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Wang G, Fan J, Yue T, Gao X, Zhang T, Hurr C. The application of heating film to hands reduces the decline in manual dexterity performance associated with cold exposure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05482-7. [PMID: 38819660 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to cold temperatures decreases finger temperature (Tfing) and dexterity. Decreased manual function and dexterity can be serious safety risks, especially in tasks that require fine motor movements that must be performed outdoors. The aim of this study was to determine whether hand heating with a minimal power requirement (14.8 W) results in a smaller reduction in Tfing and manual dexterity performance during mild cold exposure compared to a non-heated control condition. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, twenty-two healthy participants were exposed to a moderately cold environment (5 ºC) for 90 min. One condition had no intervention (CON), while the other had the palmar and dorsal hands heated (HEAT) by using electric heating films. Tfing and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) were continuously monitored using laser Doppler flowmetry. Manual dexterity performance and cognitive function were assessed by the Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT) and Stroop Color-Word (SCW) test, respectively, during the baseline period and every 30 min during the cold exposure. RESULTS After the cold exposure, Tfing was higher in HEAT relative to CON (CON 9.8 vs. HEAT 13.7 ºC, p < 0.0001). GPT placing time, as an index of dexterity performance, was also shorter in HEAT by 14.5% (CON 69.10 ± 13.08 vs. HEAT 59.06 ± 7.99 s, p < 0.0001). There was no difference in CVC between the two conditions during the cold exposure (p > 0.05 for all). Cognitive function was similar between two conditions (p > 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION The proposed hand heating method offers a practical means of heating fingers to maintain dexterity throughout prolonged cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Junli Fan
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
| | - Ting Yue
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
| | - Xinpeng Gao
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
| | - Tingran Zhang
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, South Korea.
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Orysiak J, Młynarczyk M, Irzmańska E. The effect of exposure to cold on dexterity and temperature of the skin and hands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:64-71. [PMID: 38191297 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2023.2293387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectives. This study aimed to determine the impact of low temperature (-1 °C, +5 °C) on manual dexterity and hand skin temperature after 1 h of exposure when using two types of protective gloves. Methods. Ten male participants wore double gloves or single gloves, when spending 1 h in a climatic chamber at -1, +5 or +20 °C. Before and after the cold exposure, measurements of mean weighted body skin temperature, hand skin temperature, the Purdue Pegboard Test and hand grip strength were performed. Results. There were statistically significant differences in the values of mean weighted body skin temperature and left and right hand skin temperature between the study variants. Conclusion. No effect of cold exposure (-1 °C, +5 °C) on manual dexterity was observed, but there was an effect of -1 °C temperature change on weighted mean skin temperature and hand skin temperature during 1 h of exposure. The decrease in both right and left hand skin temperature after cold exposure was the largest for -1 °C while using single gloves, and differed significantly from the other variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Orysiak
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
| | - Magdalena Młynarczyk
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
| | - Emilia Irzmańska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
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3
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1-145. [PMID: 37796292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Xu N, Liu G, Su Y, Tian M, Li J. Modeling of heat transfer and thermal regulation for an electric heating glove against a cold environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2023; 29:168-176. [PMID: 34989663 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2026065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An electric heating glove can protect the health of workers without affecting flexibility of the hand in a cold environment. A heat transfer model of an electric heating glove with a function of intelligent temperature control was established. The model was verified by a test device for simulating cold-contact exposure. The results showed good agreement between the simulated values and the experimental values. Based on the numerical model, the basic parameters of the electric heating glove were analyzed. It was found that the pressure, thickness and thermal conductivity of the outer fabric were the key factors affecting the thermal regulative performance of the electric heating glove. The power consumption of the electric heating glove was mainly determined by the thickness of the outer fabric. The developed model provides a theoretical basis for the design of an electric heating glove for a thermal regulative effect and energy saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, China
| | - Guangju Liu
- College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, China
| | - Yun Su
- College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, China.,Protective Clothing Research Center, Donghua University, China.,Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology, Donghua University, China
| | - Miao Tian
- College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, China.,Protective Clothing Research Center, Donghua University, China.,Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology, Donghua University, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, China.,Protective Clothing Research Center, Donghua University, China.,Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology, Donghua University, China
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5
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Li S, Jia X, Cao B, Liu B, Zhu Y. Thermal comfort characteristics and heating demand of people with different activity status during extremely cold exposure. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2023; 228:109798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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6
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Beaudette E, Foo E, Islam Molla MT, Johnson K, Dupler E, Gagliardi N, Woelfle H, Halvey M, Dunne L. Investigating User Experience of On-Body Heating Strategies in Indoor Environments. ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10648046221078720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermal physiology and psychophysics are complex and nuanced, with significant variability between individuals. Wearable devices have the potential to offer customizable microclimate control. However, individual experiences with different supplemental heating strategies are likely to vary considerably in unconstrained environments. The physiological responses, psychophysical effects, and qualitative experiences of participants using five readily available heating strategies were collected in a quasi-field study environment ( n=17). Although all devices maintained or increased fingertip temperature, effects observed from controlled studies of thermal physiology are not clearly seen. Physiological, perceptual, and experiential data are presented, exploring heating technologies and thermal comfort in typical indoor environments.
