, Che L, Xu S, Tang L, Tian G, Chen D, Wu D, Fang Z. Increased maternal consumption of methionine as its hydroxyl analog promoted neonatal intestinal growth without compromising maternal energy homeostasis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:46. [PMID: 27499853 PMCID: PMC4975900 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine responses of neonatal intestine to maternal increased consumption of DL-methionine (DLM) or DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (HMTBA), eighteen primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were allocated based on body weight and backfat thickness to the control, DLM and HMTBA groups (n = 6), with the nutritional treatments introduced from postpartum d0 to d14. RESULTS The DLM-fed sows showed negative energy balance manifested by lost bodyweight, lower plasma glucose, subdued tricarboxylic acid cycle, and increased plasma lipid metabolites levels. Both villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth averaged across the small intestine of piglets were higher in the DLM and HMTBA groups than in the control group. Piglet jejunal oxidized glutathione concentration and ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione were lower in the HMTBA group than in the DLM and control groups. However, piglet jejunal aminopeptidase A, carnitine transporter 2 and IGF-II precursor mRNA abundances were higher in the DLM group than in the HMTBA and control groups. CONCLUSION Increasing maternal consumption of methionine as DLM and HMTBA promoted neonatal intestinal growth by increasing morphological development or up-regulating expression of genes responsible for nutrient metabolism. And increasing maternal consumption of HMTBA promoted neonatal intestinal antioxidant capacity without compromising maternal energy homeostasis during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heju Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Haifeng Wan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | | | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014 China
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26
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Abstract
Disulfide bonds represent versatile posttranslational modifications whose roles encompass the structure, catalysis, and regulation of protein function. Due to the oxidizing nature of the extracellular environment, disulfide bonds found in secreted proteins were once believed to be inert. This notion has been challenged by the discovery of redox-sensitive disulfides that, once cleaved, can lead to changes in protein activity. These functional disulfides are twisted into unique configurations, leading to high strain and potential energy. In some cases, cleavage of these disulfides can lead to a gain of function in protein activity. Thus, these motifs can be referred to as switches. We describe the couples that control redox in the extracellular environment, examine several examples of proteins with switchable disulfides, and discuss the potential applications of disulfides in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; ,
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; , .,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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27
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Lung extracellular matrix and redox regulation. Redox Biol 2016; 8:305-15. [PMID: 26938939 PMCID: PMC4777985 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis affects millions worldwide and, even though there has been a significant investment in understanding the processes involved in wound healing and maladaptive repair, a complete understanding of the mechanisms responsible for lung fibrogenesis eludes us, and interventions capable of reversing or halting disease progression are not available. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the excessive expression and uncontrolled deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins resulting in erosion of the tissue structure. Initially considered an 'end-stage' process elicited after injury, these events are now considered pathogenic and are believed to contribute to the course of the disease. By interacting with integrins capable of signal transduction and by influencing tissue mechanics, ECM proteins modulate processes ranging from cell adhesion and migration to differentiation and growth factor expression. In doing so, ECM proteins help orchestrate complex developmental processes and maintain tissue homeostasis. However, poorly controlled deposition of ECM proteins promotes inflammation, fibroproliferation, and aberrant differentiation of cells, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, atherosclerosis and cancer. Considering their vital functions, ECM proteins are the target of investigation, and oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions have emerged as important regulators of the ECM. Oxidative stress invariably accompanies lung disease and promotes ECM expression directly or through the overproduction of pro-fibrotic growth factors, while affecting integrin binding and activation. In vitro and in vivo investigations point to redox reactions as targets for intervention in pulmonary fibrosis and related disorders, but studies in humans have been disappointing probably due to the narrow impact of the interventions tested, and our poor understanding of the factors that regulate these complex reactions. This review is not meant to provide a comprehensive review of this field, but rather to highlight what has been learned and to raise interest in this area in need of much attention.
