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Li X, Cai P, Tang X, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Rong X. Lactylation Modification in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Function and Mechanism. Metabolites 2024; 14:217. [PMID: 38668345 PMCID: PMC11052226 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is recognized as the primary cause of mortality and morbidity on a global scale, and developing a clear treatment is an important tool for improving it. Cardiometabolic disorder (CMD) is a syndrome resulting from the combination of cardiovascular, endocrine, pro-thrombotic, and inflammatory health hazards. Due to their complex pathological mechanisms, there is a lack of effective diagnostic and treatment methods for cardiac metabolic disorders. Lactylation is a type of post-translational modification (PTM) that plays a regulatory role in various cellular physiological processes by inducing changes in the spatial conformation of proteins. Numerous studies have reported that lactylation modification plays a crucial role in post-translational modifications and is closely related to cardiac metabolic diseases. This article discusses the molecular biology of lactylation modifications and outlines the roles and mechanisms of lactylation modifications in cardiometabolic disorders, offering valuable insights for the diagnosis and treatment of such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.L.); (P.C.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pingdong Cai
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.L.); (P.C.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinyuan Tang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.L.); (P.C.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingzi Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.L.); (P.C.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.L.); (P.C.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; (X.L.); (P.C.); (X.T.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Zhang S, Liu W, Ganz T, Liu S. Exploring the relationship between hyperlactatemia and anemia. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:300-307. [PMID: 38185594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Hyperlactatemia and anemia commonly coexist and their crosstalk is a longstanding mystery with elusive mechanisms involved in physical activities, infections, cancers, and genetic disorders. For instance, hyperlactatemia leads to iron restriction by upregulating hepatic hepcidin expression. Increasing evidence also points to lactate as a crucial signaling molecule rather than merely a metabolic byproduct. Here, we discuss the mutual influence between anemia and hyperlactatemia. This opinion calls for a reconsideration of the multifaceted roles of lactate and lactylation in anemia and emphasizes the need to fill knowledge gaps, including the dose dependence of lactate's effects, its sources, and its subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Center for Iron Disorders, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sijin Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Zhou P, Yu ZC, Cao C, Cui HR, Ding MC, Yang CX, Liao M. Pyruvate maintains and enhances the pro-inflammatory response of microglia caused by glucose deficiency in early stroke. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30524. [PMID: 38226453 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory microglia mainly rely on glycolysis to maintain cytokine production during ischemia, accompanied by an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). The role of energy metabolism in the pro-inflammatory response of microglia is currently unclear. In this study, we tested the response of microglia in mice after cerebral ischemia and simulated an energy environment in vitro using low glucose culture medium. The research results indicate that the expression levels of iNOS and arginase 1 (ARG1) increase in the ischemic mouse brain, but the upregulation of MCT1 expression is mainly present in iNOS positive microglia. In microglia exposed to low glucose conditions, iNOS and MCT1 levels increased, while ARG1 levels decreased. Under the same conditions, knocking down MCT1 in microglia leads to a decrease in iNOS levels, while overexpression of MCT1 leads to the opposite result. The use of NF-κB inhibitors reduced the expression levels of iNOS and MCT1 in microglia. In summary, our data indicate that pyruvate maintains and enhances the NF-κB regulated pro-inflammatory response of microglia induced by low glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Cheng Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huai-Rui Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mao-Chao Ding
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chao-Xian Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Min Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Horikoshi M, Harada K, Tsuno S, Kitaguchi T, Hirai MY, Matsumoto M, Terada S, Tsuboi T. Distinct lactate metabolism between hepatocytes and myotubes revealed by live cell imaging with genetically encoded indicators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 694:149416. [PMID: 38147697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The process of glycolysis breaks down glycogen stored in muscles, producing lactate through pyruvate to generate energy. Excess lactate is then released into the bloodstream. When lactate reaches the liver, it is converted to glucose, which muscles utilize as a substrate to generate ATP. Although the biochemical study of lactate metabolism in hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells has been extensive, the spatial and temporal dynamics of this metabolism in live cells are still unknown. We observed the dynamics of metabolism-related molecules in primary cultured hepatocytes and a skeletal muscle cell line upon lactate overload. Our observations revealed an increase in cytoplasmic pyruvate concentration in hepatocytes, which led to glucose release. Skeletal muscle cells exhibited elevated levels of lactate and pyruvate levels in both the cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix. However, mitochondrial ATP levels remained unaffected, indicating that the increased lactate can be converted to pyruvate but is unlikely to be utilized for ATP production. The findings suggest that excess lactate in skeletal muscle cells is taken up into mitochondria with little contribution to ATP production. Meanwhile, lactate released into the bloodstream can be converted to glucose in hepatocytes for subsequent utilization in skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Horikoshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Kazuki Harada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Saki Tsuno
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan; Dairy Science and Technology Institute, Kyodo Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 20-1 Hirai, Hinode, Tokyo 190-0182, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-city, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Matsumoto
- Dairy Science and Technology Institute, Kyodo Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 20-1 Hirai, Hinode, Tokyo 190-0182, Japan
| | - Shin Terada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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5
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Brooks GA, Osmond AD, Arevalo JA, Duong JJ, Curl CC, Moreno-Santillan DD, Leija RG. Lactate as a myokine and exerkine: drivers and signals of physiology and metabolism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:529-548. [PMID: 36633863 PMCID: PMC9970662 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00497.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
No longer viewed as a metabolic waste product and cause of muscle fatigue, a contemporary view incorporates the roles of lactate in metabolism, sensing and signaling in normal as well as pathophysiological conditions. Lactate exists in millimolar concentrations in muscle, blood, and other tissues and can rise more than an order of magnitude as the result of increased production and clearance limitations. Lactate exerts its powerful driver-like influence by mass action, redox change, allosteric binding, and other mechanisms described in this article. Depending on the condition, such as during rest and exercise, following carbohydrate nutrition, injury, or pathology, lactate can serve as a myokine or exerkine with autocrine-, paracrine-, and endocrine-like functions that have important basic and translational implications. For instance, lactate signaling is: involved in reproductive biology, fueling the heart, muscle adaptation, and brain executive function, growth and development, and a treatment for inflammatory conditions. Lactate also works with many other mechanisms and factors in controlling cardiac output and pulmonary ventilation during exercise. Ironically, lactate can be disruptive of normal processes such as insulin secretion when insertion of lactate transporters into pancreatic β-cell membranes is not suppressed, and in carcinogenesis when factors that suppress carcinogenesis are inhibited, whereas factors that promote carcinogenesis are upregulated. Lactate signaling is important in areas of intermediary metabolism, redox biology, mitochondrial biogenesis, neurobiology, gut physiology, appetite regulation, nutrition, and overall health and vigor. The various roles of lactate as a myokine and exerkine are reviewed.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lactate sensing and signaling is a relatively new and rapidly changing field. As a physiological signal lactate works both independently and in concert with other signals. Lactate operates via covalent binding and canonical signaling, redox change, and lactylation of DNA. Lactate can also serve as an element of feedback loops in cardiopulmonary regulation. From conception through aging lactate is not the only a myokine or exerkine, but it certainly deserves consideration as a physiological signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Diana D Moreno-Santillan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States
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McCommis KS, Finck BN. The Hepatic Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier as a Regulator of Systemic Metabolism and a Therapeutic Target for Treating Metabolic Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:261. [PMID: 36830630 PMCID: PMC9953669 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate sits at an important metabolic crossroads of intermediary metabolism. As a product of glycolysis in the cytosol, it must be transported into the mitochondrial matrix for the energy stored in this nutrient to be fully harnessed to generate ATP or to become the building block of new biomolecules. Given the requirement for mitochondrial import, it is not surprising that the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) has emerged as a target for therapeutic intervention in a variety of diseases characterized by altered mitochondrial and intermediary metabolism. In this review, we focus on the role of the MPC and related metabolic pathways in the liver in regulating hepatic and systemic energy metabolism and summarize the current state of targeting this pathway to treat diseases of the liver. Available evidence suggests that inhibiting the MPC in hepatocytes and other cells of the liver produces a variety of beneficial effects for treating type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. We also highlight areas where our understanding is incomplete regarding the pleiotropic effects of MPC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. McCommis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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7