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Abstract
Vasospastic disorders are prevalent in the general population and can affect individuals of any age. Primary (or idiopathic) vasospastic disorders often have a benign course; treatment focuses on the control of symptoms. Secondary vasospastic disorders occur owing to an underlying condition and have an increased risk of complications, including tissue loss and digital ulcerations; treatment should focus on the underlying condition. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of vasospastic disorders, including Raynaud syndrome, acrocyanosis, livedo reticularis, and pernio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Casanegra
- Vascular Medicine Division, Cardiovascular Department, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Roger F Shepherd
- Vascular Medicine Division, Cardiovascular Department, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Deng Y, Cao B, Liu B, Zhu Y. Effects of local heating on thermal comfort of standing people in extremely cold environments. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2020; 185:107256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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9
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Tobushi T, Matsushita K, Funakoshi K, Sakai K, Akamatsu M, Yoshioka Y, Tohyama T, Hirose M, Nakamura R, Kadokami T, Ando S. Local temperature control improves the accuracy of cardiac output estimation using lung-to-finger circulation time after breath holding. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14632. [PMID: 33159838 PMCID: PMC7648652 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As timely measurement of the cardiac index (CI) is one of the key elements in heart failure management, a noninvasive, simple, and inexpensive method of estimating CI is keenly needed. We attempted to develop a new device that can estimate CI from the data of lung-to-finger circulation time (LFCT) obtained after a brief breath hold in the awake state. First, we attempted to estimate CI from the LFCT value by utilizing the correlation between 1/LFCT and CI estimated with MRI. Although we could obtain LFCT from 45 of 53 patients with cardiovascular diseases, we could not find the anticipated relation between 1/LFCT and CI. However, we realized that when we adopted only LFCT from patients with a finger temperature of ≥31°C, we could obtain a consistent and clear correlation with CI (correlation coefficient, r = .81). Thus, we next measured LFCT before and after warming the forearm. We found that LFCT decreased after the local temperature increased (from 27.5 ± 13.6 to 18.4 ± 5.3 s, p < 0.01). The correlation between the inverse of LFCT and CI improved after warming (1/LFCT vs. CI, from r = .69 to r = .82). The final Bland-Altman analysis between the measured and estimated CI values revealed that the bias and precision were -0.05 and 0.37 L min-1 m-2 , respectively, and the percentage error was 34.3%. This study clarified that estimating CI using a simple measurement of LFCT is feasible in most patients and a low fingertip temperature strongly affects the CI-1/LFCT relationship, causing an error that can be corrected by proper local warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Tobushi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineSaiseikai Futsukaichi HospitalChikushinoJapan
| | | | - Kouta Funakoshi
- Center for Clinical and Translational ResearchKyushu University HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Sakai
- Imaging Device DevelopmentFuji Xerox Co., Ltd.KanagawaJapan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Tohyama
- Center for Clinical and Translational ResearchKyushu University HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Masayuki Hirose
- Center for Clinical and Translational ResearchKyushu University HospitalFukuokaJapan
| | - Ryo Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineSaiseikai Futsukaichi HospitalChikushinoJapan
| | - Toshiaki Kadokami
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineSaiseikai Futsukaichi HospitalChikushinoJapan
| | - Shin‐ichi Ando
- Sleep Apnea CenterKyushu University HospitalFukuokaJapan
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10
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Ofir D, Yanir Y, Eynan M, Arieli Y. Evaluating the thermal protection provided by a 2‒3 mm wet suit during fin diving in shallow water with a temperature of 16‒20°C. Diving Hyperb Med 2019; 49:266-275. [PMID: 31828745 PMCID: PMC7039775 DOI: 10.28920/dhm49.4.266-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study was to evaluate the thermal protection provided by a 2-3 mm surfing wet suit during at least two hours of fin diving in shallow water with a temperature of 16-20°C. We examined the effect of wearing the suit while diving in cold water on cognitive performance, muscle strength, and hand motor function. METHODS Subjects were six male well-trained rebreather divers, 19-23 years old, acclimatised to cold. They attended the laboratory on three separate occasions, when we conducted the experiment at one of three temperatures, 16, 18, and 20°C. Core temperature (gastrointestinal system), skin temperature, oxygen consumption, and cold perception were evaluated during the test. Before and immediately after the dives, subjects performed a series of cognitive, manual dexterity, and muscle strength tests. RESULTS Core temperature decreased by 0.35-0.81°C over the two hours at all three water temperatures. No subject reached a core temperature below 35°C. The decrease in upper body skin temperature during the two hour dive ranged between 5.97 and 8.41°C (P < 0.05). Two hours diving in 16-20°C water resulted in a significant increase in the time taken to perform the task of unlinking and reassembling four shackles (∼30% longer, P < 0.05). No effect was found on the cognitive or muscle strength tests. CONCLUSIONS A 2-3 mm wet suit provides adequate thermal protection in trained and cold-acclimatised young males engaged in active diving in shallow water with a temperature of 16°C and above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Ofir
