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Murgia M, Rittweger J, Reggiani C, Bottinelli R, Mann M, Schiaffino S, Narici MV. Spaceflight on the ISS changed the skeletal muscle proteome of two astronauts. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:60. [PMID: 38839773 PMCID: PMC11153545 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle undergoes atrophy and loss of force during long space missions, when astronauts are persistently exposed to altered gravity and increased ionizing radiation. We previously carried out mass spectrometry-based proteomics from skeletal muscle biopsies of two astronauts, taken before and after a mission on the International Space Station. The experiments were part of an effort to find similarities between spaceflight and bed rest, a ground-based model of unloading, focused on proteins located at the costameres. We here extend the data analysis of the astronaut dataset and show compartment-resolved changes in the mitochondrial proteome, remodeling of the extracellular matrix and of the antioxidant response. The astronauts differed in their level of onboard physical exercise, which correlated with their respective preservation of muscle mass and force at landing in previous analyses. We show that the mitochondrial proteome downregulation during spaceflight, particularly the inner membrane and matrix, was dramatic for both astronauts. The expression of autophagy regulators and reactive oxygen species scavengers, however, showed partially opposite expression trends in the two subjects, possibly correlating with their level of onboard exercise. As mitochondria are primarily affected in many different tissues during spaceflight, we hypothesize that reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than mechanical unloading per se could be the primary cause of skeletal muscle mitochondrial damage in space. Onboard physical exercise might have a strong direct effect on the prevention of muscle atrophy through mechanotransduction and a subsidiary effect on mitochondrial quality control, possibly through upregulation of autophagy and anti-oxidant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Roberto Bottinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
- CIR-MYO Myology Center, 35121, Padua, Italy
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Casuso RA, Huertas JR, Aragón-Vela J. The role of muscle disuse in muscular and cardiovascular fitness: A systematic review and meta-regression. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:812-823. [PMID: 38874988 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the effects of muscle disuse on muscle strength (MS), muscle mass (MM) and cardiovascular fitness. Databases were scrutinized to identify human studies assessing the effects of muscle disuse on both (1) MM and (2) maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and/or MS. Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression with initial physical fitness and length of the protocol as a priori determined moderators were performed. We quantitatively analyzed 51 different studies, and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Data from the participants in 14 studies showed a decline in both VO2max (SMD: -0.93; 95% CI: -1.27 to -0.58) and MM (SMD: -0.34; 95% CI: -0.57 to -0.10). Data from 47 studies showed a decline in strength (-0.88; 95% CI: -1.04 to -0.73) and mass (SMD: -0.47; 95% CI: -0.58 to -0.36). MS loss was twice as high as MM loss, but differences existed between anatomical regions. Notably, meta-regression analysis revealed that initial MS was inversely associated with MS decline. VO2max and MS decline to a higher extent than MM during muscle disuse. We reported a more profound strength loss in subjects with high muscular strength. This is physiologically relevant for athletes because their required muscular strength can profoundly decline during a period of muscle disuse. It should however be noted that a period of muscle disuse can have devastating consequences in old subjects with low muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Casuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jesús R Huertas
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Health Sciences, Area of Physiology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
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3
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Mastrandrea CJ, Hedge ET, Hughson RL. The detrimental effects of bedrest: Premature cardiovascular aging and dysfunction. Can J Cardiol 2024:S0828-282X(24)00395-7. [PMID: 38759726 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Bedrest as an experimental paradigm or as an in-patient stay for medical reasons has negative consequences for cardiovascular health. The effects of severe inactivity parallel many of the changes experienced with natural aging but over a much shorter duration. Cardiac function is reduced, arteries stiffen, neural reflex responses are impaired, and metabolic and oxidative stress responses impose burden on the heart and vascular systems. The impact of these changes is revealed in studies of integrative function. Aerobic fitness progressively deteriorates with bedrest and tolerance of upright posture is rapidly impaired. This review considers the similarities between aging and bedrest-induced cardiovascular deconditioning. We concur with many recent clinical recommendations that early and regular mobility with upright posture will reduce likelihood of hospital-associated disability related to bedrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo J Mastrandrea
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Canada; Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Eric T Hedge
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Canada; Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Petrocelli JJ, Liu J, Yee EM, Ferrara PJ, Bourrant PE, de Hart NMMP, Tatum SM, Holland WJ, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Skeletal muscle-specific inducible AMPKα1/α2 knockout mice develop muscle weakness, glycogen depletion, and fibrosis that persists during disuse atrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E50-E60. [PMID: 38019084 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00261.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important skeletal muscle regulator implicated as a possible therapeutic target to ameliorate the local undesired deconditioning of disuse atrophy. However, the muscle-specific role of AMPK in regulating muscle function, fibrosis, and transcriptional reprogramming during physical disuse is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine how the absence of both catalytic subunits of AMPK in skeletal muscle influences muscle force production, collagen deposition, and the transcriptional landscape. We generated skeletal muscle-specific tamoxifen-inducible AMPKα1/α2 knockout (AMPKα-/-) mice that underwent 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) or remained ambulatory for 14 days (AMB). We found that AMPKα-/- during ambulatory conditions altered body weight and myofiber size, decreased muscle function, depleted glycogen stores and TBC1 domain family member 1 (TBC1D1) phosphorylation, increased collagen deposition, and altered transcriptional pathways. Primarily, pathways related to cellular senescence and mitochondrial biogenesis and function were influenced by the absence of AMPKα. The effects of AMPKα-/- persisted, but were not worsened, following hindlimb unloading. Together, we report that AMPKα is necessary to maintain skeletal muscle quality.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We determined that skeletal muscle-specific AMPKα knockout (KO) mice display functional, fibrotic, and transcriptional alterations before and during muscle disuse atrophy. We also observed that AMPKα KO drives muscle fibrosis and pathways related to cellular senescence that continues during the hindlimb unloading period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jingtong Liu
- Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Elena M Yee
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Paul-Emile Bourrant
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Naomi M M P de Hart
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Sean M Tatum
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - William J Holland
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Wu YF, De La Toba EA, Dvoretskiy S, Jung R, Kim N, Daniels L, Romanova EV, Drnevich J, Sweedler JV, Boppart MD. Development of a cell-free strategy to recover aged skeletal muscle after disuse. J Physiol 2023; 601:5011-5031. [PMID: 35318675 PMCID: PMC9492804 DOI: 10.1113/jp282867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended periods of bed rest and limb immobilization are required for healing post-injury or disease, yet disuse can result in significant muscle atrophy and decreased quality of life in older adults. Physical rehabilitation is commonly prescribed to recover these deficits, yet accumulation of reactive oxygen species and sustained rates of protein degradation persist during the rehabilitation period that can significantly delay or prevent recovery. Pericytes, considered the primary mesenchymal and vascular stromal cell in skeletal muscle, secrete beneficial factors that maintain baseline muscle mass, yet minimal information exists regarding the pericyte response to disuse and recovery. In the current study, single-cell RNA sequencing and functional assays were performed to demonstrate that pericytes in mouse skeletal muscle lose the capacity to synthesize antioxidants during disuse and recovery. This information was used to guide the design of a strategy in which healthy donor pericytes were stimulated with hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) to produce small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that effectively restored myofibre size in adult and aged muscle after disuse. Proteomic assessment detected 11 differentially regulated proteins in primed sEVs that may account for recovery of muscle, including proteins associated with extracellular matrix composition and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes. This study demonstrates that healthy H2 O2 -primed pericyte-derived sEVs effectively improve skeletal muscle recovery after immobilization, presenting a novel acellular approach to rebuild muscle mass in older adults after a period of disuse. KEY POINTS: Previous studies suggest that prolonged oxidative stress is a barrier to skeletal muscle recovery after a period of immobilization. In this study we demonstrate that muscle-resident perivascular stromal cells (pericytes) become dysfunctional and lack the capacity to mount an antioxidant defence after disuse in mice. Hydrogen peroxide treatment of healthy pericytes in vitro simulates the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that effectively recover skeletal muscle fibre size and extracellular matrix remodelling in young adult and aged mice after disuse. Pericyte-derived sEVs present a novel acellular strategy to recover skeletal muscle after disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Wu
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eduardo A. De La Toba
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Svyatoslav Dvoretskiy
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Rebecca Jung
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Noah Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Laureen Daniels
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elena V. Romanova
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, High Performance Biological Computing, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Marni D. Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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6
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Petrocelli JJ, McKenzie AI, de Hart NMMP, Reidy PT, Mahmassani ZS, Keeble AR, Kaput KL, Wahl MP, Rondina MT, Marcus RL, Welt CK, Holland WL, Funai K, Fry CS, Drummond MJ. Disuse-induced muscle fibrosis, cellular senescence, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype in older adults are alleviated during re-ambulation with metformin pre-treatment. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13936. [PMID: 37486024 PMCID: PMC10652302 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle inflammation and fibrosis underlie disuse-related complications and may contribute to impaired muscle recovery in aging. Cellular senescence is an emerging link between inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and poor muscle recovery after disuse. In rodents, metformin has been shown to prevent cellular senescence/senescent associated secretory phenotype (SASP), inflammation, and fibrosis making it a potentially practical therapeutic solution. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine in older adults if metformin monotherapy during bed rest could reduce muscle fibrosis and cellular senescence/SASP during the re-ambulation period. A two-arm controlled trial was utilized in healthy male and female older adults (n = 20; BMI: <30, age: 60 years+) randomized into either placebo or metformin treatment during a two-week run-in and 5 days of bedrest followed by metformin withdrawal during 7 days of recovery. We found that metformin-treated individuals had less type-I myofiber atrophy during disuse, reduced pro-inflammatory transcriptional profiles, and lower muscle collagen deposition during recovery. Collagen content and myofiber size corresponded to reduced whole muscle cellular senescence and SASP markers. Moreover, metformin treatment reduced primary muscle resident fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) senescent markers and promoted a shift in fibroblast fate to be less myofibroblast-like. Together, these results suggest that metformin pre-treatment improved ECM remodeling after disuse in older adults by possibly altering cellular senescence and SASP in skeletal muscle and in FAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Naomi M M P de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alexander R Keeble
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Katie L Kaput
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew P Wahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robin L Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Corrine K Welt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Spiering BA, Weakley J, Mujika I. Effects of Bed Rest on Physical Performance in Athletes: A Systematic and Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:2135-2146. [PMID: 37495758 PMCID: PMC10587175 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes can face scenarios in which they are confined to bed rest (e.g., due to injury or illness). Existing research in otherwise healthy individuals indicates that those entering bed rest with the greatest physical performance level might experience the greatest performance decrements, which indirectly suggests that athletes might be more susceptible to the detrimental consequences of bed rest than general populations. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the effects of bed rest might help guide the medical care of athletes during and following bed rest. OBJECTIVE This systematic and narrative review aimed to (1) establish the evidence for the effects of bed rest on physical performance in athletes; (2) discuss potential countermeasures to offset these negative consequences; and (3) identify the time-course of recovery following bed rest to guide return-to-sport rehabilitation. METHODS This review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Four databases were searched (SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE/PubMed) in October of 2022, and studies were included if they were peer-reviewed investigations, written in English, and investigated the effects of horizontal bed rest on changes in physical capacities and qualities in athletes (defined as Tier 3-5 participants). The reporting quality of the research was assessed using a modified version of the Downs & Black checklist. Furthermore, findings from studies that involved participants in Tiers 1-2 were presented and synthesized using a narrative approach. RESULTS Our systematic review of the literature using a rigorous criterion of 'athletes' revealed zero scientific publications. Nevertheless, as a by-product of our search, seven studies were identified that involved apparently healthy individuals who performed specific exercise training prior to bed rest. CONCLUSIONS Based on the limited evidence from studies involving non-athletes who were otherwise healthy prior to bed rest, we generally conclude that (1) bed rest rapidly (within 3 days) decreases upright endurance exercise performance, likely due to a rapid loss in plasma volume; whereas strength is reduced within 5 days, likely due to neural factors as well as muscle atrophy; (2) fluid/salt supplementation may be an effective countermeasure to protect against decrements in endurance performance during bed rest; while a broader array of potentially effective countermeasures exists, the efficacy of these countermeasures for previously exercise-trained individuals requires further study; and (3) athletes likely require at least 2-4 weeks of progressive rehabilitation following bed rest of ≤ 28 days, although the timeline of recovery might need to be extended depending on the underlying reason for bed rest (e.g., injury or illness). Despite these general conclusions from studies involving non-athletes, our primary conclusion is that substantial effort and research is still required to quantify the effects of bed rest on physical performance, identify effective countermeasures, and provide return-to-sport timelines in bona fide athletes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE OF REGISTRATION Registration ID: osf.io/d3aew; Date: October 24, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Spiering
- Sports Research Laboratory, New Balance Athletics, Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, McAuley at Banyo, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds, UK.