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28
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Mohamed WA, Schaalan MF, El-Abhar HS. Camel Milk: Potential Utility as an Adjunctive Therapy to Peg-IFN/RBV in HCV-4 Infected Patients in Egypt. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:1305-13. [PMID: 26492130 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1087041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present prospective study aims to investigate the potential therapeutic effect and the underlying mechanisms of drinking camel milk for 60 days as an adjunctive therapy to the standard treatment PEG/RBV. Twenty-five hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected Egyptian patients, with mild to moderate parenchymal affection to mild cirrhosis were enrolled in this study after proper history taking and clinical examination. Their biomarkers were evaluated before and after the addition of camel milk. The improving effect of camel milk was reflected on the marked inhibition of the serum levels of the proinflammatory markers, viz., tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, hyaluronic acid, and TGF-β1, besides PCR, AST, ALT, GGT, bilirubin, prothrombin time, INR, and alpha-fetoprotein. In addition, camel milk elevated significantly (P < 0.001) the serum levels of albumin, the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2, the total antioxidant capacity, interleukin-10, and vitamin D. In conclusion, our study revealed a regulatory function of camel milk on multiple parameters of inflammatory mediators, immunomodulators, antiapoptosis, and antioxidants, giving insight into the potential therapeutic benefit underlying the anti-HCV actions of camel milk. The limitations of the current study include the small sample size recruited and the failure to test it on cohorts with severe stages of hepatitis; like Child-Pugh stage C, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid A Mohamed
- a Department of Chemistry , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mona F Schaalan
- b Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hanan S El-Abhar
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
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29
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Liu RM, Desai LP. Reciprocal regulation of TGF-β and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis. Redox Biol 2015; 6:565-577. [PMID: 26496488 PMCID: PMC4625010 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad pathway is believed to play a central role in TGF-β's fibrogenesis, emerging evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate TGF-β's signaling through different pathways including Smad pathway. TGF-β1 increases ROS production and suppresses antioxidant enzymes, leading to a redox imbalance. ROS, in turn, induce/activate TGF-β1 and mediate many of TGF-β's fibrogenic effects, forming a vicious cycle (see graphic flow chart on the right). Here, we review the current knowledge on the feed-forward mechanisms between TGF-β1 and ROS in the development of fibrosis. Therapeutics targeting TGF-β-induced and ROS-dependent cellular signaling represents a novel approach in the treatment of fibrotic disorders. TGF-β1 is the most potent ubiquitous profibrogenic cytokine. TGF- β 1 induces redox imbalance by ↑ ROS production and ↓ anti-oxidant defense system Redox imbalance, in turn, activates latent TGF-β1 and induces TGF-β1 expression. Redox imbalance also mediates many of TGF-β1’s profibrogenic effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Leena P Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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30
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Huang H, Dai HP, Kang J, Chen BY, Sun TY, Xu ZJ. Double-Blind Randomized Trial of Pirfenidone in Chinese Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1600. [PMID: 26496265 PMCID: PMC4620844 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lacks effective treatment. Pirfenidone has been used to treat IPF patients. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) exerts antioxidant and antifibrotic effects on IPF cases.This study is a double-blind, modified placebo-controlled, randomized phase II trial of pirfenidone in Chinese IPF patients. We randomly assigned the enrolled Chinese IPF patients with mild to moderate impairment of pulmonary function to receive either oral pirfenidone (1800 mg per day) and NAC (1800 mg per day) or placebo and NAC (1800 mg per day) for 48 weeks. The primary endpoints were the changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) and walking distance and the lowest SPO2 during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) at week 48. The key secondary endpoint was the progression-free survival time. This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as number NCT01504334.Eighty-six patients were screened, and 76 cases were enrolled (pirfenidone + NAC: 38; placebo + NAC: 38). The effect of pirfenidone treatment was significant at the 24th week, but this effect did not persist to the 48th week. At the 24th week, the mean decline in both FVC and ΔSPO2 (%) during the 6MWT in the pirfenidone group was lower than that in the control group (-0.08 ± 0.20 L vs -0.22 ± 0.29 L, P = 0.02 and -3.44% ± 4.51% vs -6.29% ± 6.06%, P = 0.03, respectively). However, there was no significant difference between these 2 groups at the 48th week (-0.15 ± 0.25 L vs -0.25 ± 0.28 L, P = 0.11 and -4.25% ± 7.27% vs -5.31% ± 5.49%, P = 0.51, respectively). The pirfenidone treatment group did not achieve the maximal distance difference on the 6MWT at either the 24th or the 48th week. But pirfenidone treatment prolonged the progression-free survival time in the IPF patients (hazard ratio = 1.88, 95% confidence interval: 1.092-3.242, P = 0.02). In the pirfenidone group, the adverse event (AE) rate (52.63%) was higher than that in the control group (26.3%, P = 0.03). Rash was more common in the pirfenidone group (39.5% vs 13.2%, P = 0.02).Compared with placebo combined with high-dose NAC, pirfenidone combined with high-dose NAC prolonged the progression-free survival of Chinese IPF patients with mild to moderate impairment of pulmonary function. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01504334).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- From the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (HH, ZJX); Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing (HPD); Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang (JK); Department of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin (BYC); and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China (TYS)
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31
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Potential Role of the Gut/Liver/Lung Axis in Alcohol-Induced Tissue Pathology. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2477-503. [PMID: 26437442 PMCID: PMC4693244 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) and alcohol-related susceptibility to acute lung injury are estimated to account for the highest morbidity and mortality related to chronic alcohol abuse and, thus, represent a focus of intense investigation. In general, alcohol-induced derangements to both organs are considered to be independent and are often evaluated separately. However, the liver and lung share many general responses to damage, and specific responses to alcohol exposure. For example, both organs possess resident macrophages that play key roles in mediating the immune/inflammatory response. Additionally, alcohol-induced damage to both organs appears to involve oxidative stress that favors tissue injury. Another mechanism that appears to be shared between the organs is that inflammatory injury to both organs is enhanced by alcohol exposure. Lastly, altered extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition appears to be a key step in disease progression in both organs. Indeed, recent studies suggest that early subtle changes in the ECM may predispose the target organ to an inflammatory insult. The purpose of this chapter is to review the parallel mechanisms of liver and lung injury in response to alcohol consumption. This chapter will also explore the potential that these mechanisms are interdependent, as part of a gut-liver-lung axis.