- Israel Naval Medical Institute, Haifa, Israel
- Corresponding author: The Israel Naval Medical Institute (INMI), Box 22, Rambam Health Care Campus, PO Box 9602, 3109601, Haifa, Israel,
| | - Yoav Yanir
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mirit Eynan
- Israel Naval Medical Institute, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
Cold intolerance after nerve injury can be severe and has been associated with high levels of pain and disability. This article provides an overview of the assessment and nonoperative management of cold-induced symptoms after peripheral nerve injury. A comprehensive evaluation should include both objective measures such as skin temperatures and subjective tools to assess the patient's perspective and impact of the symptoms. Management of the patient with cold intolerance remains challenging and should include adaptive strategies, warming interventions, and desensitization conditioning programs to minimize cold-induced pain and hyperresponses.
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12
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Novak CB, Li Y, von Schroeder HP, Anastakis DJ, McCabe SJ. Effect of Forearm Warming Compared to Hand Warming for Cold Intolerance Following Upper Extremity Trauma. J Hand Surg Am 2019; 44:693.e1-693.e6. [PMID: 30420191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the effect of forearm or hand warming versus bare hand conditions to improve cold-induced symptoms and skin temperatures in hand trauma patients. METHODS Adults with symptoms of cold intolerance at least 3 months following hand trauma and age-/sex-matched controls were included. Testing sessions (bare hand, hand warming, forearm warming) were completed in a climate laboratory with continuous temperature monitoring. Outcomes included physical findings (skin temperature) and self-report symptoms (thermal comfort, pain). RESULTS Eighteen participants (9 hand trauma patients, 9 control subjects) underwent testing. More severe cold intolerance was associated with higher Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores. With bare hands, skin temperatures changed significantly from baseline to cold exposure and to rewarming. Hand trauma patients had the lowest skin temperatures with cold exposure in the injured digits (14.3°C ± 3.5°C) compared with the contralateral uninjured (16.9°C ± 4.1°C) digits. Compared with bare hands, wearing gloves significantly increased the minimum temperature during cold exposure and the maximum temperature after rewarming. Patients reported higher pain with cold exposure. All participants reported significantly more comfort with less coldness with forearm and hand warming. CONCLUSIONS There was cold response variability in hand trauma patients and control subjects. Hand trauma patients had greater changes in skin temperature during cold exposure that improved with glove warming. Continuous temperature monitoring identified subtle physiological changes associated with cold-induced pain and with warming interventions. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B Novak
- Toronto Western Hospital Hand Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yue Li
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Herbert P von Schroeder
- Toronto Western Hospital Hand Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimitri J Anastakis
- Toronto Western Hospital Hand Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J McCabe
- Toronto Western Hospital Hand Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zlatar T, Torres Costa J, Vaz M, Santos Baptista J. Influence of severe cold thermal environment on core and skin temperatures: A systematic review. Work 2019; 62:337-352. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-192868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Zlatar
- Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - José Torres Costa
- Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Vaz
- Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), University of Porto, Portugal
| | - João Santos Baptista
- Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (LAETA), University of Porto, Portugal
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Castellani JW, Yurkevicius BR, Jones ML, Driscoll TJ, Cowell CM, Smith L, Xu X, O'Brien C. Effect of localized microclimate heating on peripheral skin temperatures and manual dexterity during cold exposure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1498-1510. [PMID: 30138077 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00513.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced dexterity is a major problem in cold weather, with a need for a countermeasure that increases hand (Thand) and finger (Tfing) temperatures and improves dexterity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether electric heat (set point, 42°C) applied to the forearm (ARM, 82 W), face (FACE, 9.2 W), or combination of both (COMB, 91.2 W), either at the beginning of cold exposure (COLD; 0.5°C, 120 min; 2 clo insulation, seated, bare-handed) or after Tfing fell to 10.5°C [delayed trials (D)], improves Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and finger key pinch strength (Sfing). Volunteers ( n = 8; 26 ± 9 yr) completed 7 experimental trials in COLD: ARM, ARM-D, FACE, FACE-D, COMB, COMB-D, and no heating (CON). Temperatures were measured before (BASE) and throughout COLD. Tests of dexterity [Purdue Pegboard assembly (PP) and magazine loading (MAGLOAD)] and Sfing were measured at BASE and after 45 and 90 min of COLD. Data presented are at minute 90. Thand was warmer ( P < 0.001) during ARM (18.0 ± 2.6°C) and COMB (18.9 ± 2.0°C) versus CON (15.3 ± 1.5°C) and FACE (15.8 ± 1.5°C) for