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
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Mastrandrea CJ, Hedge ET, Robertson AD, Heckman GA, Ho J, Granados Unger F, Hughson RL. High-intensity exercise does not protect against orthostatic intolerance following bedrest in 55- to 65-yr-old men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R107-R119. [PMID: 37184226 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged bedrest provokes orthostatic hypotension and intolerance of upright posture. Limited data are available on the cardiovascular responses of older adults to head-up tilt following bedrest, with no studies examining the potential benefits of exercise to mitigate intolerance in this age group. This randomized controlled trial of head-down bedrest (HDBR) in 55- to 65-yr-old men and women investigated if exercise could avert post-HDBR orthostatic intolerance. Twenty-two healthy older adults (11 female) underwent a strict 14-day HDBR and were assigned to either an exercise (EX) or control (CON) group. The exercise intervention included high-intensity, aerobic, and resistance exercises. Head-up tilt-testing to a maximum of 15 minutes was performed at baseline (Pre-Bedrest) and immediately after HDBR (R1), as well as 6 days (R6) and 4 weeks (R4wk) later. At Pre-Bedrest, three participants did not complete the full 15 minutes of tilt. At R1, 18 did not finish, with no difference in tilt end time between CON (422 ± 287 s) and EX (409 ± 346 s). No differences between CON and EX were observed at R6 or R4wk. At R1, just 1 participant self-terminated the test with symptoms, while 12 others reported symptoms only after physiological test termination criteria were reached. Finishers on R1 protected arterial pressure with higher total peripheral resistance relative to Pre-Bedrest. Cerebral blood velocity decreased linearly with reductions in arterial pressure, end-tidal CO2, and cardiac output. High-intensity interval exercise did not benefit post-HDBR orthostatic tolerance in older adults. Multiple factors were associated with the reduction in cerebral blood velocity leading to intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric T Hedge
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew D Robertson
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - George A Heckman
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Ho
- Schlegel-UW Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Federico Granados Unger
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Teraž K, Šimunič B, Peskar M, Marusic U, Pišot S, Šlosar L, Gasparini M, Pišot R. Functional characteristics and subjective disease perception in patients with COVID-19 two months after hospital discharge. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2023; 4:1209900. [PMID: 37546579 PMCID: PMC10401436 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1209900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Although early inpatient and post-hospital rehabilitation is recognized as necessary, not all COVID-19 patients have access to rehabilitation. There are no published reports in the literature that investigate the outcomes of patients who do not receive rehabilitation after COVID-19. Our aim was to evaluate possible improvements in determinate functional and psychological parameters in COVID-19 patients two months after their hospital discharge. Methods On both time points various motor, cognitive, and clinical measurements such as body composition, tensiomyography, blood pressure, spirometry, grip strength test, Timed Up and Go test, gait speed, 30-second chair-stand test, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, were performed. Additionally, questionnaires such as the SARC-CalF test, Edmonton frail scale, International Physical Activity questionnaire andThe Mediterranean Lifestyle index were conducted to assess lifestyle characteristics. Results A total of 39 patients (87.2% male; mean age of 59.1 ± 10.3 years), who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 at the Izola General Hospital (IGH), Slovenia between December 2020 and April 2021, were included. Patients were assessed at two time points (T1 and T2): T1 was taken after receiving a negative COVID-19 test and T2 was taken two months after T1. After two months of self-rehabilitation, we have detected a BMI increase (p < .001), fat free mass increase (p < .001), better Edmonton frail scale (p < .001), SARC-CalF score (p = .014) and MoCA score (p = .014). There were no detected changes in lifestyle habits nor in physical performance tests. Discussion It is already known that COVID-19 has long-term negative consequences regardless of the stage of the disease. Our findings support the notion that patients cannot fully regain all their functions within a two-month period without receiving structured or supervised rehabilitation. Therefore, it is crucial to offer patients comprehensive and structured rehabilitation that incorporates clinical, cognitive, and motor exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Teraž
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Manca Peskar
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
- Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics, Faculty V: Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea – ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Saša Pišot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Luka Šlosar
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea – ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Malden Gasparini
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital Izola, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pišot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
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10
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Pus K, Paravlic AH, Šimunič B. The use of tensiomyography in older adults: a systematic review. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213993. [PMID: 37398907 PMCID: PMC10311920 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Aging of skeletal muscles results in a cascade of events negatively affecting muscle mass, strength, and function, leading to reduced mobility, increased risk of falls, disability, and loss of independence. To date, different methods are used to assess muscle mechanical function, tensiomyography (TMG) being one of them. The aim of this review was twofold: to summarize the evidence-based usefulness of tensiomyography in older adults and to establish reference values for the main tensiomyography parameters in older adults. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and tensiomyography databases were searched from inception until 25 December 2022. Studies investigating older adults (aged 60+ years) that reported tensiomyography-derived parameters such as contraction time (Tc) and/or maximal displacement (Dm) were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Results: In total, eight studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Tensiomyography has been used on different groups of older adults, including asymptomatic, master athletes, patients with peripheral arterial disease, and patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis with a mean age of 71.5 ± 5.38 (55.7% male subjects). The most evaluated were leg muscles such as vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and biceps femoris (BF). The present review demonstrates that tensiomyography is used to assess neuromuscular function in asymptomatic and diseased older adults. When compared to asymptomatic individuals, power master athletes, knee osteoarthritis patients, and patients diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease have the shortest Tc in BF, VL, and GM muscles, respectively. On the other hand, endurance master athletes showed the longest Tc in all three evaluated muscles. Less mobile, nursing-home residents showed higher Dm in VL and BF, while lower Dm in GM than the asymptomatic group. The knee osteoarthritis group showed the largest Dm in BF and VL while having the smallest Dm in GM. Conclusion: Tensiomyography can serve as a valuable tool for assessing neuromuscular function in older adults. The method is sensitive to muscle composition, architecture, and (pre) atrophic changes of the skeletal muscles and might be responsive to muscle quality changes in aging and diseased populations. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=402345, identifier CRD42023402345.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Pus
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea—ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Armin H. Paravlic
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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11
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Naruse M, Trappe S, Trappe TA. Human skeletal muscle-specific atrophy with aging: a comprehensive review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:900-914. [PMID: 36825643 PMCID: PMC10069966 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00768.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related skeletal muscle atrophy appears to be a muscle group-specific process, yet only a few specific muscles have been investigated and our understanding in this area is limited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the available information on age-related skeletal muscle atrophy in a muscle-specific manner, nearly half of which comes from the quadriceps. Decline in muscle-specific size over ∼50 yr of aging was determined from 47 cross-sectional studies of 982 young (∼25 yr) and 1,003 old (∼75 yr) individuals and nine muscle groups: elbow extensors (-20%, -0.39%/yr), elbow flexors (-19%, -0.38%/yr), paraspinals (-24%, -0.47%/yr), psoas (-29%, -0.58%/yr), hip adductors (-13%, -0.27%/yr), hamstrings (-19%, -0.39%/yr), quadriceps (-27%, -0.53%/yr), dorsiflexors (-9%, -0.19%/yr), and triceps surae (-14%, -0.28%/yr). Muscle-specific atrophy rate was also determined for each of the subcomponent muscles in the hamstrings, quadriceps, and triceps surae. Of all the muscles included in this review, there was more than a fivefold difference between the least (-6%, -0.13%/yr, soleus) to the most (-33%, -0.66%/yr, rectus femoris) atrophying muscles. Muscle activity level, muscle fiber type, sex, and timeline of the aging process all appeared to have some influence on muscle-specific atrophy. Given the large range of muscle-specific atrophy and the large number of muscles that have not been investigated, more muscle-specific information could expand our understanding of functional deficits that develop with aging and help guide muscle-specific interventions to improve the quality of life of aging women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Naruse
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
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12
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Oranger A, Storlino G, Dicarlo M, Zerlotin R, Pignataro P, Sanesi L, Narici M, Pišot R, Simunič B, Colaianni G, Grano M, Colucci S. Impact of 10-day bed rest on serum levels of irisin and markers of musculoskeletal metabolism. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22668. [PMID: 36475382 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201005rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bed rest (BR) is a ground-based model to simulate microgravity mimicking skeletal-muscle alterations as in spaceflight. Molecular coupling between bone and muscle might be involved in physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, the new myokine irisin and bone-muscle turnover markers have been studied during and after 10 days of BR. Ten young male individuals were subjected to 10 days of horizontal BR. Serum concentrations of irisin, myostatin, sclerostin, and haptoglobin were assessed, and muscle tissue gene expression on vastus lateralis biopsies was determined. During 10-days BR, we observed no significant fluctuation levels of irisin, myostatin, and sclerostin. Two days after BR (R+2), irisin serum levels significantly decreased while myostatin, sclerostin, and haptoglobin were significantly increased compared with BR0. Gene expression of myokines, inflammatory molecules, transcription factors, and markers of muscle atrophy and senescence on muscle biopsies were not altered, suggesting that muscle metabolism of young, healthy subjects is able to adapt to the hypomobility condition during 10-day BR. However, when subjects were divided according to irisin serum levels at BR9, muscle ring finger-1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in subjects with higher irisin serum levels, suggesting that this myokine may prevent the triggering of muscle atrophy. Moreover, the negative correlation between p21 mRNA and irisin at BR9 indicated a possible inhibitory effect of the myokine on the senescence marker. In conclusion, irisin could be a prognostic marker of hypomobility-induced muscle atrophy, and its serum levels could protect against muscle deterioration by preventing and/or delaying the expression of atrophy and senescence cellular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Oranger
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Storlino
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Manuela Dicarlo
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Zerlotin
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pignataro
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sanesi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rado Pišot
- Institute of Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Simunič
- Institute of Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Graziana Colaianni
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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13