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Uszczynska-Ratajczak B, Sugunan S, Kwiatkowska M, Migdal M, Carbonell-Sala S, Sokol A, Winata CL, Chacinska A. Profiling subcellular localization of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene products in zebrafish. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 6:6/1/e202201514. [PMID: 36283702 PMCID: PMC9595208 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, synthetized in the cytosol and targeted into the organelle. To characterize the spatial organization of mitochondrial gene products in zebrafish (Danio rerio), we sequenced RNA from different cellular fractions. Our results confirmed the presence of nuclear-encoded mRNAs in the mitochondrial fraction, which in unperturbed conditions, are mainly transcripts encoding large proteins with specific properties, like transmembrane domains. To further explore the principles of mitochondrial protein compartmentalization in zebrafish, we quantified the transcriptomic changes for each subcellular fraction triggered by the chchd4a -/- mutation, causing the disorders in the mitochondrial protein import. Our results indicate that the proteostatic stress further restricts the population of transcripts on the mitochondrial surface, allowing only the largest and the most evolutionary conserved proteins to be synthetized there. We also show that many nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transcripts translated by the cytosolic ribosomes stay resistant to the global translation shutdown. Thus, vertebrates, in contrast to yeast, are not likely to use localized translation to facilitate synthesis of mitochondrial proteins under proteostatic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Uszczynska-Ratajczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland .,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sreedevi Sugunan
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland,International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Migdal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Silvia Carbonell-Sala
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sokol
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chacinska
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Quiroga J, Alarcón P, Manosalva C, Teuber S, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. d-lactate-triggered extracellular trap formation in cattle polymorphonuclear leucocytes is glucose metabolism dependent. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104492. [PMID: 35830898 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
D-lactic acidosis is a metabolic disease of cattle caused by the digestive overgrowth of bacteria that are highly producers of d-lactate, a metabolite that then reaches and accumulates in the bloodstream. d-lactate is a proinflammatory agent in cattle that induces the formation of extracellular traps (ETs) in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), although information on PMN metabolic requirements for this response mechanism is insufficient. In the present study, metabolic pathways involved in ET formation induced by d-lactate were studied. We show that d-lactate but not l-lactate induced ET formation in cattle PMN. We analyzed the metabolomic changes induced by d-lactate in bovine PMN using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several metabolic pathways were altered, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and pentose phosphate pathway. d-lactate increased intracellular levels of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate, and increased uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG, suggesting improved glycolytic activity. In addition, using an enzymatic assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we observed that d-lactate was able to decrease intracellular glycogen levels and the presence of glycogen granules. Relatedly, d-lactate increased the expression of enzymes of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism. In addition, 2DG (a hexokinase inhibitor), 3PO (a 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 inhibitor), MB05032 (inhibitor of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase) and CP-91149 (inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase) reduced d-lactate-triggered ETosis. Taken together, these results suggest that d-lactate induces a metabolic rewiring that increases glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, all of which are required for d-lactate-induced ET release in cattle PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de la Inflamación, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Inmunometabolismo, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de la Inflamación, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Inmunometabolismo, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Stefanie Teuber
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de la Inflamación, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Inmunometabolismo, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de la Inflamación, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Inmunometabolismo, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología de la Inflamación, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Inmunometabolismo, Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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9
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Tracing the lactate shuttle to the mitochondrial reticulum. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1332-1347. [PMID: 36075947 PMCID: PMC9534995 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Isotope tracer infusion studies employing lactate, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acid isotope tracers were central to the deduction and demonstration of the Lactate Shuttle at the whole-body level. In concert with the ability to perform tissue metabolite concentration measurements, as well as determinations of unidirectional and net metabolite exchanges by means of arterial–venous difference (a-v) and blood flow measurements across tissue beds including skeletal muscle, the heart and the brain, lactate shuttling within organs and tissues was made evident. From an extensive body of work on men and women, resting or exercising, before or after endurance training, at sea level or high altitude, we now know that Organ–Organ, Cell–Cell, and Intracellular Lactate Shuttles operate continuously. By means of lactate shuttling, fuel-energy substrates can be exchanged between producer (driver) cells, such as those in skeletal muscle, and consumer (recipient) cells, such as those in the brain, heart, muscle, liver and kidneys. Within tissues, lactate can be exchanged between white and red fibers within a muscle bed and between astrocytes and neurons in the brain. Within cells, lactate can be exchanged between the cytosol and mitochondria and between the cytosol and peroxisomes. Lactate shuttling between driver and recipient cells depends on concentration gradients created by the mitochondrial respiratory apparatus in recipient cells for oxidative disposal of lactate. Studies using isotope tracer technologies have significantly improved understanding of how lactate, a metabolite produced as fuel during normal metabolism and in response to exercise, moves or ‘shuttles’ throughout the body. George Brooks and colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, USA, reviewed the history of the understanding of lactate shuttling, which has largely been informed by human studies using isotope tracer infusions during rest and exercise. Such research highlights continuous organ–organ, cell–cell, and intracellular lactate shuttling. Lactate moves between producer cells such as skeletal muscle cells and consumer cells in tissues including the heart and brain, where it is preferred over glucose as an energy source. Shuttling depends on lactate concentration gradients created by mitochondrial networks in recipient cells. Lactate is disposed of via oxidation.
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10
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Cai M, Wang H, Song H, Yang R, Wang L, Xue X, Sun W, Hu J. Lactate Is Answerable for Brain Function and Treating Brain Diseases: Energy Substrates and Signal Molecule. Front Nutr 2022; 9:800901. [PMID: 35571940 PMCID: PMC9099001 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.800901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research to date has provided novel insights into lactate's positive role in multiple brain functions and several brain diseases. Although notable controversies and discrepancies remain, the neurobiological role and the metabolic mechanisms of brain lactate have now been described. A theoretical framework on the relevance between lactate and brain function and brain diseases is presented. This review begins with the source and route of lactate formation in the brain and food; goes on to uncover the regulatory effect of lactate on brain function; and progresses to gathering the application and concentration variation of lactate in several brain diseases (diabetic encephalopathy, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy) treatment. Finally, the dual role of lactate in the brain is discussed. This review highlights the biological effect of lactate, especially L-lactate, in brain function and disease studies and amplifies our understanding of past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbiao Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyu Yang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangli Xue
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanju Sun
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wanju Sun
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Jingyun Hu
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11
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Brooks GA, Osmond AD, Leija RG, Curl CC, Arevalo JA, Duong JJ, Horning MA. The blood lactate/pyruvate equilibrium affair. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E34-E43. [PMID: 34719944 PMCID: PMC8722269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00270.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Lactate Shuttle hypothesis is supported by a variety of techniques including mass spectrometry analytics following infusion of carbon-labeled isotopic tracers. However, there has been controversy over whether lactate tracers measure lactate (L) or pyruvate (P) turnover. Here, we review the analytical errors, use of inappropriate tissue and animal models, failure to consider L and P pool sizes in modeling results, inappropriate tracer and blood sampling sites, and failure to anticipate roles of heart and lung parenchyma on L⇔P interactions. With support from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and immunocytochemistry, we conclude that carbon-labeled lactate tracers can be used to quantitate lactate fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Justin J Duong
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Michael A Horning
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California
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12