heating that was initiated at the beginning of COLD. Tfing was higher ( P < 0.04) during COMB (12.7 ± 5.1°C) versus CON (9.7 ± 2.1°C) and FACE (8.9 ± 2.2°C). The change from BASE for PP (no. of pieces) was less ( P < 0.005) in COMB (-4.5 ± 3.3) and ARM (-5.0 ± 6.0) versus CON (-13.0 ± 7.3) and FACE (-10.0 ± 8.3), and for MAGLOAD, it tended ( P = 0.06) to be less in COMB (-8.9 ± 6.2 cartridges) versus CON (-14.8 ± 3.7 cartridges). There was no change in Sfing from BASE (10.5 kg) to minute 90 in ARM or COMB (0.7 ± 1.4 and -0.2 ± 1.7 kg, respectively) but a decrease ( P < 0.01) in CON and FACE (-2.1 ± 2.0 and -1.6 ± 1.9 kg, respectively). There were no differences in Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and Sfing at minute 90 when comparing heating that was initiated at the beginning of COLD versus delayed heating. In conclusion, heating using either COMB or ARM, compared with CON and FACE, improved Thand and Tfing and reduced the decline in dexterity by 20%-50% and Sfing by 90%. Furthermore, delayed heating had no deleterious effect on Thand, Tfing, dexterity, and Sfing compared with heating that started at the beginning of cold exposure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, during sedentary cold air exposure, localized heating that was applied from the beginning of cold exposure on the forearm increases hand and finger temperatures and finger strength, leading to subsequent improvements in manual dexterity. In addition, localized heating that was delayed until finger temperatures cooled significantly also caused higher peripheral temperatures, leading to better strength and manual dexterity, compared with no heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Castellani
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Beau R Yurkevicius
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Myra L Jones
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy J Driscoll
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney M Cowell
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Laurel Smith
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine O'Brien
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine , Natick, Massachusetts
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Ma N, Lu Y, Xu F, Dai H. Development and performance assessment of electrically heated gloves with smart temperature control function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2018; 26:46-54. [PMID: 29583088 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2018.1457886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A pair of lightweight electrically heated gloves (EHG) with smart temperature control function was developed. To evaluate the thermoregulation properties of the EHG, human trials were conducted in a climate chamber (2.5 °C, 60% RH). The changes in skin temperature at all fingers and the opisthenar, and the subjective thermal sensation were recorded over 60 min. The effects of two air velocities (i.e., 0.17 and 0.50 m/s) on the cold protective performance of the EHG in scenarios of heating and control were also investigated. For heating scenarios, skin temperature and thermal sensation at all fingers and the opisthenar were found significantly higher than those in control conditions. Moreover, the air velocity at 0.50 m/s greatly reduced the cold protective performance of the gloves. The research findings can be applied to improve thermal comfort and extend working times for persons in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini Ma
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, China
| | - Yehu Lu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, China
| | - Fanfei Xu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, China
| | - Hongqin Dai
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, China
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17
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Castellani JW, Tipton MJ. Cold Stress Effects on Exposure Tolerance and Exercise Performance. Compr Physiol 2015; 6:443-69. [PMID: 26756639 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cold weather can have deleterious effects on health, tolerance, and performance. This paper will review the physiological responses and external factors that impact cold tolerance and physical performance. Tolerance is defined as the ability to withstand cold stress with minimal changes in physiological strain. Physiological and pathophysiological responses to short-term (cold shock) and long-term cold water and air exposure are presented. Factors (habituation, anthropometry, sex, race, and fitness) that influence cold tolerance are also reviewed. The impact of cold exposure on physical performance, especially aerobic performance, has not been thoroughly studied. The few studies that have been done suggest that aerobic performance is degraded in cold environments. Potential physiological mechanisms (decreases in deep body and muscle temperature, cardiovascular, and metabolism) are discussed. Likewise, strength and power are also degraded during cold exposure, primarily through a decline in muscle temperature. The review also discusses the concept of thermoregulatory fatigue, a reduction in the thermal effector responses of shivering and vasoconstriction, as a result of multistressor factors, including exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom