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32
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Okamura DM, Pennathur S. The balance of powers: Redox regulation of fibrogenic pathways in kidney injury. Redox Biol 2015; 6:495-504. [PMID: 26448394 PMCID: PMC4600846 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diverse chronic inflammatory disorders including diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease, aging, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with moderate to advanced CKD have markedly increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation that likely contribute to the unacceptable high rates of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess of the capacity of cells/tissues to detoxify or scavenge them. Such a state of oxidative stress may alter the structure/function of cellular macromolecules and tissues that eventually leads to organ dysfunction. The harmful effects of ROS have been largely attributed to its indiscriminate, stochastic effects on the oxidation of protein, lipids, or DNA but in many instances the oxidants target particular amino acid residues or lipid moieties. Oxidant mechanisms are intimately involved in cell signaling and are linked to several key redox-sensitive signaling pathways in fibrogenesis. Dysregulation of antioxidant mechanisms and overproduction of ROS not only promotes a fibrotic milieu but leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and further exacerbates kidney injury. Our studies support the hypothesis that unique reactive intermediates generated in localized microenvironments of vulnerable tissues such as the kidney activate fibrogenic pathways and promote end-organ damage. The ability to quantify these changes and assess response to therapies will be pivotal in understanding disease mechanisms and monitoring efficacy of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl M Okamura
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- University of Michigan, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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33
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Massey VL, Poole LG, Siow DL, Torres E, Warner NL, Schmidt RH, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J, Arteel GE. Chronic Alcohol Exposure Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Injury in Mice: Potential Role of Systemic Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1978-88. [PMID: 26380957 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that liver and lung injury can occur simultaneously during severe inflammation (e.g., multiple organ failure). However, whether these are parallel or interdependent (i.e., liver-lung axis) mechanisms is unclear. Previous studies have shown that chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption greatly increases mortality in the setting of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). The potential contribution of subclinical liver disease in driving this effect of EtOH on the lung remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of chronic EtOH exposure on concomitant liver and lung injury. METHODS Male mice were exposed to EtOH-containing Lieber-DeCarli diet or pair-fed control diet for 6 weeks. Some animals were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 4 or 24 hours prior to sacrifice to mimic sepsis-induced ALI. Some animals received the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-blocking drug, etanercept, for the duration of alcohol exposure. The expression of cytokine mRNA in lung and liver tissue was determined by quantitative PCR. Cytokine levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma were determined by Luminex assay. RESULTS As expected, the combination of EtOH and LPS caused liver injury, as indicated by significantly increased levels of the transaminases alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase in the plasma and by changes in liver histology. In the lung, EtOH preexposure enhanced pulmonary inflammation and alveolar hemorrhage caused by LPS. These changes corresponded with unique alterations in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the liver (i.e., TNF-α) and lung (i.e., macrophage inflammatory protein-2 [MIP-2], keratinocyte chemoattractant [KC]). Systemic depletion of TNF-α (etanercept) blunted injury and the increase in MIP-2 and KC caused by the combination of EtOH and LPS in the lung. CONCLUSIONS Chronic EtOH preexposure enhanced both liver and lung injury caused by LPS. Enhanced organ injury corresponded with unique changes in the pro-inflammatory cytokine expression profiles in the liver and the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Massey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lauren G Poole
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Deanna L Siow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Edilson Torres
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nikole L Warner
- Department of Micriobiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robin H Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jesse Roman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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34
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Proteomic analysis of amino acid metabolism differences between wild and cultivated Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:113-20. [PMID: 27158231 PMCID: PMC4845045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to compare the relative abundance of proteins and amino acid metabolites to explore the mechanisms underlying the difference between wild and cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) at the amino acid level. Methods Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation were used to identify the differential abundance of proteins between wild and cultivated ginseng. Total amino acids in wild and cultivated ginseng were compared using an automated amino acid analyzer. The activities of amino acid metabolism-related enzymes and the contents of intermediate metabolites between wild and cultivated ginseng were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and spectrophotometric methods. Results Our results showed that the contents of 14 types of amino acids were higher in wild ginseng compared with cultivated ginseng. The amino acid metabolism-related enzymes and their derivatives, such as glutamate decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine, all had high levels of accumulation in wild ginseng. The accumulation of sulfur amino acid synthesis-related proteins, such as methionine synthase, was also higher in wild ginseng. In addition, glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle-related enzymes as well as their intermediates had high levels of accumulation in wild ginseng. Conclusion This study elucidates the differences in amino acids between wild and cultivated ginseng. These results will provide a reference for further studies on the medicinal functions of wild ginseng.