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Chandel V, Maru S, Kumar A, Kumar A, Sharma A, Rathi B, Kumar D. Role of monocarboxylate transporters in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Life Sci 2021; 279:119709. [PMID: 34102188 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Head and Neck tumors are metabolically highly altered solid tumors. Head and Neck cancer cells may utilise different metabolic pathways for energy production. Whereas, glycolysis is the major source coupled with oxidative phosphorylation in a metabolic symbiosis manner that results in the proliferation and metastasis in Head and Neck Cancer. The monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) constitute a family of 14 members among which MCT1-4 are responsible for transporting monocarboxylates such as l-lactate and pyruvate, and ketone bodies across the plasma membrane. Additionally, MCTs mediate absorption and distribution of monocarboxylates across the cell membrane. Head and Neck cancer cells are highly glycolytic in nature and generate significant amount of lactic acid in the extracellular environment. In such condition, MCTs play a critical role in the regulation of pH, and lactate shuttle maintenance. The intracellular lactate accumulation is harmful for the cells since it drastically lowers the intracellular pH. MCTs facilitate the export of lactate out of the cell. The lactate export mediated by MCTs is crucial for the cancer cells survival. Therefore, targeting MCTs is important and could be a potential therapeutic approach to control growth of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Chandel
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida 201313, UP, India
| | - Saurabh Maru
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed to be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Mahavir Cancer Institute & Research Centre, Phulwarisharif, Patna 801505, Bihar, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Saket Nagar, Bhopal 462 020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, Bharat, India
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec-125, Noida 201313, UP, India.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
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14
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Abstract
After almost a century of misunderstanding, it is time to appreciate that lactate shuttling is an important feature of energy flux and metabolic regulation that involves a complex series of metabolic, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and cardiac events in vivo. Cell–cell and intracellular lactate shuttles in the heart and between the heart and other tissues fulfill essential purposes of energy substrate production and distribution as well as cell signaling under fully aerobic conditions. Recognition of lactate shuttling came first in studies of physical exercise where the roles of driver (producer) and recipient (consumer) cells and tissues were obvious. One powerful example of cell–cell lactate shuttling was the exchange of carbohydrate energy in the form of lactate between working limb skeletal muscle and the heart. The exchange of mass represented a conservation of mass that required the integration of neuroendocrine, autoregulatory, and cardiovascular systems. Now, with greater scrutiny and recognition of the effect of the cardiac cycle on myocardial blood flow, there brings an appreciation that metabolic fluxes must accommodate to pressure-flow realities within an organ in which they occur. Therefore, the presence of an intra-cardiac lactate shuttle is posited to explain how cardiac mechanics and metabolism are synchronized. Specifically, interruption of blood flow during the isotonic phase of systole is supported by glycolysis and subsequent return of blood flow during diastole allows for recovery sustained by oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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15
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Kolodziej F, O’Halloran KD. Re-Evaluating the Oxidative Phenotype: Can Endurance Exercise Save the Western World? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:609. [PMID: 33921022 PMCID: PMC8071436 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are popularly called the "powerhouses" of the cell. They promote energy metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which in contrast to cytosolic glycolysis are oxygen-dependent and significantly more substrate efficient. That is, mitochondrial metabolism provides substantially more cellular energy currency (ATP) per macronutrient metabolised. Enhancement of mitochondrial density and metabolism are associated with endurance training, which allows for the attainment of high relative VO2 max values. However, the sedentary lifestyle and diet currently predominant in the Western world lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Underdeveloped mitochondrial metabolism leads to nutrient-induced reducing pressure caused by energy surplus, as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-mediated high electron flow at rest leads to "electron leak" and a chronic generation of superoxide radicals (O2-). Chronic overload of these reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages cell components such as DNA, cell membranes, and proteins. Counterintuitively, transiently generated ROS during exercise contributes to adaptive reduction-oxidation (REDOX) signalling through the process of cellular hormesis or "oxidative eustress" defined by Helmut Sies. However, the unaccustomed, chronic oxidative stress is central to the leading causes of mortality in the 21st century-metabolic syndrome and the associated cardiovascular comorbidities. The endurance exercise training that improves mitochondrial capacity and the protective antioxidant cellular system emerges as a universal intervention for mitochondrial dysfunction and resultant comorbidities. Furthermore, exercise might also be a solution to prevent ageing-related degenerative diseases, which are caused by impaired mitochondrial recycling. This review aims to break down the metabolic components of exercise and how they translate to athletic versus metabolically diseased phenotypes. We outline a reciprocal relationship between oxidative metabolism and inflammation, as well as hypoxia. We highlight the importance of oxidative stress for metabolic and antioxidant adaptation. We discuss the relevance of lactate as an indicator of critical exercise intensity, and inferring from its relationship with hypoxia, we suggest the most appropriate mode of exercise for the case of a lost oxidative identity in metabolically inflexible patients. Finally, we propose a reciprocal signalling model that establishes a healthy balance between the glycolytic/proliferative and oxidative/prolonged-ageing phenotypes. This model is malleable to adaptation with oxidative stress in exercise but is also susceptible to maladaptation associated with chronic oxidative stress in disease. Furthermore, mutations of components involved in the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial metabolism may lead to the development of a cancerous phenotype, which progressively presents as one of the main causes of death, alongside the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolodziej
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland;
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16
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Brooks GA, Arevalo JA, Osmond AD, Leija RG, Curl CC, Tovar AP. Lactate in contemporary biology: a phoenix risen. J Physiol 2021; 600:1229-1251. [PMID: 33566386 PMCID: PMC9188361 DOI: 10.1113/jp280955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After a century, it's time to turn the page on understanding of lactate metabolism and appreciate that lactate shuttling is an important component of intermediary metabolism in vivo. Cell‐cell and intracellular lactate shuttles fulfil purposes of energy substrate production and distribution, as well as cell signalling under fully aerobic conditions. Recognition of lactate shuttling came first in studies of physical exercise where the roles of driver (producer) and recipient (consumer) cells and tissues were obvious. Moreover, the presence of lactate shuttling as part of postprandial glucose disposal and satiety signalling has been recognized. Mitochondrial respiration creates the physiological sink for lactate disposal in vivo. Repeated lactate exposure from regular exercise results in adaptive processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis and other healthful circulatory and neurological characteristics such as improved physical work capacity, metabolic flexibility, learning, and memory. The importance of lactate and lactate shuttling in healthful living is further emphasized when lactate signalling and shuttling are dysregulated as occurs in particular illnesses and injuries. Like a phoenix, lactate has risen to major importance in 21st century biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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17
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Brooks GA. The tortuous path of lactate shuttle discovery: From cinders and boards to the lab and ICU. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:446-460. [PMID: 32444344 PMCID: PMC7498672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Once thought to be a waste product of oxygen limited (anaerobic) metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under fully oxygenated (aerobic) conditions. Lactate shuttling between producer (driver) and consumer cells fulfills at least 3 purposes; lactate is: (1) a major energy source, (2) the major gluconeogenic precursor, and (3) a signaling molecule. The Lactate Shuttle theory is applicable to diverse fields such as sports nutrition and hydration, resuscitation from acidosis and Dengue, treatment of traumatic brain injury, maintenance of glycemia, reduction of inflammation, cardiac support in heart failure and following a myocardial infarction, and to improve cognition. Yet, dysregulated lactate shuttling disrupts metabolic flexibility, and worse, supports oncogenesis. Lactate production in cancer (the Warburg effect) is involved in all main sequela for carcinogenesis: angiogenesis, immune escape, cell migration, metastasis, and self-sufficient metabolism. The history of the tortuous path of discovery in lactate metabolism and shuttling was discussed in the 2019 American College of Sports Medicine Joseph B. Wolffe Lecture in Orlando, FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
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18
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Mendes C, Serpa J. Revisiting lactate dynamics in cancer—a metabolic expertise or an alternative attempt to survive? J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1397-1414. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Brooks GA. Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101454. [PMID: 32113910 PMCID: PMC7284908 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistakenly thought to be the consequence of oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle we now know that the L-enantiomer of the lactate anion is formed under fully aerobic conditions and is utilized continuously in diverse cells, tissues, organs and at the whole-body level. By shuttling between producer (driver) and consumer (recipient) cells lactate fulfills at least three purposes: 1] a major energy source for mitochondrial respiration; 2] the major gluconeogenic precursor; and 3] a signaling molecule. Working by mass action, cell redox regulation, allosteric binding, and reprogramming of chromatin by lactylation of lysine residues on histones, lactate has major influences in energy substrate partitioning. The physiological range of tissue [lactate] is 0.5–20 mM and the cellular Lactate/Pyruvate ratio (L/P) can range from 10 to >500; these changes during exercise and other stress-strain responses dwarf other metabolic signals in magnitude and span. Hence, lactate dynamics have rapid and major short- and long-term effects on cell redox and other control systems. By inhibiting lipolysis in adipose via HCAR-1, and muscle mitochondrial fatty acid uptake via malonyl-CoA and CPT1, lactate controls energy substrate partitioning. Repeated lactate exposure from regular exercise results in major effects on the expression of regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Lactate is the fulcrum of metabolic regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3140, USA.