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Pindus DM, Selzer-Ninomiya A, Nayak A, Pionke JJ, Raine LB. Effects of reducing sedentary behaviour duration by increasing physical activity, on cognitive function, brain function and structure across the lifespan: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e046077. [PMID: 36270758 PMCID: PMC9594536 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Greater engagement in sedentary behaviours has been related to poorer cognitive functions in epidemiological research. However, the effects of reducing sedentary behaviour duration on cognitive function, brain function, and structure remain poorly understood. This systematic review aims to synthesise the evidence on the effects of reducing sedentary behaviour duration by increasing time spent in physical activity on cognitive function, brain structure and function in apparently healthy children, adolescents and adults. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The protocol follows Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The literature search will be conducted (search dates: August-September 2022) across six databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (via EBSCO Host), PsycINFO (via ProQuest), SPORTDiscus and Web of Science (Science and Social Science Citation Index). The inclusion criteria are as follows: randomised and non-randomised experimental studies as defined by the Cochrane Handbook, published in English, in peer-reviewed journals, and as theses or dissertations. References of included papers will be screened for additional studies. Acute and chronic interventions targeting children (≥ 4 years), adolescents, younger adults (≥ 18-40 years), middle-aged (40-64 years) and older adults (65+ years) will be eligible. Methodological quality will be assessed with the Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool for quantitative studies. Qualitative synthesis will be stratified by intervention type (acute vs chronic), intervention content (reducing sedentary time or interrupting prolonged sitting) and outcome (cognitive, brain structure and function). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No primary data collection will be conducted as part of this systematic review. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and social media. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020200998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika M Pindus
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ana Selzer-Ninomiya
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Applied Health Sciences, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Apurva Nayak
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - J J Pionke
- University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lauren B Raine
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Movement & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Sharma K, Zhang Y, Paudel KR, Kachelmeier A, Hansbro PM, Shi X. The Emerging Role of Pericyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular and Neurological Health. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193108. [PMID: 36231071 PMCID: PMC9563036 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs), as a central component of the neurovascular unit, contribute to the regenerative potential of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) by virtue of their role in blood flow regulation, angiogenesis, maintenance of the BBB, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. Emerging evidence indicates that PCs also have a role in mediating cell-to-cell communication through the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived, micro- to nano-sized vesicles that transport cell constituents such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from a parent originating cell to a recipient cell. PC-derived EVs (PC-EVs) play a crucial homeostatic role in neurovascular disease, as they promote angiogenesis, maintain the integrity of the blood-tissue barrier, and provide neuroprotection. The cargo carried by PC-EVs includes growth factors such as endothelial growth factor (VEGF), connecting tissue growth factors (CTGFs), fibroblast growth factors, angiopoietin 1, and neurotrophic growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF), neuron growth factor (NGF), and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), as well as cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1. The PC-EVs also carry miRNA and circular RNA linked to neurovascular health and the progression of several vascular and neuronal diseases. Therapeutic strategies employing PC-EVs have potential in the treatment of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses current research on the characteristic features of EVs secreted by PCs and their role in neuronal and vascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Sharma
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yunpei Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Allan Kachelmeier
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-503-494-2997
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15
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Cao YT, Wang JJ, Yang YT, Zhu SJ, Zheng LD, Lu WW, Zhu R, Wu T. Effect of home-based exercise programs with e-devices on falls among community-dwelling older adults: a meta-analysis. J Comp Eff Res 2022; 11:1201-1217. [PMID: 36148921 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2022-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the effectiveness of home-based exercise programs with e-devices (HEPEs) on falls among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Twelve randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis considering four fall-related outcomes. Results: HEPEs significantly reduced the rate of falls (risk ratio: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72-0.95; p = 0.006) and improved lower extremity strength (mean difference: -0.94; 95% CI: -1.71 to -0.47; p < 0.001). There was a significant improvement favoring HEPEs on balance if the participants were aged >75 years (mean difference: -0.55; 95% CI: -1.05 to -0.05; p = 0.03), or the intervention duration was at least 16 weeks (mean difference: -0.81; 95% CI: -1.58 to -0.05; p = 0.04). Conclusion: HEPEs demonstrated an overall positive effect on falls among community-dwelling older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Cao
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine & Spinal Cord Injury Repair & Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jian-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine & Spinal Cord Injury Repair & Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yi-Ting Yang
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine & Spinal Cord Injury Repair & Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine & Spinal Cord Injury Repair & Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Liang-Dong Zheng
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine & Spinal Cord Injury Repair & Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine & Spinal Cord Injury Repair & Regeneration of the Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
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16
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Chen M, Wang Y, Deng S, Lian Z, Yu K. Skeletal muscle oxidative stress and inflammation in aging: Focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:964130. [PMID: 36111339 PMCID: PMC9470179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.964130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With aging, the progressive loss of skeletal muscle will have negative effect on multiple physiological parameters, such as exercise, respiration, thermoregulation, and metabolic homeostasis. Accumulating evidence reveals that oxidative stress and inflammation are the main pathological characteristics of skeletal muscle during aging. Here, we focus on aging-related sarcopenia, summarize the relationship between aging and sarcopenia, and elaborate on aging-mediated oxidative stress and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle and its critical role in the occurrence and development of sarcopenia. In addition, we discuss the production of excessive reactive oxygen species in aging skeletal muscle, which reduces the ability of skeletal muscle satellite cells to participate in muscle regeneration, and analyze the potential molecular mechanism of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in aging skeletal muscle. Furthermore, we have also paid extensive attention to the possibility and potential regulatory pathways of skeletal muscle aging and oxidative stress mediate inflammation. Finally, in response to the abnormal activity of oxidative stress and inflammation during aging, we summarize several potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory strategies for the treatment of sarcopenia, which may provide beneficial help for improving sarcopenia during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization, Lin’an, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengxing Lian, ; Kun Yu,
| | - Kun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhengxing Lian, ; Kun Yu,
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17
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Hedge ET, Patterson CA, Mastrandrea CJ, Sonjak V, Hajj-Boutros G, Faust A, Morais JA, Hughson RL. Implementation of exercise countermeasures during spaceflight and microgravity analogue studies: Developing countermeasure protocols for bedrest in older adults (BROA). Front Physiol 2022; 13:928313. [PMID: 36017336 PMCID: PMC9395735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.928313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the development of countermeasures to attenuate the negative consequences of prolonged exposure to microgravity on astronauts’ bodies. Deconditioning of several organ systems during flight includes losses to cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle mass, bone density and strength. Similar deconditioning also occurs during prolonged bedrest; any protracted time immobile or inactive, especially for unwell older adults (e.g., confined to hospital beds), can lead to similar detrimental health consequences. Due to limitations in physiological research in space, the six-degree head-down tilt bedrest protocol was developed as ground-based analogue to spaceflight. A variety of exercise countermeasures have been tested as interventions to limit detrimental changes and physiological deconditioning of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Canadian Space Agency recently provided funding for research focused on Understanding the Health Impact of Inactivity to study the efficacy of exercise countermeasures in a 14-day randomized clinical trial of six-degree head-down tilt bedrest study in older adults aged 55–65 years old (BROA). Here we will describe the development of a multi-modality countermeasure protocol for the BROA campaign that includes upper- and lower-body resistance exercise and head-down tilt cycle ergometry (high-intensity interval and continuous aerobic exercise training). We provide reasoning for the choice of these modalities following review of the latest available information on exercise as a countermeasure for inactivity and spaceflight-related deconditioning. In summary, this paper sets out to review up-to-date exercise countermeasure research from spaceflight and head-down bedrest studies, whilst providing support for the proposed research countermeasure protocols developed for the bedrest study in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Hedge
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Vita Sonjak
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Hajj-Boutros
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andréa Faust
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - José A. Morais
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Richard L. Hughson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Richard L. Hughson,
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18
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Influence of protein intake on the changes in skeletal muscle mass after kidney transplantation. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:1881-1888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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D’Amuri A, Sanz JM, Lazzer S, Pišot R, Šimunič B, Biolo G, Zuliani G, Gasparini M, Narici M, Grassi B, Reggiani C, Dalla Nora E, Passaro A. Irisin Attenuates Muscle Impairment during Bed Rest through Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070999. [PMID: 36101380 PMCID: PMC9311907 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The detrimental effect of physical inactivity on muscle characteristics are well known. Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine cleaved from membrane protein fibronectin type III domain-containing protein-5 (FNDC5), mediates at least partially the metabolic benefits of exercise. This study aimed to assess the interplay between prolonged inactivity, circulating irisin, muscle performance, muscle fibers characteristics, as well as the FNDC5 gene expression (FNDC5ge) in muscle and adipose tissue among healthy subjects. Twenty-three healthy volunteers were tested before and after 14 days of Bed Rest, (BR). Post-BR circulating levels of irisin significantly increased, whereas body composition, muscle performance, and muscle fiber characteristics deteriorated. Among the subjects achieving the highest post-BR increase of irisin, the lowest reduction in maximal voluntary contraction and specific force of Fiber Slow/1, the highest increase of FNDC5ge in adipose tissue, and no variation of FNDC5ge in skeletal muscle were recorded. Subjects who had the highest FNDC5ge in adipose tissue but not in muscle tissue showed the highest circulating irisin levels and could better withstand the harmful effect of BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D’Amuri
- Medical Department, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Via A. Moro 8, I-44124 Ferrara, Italy; (A.D.); (G.Z.)
| | - Juana Maria Sanz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (S.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Rado Pišot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia; (R.P.); (B.Š.); (C.R.)
| | - Bostjan Šimunič
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia; (R.P.); (B.Š.); (C.R.)