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Cheung SS. Responses of the hands and feet to cold exposure. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:105-20. [PMID: 27227009 PMCID: PMC4843861 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1008890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An initial response to whole-body or local exposure of the extremities to cold is a strong vasoconstriction, leading to a rapid decrease in hand and foot temperature. This impairs tactile sensitivity, manual dexterity, and muscle contractile characteristics while increasing pain and sympathetic drive, decreasing gross motor function, occupational performance, and survival. A paradoxical and cyclical vasodilatation often occurs in the fingers, toes, and face, and this has been termed the hunting response or cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD). Despite being described almost a century ago, the mechanisms of CIVD are still disputed; research in this area has remained largely descriptive in nature. Recent research into CIVD has brought increased standardization of methodology along with new knowledge about the impact of mediating factors such as hypoxia and physical fitness. Increasing mechanistic analysis of CIVD has also emerged along with improved modeling and prediction of CIVD responses. The present review will survey work conducted during this century on CIVD, its potential mechanisms and modeling, and also the broader context of manual function in cold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory; Department of Kinesiology ; Brock University; St. Catharines , Canada
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Wakabayashi H, Oksa J, Tipton MJ. Exercise performance in acute and chronic cold exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.4.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juha Oksa
- Physical work capacity team, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
| | - Michael J Tipton
- Department of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth
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Cheng CC, Shih YC, Tsai YJ, Chi CF. The influence of cooling forearm/hand and gender on estimation of handgrip strength. ERGONOMICS 2014; 57:1499-1511. [PMID: 25030838 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.934298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Handgrip strength is essential in manual operations and activities of daily life, but the influence of forearm/hand skin temperature on estimation of handgrip strength is not well documented. Therefore, the present study intended to investigate the effect of local cooling of the forearm/hand on estimation of handgrip strength at various target force levels (TFLs, in percentage of MVC) for both genders. A cold pressor test was used to lower and maintain the hand skin temperature at 14°C for comparison with the uncooled condition. A total of 10 male and 10 female participants were recruited. The results indicated that females had greater absolute estimation deviations. In addition, both genders had greater absolute deviations in the middle range of TFLs. Cooling caused an underestimation of grip strength. Furthermore, a power function is recommended for establishing the relationship between actual and estimated handgrip force. Statement of relevance: Manipulation with grip strength is essential in daily life and the workplace, so it is important to understand the influence of lowering the forearm/hand skin temperature on grip-strength estimation. Females and the middle range of TFL had greater deviations. Cooling the forearm/hand tended to cause underestimation, and a power function is recommended for establishing the relationship between actual and estimated handgrip force. Practitioner Summary: It is important to understand the effect of lowering the forearm/hand skin temperature on grip-strength estimation. A cold pressor was used to cool the hand. The cooling caused underestimation, and a power function is recommended for establishing the relationship between actual and estimated handgrip force. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE Manipulation with grip strength is essential in daily life and the workplace, so it is important to understand the influence of lowering the forearm/hand skin temperature on grip-strength estimation. Females and the middle range of TFL had greater deviations. Cooling the forearm/hand tended to cause underestimation, and a power function is recommended for establishing the relationship between actual and estimated handgrip force. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY It is important to understand the effect of lowering the forearm/hand skin temperature on grip-strength estimation. A cold pressor was used to cool the hand. The cooling caused underestimation, and a power function is recommended for establishing the relationship between actual and estimated handgrip force
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chan Cheng
- a Department of Industrial Management , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
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21
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe the unique anatomical and physiological features of the hands and feet that support heat conservation and dissipation, and in so doing, highlight the importance of these appendages in human thermoregulation. For instance, the surface area to mass ratio of each hand is 4-5 times greater than that of the body, whilst for each foot, it is ~3 times larger. This characteristic is supported by vascular responses that permit a theoretical maximal mass flow of thermal energy of 6.0 W (136 W m(2)) to each hand for a 1 °C thermal gradient. For each foot, this is 8.5 W (119 W m(2)). In an air temperature of 27 °C, the hands and feet of resting individuals can each dissipate 150-220 W m(2) (male-female) of heat through radiation and convection. During hypothermia, the extremities are physiologically isolated, restricting heat flow to <0.1 W. When the core temperature increases ~0.5 °C above thermoneutral (rest), each hand and foot can sweat at 22-33 mL h(-1), with complete evaporation dissipating 15-22 W (respectively). During heated exercise, sweat flows increase (one hand: 99 mL h(-1); one foot: 68 mL h(-1)), with evaporative heat losses of 67-46 W (respectively). It is concluded that these attributes allow the hands and feet to behave as excellent radiators, insulators and evaporators.