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Changes in plasma amino acid profiles, growth performance and intestinal antioxidant capacity of piglets following increased consumption of methionine as its hydroxy analogue. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:855-67. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451400172x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether early weaning-induced growth retardation could be attenuated by increased consumption of methionine as dl-methionine (DLM) or dl-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyrate (HMTBA) in both lactating sows and weaned piglets. Therefore, diets containing DLM and HMTBA at 25 % of the total sulphur-containing amino acids (AA) present in the control (CON) diet were fed to lactating sows and weaned piglets and their responses were evaluated. Compared with the CON diet-fed sows, the HMTBA diet-fed sows exhibited a tendency (P< 0·10) towards higher plasma taurine concentrations and the DLM diet-fed sows had higher (P< 0·05) plasma taurine concentrations, but lower (P< 0·05) isoleucine concentrations. Suckling piglets in the HMTBA treatment group had higher (P< 0·05) intestinal reduced glutathione (GSH) content, lower (P< 0·05) oxidised glutathione (GSSG):GSH ratio, and higher (P< 0·05) plasma cysteine and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity than those in the CON and DLM treatment groups. The feed intake (P< 0·05) and body weight of piglets averaged across post-weaning (PW) days were higher (P< 0·05) in the HMTBA treatment group than in the DLM treatment group and were higher (P< 0·05) and tended (P< 0·10) to be higher, respectively, in the HMTBA treatment group than in the CON treatment group. Increased (P< 0·05) GSSG content and GSSG:GSH ratio and down-regulated (P< 0·05) expression of nutrient transport genes were observed in the jejunum of piglets on PW day 7 than on PW day 0. On PW day 14, the HMTBA diet-fed piglets had higher (P< 0·05) intestinal GSH content than the CON diet-fed piglets and higher (P< 0·05) plasma GPx activity, villus height and goblet cell numbers than the CON diet- and DLM diet-fed piglets. In conclusion, early weaning-induced growth retardation appears to be attenuated through changes in plasma AA profiles and elevation of growth performance and intestinal antioxidant capacity in piglets following increased consumption of methionine as HMTBA.
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Wang J, Wu C, Zhou J, Cai H, Liu Q, Wang P. A photovoltage-based integrated sensor for extracellular redox potential measurement and acidification detection. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Matrix biology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a workshop report of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1643-51. [PMID: 24726499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is excessive and disordered deposition of extracellular matrix. Although the lung extracellular matrix normally plays an essential role in development and maintenance of lung tissue through reciprocal interactions with resident cells, the disordered matrix in the diseased lung is increasingly recognized as an active and important contributor to IPF pathogenesis. This working group summary from a recently conducted National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute strategic planning workshop for IPF research highlights recent advances, challenges, and opportunities in the study of matrix biology in IPF. Particular attention is given to the composition and mechanical properties of the matrix in normal and diseased lungs, and the biochemical and biomechanical influences exerted by pathological matrix. Recently developed model systems are also summarized as key tools for advancing our understanding of matrix biology in IPF. Emerging approaches to therapeutically target the matrix in preclinical and clinical settings are discussed, as are important concepts, such as alterations of the matrix with aging and the potential for the resolution of fibrosis. Specific recommendations for future studies in matrix biology of IPF are also proposed.