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, I-340149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- Medical Department, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Via A. Moro 8, I-44124 Ferrara, Italy; (A.D.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mladen Gasparini
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Izola General Hospital, Polje 40, SI-6310 Izola-Isola, Slovenia;
| | - Marco Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 3, I-35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (S.L.); (B.G.)
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia; (R.P.); (B.Š.); (C.R.)
| | - Edoardo Dalla Nora
- Medical Department, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Via A. Moro 8, I-44124 Ferrara, Italy; (A.D.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (E.D.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Medical Department, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Via A. Moro 8, I-44124 Ferrara, Italy; (A.D.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Research and Innovation Section, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Via A. Moro 8, I-44124 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.D.N.); (A.P.)
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20
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Paravlic AH, Meulenberg CJ, Drole K. The Time Course of Quadriceps Strength Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty Is Influenced by Body Mass Index, Sex, and Age of Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:865412. [PMID: 35692543 PMCID: PMC9174520 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.865412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction For patients with osteoarthritis who have undergone total knee arthroplasty (TKA), quadriceps strength is a major determinant of general physical function regardless of the parameters adopted for functional assessment. Understanding the time course of quadriceps strength recovery and effectiveness of different rehabilitation protocols is a must. Therefore, the aim of this study was to: (i) determine the magnitude of maximal voluntary strength (MVS) loss and the time course of recovery of the quadriceps muscle following TKA, (ii) identify potential moderators of strength outcomes, and (iii) investigate whether different rehabilitation practices can moderate the strength outcomes following TKA, respectively. Design General scientific databases and relevant journals in the field of orthopedics were searched, identifying prospective studies that investigated quadriceps’ MVS pre-to post-surgery. Results Seventeen studies with a total of 832 patients (39% males) were included. Results showed that in the early post-operative days, the involved quadriceps’ MVS markedly declined, after which it slowly recovered over time in a linear fashion. Thus, the greatest decline of the MVS was observed 3 days after TKA. When compared to pre-operative values, the MVS was still significantly lower 3 months after TKA and did not fully recover up to 6 months following TKA. Furthermore, a meta-regression analysis identified that the variables, time point of evaluation, patient age, sex, and BMI, significantly moderate the MVS of the quadriceps muscle. Conclusion The analyzed literature data showed that the decrease in strength of the involved quadriceps muscles following TKA is considerable and lasts for several months post-surgery. Therefore, we recommend to specifically target the strengthening of knee extensor muscles, preserve motor control, and apply appropriate nutrition to ensure a holistic quadriceps muscle recovery. Since age, sex, and BMI were found to be moderating factors in patients’ recovery, further research should include specific analyses considering these moderators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin H. Paravlic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Scientific Research Center Koper, Koper, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, Institute of Kinesiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Armin H. Paravlic,
| | - Cécil J. Meulenberg
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Scientific Research Center Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Drole
- Faculty of Sport, Institute of Kinesiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Nunes EA, Stokes T, McKendry J, Currier BS, Phillips SM. Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in disease and non-disease states in humans: mechanisms, prevention, and recovery strategies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1068-C1084. [PMID: 35476500 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00425.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Decreased skeletal muscle contractile activity (disuse) or unloading leads to muscle mass loss, also known as muscle atrophy. The balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is the primary determinant of skeletal muscle mass. A reduced mechanical load on skeletal muscle is one of the main external factors leading to muscle atrophy. However, endocrine and inflammatory factors can act synergistically in catabolic states, amplifying the atrophy process and accelerating its progression. Additionally, older individuals display aging-induced anabolic resistance, which can predispose this population to more pronounced effects when exposed to periods of reduced physical activity or mechanical unloading. Different cellular mechanisms contribute to the regulation of muscle protein balance during skeletal muscle atrophy. This review summarizes the effects of muscle disuse on muscle protein balance and the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy in the absence or presence of disease. Finally, a discussion of the current literature describing efficient strategies to prevent or improve the recovery from muscle atrophy is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Investigation of Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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22
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Paravlic AH. Motor Imagery and Action Observation as Appropriate Strategies for Home-Based Rehabilitation: A Mini-Review Focusing on Improving Physical Function in Orthopedic Patients. Front Psychol 2022; 13:826476. [PMID: 35310255 PMCID: PMC8928581 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.826476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic stability of the knee and weakness of the extensor muscles are considered to be the most important functional limitations after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, probably due to changes at the central (cortical and corticospinal) level of motor control rather than at the peripheral level. Despite general technological advances, fewer contraindicative surgical procedures, and extensive postoperative rehabilitation, up to 65% of patients fail to return to their preinjury level of sports, and only half were able to return to competitive sport. Later, it becomes clear that current rehabilitation after knee surgery is not sufficient to address the functional limitations after ACL reconstruction even years after surgery. Therefore, new therapeutic tools targeting the central neural system, i.e., the higher centers of motor control, should be investigated and integrated into current rehabilitation practice. To improve motor performance when overt movement cannot be fully performed (e.g., due to pain, impaired motor control, and/or joint immobilization), several techniques have been developed to increase physical and mental activation without the need to perform overt movements. Among the most popular cognitive techniques used to increase physical performance are motor imagery and action observation practices. This review, which examines the available evidence, presents the underlying mechanisms of the efficacy of cognitive interventions and provides guidelines for their use at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin H. Paravlic
- Faculty of Sport, Institute of Kinesiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Armin H. Paravlic,
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23
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Wu YF, Lapp S, Dvoretskiy S, Garcia G, Kim M, Tannehill A, Daniels L, Boppart MD. Optimization of a Pericyte Therapy to Improve Muscle Recovery After Limb Immobilization. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1020-1030. [PMID: 35175105 PMCID: PMC8993526 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended bed rest or limb immobilization can significantly reduce skeletal muscle mass and function. Recovery may be incomplete, particularly in older adults. Our laboratory recently reported that vascular mural cell (pericyte) quantity is compromised after immobilization and appropriate replacement immediately prior to remobilization can effectively recover myofiber size in mice. Identification of a single cell surface marker for isolation of the most therapeutic pericyte would streamline efforts to optimize muscle recovery. The purpose of this study was to compare the capacity for neural/glial antigen 2 (Cspg4/NG2+) and melanoma cell adhesion molecule (Mcam/CD146+) positive pericytes to uniquely recover skeletal muscle post-disuse. A single hindlimb from adult C57BL/6J mice was immobilized in full dorsiflexion via a surgical staple inserted through the center of the foot and body of the gastrocnemius. Fourteen days after immobilization, the staple was removed and pericytes, either NG2+CD45-CD31-[Lin-], CD146+NG2-Lin-, or CD146+Lin- pericytes, were injected into the atrophied tibialis anterior muscle. TA muscles were excised 14 days after transplantation and remobilization. Pericyte transplantation did not significantly improve muscle mass or myofiber CSA after 14 days of remobilization. However, injection of CD146+ pericytes significantly increased Type IIa quantity, capillarization and collagen remodeling compared to NG2+ pericytes (p<0.05). Our results suggest that selection of pericytes based on CD146 rather than NG2 results in the isolation of therapeutic mural cells with high capacity to positively remodel skeletal muscle after a period of immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fu Wu
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Samuel Lapp
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Svyatoslav Dvoretskiy
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gabriela Garcia
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Michael Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amanda Tannehill
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Laureen Daniels
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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24
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Divjak M, Sedej G, Murks N, Gerževič M, Marusic U, Pišot R, Šimunič B, Holobar A. Inter-Person Differences in Isometric Coactivations of Triceps Surae and Tibialis Anterior Decrease in Young, but Not in Older Adults After 14 Days of Bed Rest. Front Physiol 2022; 12:809243. [PMID: 35153817 PMCID: PMC8832055 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.809243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined activation patterns of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), soleus (SO), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles in eight older (58.4 ± 3.3 years) and seven young (23.1 ± 2.9 years) participants, before and after 14 days of horizontal bed rest. Visual feedback on the exerted muscle torque was provided to the participants. The discharge patterns of individual motor units (MUs) were studied in three repetitions of isometric plantar flexion at 30 and 60% of Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC), before, and 1 day after the 14-day bed rest, respectively. In the GL and GM muscles, the older participants demonstrated higher MU discharge rates than the young, regardless of the contraction level, both before and after the bed rest. In the TA and SO muscles, the differences between the older and young participants were less consistent. Detailed analysis revealed person-specific changes in the MU discharge rates after the bed rest. To quantify the coactivation patterns we calculated the correlation coefficients between the cumulative spike trains of identified MUs from each muscle, and measured the root mean square difference of the correlation coefficients between the trials of the same session (intra-session variability) and between different sessions (inter-session variability) in each participant (intra-person comparison) and across participants (inter-person comparison). In the intra-person comparison, the inter-session variability was higher than the intra-session variability, either before or after the bed rest. At 60% MVC torque, the young demonstrated higher inter-person variability of coactivation than the older participants, but this variability decreased significantly after the bed rest. In older participants, inter-person variability was consistently lower at 60% than at 30% MVC torque. In young participants, inter-person variability became lower at 60% than at 30% MVC torque only after the bed rest. Precaution is required when analyzing the MU discharge and coactivation patterns, as individual persons demonstrate individual adaptations to aging or bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Divjak
- System Software Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Sedej
- System Software Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nina Murks
- System Software Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Gerževič
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea – ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uros Marusic
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea – ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Holobar
- System Software Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Aleš Holobar,
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25
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Ruberti OM, Telles GD, Rodrigues B. Stress and Physical Inactivity: Two Explosive Ingredients for the Heart in COVID-19 Pandemic Times. Curr Cardiol Rev 2021; 17:e051121190711. [PMID: 33573570 PMCID: PMC8950502 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x17666210126103204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic is a global health crisis that has culminated in thousands of deaths. In order to reduce the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 virus, governments of several countries have adopted social isolation as a strategy. However, social isolation has culminated in deleterious effects on the population's health, including increased physical inactivity, stress and, consequently, adverse changes in body composition, cardiorespiratory capacity, muscle strength, physical functionality, and vascular events, which are increasingly pointed out as the main determinants of cardiovascular health. Staying physically active during lockdown is a challenge, especially for the population with a higher risk of mortality from COVID-19, who are still encouraged to maintain social distance until there is a vaccine available. Strategies to avoid physical inactivity and reduce stress levels can promote cardiovascular protection and must be considered during COVID-19 time. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to discuss the risks of physical inactivity and stress for the cardiovascular system during the COVID-19 pandemic and propose strategies to protect cardiovascular health. CONCLUSION A home-based training protocol could be an interesting and effective strategy for the population who need to remain physically active and safe at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olívia Moraes Ruberti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Guilherme Defante Telles
- Departament of Biodynamics of the Human Body Movement, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Monteiro Lobato, 255, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; ,Adapted Physical Activity Studies Department, School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Avendia Érico Veríssimo, 701 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil,Address correspondence to this author at the School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Avenida Érico Veríssimo, 701 - Barão Geraldo, Campinas - SP, Brazil, 13083-851. Tel/Fax: +55 19 3521-6816, E-mail:
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26
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Physical inactivity – The human health’s greatest enemy. Zdr Varst 2021; 61:1-5. [PMID: 35111260 PMCID: PMC8776290 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, research has been highlighting the positive impact of physical activity on health. Despite the immense efforts made by many professional and scientific organizations to raise individual and societal awareness about the role of a sufficient quantity and intensity of physical activity in everyday life and to increase the level of adherence, the situation is still very worrying. Even more worrying is the fact that increasingly prolonged periods of physical inactivity are insidiously and aggressively taking over modern people’s lives – at school, at work, at home, even at leisure. It is probably incomprehensible and difficult for many to accept, but physical inactivity is becoming the first and worst enemy of health in today’s society.