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20
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Young A, Oldford C, Mailloux RJ. Lactate dehydrogenase supports lactate oxidation in mitochondria isolated from different mouse tissues. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101339. [PMID: 31610469 PMCID: PMC6812140 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over the past seventy years has established that mitochondrial-l-lactate dehydrogenase (m-L-LDH) is vital for mitochondrial bioenergetics. However, in recent report, Fulghum et al. concluded that lactate is a poor fuel for mitochondrial respiration [1]. In the present study, we have followed up on these findings and conducted an independent investigation to determine if lactate can support mitochondrial bioenergetics. We demonstrate herein that lactate can fuel the bioenergetics of heart, muscle, and liver mitochondria. Lactate was just as effective as pyruvate at stimulating mitochondrial coupling efficiency. Inclusion of LDH (sodium oxamate or GSK 2837808A) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH; CPI-613) inhibitors abolished respiration in mitochondria energized with lactate. Lactate also fueled mitochondrial ROS generation and was just as effective as pyruvate at stimulating H2O2 production. Additionally, lactate-induced ROS production was inhibited by both LDH and PDH inhibitors. Enzyme activity measurements conducted on permeabilized mitochondria revealed that LDH is localized in mitochondria. In aggregate, we can conclude that mitochondrial LDH fuels bioenergetics in several tissues by oxidizing lactate. Lactate can fuel mitochondrial respiration. Lactate serves as a substrate for H2O2 production. Mitochondria contain LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Young
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Catherine Oldford
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ryan J Mailloux
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada; The School of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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21
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Payen VL, Mina E, Van Hée VF, Porporato PE, Sonveaux P. Monocarboxylate transporters in cancer. Mol Metab 2019; 33:48-66. [PMID: 31395464 PMCID: PMC7056923 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumors are highly plastic metabolic entities composed of cancer and host cells that can adopt different metabolic phenotypes. For energy production, cancer cells may use 4 main fuels that are shuttled in 5 different metabolic pathways. Glucose fuels glycolysis that can be coupled to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in oxidative cancer cells or to lactic fermentation in proliferating and in hypoxic cancer cells. Lipids fuel lipolysis, glutamine fuels glutaminolysis, and lactate fuels the oxidative pathway of lactate, all of which are coupled to the TCA cycle and OXPHOS for energy production. This review focuses on the latter metabolic pathway. Scope of review Lactate, which is prominently produced by glycolytic cells in tumors, was only recently recognized as a major fuel for oxidative cancer cells and as a signaling agent. Its exchanges across membranes are gated by monocarboxylate transporters MCT1-4. This review summarizes the current knowledge about MCT structure, regulation and functions in cancer, with a specific focus on lactate metabolism, lactate-induced angiogenesis and MCT-dependent cancer metastasis. It also describes lactate signaling via cell surface lactate receptor GPR81. Major conclusions Lactate and MCTs, especially MCT1 and MCT4, are important contributors to tumor aggressiveness. Analyses of MCT-deficient (MCT+/- and MCT−/-) animals and (MCT-mutated) humans indicate that they are druggable, with MCT1 inhibitors being in advanced development phase and MCT4 inhibitors still in the discovery phase. Imaging lactate fluxes non-invasively using a lactate tracer for positron emission tomography would further help to identify responders to the treatments. In cancer, hypoxia and cell proliferation are associated to lactic acid production. Lactate exchanges are at the core of tumor metabolism. Transmembrane lactate trafficking depends on monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). MCTs are implicated in tumor development and aggressiveness. Targeting MCTs is a therapeutic option for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéry L Payen
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium; Pole of Pediatrics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium; Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erica Mina
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vincent F Van Hée
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Schurr A. Glycolysis Paradigm Shift Dictates a Reevaluation of Glucose and Oxygen Metabolic Rates of Activated Neural Tissue. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:700. [PMID: 30364172 PMCID: PMC6192285 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1988 two seminal studies were published, both instigating controversy. One concluded that “the energy needs of activated neural tissue are minimal, being fulfilled via the glycolytic pathway alone,” a conclusion based on the observation that neural activation increased glucose consumption, which was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in oxygen consumption (Fox et al., 1988). The second demonstrated that neural tissue function can be supported exclusively by lactate as the energy substrate (Schurr et al., 1988). While both studies continue to have their supporters and detractors, the present review attempts to clarify the issues responsible for the persistence of the controversies they have provoked and offer a possible rationalization. The concept that lactate rather than pyruvate, is the glycolytic end-product, both aerobically and anaerobically, and thus the real mitochondrial oxidative substrate, has gained a greater acceptance over the years. The idea of glycolysis as the sole ATP supplier for neural activation (glucose → lactate + 2ATP) continues to be controversial. Lactate oxidative utilization by activated neural tissue could explain the mismatch between glucose and oxygen consumption and resolve the existing disagreements among users of imaging methods to measure the metabolic rates of the two energy metabolic substrates. The postulate that the energy necessary for active neural tissue is supplied by glycolysis alone stems from the original aerobic glycolysis paradigm. Accordingly, glucose consumption is accompanied by oxygen consumption at 1–6 ratio. Since Fox et al. (1988) observed only a minimal if non-existent oxygen consumption compared to glucose consumption, their conclusion make sense. Nevertheless, considering (a) the shift in the paradigm of glycolysis (glucose → lactate; lactate + O2 + mitochondria → pyruvate → TCA cycle → CO2 + H2O + 17ATP); (b) that one mole of lactate oxidation requires only 50% of the amount of oxygen necessary for the oxidation of one mole of glucose; and (c) that lactate, as a mitochondrial substrate, is over eight times more efficient at ATP production than glucose as a glycolytic substrate, suggest that future studies of cerebral metabolic rates of activated neural tissue should include along with the measurements of CMRO2 and CMRglucose the measurement of CMRlactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Schurr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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23
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Li Q, Zhou T, Wu F, Li N, Wang R, Zhao Q, Ma YM, Zhang JQ, Ma BL. Subcellular drug distribution: mechanisms and roles in drug efficacy, toxicity, resistance, and targeted delivery. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:430-447. [PMID: 30270675 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1512614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
After administration, drug molecules usually enter target cells to access their intracellular targets. In eukaryotic cells, these targets are often located in organelles, including the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and peroxisomes. Each organelle type possesses unique biological features. For example, mitochondria possess a negative transmembrane potential, while lysosomes have an intraluminal delta pH. Other properties are common to several organelle types, such as the presence of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) or solute carrier-type (SLC) transporters that sequester or pump out xenobiotic drugs. Studies on subcellular drug distribution are critical to understand the efficacy and toxicity of drugs along with the body's resistance to them and to potentially offer hints for targeted subcellular drug delivery. This review summarizes the results of studies from 1990 to 2017 that examined the subcellular distribution of small molecular drugs. We hope this review will aid in the understanding of drug distribution within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ting Zhou
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Fei Wu
- b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Na Li
- c Department of Chinese materia medica , School of Pharmacy , Shanghai , China
| | - Rui Wang
- b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Qing Zhao
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yue-Ming Ma
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ji-Quan Zhang
- b Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM of Ministry of Education , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Bing-Liang Ma
- a Department of Pharmacology , Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
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Nagarse treatment of cardiac subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria leads to artefacts in mitochondrial protein quantification. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 91:50-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory. Cell Metab 2018; 27:757-785. [PMID: 29617642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Once thought to be a waste product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under aerobic conditions. Shuttling between producer and consumer cells fulfills at least three purposes for lactate: (1) a major energy source, (2) the major gluconeogenic precursor, and (3) a signaling molecule. "Lactate shuttle" (LS) concepts describe the roles of lactate in delivery of oxidative and gluconeogenic substrates as well as in cell signaling. In medicine, it has long been recognized that the elevation of blood lactate correlates with illness or injury severity. However, with lactate shuttle theory in mind, some clinicians are now appreciating lactatemia as a "strain" and not a "stress" biomarker. In fact, clinical studies are utilizing lactate to treat pro-inflammatory conditions and to deliver optimal fuel for working muscles in sports medicine. The above, as well as historic and recent studies of lactate metabolism and shuttling, are discussed in the following review.