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Rojas M, Cárdenes N, Kocyildirim E, Tedrow JR, Cáceres E, Deans R, Ting A, Bermúdez C. Human adult bone marrow-derived stem cells decrease severity of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in sheep. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:42. [PMID: 24670268 PMCID: PMC4055116 DOI: 10.1186/scrt430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common cause of respiratory failure among critically ill subjects, sepsis and severe bacterial pneumonia being its most common causes. The only interventions that have proven beneficial are protective ventilation strategies and fluid conservation approaches. New therapies are needed to address this common clinical problem. Others and we have previously shown the beneficial effect of infusion of exogenous adult stem cells in different pre-clinical models of ARDS. METHODS In the present study endotoxin was infused intravenously into 14 sheep from which 6 received different doses of adult stem cells by intrabronchial delivery to evaluate the effect of stem cell therapy. RESULTS After administration of endotoxin, there was a rapid decline in oxygenation to hypoxemic values, indicative of severe-to-moderate ARDS. None of the animals treated with saline solution recovered to normal baseline values during the 6 hours that the animals were followed. In contrast, sheep treated with a dose of 40 million adult stem cells returned their levels of oxygen in their blood to baseline two hours after the cells were infused. Similarly, improvements in carbon dioxide (CO2) clearance, pulmonary vascular pressures and inflammation were observed and confirmed by histology and by the decrease in lung edema. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that instillation of adult non-hematopoietic stem cells can diminish the impact of endotoxin and accelerate recovery of oxygenation, CO2 removal and inflammation in the ovine model, making the use of adult stem cells a real alternative for future therapies for ARDS.
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Ziady AG, Hansen J. Redox balance in cystic fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 52:113-23. [PMID: 24657650 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The homeostatic balance between oxidants and antioxidants in biological systems is known as redox balance, and is regulated by complex processes. Redox balance regulates many of the known cellular pathways and disease processes. The dysregulation of redox balance can lead to acute or long-term oxidative or reductive stresses that are associated with many of the abnormalities observed in cystic fibrosis (CF). Over the past 5 decades researchers have examined contributors to redox dysregulation, their molecular products, and their impact on ion transport, cell proliferation, inflammation, bacterial killing, and the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids in CF. CF patients exhibit elevated markers of oxidative stress when compared to non-CF healthy controls; however, whether the reported redox imbalance is sufficient to produce pathology has been controversial. In addition, comparisons between CF and non-CF disease controls have been lacking. To better understand the mechanisms which mediate the generation of oxidants and antioxidants in CF and the importance of their balance in effecting oxidative or reductive stress, we will review the determinants of redox balance in the blood, lumen, and cellular compartments. From the perspective of methodological application, we will focus on the approaches most often used to study oxidant and antioxidants in CF, including biochemical, proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic studies, with a discussion of the few transcriptomic analyses that predict changes in the expression of regulators of redox. Finally, we will discuss the utility of oxidants and antioxidants as biomarkers of disease and the use of antioxidant therapy in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assem G Ziady
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jason Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Tobwala S, Fan W, Stoeger T, Ercal N. N-acetylcysteine amide, a thiol antioxidant, prevents bleomycin-induced toxicity in human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549). Free Radic Res 2013; 47:740-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.819974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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A central role for thiols in plant tolerance to abiotic stress. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7405-32. [PMID: 23549272 PMCID: PMC3645693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress poses major problems to agriculture and increasing efforts are being made to understand plant stress response and tolerance mechanisms and to develop new tools that underpin successful agriculture. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant stress tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. Here, we review the significance of protein and non-protein thiol compounds in relation to plant tolerance of abiotic stress. First, the roles of the amino acids cysteine and methionine, are discussed, followed by an extensive discussion of the low-molecular-weight tripeptide, thiol glutathione, which plays a central part in plant stress response and oxidative signalling and of glutathione-related enzymes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of non-protein thiol compounds. Special attention is given to the glutathione redox state, to phytochelatins and to the role of glutathione in the regulation of the cell cycle. The protein thiol section focuses on glutaredoxins and thioredoxins, proteins with oxidoreductase activity, which are involved in protein glutathionylation. The review concludes with a brief overview of and future perspectives for the involvement of plant thiols in abiotic stress tolerance.