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27
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Quantification of the Link between Timed Up-and-Go Test Subtasks and Contractile Muscle Properties. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196539. [PMID: 34640875 PMCID: PMC8512551 DOI: 10.3390/s21196539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Frailty and falls are a major public health problem in older adults. Muscle weakness of the lower and upper extremities are risk factors for any, as well as recurrent falls including injuries and fractures. While the Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test is often used to identify frail members and fallers, tensiomyography (TMG) can be used as a non-invasive tool to assess the function of skeletal muscles. In a clinical study, we evaluated the correlation between the TMG parameters of the skeletal muscle contraction of 23 elderly participants (22 f, age 86.74 ± 7.88) and distance-based TUG test subtask times. TUG tests were recorded with an ultrasonic-based device. The sit-up and walking phases were significantly correlated to the contraction and delay time of the muscle vastus medialis (ρ = 0.55-0.80, p < 0.01). In addition, the delay time of the muscles vastus medialis (ρ = 0.45, p = 0.03) and gastrocnemius medialis (ρ = -0.44, p = 0.04) correlated to the sit-down phase. The maximal radial displacements of the biceps femoris showed significant correlations with the walk-forward times (ρ = -0.47, p = 0.021) and back (ρ = -0.43, p = 0.04). The association of TUG subtasks to muscle contractile parameters, therefore, could be utilized as a measure to improve the monitoring of elderly people's physical ability in general and during rehabilitation after a fall in particular. TUG test subtask measurements may be used as a proxy to monitor muscle properties in rehabilitation after long hospital stays and injuries or for fall prevention.
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28
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Di Girolamo FG, Fiotti N, Milanović Z, Situlin R, Mearelli F, Vinci P, Šimunič B, Pišot R, Narici M, Biolo G. The Aging Muscle in Experimental Bed Rest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2021; 8:633987. [PMID: 34422875 PMCID: PMC8371327 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.633987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maintaining skeletal muscle mass and function in aging is crucial for preserving the quality of life and health. An experimental bed rest (BR) protocol is a suitable model to explore muscle decline on aging during inactivity. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was, therefore, to carry out an up-to-date evaluation of bed rest, with a specific focus on the magnitude of effects on muscle mass, strength, power, and functional capacity changes as well as the mechanisms, molecules, and pathways involved in muscle decay. Design: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Data sources: We used PubMed, Medline; Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library, all of which were searched prior to April 23, 2020. A manual search was performed to cover bed rest experimental protocols using the following key terms, either singly or in combination: "Elderly Bed rest," "Older Bed rest," "Old Bed rest," "Aging Bed rest," "Aging Bed rest," "Bed-rest," and "Bedrest". Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: The inclusion criteria were divided into four sections: type of study, participants, interventions, and outcome measures. The primary outcome measures were: body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, leg lean mass, cross-sectional area, knee extension power, cytokine pattern, IGF signaling biomarkers, FOXO signaling biomarkers, mitochondrial modulation biomarkers, and muscle protein kinetics biomarkers. Results: A total of 25 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, while 17 of them were included in the meta-analysis. In total, 118 healthy elderly volunteers underwent 5-, 7-, 10-, or 14-days of BR and provided a brief sketch on the possible mechanisms involved. In the very early phase of BR, important changes occurred in the skeletal muscle, with significant loss of performance associated with a lesser grade reduction of the total body and muscle mass. Meta-analysis of the effect of bed rest on total body mass was determined to be small but statistically significant (ES = -0.45, 95% CI: -0.72 to -0.19, P < 0.001). Moderate, statistically significant effects were observed for total lean body mass (ES = -0.67, 95% CI: -0.95 to -0.40, P < 0.001) after bed rest intervention. Overall, total lean body mass was decreased by 1.5 kg, while there was no relationship between bed rest duration and outcomes (Z = 0.423, p = 672). The meta-analyzed effect showed that bed rest produced large, statistically significant, effects (ES = -1.06, 95% CI: -1.37 to -0.75, P < 0.001) in terms of the knee extension power. Knee extension power was decreased by 14.65 N/s. In contrast, to other measures, meta-regression showed a significant relationship between bed rest duration and knee extension power (Z = 4.219, p < 0.001). Moderate, statistically significant, effects were observed after bed rest intervention for leg muscle mass in both old (ES = -0.68, 95% CI: -0.96 to -0.40, P < 0.001) and young (ES = -0.51, 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.22, P < 0.001) adults. However, the magnitude of change was higher in older (MD = -0.86 kg) compared to younger (MD = -0.24 kg) adults. Conclusion: Experimental BR is a suitable model to explore the detrimental effects of inactivity in young adults, old adults, and hospitalized people. Changes in muscle mass and function are the two most investigated variables, and they allow for a consistent trend in the BR-induced changes. Mechanisms underlying the greater loss of muscle mass and function in aging, following inactivity, need to be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,SC Assistenza Farmaceutica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Fiotti
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia.,Faculty of Sports Studies, Incubator of Kinanthropological Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Roberta Situlin
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Mearelli
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Pierandrea Vinci
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Boštjan Šimunič
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Marco Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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29
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Petrocelli JJ, Mahmassani ZS, Fix DK, Montgomery JA, Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, de Hart NM, Ferrara PJ, Kelley JJ, Eshima H, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Metformin and leucine increase satellite cells and collagen remodeling during disuse and recovery in aged muscle. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21862. [PMID: 34416035 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100883r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass and strength after disuse followed by impaired muscle recovery commonly occurs with aging. Metformin (MET) and leucine (LEU) individually have shown positive effects in skeletal muscle during atrophy conditions but have not been evaluated in combination nor tested as a remedy to enhance muscle recovery following disuse atrophy in aging. The purpose of this study was to determine if a dual treatment of metformin and leucine (MET + LEU) would prevent disuse-induced atrophy and/or promote muscle recovery in aged mice and if these muscle responses correspond to changes in satellite cells and collagen remodeling. Aged mice (22-24 months) underwent 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) followed by 7 or 14 days of reloading (7 or 14 days RL). MET, LEU, or MET + LEU was administered via drinking water and were compared to Vehicle (standard drinking water) and ambulatory baseline. We observed that during HU, MET + LEU resolved whole body grip strength and soleus muscle specific force decrements caused by HU. Gastrocnemius satellite cell abundance was increased with MET + LEU treatment but did not alter muscle size during disuse or recovery conditions. Moreover, MET + LEU treatment alleviated gastrocnemius collagen accumulation caused by HU and increased collagen turnover during 7 and 14 days RL driven by a decrease in collagen IV content. Transcriptional pathway analysis revealed that MET + LEU altered muscle hallmark pathways related to inflammation and myogenesis during HU. Together, the dual treatment of MET and LEU was able to increase muscle function, satellite cell content, and reduce collagen accumulation, thus improving muscle quality during disuse and recovery in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Naomi M de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joshua J Kelley
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Hiroaki Eshima
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Manganotti P, Buoite Stella A, Ajcevic M, di Girolamo FG, Biolo G, Franchi MV, Monti E, Sirago G, Marusic U, Simunic B, Narici MV, Pisot R. Peripheral nerve adaptations to 10 days of horizontal bed rest in healthy young adult males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R495-R503. [PMID: 34318712 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00146.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Space analogs, such as bed rest, are used to reproduce microgravity-induced morphological and physiological changes and can be used as clinical models of prolonged inactivity. Nevertheless, nonuniform decreases in muscle mass and function have been frequently reported, and peripheral nerve adaptations have been poorly studied, although some of these mechanisms may be explained. Ten young healthy males (18-33 yr) underwent 10 days of horizontal bed rest. Peripheral neurophysiological assessments were performed bilaterally for the dominant (DL) and nondominant upper and lower limbs (N-DL) on the 1st and 10th day of bed rest, including ultrasound of the median, deep peroneal nerve (DPN), and common fibular nerve (CFN) , as well as a complete nerve conduction study (NCS) of the upper and lower limbs. Consistently, reduced F waves, suggesting peripheral nerve dysfunction, of both the peroneal (DL: P = 0.005, N-DL: P = 0.013) and tibial nerves (DL: P = 0.037, N-DL: P = 0.005) were found bilaterally, whereas no changes were observed in nerve ultrasound or other parameters of the NCS of both the upper and lower limbs. In these young healthy males, only the F waves, known to respond to postural changes, were significantly affected by short-term bed rest. These preliminary results suggest that during simulated microgravity, most changes occur at the muscle or central nervous system level. Since the assessment of F waves is common in clinical neurophysiological examinations, caution should be used when testing individuals after prolonged immobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Manganotti
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alex Buoite Stella
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Milos Ajcevic
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Giorgio di Girolamo
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Uros Marusic
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia.,Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea - European Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Bostjan Simunic
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pisot
- Science and Research Center Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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Older adults are not more susceptible to acute muscle atrophy after immobilisation compared to younger adults: a systematic review. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2021; 48:1167-1176. [PMID: 34081160 PMCID: PMC9001571 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-021-01694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To identify if older adults are more susceptible to acute muscle atrophy compared to younger adults. Methods All studies whose design involved a period of enforced immobilisation and a comparison between an older (> 40) and a younger cohort (< 40) were included. Outcome of interest was change in muscle mass, measured by radiological techniques or histological analysis of fibre size. Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were systematically searched and records screened by two independent reviewers. Studies selected for inclusion were critically appraised and individually assessed for risk of bias. GRADE framework guided the assessment of quality of studies. Results Eight articles were included (193 participants). 14 (7.3%) were female and 102 (52.8%) were in older groups. Mean age for older adults was 66.3 years and for younger adults 23.3 years. Immobilisation periods spanned 4–14 days as simulated by bed rest, limb brace or limb cast. Studies measured muscle mass by DXA, CT, MRI or fibre cross-sectional area, or a combination of each. Muscles studied included quadriceps, adductor pollicis, vastus lateralis or combined lean leg mass. Of the radiological measures, three studies (74 participants) reported greater atrophy in the older group, three studies (76 participants) reported greater atrophy in the younger group. Reduction in muscle mass varied in older adults between 0.19 and 0.76% per day, and for younger adults between 0.06 and 0.70% per day. Due to substantial heterogeneity, a meta-analysis was not performed. Five studies reported fibre size. Change in fibre size varied considerably between each study, with no convincing overall trend for either older or younger groups. Conclusion The current literature suggests that there is no difference in the rate of muscle atrophy after immobilisation in older people compared to younger people, and therefore that older people are not more susceptible to atrophy in the acute setting. However, the findings are inconsistent and provide statistically significant but opposing results. There is a lack of high-quality research available on the topic, and there is a paucity of literature regarding atrophy rates in women.