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England EM, Shi H, Matarneh SK, Oliver EM, Helm ET, Scheffler TL, Puolanne E, Gerrard DE. Chronic activation of AMP-activated protein kinase increases monocarboxylate transporter 2 and 4 expression in skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3552-3562. [PMID: 28805903 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) expression in skeletal muscle. However, the impact of chronic activation of AMPK on MCT expression in skeletal muscle is unknown. To investigate, MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4 mRNA expression and protein abundance were measured in the longissimus lumborum (glycolytic), masseter (oxidative), and heart from wild-type (control) and AMPK γ3 pigs. The AMPK γ3 gain in function mutation results in AMPK being constitutively active in glycolytic skeletal muscle and increases energy producing pathways. The MCT1 and MCT2 mRNA expression in muscle was lower ( < 0.05) from both wild-type and AMPK γ3 animals compared to other tissues. However, in both genotypes, MCT1 and MCT2 mRNA expression was greater ( < 0.05) in the masseter than the longissimus lumborum. The MCT1 protein was not detected in skeletal muscle, but MCT2 was greater ( < 0.05) in muscles with an oxidative muscle phenotype. Monocarboxylate transporter 2 was also detected in muscle mitochondria and may explain the differences between muscles. The MCT4 mRNA expression was intermediate among all tissues tested and greater ( < 0.05) in the longissimus lumborum than the masseter. Furthermore, MCT4 protein expression in the longissimus lumborum from AMPK γ3 animals was greater ( < 0.05) than in the longissimus lumborum from wild-type animals. In totality, these data indicate that chronic AMPK activation simultaneously increases MCT2 and MCT4 expression in skeletal muscle.
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Ferguson BS, Rogatzki MJ, Goodwin ML, Kane DA, Rightmire Z, Gladden LB. Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:691-728. [PMID: 29322250 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactate (La-) has long been at the center of controversy in research, clinical, and athletic settings. Since its discovery in 1780, La- has often been erroneously viewed as simply a hypoxic waste product with multiple deleterious effects. Not until the 1980s, with the introduction of the cell-to-cell lactate shuttle did a paradigm shift in our understanding of the role of La- in metabolism begin. The evidence for La- as a major player in the coordination of whole-body metabolism has since grown rapidly. La- is a readily combusted fuel that is shuttled throughout the body, and it is a potent signal for angiogenesis irrespective of oxygen tension. Despite this, many fundamental discoveries about La- are still working their way into mainstream research, clinical care, and practice. The purpose of this review is to synthesize current understanding of La- metabolism via an appraisal of its robust experimental history, particularly in exercise physiology. That La- production increases during dysoxia is beyond debate, but this condition is the exception rather than the rule. Fluctuations in blood [La-] in health and disease are not typically due to low oxygen tension, a principle first demonstrated with exercise and now understood to varying degrees across disciplines. From its role in coordinating whole-body metabolism as a fuel to its role as a signaling molecule in tumors, the study of La- metabolism continues to expand and holds potential for multiple clinical applications. This review highlights La-'s central role in metabolism and amplifies our understanding of past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Ferguson
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew J Rogatzki
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Matthew L Goodwin
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel A Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Canada
| | - Zachary Rightmire
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - L Bruce Gladden
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Herbst EAF, George MAJ, Brebner K, Holloway GP, Kane DA. Lactate is oxidized outside of the mitochondrial matrix in rodent brain. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:467-474. [PMID: 29206478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nature and existence of mitochondrial lactate oxidation is debated in the literature. Obscuring the issue are disparate findings in isolated mitochondria, as well as relatively low rates of lactate oxidation observed in permeabilized muscle fibres. However, respiration with lactate has yet to be directly assessed in brain tissue with the mitochondrial reticulum intact. To determine if lactate is oxidized in the matrix of brain mitochondria, oxygen consumption was measured in saponin-permeabilized mouse brain cortex samples, and rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (dorsal) subregions. While respiration in the presence of ADP and malate increased with the addition of lactate, respiration was maximized following the addition of exogenous NAD+, suggesting maximal lactate metabolism involves extra-matrix lactate dehydrogenase. This was further supported when NAD+-dependent lactate oxidation was significantly decreased with the addition of either low-concentration α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate or UK-5099, inhibitors of mitochondrial pyruvate transport. Mitochondrial respiration was comparable between glutamate, pyruvate, and NAD+-dependent lactate oxidation. Results from the current study demonstrate that permeabilized brain is a feasible model for assessing lactate oxidation, and support the interpretation that lactate oxidation occurs outside the mitochondrial matrix in rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A F Herbst
- a Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mitchell A J George
- b Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Karen Brebner
- c Department of Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- a Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Daniel A Kane
- b Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada
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29
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Pendino JC, Hess L, Beltrame S, Castillo GAE, Trujillo J. Oxygen saturation and lactate concentration gradient from the right atrium to the pulmonary artery in the immediate postoperative following cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 2017; 29:287-292. [PMID: 28876405 PMCID: PMC5632970 DOI: 10.5935/0103-507x.20170042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This prospective study aimed to characterize the changes in blood lactate
concentration and blood oxygen saturation in patients during the immediate
postoperative period of cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Methods Blood samples were collected from 35 patients in a rapid and random order
from the arterial line and from the proximal and distal port of a pulmonary
artery catheter. Results The results showed no statistically significant differences between the blood
oxygen saturation in the right atrium (72% ± 0.11%) and the blood
oxygen saturation in the pulmonary artery (71% ± 0.08%). The blood
lactate concentration in the right atrium was 1.7mmol/L ± 0.5mmol/L,
and the blood lactate concentration in the pulmonary artery was 1.6mmol/L
± 0.5mmol/L (p < 0.0005). Conclusion The difference between the blood lactate concentration in the right atrium
and the blood lactate concentration in the pulmonary artery might be a
consequence of the low blood lactate concentration in the blood from the
coronary sinus, as it constitutes an important substrate for the myocardium
during this period. The lack of differences between the blood oxygen
saturation in the right atrium and the percentage of blood oxygen saturation
in the pulmonary artery suggests a lower oxygen extraction by the myocardium
given a lower oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Pendino
- Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital Provincial del Centenario - Rosário, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciências Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario - Rosário, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Hess
- CIMA-Profisio, Facultad de Ciências Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario - Rosário, Argentina
| | - Sergio Beltrame
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardíaca, Hospital IDCSalud - Albacete, España
| | | | - John Trujillo
- Servicio de Cirugía Cardíaca, Hospital IDCSalud - Albacete, España
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30
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San-Millán I, Brooks GA. Reexamining cancer metabolism: lactate production for carcinogenesis could be the purpose and explanation of the Warburg Effect. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:119-133. [PMID: 27993896 PMCID: PMC5862360 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we use lessons learned in exercise physiology and metabolism to propose that augmented lactate production (‘lactagenesis’), initiated by gene mutations, is the reason and purpose of the Warburg Effect and that dysregulated lactate metabolism and signaling are the key elements in carcinogenesis. Lactate-producing (‘lactagenic’) cancer cells are characterized by increased aerobic glycolysis and excessive lactate formation, a phenomenon described by Otto Warburg 93 years ago, which still remains unexplained. After a hiatus of several decades, interest in lactate as a player in cancer has been renewed. In normal physiology, lactate, the obligatory product of glycolysis, is an important metabolic fuel energy source, the most important gluconeogenic precursor, and a signaling molecule (i.e. a ‘lactormone’) with major regulatory properties. In lactagenic cancers, oncogenes and tumor suppressor mutations behave in a highly orchestrated manner, apparently with the purpose of increasing glucose utilization for lactagenesis purposes and lactate exchange between, within and among cells. Five main steps are identified (i) increased glucose uptake, (ii) increased glycolytic enzyme expression and activity, (iii) decreased mitochondrial function, (iv) increased lactate production, accumulation and release and (v) upregulation of monocarboxylate transporters MTC1 and MCT4 for lactate exchange. Lactate is probably the only metabolic compound involved and necessary in all main sequela for carcinogenesis, specifically: angiogenesis, immune escape, cell migration, metastasis and self-sufficient metabolism. We hypothesize that lactagenesis for carcinogenesis is the explanation and purpose of the Warburg Effect. Accordingly, therapies to limit lactate exchange and signaling within and among cancer cells should be priorities for discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo San-Millán
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Physiology Laboratory, CU Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Boulder, CO 80309, USA and
| | - George A Brooks
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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31
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Effect of nitric oxide to axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis via downregulating monocarboxylate transporter 1 in oligodendrocytes. Nitric Oxide 2017; 67:75-80. [PMID: 28392448 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Axonal degeneration, one of the main pathological characteristics of MS, is affected by nitric oxide (NO). In turn, NO induces mitochondrial dysfunction of neurons and glial cells. Inadequate glucose causes monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) to transfer lactate from oligodendrocytes (OLs) to neurons, which decreases MCT1 and results in energy substrate deficit (mainly lactate) in axons. The condition gradually leads to axonal degeneration. This study proposes that NO-induced MCT1 down-regulation in OLs may be involved in the pathological process of axonal degeneration, which eventually leads to MS.