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Hands and feet: physiological insulators, radiators and evaporators. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2037-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Muller MD, Seo Y, Kim CH, Ryan EJ, Pollock BS, Burns KJ, Glickman EL. Cold habituation does not improve manual dexterity during rest and exercise in 5 °C. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:383-394. [PMID: 23389249 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-013-0633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to a cold environment, a barehanded person experiences pain, cold sensation, and reduced manual dexterity. Both acute (e.g. exercise) and chronic (e.g. cold acclimatization or habituation) processes might lessen these negative effects. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of cold habituation on physiology, perception, and manual dexterity during rest, exercise, and recovery in 5 °C. Six cold weather athletes (CWA) and eight non habituated men (NON) volunteered to participate in a repeated measures cross-over design. The protocol was conducted in 5 °C and was 90 min of resting cold exposure, 30 min of cycle ergometry exercise (50 % VO2 peak), and 60 min of seated recovery. Core and finger skin temperature, metabolic rate, Purdue Pegboard dexterity performance, hand pain, thermal sensation, and mood were quantified. Exercise-induced finger rewarming (EIFRW) was calculated for each hand. During 90 min of resting exposure to 5 °C, the CWA had a smaller reduction in finger temperature, a lower metabolic rate, less hand pain, and less negative mood. Despite this cold habituation, dexterity performance was not different between groups. In response to cycle ergometry, EIFRW was greater in CWA (~12 versus 7 °C) and occurred at lower core temperatures (37.02 versus 37.31 °C) relative to NON but dexterity was not greater during post-exercise recovery. The current data indicate that cold habituated men (i.e., CWA) do not perform better on the Purdue Pegboard during acute cold exposure. Furthermore, despite augmented EIFRW in CWA, dexterity during post-exercise recovery was similar between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Muller
- Exercise and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Gym Annex 167, Kent, OH, 44242, USA,
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Nindl BC, Castellani JW, Warr BJ, Sharp MA, Henning PC, Spiering BA, Scofield DE. Physiological Employment Standards III: physiological challenges and consequences encountered during international military deployments. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2655-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Muller MD, Ryan EJ, Kim CH, Muller SM, Glickman EL. Test-retest reliability of Purdue Pegboard performance in thermoneutral and cold ambient conditions. ERGONOMICS 2011; 54:1081-1087. [PMID: 22026951 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2011.620178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the cold, Purdue Pegboard (PP) performance declines. The purpose of this study was to determine if this cold-induced impairment is consistent across days (i.e. test-retest reliability) in 5°C. In thermoneutral air (25°C), 14 men were familiarised to the dominant hand (PPa) and bimanual (PPb) PP tasks. They then experienced two 90-min cold exposures (Day 1, Day 2) while wearing ∼1 clo. Bare hands were maintained throughout. Performance on both tasks showed high reliability from day to day (intraclass correlations >0.700) in both thermoneutral and cold conditions. However for both tasks, room temperature performance did not predict performance in the cold (intraclass correlations <0.450). When screening applicants for manual labour in the cold, one must consider that room temperature dexterity does not correlate with dexterity in the cold. It is recommended that a 60-min period of cold exposure be employed to assess manual dexterity in these workers. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This study shows that PP performance in room temperature does not predict performance in the cold but performance in the cold is consistent from day to day. When screening applicants for manual labour in the cold, it is recommended that dexterity tests be conducted in the same ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Muller
- Exercise and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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Wiggen ØN, Heen S, Færevik H, Reinertsen RE. Effect of cold conditions on manual performance while wearing petroleum industry protective clothing. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2011; 49:443-451. [PMID: 21697624 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate manual performance and thermal responses during low work intensity in persons wearing standard protective clothing in the petroleum industry when they were exposed to a range of temperatures (5, -5, -15 and -25℃) that are relevant to environmental conditions for petroleum industry personnel in northern regions. Twelve men participated in the study. Protective clothing was adjusted for the given cold exposure according to current practices. The subjects performed manual tests five times under each environmental condition. The manual performance test battery consisted of four different tests: tactile sensation (Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments), finger dexterity (Purdue Pegboard), hand dexterity (Complete Minnesota dexterity test) and grip strength (grip dynamometer). We found that exposure to -5℃ or colder lowered skin and body temperatures and reduced manual performance during low work intensity. In conclusion the current protective clothing at a given cold exposure is not adequate to maintain manual performance and thermal balance for petroleum workers in the high north.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Nordrum Wiggen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology.