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Möstl S, Orter S, Hoffmann F, Bachler M, Hametner B, Wassertheurer S, Rabineau J, Mulder E, Johannes B, Jordan J, Tank J. Limited Effect of 60-Days Strict Head Down Tilt Bed Rest on Vascular Aging. Front Physiol 2021; 12:685473. [PMID: 34122149 PMCID: PMC8194311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.685473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular risk may be increased in astronauts after long term space flights based on biomarkers indicating premature vascular aging. We tested the hypothesis that 60 days of strict 6° head down tilt bed rest (HDTBR), an established space analog, promotes vascular stiffening and that artificial gravity training ameliorates the response. Methods We studied 24 healthy participants (8 women, 24–55 years, BMI = 24.3 ± 2.1 kg/m2) before and at the end of 60 days HDTBR. 16 subjects were assigned to daily artificial gravity. We applied echocardiography to measure stroke volume and isovolumetric contraction time (ICT), calculated aortic compliance (stroke volume/aortic pulse pressure), and assessed aortic distensibility by MRI. Furthermore, we measured brachial-femoral pulse wave velocity (bfPWV) and pulse wave arrival times (PAT) in different vascular beds by blood pressure cuffs and photoplethysmography. We corrected PAT for ICT (cPAT). Results In the pooled sample, diastolic blood pressure (+8 ± 7 mmHg, p < 0.001), heart rate (+7 ± 9 bpm, p = 0.002) and ICT (+8 ± 13 ms, p = 0.036) increased during HDTBR. Stroke volume decreased by 14 ± 15 ml (p = 0.001). bfPWV, aortic compliance, aortic distensibility and all cPAT remained unchanged. Aortic area tended to increase (p = 0.05). None of the parameters showed significant interaction between HDTBR and artificial gravity training. Conclusion 60 days HDTBR, while producing cardiovascular deconditioning and cephalad fluid shifts akin to weightlessness, did not worsen vascular stiffness. Artificial gravity training did not modulate the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Möstl
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Orter
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Hoffmann
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Bachler
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Hametner
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jérémy Rabineau
- Laboratory of Physics and Physiology, University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edwin Mulder
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Johannes
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Chair of Aerospace Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Tank
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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Marusic U, Narici M, Simunic B, Pisot R, Ritzmann R. Nonuniform loss of muscle strength and atrophy during bed rest: a systematic review. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:194-206. [PMID: 33703945 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00363.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy and decline in muscle strength appear very rapidly with prolonged disuse or mechanical unloading after acute hospitalization or experimental bed rest. The current study analyzed data from short-, medium-, and long-term bed rest (5-120 days) in a pooled sample of 318 healthy adults and modeled the mathematical relationship between muscle strength decline and atrophy. The results show a logarithmic disuse-induced loss of strength and muscle atrophy of the weight-bearing knee extensor muscles. The greatest rate of muscle strength decline and atrophy occurred in the earliest stages of bed rest, plateauing later, and likely contributed to the rapid neuromuscular loss of function in the early period. In addition, during the first 2 wk of bed rest, muscle strength decline is much faster than muscle atrophy: on day 5, the ratio of muscle atrophy to strength decline as a function of bed rest duration is 4.2, falls to 2.4 on day 14, and stabilizes to a value of 1.9 after ∼35 days of bed rest. Positive regression revealed that ∼79% of the muscle strength loss may be explained by muscle atrophy, while the remaining is most likely due to alterations in single fiber mechanical properties, excitation-contraction coupling, fiber architecture, tendon stiffness, muscle denervation, neuromuscular junction damage, and supraspinal changes. Future studies should focus on neural factors as well as muscular factors independent of atrophy (single fiber excitability and mechanical properties, architectural factors) and on the role of extracellular matrix changes. Bed rest results in nonuniform loss of isometric muscle strength and atrophy over time, where the magnitude of change was greater for muscle strength than for atrophy. Future research should focus on the loss of muscle function and the underlying mechanisms, which will aid in the development of countermeasures to mitigate or prevent the decline in neuromuscular efficiency.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study contributes to the characterization of muscle loss and weakness processes reflected by a logarithmic decline in muscle strength induced by chronic bed rest. Acute short-term hospitalization (≤5 days) associated with periods of disuse/immobilization/prolonged time in the supine position in the hospital bed is sufficient to significantly decrease muscle mass and size and induce functional changes related to weakness in maximal muscle strength. By bringing together integrated evaluation of muscle structure and function, this work identifies that 79% of the loss in muscle strength can be explained by muscle atrophy, leaving 21% of the functional loss unexplained. The outcomes of this study should be considered in the development of daily countermeasures for preserving neuromuscular integrity as well as preconditioning interventions to be implemented before clinical bed rest or chronic gravitational unloading (e.g., spaceflights).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uros Marusic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia.,Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea-European Center of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marco Narici
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Bostjan Simunic
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pisot
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Centre Koper, Koper, Slovenia
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Standley RA, Distefano G, Trevino MB, Chen E, Narain NR, Greenwood B, Kondakci G, Tolstikov VV, Kiebish MA, Yu G, Qi F, Kelly DP, Vega RB, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH. Skeletal Muscle Energetics and Mitochondrial Function Are Impaired Following 10 Days of Bed Rest in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1744-1753. [PMID: 31907525 PMCID: PMC7494044 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults exposed to periods of inactivity during hospitalization, illness, or injury lose muscle mass and strength. This, in turn, predisposes poor recovery of physical function upon reambulation and represents a significant health risk for older adults. Bed rest (BR) results in altered skeletal muscle fuel metabolism and loss of oxidative capacity that have recently been linked to the muscle atrophy program. Our primary objective was to explore the effects of BR on mitochondrial energetics in muscle from older adults. A secondary objective was to examine the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbuturate (HMB) supplementation on mitochondrial energetics. Methods We studied 20 older adults before and after a 10-day BR intervention, who consumed a complete oral nutritional supplement (ONS) with HMB (3.0 g/d HMB, n = 11) or without HMB (CON, n = 9). Percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained to determine mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 emission in permeabilized muscle fibers along with markers of content. RNA sequencing and lipidomics analyses were also conducted. Results We found a significant up-regulation of collagen synthesis and down-regulation of ribosome, oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial gene transcripts following BR in the CON group. Alterations to these gene transcripts were significantly blunted in the HMB group. Mitochondrial respiration and markers of content were both reduced and H2O2 emission was elevated in both groups following BR. Conclusions In summary, 10 days of BR in older adults causes a significant deterioration in mitochondrial energetics, while transcriptomic profiling revealed that some of these negative effects may be attenuated by an ONS containing HMB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle B Trevino
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gongxin Yu
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Feng Qi
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Daniel P Kelly
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rick B Vega
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Paul M Coen
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
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35
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Khalooeifard R, Shariatpanahi ZAHRAVAHDAT, Ahani A, Keykhaee M, Oraee-Yazdani M, Zali A, Oraee-Yazdani S. Effect of Protein Supplement on Paraspinal Muscles in Spine Fusion Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Int J Spine Surg 2021; 15:47-54. [PMID: 33900956 PMCID: PMC7931746 DOI: 10.14444/8005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction and weakness due to atrophy of the paraspinal muscles is a major issue after posterior spinal fusion (PSF) surgery, resulting in pain and disability. Considering the role of protein in muscle regeneration, it seems that protein supplements after surgery may prevent muscle atrophy. To date, to our knowledge, no intervention study has investigated the effect of protein supplementation on the volume of paraspinal muscles, pain, or disability after PSF. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, patients were randomly assigned to a control (placebo + diet with 1.2 g/kg body weight of protein, n = 40) or a protein supplementation (36 g/day + a diet with 1.2 g/kg body weight of protein, n = 40) group, which received intervention from 48 hours before to 1 month after surgery. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the paraspinal muscles was measured by thin-slice computed tomography, and pain and disability were assessed using the visual analog scale and Oswestry Disability Index. RESULTS After 4 weeks of protein supplementation, the CSAs of multifidus and psoas muscles on both sides were significantly higher in the supplementation group than the placebo group (P <.001). Less atrophy was seen in the right erector spinae and quadratus lumborum muscles in the group receiving protein supplements than the placebo group (P < .001). In addition, protein supplementation was significantly negatively correlated with both pain (P < .001) and disability (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we demonstrated that 36 g/day protein supplementation significantly increased the CSA of muscles and reduced the atrophy, pain, and disability after PSF surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Khalooeifard
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - ZAHRA VAHDAT Shariatpanahi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirahmad Ahani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keykhaee
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Oraee-Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Oraee-Yazdani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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36
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Gorza L, Sorge M, Seclì L, Brancaccio M. Master Regulators of Muscle Atrophy: Role of Costamere Components. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010061. [PMID: 33401549 PMCID: PMC7823551 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of muscle mass and force characterizes muscle atrophy in several different conditions, which share the expression of atrogenes and the activation of their transcriptional regulators. However, attempts to antagonize muscle atrophy development in different experimental contexts by targeting contributors to the atrogene pathway showed partial effects in most cases. Other master regulators might independently contribute to muscle atrophy, as suggested by our recent evidence about the co-requirement of the muscle-specific chaperone protein melusin to inhibit unloading muscle atrophy development. Furthermore, melusin and other muscle mass regulators, such as nNOS, belong to costameres, the macromolecular complexes that connect sarcolemma to myofibrils and to the extracellular matrix, in correspondence with specific sarcomeric sites. Costameres sense a mechanical load and transduce it both as lateral force and biochemical signals. Recent evidence further broadens this classic view, by revealing the crucial participation of costameres in a sarcolemmal “signaling hub” integrating mechanical and humoral stimuli, where mechanical signals are coupled with insulin and/or insulin-like growth factor stimulation to regulate muscle mass. Therefore, this review aims to enucleate available evidence concerning the early involvement of costamere components and additional putative master regulators in the development of major types of muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gorza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Sorge
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura Seclì
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Mara Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.S.); (L.S.); (M.B.)