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32
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Gao C, Wang F, Wang Z, Zhang J, Yang X. Asiatic acid inhibits lactate-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the regulation of the lactate signaling cascade. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1823-1830. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Pérez-Escuredo J, Van Hée VF, Sboarina M, Falces J, Payen VL, Pellerin L, Sonveaux P. Monocarboxylate transporters in the brain and in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:2481-97. [PMID: 26993058 PMCID: PMC4990061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) constitute a family of 14 members among which MCT1-4 facilitate the passive transport of monocarboxylates such as lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies together with protons across cell membranes. Their anchorage and activity at the plasma membrane requires interaction with chaperon protein such as basigin/CD147 and embigin/gp70. MCT1-4 are expressed in different tissues where they play important roles in physiological and pathological processes. This review focuses on the brain and on cancer. In the brain, MCTs control the delivery of lactate, produced by astrocytes, to neurons, where it is used as an oxidative fuel. Consequently, MCT dysfunctions are associated with pathologies of the central nervous system encompassing neurodegeneration and cognitive defects, epilepsy and metabolic disorders. In tumors, MCTs control the exchange of lactate and other monocarboxylates between glycolytic and oxidative cancer cells, between stromal and cancer cells and between glycolytic cells and endothelial cells. Lactate is not only a metabolic waste for glycolytic cells and a metabolic fuel for oxidative cells, but it also behaves as a signaling agent that promotes angiogenesis and as an immunosuppressive metabolite. Because MCTs gate the activities of lactate, drugs targeting these transporters have been developed that could constitute new anticancer treatments. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhudit Pérez-Escuredo
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent F Van Hée
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Sboarina
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge Falces
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valéry L Payen
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics, Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 52 box B1.53.09, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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Bonen A, Hatta H, Holloway GP, Spriet LL, Yoshida Y. Reply from Arend Bonen, Hideo Hatta, Graham P. Holloway, Lawrence L. Spriet and Yuko Yoshida. J Physiol 2015; 584:707-8. [PMID: 26659545 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arend Bonen
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshida
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Department of Life Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 1538902, Japan
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35
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Glenn TC, Martin NA, McArthur DL, Hovda DA, Vespa P, Johnson ML, Horning MA, Brooks GA. Endogenous Nutritive Support after Traumatic Brain Injury: Peripheral Lactate Production for Glucose Supply via Gluconeogenesis. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:811-9. [PMID: 25279664 PMCID: PMC4530391 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the hypothesis that nutritive needs of injured brains are supported by large and coordinated increases in lactate shuttling throughout the body. To that end, we used dual isotope tracer ([6,6-(2)H2]glucose, i.e., D2-glucose, and [3-(13)C]lactate) techniques involving central venous tracer infusion along with cerebral (arterial [art] and jugular bulb [JB]) blood sampling. Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who had nonpenetrating head injuries (n=12, all male) were entered into the study after consent of patients' legal representatives. Written and informed consent was obtained from healthy controls (n=6, including one female). As in previous investigations, the cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) for glucose was suppressed after TBI. Near normal arterial glucose and lactate levels in patients studied 5.7±2.2 days (range of days 2-10) post-injury, however, belied a 71% increase in systemic lactate production, compared with control, that was largely cleared by greater (hepatic+renal) glucose production. After TBI, gluconeogenesis from lactate clearance accounted for 67.1% of glucose rate of appearance (Ra), which was compared with 15.2% in healthy controls. We conclude that elevations in blood glucose concentration after TBI result from a massive mobilization of lactate from corporeal glycogen reserves. This previously unrecognized mobilization of lactate subserves hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. As such, a lactate shuttle mechanism indirectly makes substrate available for the body and its essential organs, including the brain, after trauma. In addition, when elevations in arterial lactate concentration occur after TBI, lactate shuttling may provide substrate directly to vital organs of the body, including the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Glenn
- University of California, Los Angeles, Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Neil A. Martin
- University of California, Los Angeles, Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - David L. McArthur
- University of California, Los Angeles, Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory, Los Angeles, California
| | - David A. Hovda
- University of California, Los Angeles, Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul Vespa
- University of California, Los Angeles, Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew L. Johnson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Michael A. Horning
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - George A. Brooks
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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36
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Mitochondrial pyruvate transport: a historical perspective and future research directions. Biochem J 2015; 466:443-54. [PMID: 25748677 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, a major substrate for oxidative metabolism, and a branching point for glucose, lactate, fatty acid and amino acid synthesis. The mitochondrial enzymes that metabolize pyruvate are physically separated from cytosolic pyruvate pools and rely on a membrane transport system to shuttle pyruvate across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Despite long-standing acceptance that transport of pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix by a carrier-mediated process is required for the bulk of its metabolism, it has taken almost 40 years to determine the molecular identity of an IMM pyruvate carrier. Our current understanding is that two proteins, mitochondrial pyruvate carriers MPC1 and MPC2, form a hetero-oligomeric complex in the IMM to facilitate pyruvate transport. This step is required for mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and carboxylation-critical reactions in intermediary metabolism that are dysregulated in several common diseases. The identification of these transporter constituents opens the door to the identification of novel compounds that modulate MPC activity, with potential utility for treating diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and other common causes of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the present review is to detail the historical, current and future research investigations concerning mitochondrial pyruvate transport, and discuss the possible consequences of altered pyruvate transport in various metabolic tissues.