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Patel RB, Kotha SR, Sauers LA, Malireddy S, Gurney TO, Gupta NN, Elton TS, Magalang UJ, Marsh CB, Haley BE, Parinandi NL. Thiol-redox antioxidants protect against lung vascular endothelial cytoskeletal alterations caused by pulmonary fibrosis inducer, bleomycin: comparison between classical thiol-protectant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and novel thiol antioxidant, N,N'-bis-2-mercaptoethyl isophthalamide. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:383-96. [PMID: 22409285 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.673089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung vascular alterations and pulmonary hypertension associated with oxidative stress have been reported to be involved in idiopathic lung fibrosis (ILF). Therefore, here, we hypothesize that the widely used lung fibrosis inducer, bleomycin, would cause cytoskeletal rearrangement through thiol-redox alterations in the cultured lung vascular endothelial cell (EC) monolayers. We exposed the monolayers of primary bovine pulmonary artery ECs to bleomycin (10 µg) and studied the cytotoxicity, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and the macromolecule (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, 70,000 mol. wt.) paracellular transport in the absence and presence of two thiol-redox protectants, the classic water-soluble N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and the novel hydrophobic N,N'-bis-2-mercaptoethyl isophthalamide (NBMI). Our results revealed that bleomycin induced cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase leak), morphological alterations (rounding of cells and filipodia formation), and cytoskeletal rearrangement (actin stress fiber formation and alterations of tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin) in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the formation of reactive oxygen species, loss of thiols (glutathione, GSH), EC barrier dysfunction (decrease of transendothelial electrical resistance), and enhanced paracellular transport (leak) of macromolecules. The observed bleomycin-induced EC alterations were attenuated by both NAC and NBMI, revealing that the novel hydrophobic thiol-protectant, NBMI, was more effective at µM concentrations as compared to the water-soluble NAC that was effective at mM concentrations in offering protection against the bleomycin-induced EC alterations. Overall, the results of the current study suggested the central role of thiol-redox in vascular EC dysfunction associated with ILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi B Patel
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Disulfidicity: A scale to characterize the disulfide bond strength via the hydrogenation thermodynamics. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Torok JA, Brahmajothi MV, Zhu H, Tinch BT, Auten RL, McMahon TJ. Transpulmonary flux of S-nitrosothiols and pulmonary vasodilation during nitric oxide inhalation: role of transport. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:37-43. [PMID: 22323364 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0439oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is used to treat pulmonary hypertension and is being investigated for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates. Extrapulmonary effects of iNO are widely recognized, but the underlying chemistry and pharmacology are poorly understood. Growing evidence suggests that, in addition to acting via diffusion, NO can be converted into nitrosants capable of reacting with endogenous L-cysteine (L-Cys) in the alveolar lining fluid, forming S-nitrosothiol (SNO)-L-cysteine (CSNO). CSNO can then enter cells via the type L amino acid transporter (LAT). To determine the influence of LAT and supplemental L-Cys on the functional activity of iNO and transpulmonary movement of SNOs or other related species, we exposed C57Bl6 mice to nebulized L-Cys or D-cysteine (D-Cys) and/or LAT competitors. Isolated lungs were then perfused with physiologic buffer while effluent was collected to assay perfusate SNOs. Nebulized L-Cys, but not D-Cys, augmented the iNO-induced increase in circulating SNOs in the effluent without altering iNO-induced pulmonary vasodilation. Addition to the perfusate of either L-leucine (L-Leu) or 2-amino-2-norborane carboxylic acid, two distinct LAT competitors, inhibited appearance in the perfusate of SNOs in L-Cys-exposed lungs; a higher concentration of L-Leu significantly inhibited the iNO-induced pulmonary vasodilation as well as SNO accumulation. We conclude that iNO-induced pulmonary vasodilation and the transpulmonary movement of iNO-derived SNOs are mediated in part by formation of extracellular CSNO, uptake by alveolar epithelial LAT, and/or export by LAT from the pulmonary endothelium into the circulation. Therapies that exploit and optimize LAT-dependent SNO transport might improve the efficacy of and clinical outcomes with NO-based therapy by improving systemic SNO delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Torok
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Chaiswing L, Zhong W, Liang Y, Jones DP, Oberley TD. Regulation of prostate cancer cell invasion by modulation of extra- and intracellular redox balance. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:452-61. [PMID: 22120495 PMCID: PMC3253260 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent metabolic profiles of human prostate cancer tissues showed a significant increase in cysteine (Cys) and a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) during cancer progression from low- to high-grade Gleason scores. Cys is primarily localized extracellularly, whereas GSH is present mostly inside the cell. We hypothesized that extra- or intracellular redox state alterations differentially regulate cell invasion in PC3 prostate carcinoma cells versus PrEC normal prostate epithelial cells. Cells were exposed to media with calculated Cys/CySS redox potentials (E(h)CySS) ranging from -60 to -180mV. After 3h exposure to a reducing extracellular redox state (E(h)CySS=-180mV), matrix metalloprotease (MMP), gelatinase, and NADPH oxidase activities increased, correlating with increases in cell invasion, cell migration, and extracellular hydrogen peroxide levels in PC3 cells but not PrECs. Knockdown of NADPH oxidase or MMP with silencing RNAs during cultivation with E(h)CySS=-180mV medium significantly decreased PC3 cell invasion. Modulation of extra- and intracellular redox states by exposure of PC3 cells to Cys/CySS-free medium (approx E(h)CySS=-87mV) containing 500μMN-acetylcysteine resulted in a more reducing intracellular redox state and a significant decrease in cell invasive ability. The decrease in PC3 cell invasion induced by these conditions correlated with a decrease in MMP activity. Our studies demonstrated that an extracellular redox state that was more reducing than a physiologic microenvironment redox state increased PC3 cancer cell invasive ability, whereas an intracellular redox environmental that was more reducing than an intracellular physiologic redox state inhibited PC3 cell invasive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luksana Chaiswing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terry D. Oberley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Gould NS, Min E, Day BJ. Macropinocytosis of extracellular glutathione ameliorates tumor necrosis factor α release in activated macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25704. [PMID: 21991336 PMCID: PMC3185039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of inflammatory lung diseases have abnormally low glutathione (GSH) levels in the airway fluids. Lung macrophages are common mediators of inflammation, make up the majority of cells that are found in the airway epithelial lining fluid (ELF), and are commonly elevated in many lung diseases. Several animal models with altered ELF GSH levels are associated with similar alterations in the intracellular GSH levels of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. The possible mechanisms and outcomes for this association between ELF GSH levels and intracellular BAL cell GSH are unknown. To investigate these issues, macrophages were grown in media supplemented with 500 µM GSH. GSH supplementation resulted in a 2–3 fold increase in macrophage intracellular GSH levels. The increase in macrophage intracellular GSH levels was associated with a significant reduction in NF-κB nuclear translocation and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) release upon LPS stimulation. Furthermore, co-treatment of macrophages with GSH and inhibitors of GSH breakdown or synthesis did not block GSH accumulation. In contrast, treatment with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin dependent endocytosis, and amiloride, an inhibitor of macropinocytosis blocked, at least in part, GSH uptake. Furthermore, using two cigarette smoke exposure paradigms that result in two different GSH levels in the ELF and thus in the BAL cells resulted in modulation of cytokine release when stimulated with LPS ex vivo. These data suggest that macrophages are able to utilize extracellular GSH which can then modulate inflammatory signaling in response to proinflammatory stimuli. This data also suggests the lung can modulate inflammatory responses triggered by proinflammatory stimuli by altering ELF GSH levels and may help explain the dysregulated inflammation associated with lung diseases that have low ELF GSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal S. Gould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elysia Min
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dalmasso G, Nguyen HTT, Ingersoll SA, Ayyadurai S, Laroui H, Charania MA, Yan Y, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. The PepT1-NOD2 signaling pathway aggravates induced colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1334-45. [PMID: 21762661 PMCID: PMC3186842 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The human di/tripeptide transporter human intestinal H-coupled oligonucleotide transporter (hPepT1) is abnormally expressed in colons of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, although its exact role in pathogenesis is unclear. We investigated the contribution of PepT1 to intestinal inflammation in mouse models of colitis and the involvement of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) signaling pathway in the pathogenic activity of colonic epithelial hPepT1. METHODS Transgenic mice were generated in which hPepT1 expression was regulated by the β-actin or villin promoters; colitis was induced using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the inflammatory responses were assessed. The effects of NOD2 deletion in the hPepT1 transgenic mice also was studied to determine the involvement of the PepT1-NOD2 signaling pathway. RESULTS TNBS and DSS induced more severe levels of inflammation in β-actin-hPepT1 transgenic mice than wild-type littermates. Intestinal epithelial cell-specific hPepT1 overexpression in villin-hPepT1 transgenic mice increased the severity of inflammation induced by DSS, but not TNBS. Bone marrow transplantation studies showed that hPepT1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells has an important role in the proinflammatory response. Antibiotics abolished the effect of hPepT1 overexpression on the inflammatory response in DSS-induced colitis in β-actin-hPepT1 and villin-hPepT1 transgenic mice, indicating that commensal bacteria are required to aggravate intestinal inflammation. Nod2-/-, β-actin-hPepT1 transgenic/Nod2-/-, and villin-hPepT1 transgenic/Nod2-/- littermates had similar levels of susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis, indicating that hPepT1 overexpression increased intestinal inflammation in a NOD2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The PepT1-NOD2 signaling pathway is involved in aggravation of DSS-induced colitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Dalmasso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Ingersoll
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saravanan Ayyadurai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hamed Laroui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Moiz A Charania