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Abdelbasset WK. Stay Home: Role of Physical Exercise Training in Elderly Individuals' Ability to Face the COVID-19 Infection. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8375096. [PMID: 33354578 PMCID: PMC7737455 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8375096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the novel coronavirus epidemic occurred in China and spread worldwide to become a global pandemic. COVID-19 is a fatal viral infection causing death, particularly in aged individuals, due to impaired immunity. To date, no intervention is available to prevent COVID-19 and its manifestations. Physical exercise training generally has health benefits, and it assists in the prevention of several chronic diseases. Therefore, this review is aimed at exploring the role of physical exercise training in the face of COVID-19 in older adults and elderly individuals. From this point of view, this review suggests that physical exercise training plays a key role in promoting immune system regulation, delaying immunity dysfunction, reducing circulatory inflammation markers, and preventing sarcopenia and thus could prevent the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection and reduce the complications of recommended self-isolation in older adults and elderly individuals. Additionally, immunity biomarkers were optimistically demonstrated in older adults following physical exercise training, thereby reducing mortality and morbidity rates. Finally, in accordance with recommendations to stay home and perform self-isolation to prevent the spread of COVID-19, all populations are strongly recommended to practice regular home exercise training at home to promote immune system functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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38
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Petrocelli JJ, Drummond MJ. PGC-1α-Targeted Therapeutic Approaches to Enhance Muscle Recovery in Aging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228650. [PMID: 33233350 PMCID: PMC7700690 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired muscle recovery (size and strength) following a disuse period commonly occurs in older adults. Many of these individuals are not able to adequately exercise due to pain and logistic barriers. Thus, nutritional and pharmacological therapeutics, that are translatable, are needed to promote muscle recovery following disuse in older individuals. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) may be a suitable therapeutic target due to pleiotropic regulation of skeletal muscle. This review focuses on nutritional and pharmacological interventions that target PGC-1α and related Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) signaling in muscle and thus may be rapidly translated to prevent muscle disuse atrophy and promote recovery. In this review, we present several therapeutics that target PGC-1α in skeletal muscle such as leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbuyrate (HMB), arginine, resveratrol, metformin and combination therapies that may have future application to conditions of disuse and recovery in humans.
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39
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Rabineau J, Hossein A, Landreani F, Haut B, Mulder E, Luchitskaya E, Tank J, Caiani EG, van de Borne P, Migeotte PF. Cardiovascular adaptation to simulated microgravity and countermeasure efficacy assessed by ballistocardiography and seismocardiography. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17694. [PMID: 33077727 PMCID: PMC7573608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head-down bed rest (HDBR) reproduces the cardiovascular effects of microgravity. We tested the hypothesis that regular high-intensity physical exercise (JUMP) could prevent this cardiovascular deconditioning, which could be detected using seismocardiography (SCG) and ballistocardiography (BCG). 23 healthy males were exposed to 60-day HDBR: 12 in a physical exercise group (JUMP), the others in a control group (CTRL). SCG and BCG were measured during supine controlled breathing protocols. From the linear and rotational SCG/BCG signals, the integral of kinetic energy ([Formula: see text]) was computed on each dimension over the cardiac cycle. At the end of HDBR, BCG rotational [Formula: see text] and SCG transversal [Formula: see text] decreased similarly for all participants (- 40% and - 44%, respectively, p < 0.05), and so did orthostatic tolerance (- 58%, p < 0.01). Resting heart rate decreased in JUMP (- 10%, p < 0.01), but not in CTRL. BCG linear [Formula: see text] decreased in CTRL (- 50%, p < 0.05), but not in JUMP. The changes in the systolic component of BCG linear iK were correlated to those in stroke volume and VO2 max (R = 0.44 and 0.47, respectively, p < 0.05). JUMP was less affected by cardiovascular deconditioning, which could be detected by BCG in agreement with standard markers of the cardiovascular condition. This shows the potential of BCG to easily monitor cardiac deconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Rabineau
- LPHYS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. .,TIPs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amin Hossein
- LPHYS, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Federica Landreani
- Electronic, Information and Biomedical Engineering Department, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Benoit Haut
- TIPs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edwin Mulder
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Luchitskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jens Tank
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Enrico G Caiani
- Electronic, Information and Biomedical Engineering Department, Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Zullo A, Fleckenstein J, Schleip R, Hoppe K, Wearing S, Klingler W. Structural and Functional Changes in the Coupling of Fascial Tissue, Skeletal Muscle, and Nerves During Aging. Front Physiol 2020; 11:592. [PMID: 32670080 PMCID: PMC7327116 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a one-way process associated with profound structural and functional changes in the organism. Indeed, the neuromuscular system undergoes a wide remodeling, which involves muscles, fascia, and the central and peripheral nervous systems. As a result, intrinsic features of tissues, as well as their functional and structural coupling, are affected and a decline in overall physical performance occurs. Evidence from the scientific literature demonstrates that senescence is associated with increased stiffness and reduced elasticity of fascia, as well as loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and regenerative potential. The interaction between muscular and fascial structures is also weakened. As for the nervous system, aging leads to motor cortex atrophy, reduced motor cortical excitability, and plasticity, thus leading to accumulation of denervated muscle fibers. As a result, the magnitude of force generated by the neuromuscular apparatus, its transmission along the myofascial chain, joint mobility, and movement coordination are impaired. In this review, we summarize the evidence about the deleterious effect of aging on skeletal muscle, fascial tissue, and the nervous system. In particular, we address the structural and functional changes occurring within and between these tissues and discuss the effect of inflammation in aging. From the clinical perspective, this article outlines promising approaches for analyzing the composition and the viscoelastic properties of skeletal muscle, such as ultrasonography and elastography, which could be applied for a better understanding of musculoskeletal modifications occurring with aging. Moreover, we describe the use of tissue manipulation techniques, such as massage, traction, mobilization as well as acupuncture, dry needling, and nerve block, to enhance fascial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Johannes Fleckenstein
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Schleip
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hoppe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Scott Wearing
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Health School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Werner Klingler
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Health School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Fascia Research Group, Department of Experimental Anaesthesiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology, SRH Hospital Sigmaringen, Sigmaringen, Germany
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Gawel SH, Davis GJ, Luo M, Deutz NEP, Wolfe RR, Pereira SL. Serum biomarkers that predict lean mass loss over bed rest in older adults: An exploratory study. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:72-78. [PMID: 32505773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lean mass (LM) loss during extended bed rest contributes to long term functional decline in older adults. Identifying blood biomarkers that predict a hospitalized individual's risk of losing LM could allow for timely intervention. METHODS LM from 19 healthy subjects (age 60-76 y, 4 males, 15 females), who were confined to 10 days of complete bed rest, was measured pre- and post-bed rest. One hundred eighty-seven biomarkers from pre-bed rest fasted serum samples were obtained from all evaluable subjects (n = 18), analyzed using multiplexed immunoassay array and pooled. Decision tree analysis was used to identify pre-bed rest markers that predict LM loss over bed rest. RESULTS Sixty-three markers were excluded due to being below assay detection limits. One pair of markers, Tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP1) and tenascin C (TNC), were found to correlate with percent change in total LM over bed rest: [R2 = 0.71, all subjects; R2 = 0.76, females]. Subjects with pre-bed rest TIMP1 ≥ 141 ng/ml had the highest loss of total LM over bed rest, whereas subjects with pre-bed rest TIMP1 < 141 and TNC ≥ 461 ng/ml maintained total LM over bed rest. An additional marker set was found to correlate with percent change in leg LM loss over bed rest: matrix metalloprotease-3 (MMP3) and apolipoprotein A2 (APOA2) [R2 = 0.59, females]. Females with pre-bed rest MMP3 < 6.93 ng/ml had the highest loss of leg LM over bed rest. Whereas females with pre-bed rest MMP3 ≥ 6.93 and ApoA2 < 276 ng/ml, maintained leg lean mass at the end of bed rest. CONCLUSIONS Panels of blood biomarkers associated with the muscle extracellular matrix may predict the likelihood for LM loss over extended bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Gawel
- Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gerard J Davis
- Abbott Diagnostics Division, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA
| | - Menghua Luo
- Abbott Nutrition Division, Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, USA
| | - Nicolaas E P Deutz
- Texas A&M University, Department of Health & Kinesiology, 675 John Kimbrough Blvd, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, UAMS Centers on Aging, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Suzette L Pereira
- Abbott Nutrition Division, Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, OH 43219, USA.
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Counteracting Physical Inactivity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence-Based Recommendations for Home-Based Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113909. [PMID: 32492778 PMCID: PMC7311977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To reduce transmission of the coronavirus, from its initial outbreak in 2019 up to now, various safety measures have been enacted worldwide by the authorities that have likely led to reduced physical activity levels in the general population. This short communication aims to briefly outline the deteriorative consequences of physical inactivity on parameters of physical fitness and ultimately to highlight associated increases of cardiovascular disease risk and mortality. Finally, evidence-based practical recommendations for exercise that can be performed at home are introduced, to help avoid physical inactivity and therefore maintain or achieve good physical health.