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37
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Brooks GA, Martin NA. Cerebral metabolism following traumatic brain injury: new discoveries with implications for treatment. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:408. [PMID: 25709562 PMCID: PMC4321351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Because it is the product of glycolysis and main substrate for mitochondrial respiration, lactate is the central metabolic intermediate in cerebral energy substrate delivery. Our recent studies on healthy controls and patients following traumatic brain injury (TBI) using [6,6-(2)H2]glucose and [3-(13)C]lactate, along with cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial-venous (jugular bulb) difference measurements for oxygen, metabolite levels, isotopic enrichments and (13)CO2 show a massive and previously unrecognized mobilization of lactate from corporeal (muscle, skin, and other) glycogen reserves in TBI patients who were studied 5.7 ± 2.2 days after injury at which time brain oxygen consumption and glucose uptake (CMRO2 and CMRgluc, respectively) were depressed. By tracking the incorporation of the (13)C from lactate tracer we found that gluconeogenesis (GNG) from lactate accounted for 67.1 ± 6.9%, of whole-body glucose appearance rate (Ra) in TBI, which was compared to 15.2 ± 2.8% (mean ± SD, respectively) in healthy, well-nourished controls. Standard of care treatment of TBI patients in state-of-the-art facilities by talented and dedicated heath care professionals reveals presence of a catabolic Body Energy State (BES). Results are interpreted to mean that additional nutritive support is required to fuel the body and brain following TBI. Use of a diagnostic to monitor BES to provide health care professionals with actionable data in providing nutritive formulations to fuel the body and brain and achieve exquisite glycemic control are discussed. In particular, the advantages of using inorganic and organic lactate salts, esters and other compounds are examined. To date, several investigations on brain-injured patients with intact hepatic and renal functions show that compared to dextrose + insulin treatment, exogenous lactate infusion results in normal glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Neil A. Martin
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
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38
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IWANAGA T, KISHIMOTO A. Cellular distributions of monocarboxylate transporters: a review . Biomed Res 2015; 36:279-301. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.36.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko IWANAGA
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Ayuko KISHIMOTO
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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Schurr A. Cerebral glycolysis: a century of persistent misunderstanding and misconception. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:360. [PMID: 25477776 PMCID: PMC4237041 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1780, lactate (lactic acid) has been blamed for almost any illness outcome in which its levels are elevated. Beginning in the mid-1980s, studies on both muscle and brain tissues, have suggested that lactate plays a role in bioenergetics. However, great skepticism and, at times, outright antagonism has been exhibited by many to any perceived role for this monocarboxylate in energy metabolism. The present review attempts to trace the negative attitudes about lactate to the first four or five decades of research on carbohydrate metabolism and its dogma according to which lactate is a useless anaerobic end-product of glycolysis. The main thrust here is the review of dozens of scientific publications, many by the leading scientists of their times, through the first half of the twentieth century. Consequently, it is concluded that there exists a barrier, described by Howard Margolis as “habit of mind,” that many scientists find impossible to cross. The term suggests “entrenched responses that ordinarily occur without conscious attention and that, even if noticed, are hard to change.” Habit of mind has undoubtedly played a major role in the above mentioned negative attitudes toward lactate. As early as the 1920s, scientists investigating brain carbohydrate metabolism had discovered that lactate can be oxidized by brain tissue preparations, yet their own habit of mind redirected them to believe that such an oxidation is simply a disposal mechanism of this “poisonous” compound. The last section of the review invites the reader to consider a postulated alternative glycolytic pathway in cerebral and, possibly, in most other tissues, where no distinction is being made between aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis; lactate is always the glycolytic end product. Aerobically, lactate is readily shuttled and transported into the mitochondrion, where it is converted to pyruvate via a mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase (mLDH) and then is entered the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Schurr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY, USA
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40
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Millet G, Bentley DJ, Roels B, Mc Naughton LR, Mercier J, Cameron-Smith D. Effects of intermittent training on anaerobic performance and MCT transporters in athletes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95092. [PMID: 24797797 PMCID: PMC4010422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on skeletal muscle monocarboxylate lactate transporter (MCT) expression and anaerobic performance in trained athletes. Cyclists were assigned to two interventions, either normoxic (N; n = 8; 150 mmHg PIO2) or hypoxic (H; n = 10; ∼3000 m, 100 mmHg PIO2) over a three week training (5×1 h-1h30 x week(-1)) period. Prior to and after training, an incremental exercise test to exhaustion (EXT) was performed in normoxia together with a 2 min time trial (TT). Biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis were analyzed for MCT1 and MCT4 using immuno-blotting techniques. The peak power output (PPO) increased (p<0.05) after training (7.2% and 6.6% for N and H, respectively), but VO2max showed no significant change. The average power output in the TT improved significantly (7.3% and 6.4% for N and H, respectively). No differences were found in MCT1 and MCT4 protein content, before and after the training in either the N or H group. These results indicate there are no additional benefits of IHT when compared to similar normoxic training. Hence, the addition of the hypoxic stimulus on anaerobic performance or MCT expression after a three-week training period is ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Millet
- ISSUL Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David J. Bentley
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Belle Roels
- ORION, Clinical Services Ltd, London, England
| | - Lars R. Mc Naughton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacques Mercier
- Laboratoire de physiologie des Interactions EA 701, Institut de Biologie, Montpellier, France
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- School of Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Elustondo PA, White AE, Hughes ME, Brebner K, Pavlov E, Kane DA. Physical and functional association of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with skeletal muscle mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25309-25317. [PMID: 23873936 PMCID: PMC3757195 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.476648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular lactate shuttle hypothesis posits that lactate generated in the cytosol is oxidized by mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the same cell. To examine whether skeletal muscle mitochondria oxidize lactate, mitochondrial respiratory oxygen flux (JO2) was measured during the sequential addition of various substrates and cofactors onto permeabilized rat gastrocnemius muscle fibers, as well as isolated mitochondrial subpopulations. Addition of lactate did not alter JO2. However, subsequent addition of NAD(+) significantly increased JO2, and was abolished by the inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate transport, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate. In experiments with isolated subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondrial subpopulations, only subsarcolemmal exhibited NAD(+)-dependent lactate oxidation. To further investigate the details of the physical association of LDH with mitochondria in muscle, immunofluorescence/confocal microscopy and immunoblotting approaches were used. LDH clearly colocalized with mitochondria in intact, as well as permeabilized fibers. LDH is likely localized inside the outer mitochondrial membrane, but not in the mitochondrial matrix. Collectively, these results suggest that extra-matrix LDH is strategically positioned within skeletal muscle fibers to functionally interact with mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia A Elustondo
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 and
| | | | | | - Karen Brebner
- Psychology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 and
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Nikooie R, Rajabi H, Gharakhanlu R, Atabi F, Omidfar K, Aveseh M, Larijani B. Exercise-induced changes of MCT1 in cardiac and skeletal muscles of diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet and STZ. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 69:865-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xu J, Xu X, Si L, Xue L, Zhang S, Qin J, Wu Y, Shao Y, Chen Y, Wang X. Intracellular lactate signaling cascade in atrial remodeling of mitral valvular patients with atrial fibrillation. J Cardiothorac Surg 2013; 8:34. [PMID: 23452897 PMCID: PMC3599862 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial remodeling has emerged as the structural basis for the maintenance and recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Lactate signaling cascade was recently linked to some cardiovascular disorders for its regulatory functions to myocardial structural remodeling. It was hypothesized that lactate signaling cascade was involved in the maintenance and recurrence of atrial fibrillation by regulating atrial structural remodeling. Methods Biopsies of right atrial appendage and clinical data were collected from sex- and age-matched 30 persistent atrial fibrillation, 30 paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, 30 sinus rhythm patients undergoing isolated mitral valve surgery and 10 healthy heart donors. Results Atrial fibrillation groups had higher atrial lactate expression and this upregulated expression was positively correlated with regulatory indicators of atrial structural remodeling as reflected by severe oxidative stress injury and mitochondrial control of apoptosis. Conclusions The present findings suggest a potential role for lactate signaling cascade in the maintenance and recurrence of atrial fibrillation and possibly represent new targets for therapeutic intervention in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Tanonaka K, Motegi K, Arino T, Marunouchi T, Takagi N, Takeo S. Possible pathway of Na(+) flux into mitochondria in ischemic heart. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 35:1661-8. [PMID: 23037156 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that myocardial Na(+) overload during ischemia directly induced mitochondrial damage. The pathway for Na(+) flux into mitochondria remains unclear. We examined possible routes for Na(+) flux into mitochondria in the ischemic heart. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to 15- to 35-min ischemia followed by 60-min reperfusion and then Na(+) content and respiratory function in mitochondria of the ischemic heart were determined. The mitochondrial Na(+) content of the ischemic heart was ischemic duration-dependently increased, associated with a reduction in mitochondrial respiratory function. To mimic induction of mitochondrial Na(+) overload in vitro, isolated mitochondria were incubated with 6.25 to 50 mM NaCl or sodium lactate, a metabolite of anaerobic glycolysis, in the presence and absence of a mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitor CGP37157 and a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibitor α-cyano-4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (CHCA). Incubation of mitochondria with NaCl or sodium lactate increased the mitochondrial Na(+) concentration. This increase in mitochondrial Na(+) was partially attenuated by the presence of either inhibitor. Combined treatment of mitochondria with both inhibitors attenuated sodium lactate-induced increase in Na(+) content to a greater degree than that treated with either agent. These results suggest that mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and MCT inhibitor-sensitive Na(+) transporter are possible pathways for the mitochondrial Na(+) overload in the ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Tanonaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432–1Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0392, Japan.