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Chen WL, Shih YC, Chi CF. Hand and finger dexterity as a function of skin temperature, EMG, and ambient condition. HUMAN FACTORS 2010; 52:426-440. [PMID: 21077564 DOI: 10.1177/0018720810376514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article examines the changes in skin temperature (finger, hand, forearm), manual performance (hand dexterity and strength), and forearm surface electromyograph (EMG) through 40-min, 11 degrees C water cooling followed by 15-min, 34 degrees C water rewarming; additionally, it explores the relationship between dexterity and the factors of skin temperature, EMG, and ambient condition. BACKGROUND Hand exposure in cold conditions is unavoidable and significantly affects manual performance. METHOD Two tasks requiring gross and fine dexterity were designed, namely, nut loosening and pin insertion, respectively. The nested-factorial design includes factors of gender, participant (nested within gender), immersion duration, muscle type (for EMG), and location (for skin temperature). The responses are changes in dexterity, skin temperature, normalized amplitude of EMG, and grip strength. Finally, factor analysis and stepwise regression are used to explore factors affecting hand and finger dexterity. RESULTS Dexterity, EMG, and skin temperature fell with prolonged cooling, but the EMG of the flexor digitorum superficialis remained almost unchanged during the nut loosening task. All responses but the forearm skin temperature recovered to the baseline level at the end of rewarming. The three factors extracted by factor analysis are termed skin temperature, ambient condition, and EMG. They explain approximately two thirds of the variation of the linear models for both dexterities, and the factor of skin temperature is the most influential. CONCLUSION Sustained cooling and warming significantly decreases and increases finger, hand, and forearm skin temperature. Dexterity, strength, and EMG are positively correlated to skin temperature. Therefore, keeping the finger, hand, and forearm warm is important to maintaining hand performance. APPLICATION The findings could be helpful to building safety guidelines for working in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Chen
- Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Muller MD, Ryan EJ, Bellar DM, Kim CH, Blankfield RP, Muller SM, Glickman EL. The influence of interval versus continuous exercise on thermoregulation, torso hemodynamics, and finger dexterity in the cold. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:857-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sormunen E, Rissanen S, Oksa J, Pienimaki T, Remes J, Rintamaki H. Muscular activity and thermal responses in men and women during repetitive work in cold environments. ERGONOMICS 2009; 52:964-976. [PMID: 19629811 DOI: 10.1080/00140130902767413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Thermal responses and muscular activity in repetitive work were studied in eight women and eight men at 19 degrees C (thermoneutral) and at 4 degrees C (cold). Furthermore, effect of a heating vest was studied at 4 degrees C. Women had lower (p < 0.05) mean skin temperature compared with men at each thermal condition. Muscular activity (microV) was generally higher in women compared with men, being significantly higher in m. deltoideus (p < 0.05). Women had lower (p < 0.01) maximal isometric strength compared with men, which may have influenced the observed higher muscular activity during work in women. However, compared with thermoneutral, working in cold increased (p < 0.05) muscular activity in the forearm and upper arm extensors only in men. The vest did not significantly counteract the increase in muscular activity. In conclusion, sex differences should be considered when evaluating cold protection and work load reduction in repetitive work in cold environments. Present results indicate that in identical work, sex affects thermal responses and muscular activity during repetitive work in conditions comparable with cooled departments in the food-processing industry. Sex differences should be considered when evaluating cold protection and preventive measures for work load reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erja Sormunen
- Centre for Arctic Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Jeong HY, Higashimori M, Kaneko M. Improvement of touch sensitivity by pressing. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:2409-14. [PMID: 19163188 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is really interesting to know how a blood flow has an influence on a touch sensitivity during human fingertip exploration over an environment. In this paper, we examine experimentally how the touch sensitivity is changed under the condition that the blood flow is interrupted compulsorily by pressing the proximal phalange of human finger. Through the weight discrimination test based on Weber's Law, we found that the touch sensitivity improves temporarily with the statistical significance test of below 0.1 %, when a finger proximal phalange is bound and pressed. Experimental results also show that there exists a meaningful correlationship between the stiffness of fingertip and the touch sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hie-yong Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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Effects of local and core body temperature on grip force modulation during movement-induced load force fluctuations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:59-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hawkins MN, Raven PB, Snell PG, Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: prevention of cold injuries during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:103-7. [PMID: 17218891 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000241641.75101.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the American College of Sports Medicine that exercise can be performed safely in most cold-weather environments without incurring cold-weather injuries. The key to prevention is use of a comprehensive risk management strategy that: a) identifies/assesses the cold hazard; b) identifies/assesses contributing factors for cold-weather injuries; c) develops controls to mitigate cold stress/strain; d) implements controls into formal plans; and e) utilizes administrative oversight to ensure controls are enforced or modified. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends that: 1) coaches/athletes/medical personnel know the signs/symptoms and risk factors for hypothermia, frostbite, and non-freezing cold injuries, identify individuals susceptible to cold injuries, and have the latest up-to-date information about current and future weather conditions before conducting training sessions or competitions; 2) cold-weather clothing be chosen based on each individual's requirements and that standardized clothing ensembles not be mandated for entire groups; 3) the wind-chill temperature index be used to estimate the relative risk of frostbite and that heightened surveillance of exercisers be used at wind-chill temperatures below -27 degrees C (-18 degrees F); and 4) individuals with asthma and cardiovascular disease can exercise in cold environments, but should be monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Hawkins