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yutao Yan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shanthi V Sitaraman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Didier Merlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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Schroer KT, Gibson AM, Sivaprasad U, Bass SA, Ericksen MB, Wills-Karp M, Lecras T, Fitzpatrick AM, Brown LAS, Stringer KF, Hershey GKK. Downregulation of glutathione S-transferase pi in asthma contributes to enhanced oxidative stress. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:539-48. [PMID: 21570714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTPi) is the predominant redox regulator in the lung. Although evidence implicates an important role for GSTPi in asthma, the mechanism for this has remained elusive. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine how GSTPi is regulated in asthma and to elucidate its role in maintaining redox homeostasis. METHODS We elucidated the regulation of GSTPi in children with asthma and used murine models of asthma to determine the role of GSTPi in redox homeostasis. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that GSTPi transcript levels are markedly downregulated in allergen- and IL-13-treated murine models of asthma through signal transducer and activator of transcription 6-dependent and independent pathways. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 was also downregulated in these models. The decrease in GSTPi expression was associated with decreased total glutathione S-transferase activity in the lungs of mice. Examination of cystine intermediates uncovered a functional role for GSTPi in regulating cysteine oxidation, whereby GSTPi-deficient mice exhibited increased oxidative stress (increase in percentage cystine) compared with wild-type mice after allergen challenge. GSTPi expression was similarly downregulated in children with asthma. CONCLUSIONS These data collectively suggest that downregulation of GSTPi after allergen challenge might contribute to the asthma phenotype because of disruption of redox homeostasis and increased oxidative stress. Furthermore, GSTPi might be an important therapeutic target for asthma, and evaluation of GSTPi expression might prove beneficial in identifying patients who would benefit from therapy targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy T Schroer
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Conrad M, Sato H. The oxidative stress-inducible cystine/glutamate antiporter, system x (c) (-) : cystine supplier and beyond. Amino Acids 2011; 42:231-46. [PMID: 21409388 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative stress-inducible cystine/glutamate exchange system, system x (c) (-) , transports one molecule of cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, into cells and thereby releases one molecule of glutamate into the extracellular space. It consists of two protein components, the 4F2 heavy chain, necessary for membrane location of the heterodimer, and the xCT protein, responsible for transport activity. Previously, system x (c) (-) has been regarded to be a mere supplier of cysteine to cells for the synthesis of proteins and the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). In that sense, oxygen, electrophilic agents, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide trigger xCT expression to accommodate with increased oxidative stress by stimulating GSH biosynthesis. However, emerging evidence established that system x (c) (-) may act on its own as a GSH-independent redox system by sustaining a redox cycle over the plasma membrane. Hallmarks of this cycle are cystine uptake, intracellular reduction to cysteine and secretion of the surplus of cysteine into the extracellular space. Consequently, increased levels of extracellular cysteine provide a reducing microenvironment required for proper cell signaling and communication, e.g. as already shown for the mechanism of T cell activation. By contrast, the enhanced release of glutamate in exchange with cystine may trigger neurodegeneration due to glutamate-induced cytotoxic processes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture from the early days of system x (c) (-) research up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Conrad
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Go YM, Jones DP. Cysteine/cystine redox signaling in cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:495-509. [PMID: 21130865 PMCID: PMC3040416 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular thiol/disulfide redox environments are highly regulated in healthy individuals. The major thiol/disulfide redox couple in human plasma is cysteine (Cys) and its disulfide form, cystine (CySS). Oxidation of this redox couple, measured as a more positive steady-state redox potential (E(h)), is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aging, smoking, obesity, and alcohol abuse. Rodent and vascular cell studies show that the extracellular redox state of Cys/CySS (E(h)CySS) can play a vital role in controlling CVD through proinflammatory signaling. This inflammatory signaling is regulated by cell-surface protein redox state and involves mitochondrial oxidation, nuclear factor-κB activation, and elevated expression of genes for monocyte recruitment to endothelial cells. Gene array and proteomics studies reveal the global nature of redox effects, and different cell types, e.g., endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, show cell-specific redox responses with different phenotypic traits, e.g., proliferation and apoptosis, which can contribute to CVD. The critical nature of the proinflammatory redox signaling and cell biology associated with E(h)CySS supports the use of plasma levels of Cys, CySS, and E(h)CySS as key indicators of vascular health. Plasma redox-state-based pharmacologic interventions to control or improve E(h)CySS may be effective in preventing CVD onset or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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