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Schell JC, Rutter J. The long and winding road to the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. Cancer Metab 2013; 1:6. [PMID: 24280073 PMCID: PMC3834494 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraction of energy and biosynthetic building blocks from fuel metabolism is a fundamental requisite for life. Through the action of cellular enzymes, complex carbon structures are broken down in reactions coupled to the production of high-energy phosphates as in ATP and GTP as well as electron carriers such as NADH and FADH2. These processes traverse across compartments inside the cell in order to access specific enzymes and environments. Pyruvate is the end product of cytosolic glycolysis and has a variety of possible fates, the major one being mitochondrial oxidation. While this metabolite has been known to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane for decades, it is only recently that proteins necessary for this activity have been identified. This review will chronicle more than 40 years of research interrogating this critical process and will discuss some of the possible implications of this discovery for cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Schell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Abstract
We propose that the well-documented therapeutic actions of repeated physical activities over human lifespan are mediated by the rapidly turning over proto-oncogenic Myc (myelocytomatosis) network of transcription factors. This transcription factor network is unique in utilizing promoter and epigenomic (acetylation/deacetylation, methylation/demethylation) mechanisms for controlling genes that include those encoding intermediary metabolism (the primary source of acetyl groups), mitochondrial functions and biogenesis, and coupling their expression with regulation of cell growth and proliferation. We further propose that remote functioning of the network occurs because there are two arms of this network, which consists of driver cells (e.g., working myocytes) that metabolize carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and oxygen and produce redox-modulating metabolites such as H₂O₂, NAD⁺, and lactate. The exercise-induced products represent autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signals for target recipient cells (e.g., aortic endothelium, hepatocytes, and pancreatic β-cells) in which the metabolic signals are coupled with genomic networks and interorgan signaling is activated. And finally, we propose that lactate, the major metabolite released from working muscles and transported into recipient cells, links the two arms of the signaling pathway. Recently discovered contributions of the Myc network in stem cell development and maintenance further suggest that regular physical activity may prevent age-related diseases such as cardiovascular pathologies, cancers, diabetes, and neurological functions through prevention of stem cell dysfunctions and depletion with aging. Hence, regular physical activities may attenuate the various deleterious effects of the Myc network on health, the wild side of the Myc-network, through modulating transcription of genes associated with glucose and energy metabolism and maintain a healthy human status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishorchandra Gohil
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Dept. of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Cruz RSDO, de Aguiar RA, Turnes T, Penteado Dos Santos R, Fernandes Mendes de Oliveira M, Caputo F. Intracellular shuttle: the lactate aerobic metabolism. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:420984. [PMID: 22593684 PMCID: PMC3345575 DOI: 10.1100/2012/420984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate is a highly dynamic metabolite that can be used as a fuel by several cells of the human body, particularly during physical exercise. Traditionally, it has been believed that the first step of lactate oxidation occurs in cytosol; however, this idea was recently challenged. A new hypothesis has been presented based on the fact that lactate-to-pyruvate conversion cannot occur in cytosol, because the LDH enzyme characteristics and cytosolic environment do not allow the reaction in this way. Instead, the Intracellular Lactate Shuttle hypothesis states that lactate first enters in mitochondria and only then is metabolized. In several tissues of the human body this idea is well accepted but is quite resistant in skeletal muscle. In this paper, we will present not only the studies which are protagonists in this discussion, but the potential mechanism by which this oxidation occurs and also a link between lactate and mitochondrial proliferation. This new perspective brings some implications and comes to change our understanding of the interaction between the energy systems, because the product of one serves as a substrate for the other.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Human Performance Research Group, Center of Health and Sport Sciences, Santa Catarina State University, 88080-350 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Balmaceda-Aguilera C, Cortés-Campos C, Cifuentes M, Peruzzo B, Mack L, Tapia JC, Oyarce K, García MA, Nualart F. Glucose transporter 1 and monocarboxylate transporters 1, 2, and 4 localization within the glial cells of shark blood-brain-barriers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32409. [PMID: 22389700 PMCID: PMC3289654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies showed that glucose is used to support the metabolic activity of the cartilaginous fish brain, the distribution and expression levels of glucose transporter (GLUT) isoforms remained undetermined. Optic/ultrastructural immunohistochemistry approaches were used to determine the expression of GLUT1 in the glial blood-brain barrier (gBBB). GLUT1 was observed solely in glial cells; it was primarily located in end-feet processes of the gBBB. Western blot analysis showed a protein with a molecular mass of 50 kDa, and partial sequencing confirmed GLUT1 identity. Similar approaches were used to demonstrate increased GLUT1 polarization to both apical and basolateral membranes in choroid plexus epithelial cells. To explore monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) involvement in shark brain metabolism, the expression of MCTs was analyzed. MCT1, 2 and 4 were expressed in endothelial cells; however, only MCT1 and MCT4 were present in glial cells. In neurons, MCT2 was localized at the cell membrane whereas MCT1 was detected within mitochondria. Previous studies demonstrated that hypoxia modified GLUT and MCT expression in mammalian brain cells, which was mediated by the transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor-1. Similarly, we observed that hypoxia modified MCT1 cellular distribution and MCT4 expression in shark telencephalic area and brain stem, confirming the role of these transporters in hypoxia adaptation. Finally, using three-dimensional ultrastructural microscopy, the interaction between glial end-feet and leaky blood vessels of shark brain was assessed in the present study. These data suggested that the brains of shark may take up glucose from blood using a different mechanism than that used by mammalian brains, which may induce astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttling and metabolic coupling as observed in mammalian brain. Our data suggested that the structural conditions and expression patterns of GLUT1, MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 in shark brain may establish the molecular foundation of metabolic coupling between glia and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Balmaceda-Aguilera
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Christian Cortés-Campos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Malaga University, Málaga, Spain
| | - Bruno Peruzzo
- Anatomy, Histology and Pathology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lauren Mack
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Tapia
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karina Oyarce
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Angeles García
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Ling B, Peng F, Alcorn J, Lohmann K, Bandy B, Zello GA. D-Lactate altered mitochondrial energy production in rat brain and heart but not liver. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:6. [PMID: 22296683 PMCID: PMC3292964 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substantially elevated blood D-lactate (DLA) concentrations are associated with neurocardiac toxicity in humans and animals. The neurological symptoms are similar to inherited or acquired abnormalities of pyruvate metabolism. We hypothesized that DLA interferes with mitochondrial utilization of L-lactate and pyruvate in brain and heart. Methods Respiration rates in rat brain, heart and liver mitochondria were measured using DLA, LLA and pyruvate independently and in combination. Results In brain mitochondria, state 3 respiration was 53% and 75% lower with DLA as substrate when compared with LLA and pyruvate, respectively (p < 0.05). Similarly in heart mitochondria, state 3 respiration was 39% and 86% lower with DLA as substrate when compared with LLA or pyruvate, respectively (p < 0.05). However, state 3 respiration rates were similar between DLA, LLA and pyruvate in liver mitochondria. Combined incubation of DLA with LLA or pyruvate markedly impaired state 3 respiration rates in brain and heart mitochondria (p < 0.05) but not in liver mitochondria. DLA dehydrogenase activities were 61% and 51% lower in brain and heart mitochondria compared to liver, respectively, whereas LLA dehydrogenase activities were similar across all three tissues. An LDH inhibitor blocked state 3 respiration with LLA as substrate in all three tissues. A monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor blocked respiration with all three substrates. Conclusions DLA was a poor respiratory substrate in brain and heart mitochondria and inhibited LLA and pyruvate usage in these tissues. Further studies are warranted to evaluate whether these findings support, in part, the possible neurological and cardiac toxicity caused by high DLA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbing Ling
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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