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, 7232 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
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Flouris AD, Cheung SS, Fowles JR, Kruisselbrink LD, Westwood DA, Carrillo AE, Murphy RJL. Influence of body heat content on hand function during prolonged cold exposures. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:802-8. [PMID: 16709657 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00197.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the influence of 1) prior increase [preheating (PHT)], 2) increase throughout [heating (HT)], and 3) no increase [control (Con)] of body heat content (Hb) on neuromuscular function and manual dexterity of the hands during a 130-min exposure to −20°C (coldEx). Ten volunteers randomly underwent three passive coldEx, incorporating a 10-min moderate-exercise period at the 65th min while wearing a liquid conditioning garment (LCG) and military arctic clothing. In PHT, 50°C water was circulated in the LCG before coldEx until core temperature was increased by 0.5°C. In HT, participants regulated the inlet LCG water temperature throughout coldEx to subjective comfort, while the LCG was not operating in Con. Thermal comfort, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, mean finger temperature (T̄fing), change in Hb (ΔHb), rate of body heat storage, Purdue pegboard test, finger tapping, handgrip, maximum voluntary contraction, and evoked twitch force of the first dorsal interosseus muscle were recorded. Results demonstrated that, unlike in HT and PHT, thermal comfort, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, twitch force, maximum voluntary contraction, and finger tapping declined significantly in Con. In contrast, T̄fing and Purdue pegboard test remained constant only in HT. Generalized estimating equations demonstrated that ΔHb and T̄fing were associated over time with hand function, whereas no significant association was detected for rate of body heat storage. It is concluded that increasing Hb not only throughout but also before a coldEx is effective in maintaining hand function. In addition, we found that the best indicator of hand function is ΔHb followed by T̄fing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Flouris
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3J5.
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Jay O, Havenith G. Differences in finger skin contact cooling response between an arterial occlusion and a vasodilated condition. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100:1596-601. [PMID: 16179397 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00760.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the presence and magnitude of the effect of skin blood flow on finger skin cooling on contact with cold objects against the background of circulatory disorder risks in occupational exposures, this study investigates the effect of zero vs. close-to-maximal hand blood flow on short-term (≤180 s) skin contact cooling response at a contact pressure that allows capillary perfusion of the distal pulp of the fingertip. Six male volunteers touched a block of aluminium with a finger contact force of 0.5 N at a temperature of −2°C under a vasodilated and an occluded condition. Before both conditions, participants were required to exercise in a hot room for ≥30 min for cutaneous vasodilation to occur (increase in rectal temperature of 1°C). Under the vasodilated condition, forearm blood flow rate rose as high as 16.8 ml·100 ml−1·min−1. Under the occluded condition, the arm was exsanguinated, after which a blood pressure cuff was secured on the wrist inducing arterial occlusion. Contact temperature of the finger pad during the subsequent cold contact exposure was measured. No significant difference was found between the starting skin temperatures for the two blood flow conditions, but a distinct difference in shape of the contact cooling curve was apparent between the two blood flow conditions, with Newtonian cooling observed under the occluded condition, whereas a rewarming of the finger skin toward the end of the exposure occurred for the vasodilated condition. Blood flow was found to significantly increase contact temperature from 40 s onward ( P < 0.01). It is concluded that, at a finger contact force compatible with capillary perfusion of the finger pad (∼0.5 N), circulating blood provides a heat input source that significantly affects finger skin contact cooling during a vasodilated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Jay
- Department of Human Sciences, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
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Brajkovic D, Ducharme MB. Facial cold-induced vasodilation and skin temperature during exposure to cold wind. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 96:711-21. [PMID: 16450168 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One purpose of this study was to characterize the facial skin temperature and cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) response of 12 subjects (six males and six females) during exposure to cold wind (i.e., -10 to 10 degrees C; 2, 5, and 8 m/s wind speed). This study found that at each wind speed, facial skin temperature decreased as ambient temperature decreased. The percentage of subjects showing facial CIVD decreased significantly at an ambient temperature above -10 degrees C. A similar CIVD percentage was observed between 0 degrees C dry and 10 degrees C wet (face sprayed with fine water mist) at each wind speed. No CIVDs were observed during the 10 degrees C dry condition at any wind speed. The incidence of CIVD response was more uniform across facial sites when there was a greater cold stress (i.e., -10 degrees C and 8 m/s wind). Another objective of the study was to examine the effect of the thermal state of the body (as reflected by core temperature) on the facial skin temperature response during rest and exercise. This study found that nose skin temperature was significantly higher in exercising subjects with an elevated core temperature even though there was no significant difference in face skin temperature between the two conditions. Therefore, this finding suggests that acral regions of the face, such as the nose, are more sensitive to changes in the thermal state of the body, and hence will stay warmer relative to other parts of the face during exercise in the cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Brajkovic
- Human Protection and Performance Group, Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto, 1133 Sheppard Avenue West, M3M 3B9 Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
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