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Staying Active in Isolation: Telerehabilitation for Individuals With the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 99:478-479. [PMID: 32282339 PMCID: PMC7253045 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Narici M, Vito GD, Franchi M, Paoli A, Moro T, Marcolin G, Grassi B, Baldassarre G, Zuccarelli L, Biolo G, di Girolamo FG, Fiotti N, Dela F, Greenhaff P, Maganaris C. Impact of sedentarism due to the COVID-19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: Physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:614-635. [PMID: 32394816 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1761076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented health crisis as entire populations have been asked to self-isolate and live in home-confinement for several weeks to months, which in itself represents a physiological challenge with significant health risks. This paper describes the impact of sedentarism on the human body at the level of the muscular, cardiovascular, metabolic, endocrine and nervous systems and is based on evidence from several models of inactivity, including bed rest, unilateral limb suspension, and step-reduction. Data form these studies show that muscle wasting occurs rapidly, being detectable within two days of inactivity. This loss of muscle mass is associated with fibre denervation, neuromuscular junction damage and upregulation of protein breakdown, but is mostly explained by the suppression of muscle protein synthesis. Inactivity also affects glucose homeostasis as just few days of step reduction or bed rest, reduce insulin sensitivity, principally in muscle. Additionally, aerobic capacity is impaired at all levels of the O2 cascade, from the cardiovascular system, including peripheral circulation, to skeletal muscle oxidative function. Positive energy balance during physical inactivity is associated with fat deposition, associated with systemic inflammation and activation of antioxidant defences, exacerbating muscle loss. Importantly, these deleterious effects of inactivity can be diminished by routine exercise practice, but the exercise dose-response relationship is currently unknown. Nevertheless, low to medium-intensity high volume resistive exercise, easily implementable in home-settings, will have positive effects, particularly if combined with a 15-25% reduction in daily energy intake. This combined regimen seems ideal for preserving neuromuscular, metabolic and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CIR-MYO Myology Center, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CIR-MYO Myology Center, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Martino Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Bruno Grassi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianni Biolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Fiotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Greenhaff
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, The Medical School, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Thirupathi A, Pinho RA, Chang YZ. Physical exercise: An inducer of positive oxidative stress in skeletal muscle aging. Life Sci 2020; 252:117630. [PMID: 32294473 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the core of most pathological situations, and its attribution toward disease conversion is not yet well established. The adaptive capacity of a cell can overcome ROS-induced pathology. However, when a cell fails to extend its maximum adaptive capacity against oxidative stress, it could lead a cell to misbehave or defunct from its normal functions. Any type of physical activity can increase the cells' maximum adaptive capacity, but aging can limit this. However, whether aging is the initiating point of reducing cells' adaptive capacity against oxidative stress or oxidative stress can induce the aging process is a mystery, and it could be the key to solving several uncured diseases. Paradoxically, minimum ROS is needed for cellular homeostasis. Nevertheless, finding factors that can limit or nullify the production of ROS for cellular homeostasis is a million-dollar question. Regular physical exercise is considered to be one of the factors that can limit the production of ROS and increase the ROS-induced benefits in the cells through inducing minimum oxidative stress and increasing maximum adapting capacity against oxidative stress-induced damages. The type and intensity of exercise that can produce such positive effects in the cells remain unclear. Therefore, this review discusses how physical exercise can help to produce minimal positive oxidative stress in preventing skeletal muscle aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050024, China.
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province 050024, China
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Marcucci L, Bondì M, Randazzo G, Reggiani C, Natali AN, Pavan PG. Fibre and extracellular matrix contributions to passive forces in human skeletal muscles: An experimental based constitutive law for numerical modelling of the passive element in the classical Hill-type three element model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224232. [PMID: 31689322 PMCID: PMC6830811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The forces that allow body movement can be divided into active (generated by sarcomeric contractile proteins) and passive (sustained by intra-sarcomeric proteins, fibre cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)). These are needed to transmit the active forces to the tendon and the skeleton. However, the relative contribution of the intra- and extra- sarcomeric components in transmitting the passive forces is still under debate. There is limited data in the literature about human muscle and so it is difficult to make predictions using multiscale models, imposing a purely phenomenological description for passive forces. In this paper, we apply a method for the experimental characterization of the passive properties of fibres and ECM to human biopsy and propose their clear separation in a Finite Element Model. Experimental data were collected on human single muscle fibres and bundles, taken from vastus lateralis muscle of elderly subjects. Both were progressively elongated to obtain two stress-strain curves which were fitted to exponential equations. The mechanical properties of the extracellular passive components in a bundle of fibres were deduced by the subtraction of the passive tension observed in single fibres from the passive tension observed in the bundle itself. Our results showed that modulus and tensile load bearing capability of ECM are higher than those of fibres and defined their quantitative characterization that can be used in macroscopic models to study their role in the transmission of forces in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Marcucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Michela Bondì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Randazzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Kinesiology Research Center, Garibaldijeva, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Arturo N. Natali
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Piero G. Pavan
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova, Italy
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Risk factors of frailty and death or only frailty after intensive care in non-frail elderly patients: a prospective non-interventional study. J Intensive Care 2019; 7:48. [PMID: 31687161 PMCID: PMC6820956 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-019-0403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Frailty status is recognized as an important parameter in critically ill elderly patients, but nothing is known about outcomes in non-frail patients regarding the development of frailty or frailty and death after intensive care. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for frailty and death or only frailty 6 months after intensive care unit (ICU) admission in non-frail patients ≥ 65 years. Methods A prospective non-interventional study performed in an academic ICU from February 2015 to February 2016 included non-frail ≥ 65-year-old patients hospitalized for > 24 h in the ICU. Frailty was assessed by calculating the frailty index (FI) at admission and 6 months later. Patients who remained non-frail (FI < 0.2) were compared to patients who presented frailty (FI ≥ 0.2) and those who presented frailty and death at 6 months. Results Among 974 admissions, 136 patients were eligible for the study and 88 patients were analysed at 6 months (non-frail n = 34, frail n = 29, death n = 25). Multivariable analysis showed that mechanical ventilation duration was an independent risk factor for frailty/death at 6 months (per day of mechanical ventilation, odds ratio [OR] = 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.19, p = 0.002). When excluding patients who died, mechanical ventilation duration remained the sole risk factor for frailty at 6 months (OR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.07–1.33, p = 0.001). Conclusion Mechanical ventilation duration was the sole predictive factor of frailty and death or only frailty 6 months after ICU hospitalization in initially non-frail patients.
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Martins GS, Toledo SV, Andrade JMDL, Nakano EY, Valduga R, Paz LPDS, Cipriano Júnior G, Cipriano GFB. Analysis of functional status and muscle strength in adults and older adults in an intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 26:2899-2910. [PMID: 34231702 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021267.21422019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze and assess the association between functional status (FS) and muscle strength (MS) in young adults, adults and older adults in an intensive care unit (ICU). We conducted a prospective cohort study with 48 patients. FS was assessed using the Functional Status Score for the Intensive Care Unit (FSS-ICU) and MS was measured using the Medical Research Council Sum-Score (MRC-SS) and by testing handgrip strength (HS). The assessments were performed on awakening and ICU discharge. The data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis, chi-squared, Wilcoxon and Spearman's correlation tests. FS and MRC-SS scores were higher on ICU discharge in all groups. Gains were lowest in the older adult group. HS was greater in both hands on ICU discharge in all groups except the adults. FSS-ICU on both awakening and ICU discharge was highest in the adults; HS-R was lowest in the older adults. There was a strong association between FS and MS in the young adults and adults. FS and MS showed progressive improvement during ICU stay. Gains in FS and MS on awakening and ICU discharge were lowest among the older adults. Important associations were found between these variables in all groups except the older adults. This can be explained by the multifactorial nature of illness and incapacity in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sousa Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde, Universidade de Brasília. Centro Metropolitano conjunto A lote 01 1º andar sala A1-04/67. 72220-275 Brasília DF Brasil.
| | | | | | | | - Renato Valduga
- Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Distrito Federal. Brasília DF Brasil
| | - Leonardo Petrus da Silva Paz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde, Universidade de Brasília. Centro Metropolitano conjunto A lote 01 1º andar sala A1-04/67. 72220-275 Brasília DF Brasil.
| | - Gerson Cipriano Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias em Saúde, Universidade de Brasília. Centro Metropolitano conjunto A lote 01 1º andar sala A1-04/67. 72220-275 Brasília DF Brasil.
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Paravlic AH, Pisot R, Marusic U. Specific and general adaptations following motor imagery practice focused on muscle strength in total knee arthroplasty rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221089. [PMID: 31412056 PMCID: PMC6693761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor imagery (MI) has been a widely used strategy in the past two decades to enhance physical capabilities among orthopaedic patients. However, its effectiveness is still questioned, since the demonstrated effects were likely task-dependent, with little evidence of transfer to tasks not specifically trained with MI. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether an MI practice focused on maximal isometric knee extension strength, causes additional specific and general adaptations upon neuromuscular and functional variables when compared to conventional rehabilitation only, in patients submitted to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). DESIGN Parallel group randomized controlled clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four patients (56% man) submitted to TKA. PROGRAM Patients were randomly assigned to an MI practice group (MIp: 15 minutes per day/5 days per week in addition to routine physical therapy) or control group (CON) that performed routine physical therapy alone for four weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES The maximal isometric knee extension strength of the operated leg was defined as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were spatial and temporal gait parameters, 30-second chair sit-to-stand performance, a self-reported physical function assessed by the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) questionnaire, and an MI ability score. All measurements were conducted before and one month after TKA. RESULTS Significant differences in treatment effects were observed for the MIp group compared to CON: the MIp showed less strength decrease (ES = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.32, 1.99, p = 0.022); faster self-selected speed under single (ES = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.08, p = 0.001) and dual task (ES = 1.59, large, 95% CI: 0.67, 2.50, p = 0.002) conditions; brisk-pace gait speed during single (ES = 1.32, 95% CI: 0.47, 2.17, p = 0.020) and dual task conditions (ES = 1.31, large, 95% CI: 0.38, 2.23, p = 0.013); improved chair sit-to-stand (ES = 1.45, large, 95% CI: 0.58, 2.31, p = 0.004) performance; and a higher score on MI ability questionnaires for kinaesthetic imagery (KI) (ES = 0.55, 95% CI: -0.23, 1.34, p = 0.010) and internal visual imagery (EVI) (ES = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.80, p = 0.039) scales, respectively. In addition, only MIp showed unaltered single and double support periods, as well as stride length and cadence during single task self-selected gait condition. Finally, analysis showed that the improved MI ability score achieved at the end of MI training was significantly correlated with the changes in the strength of the operated leg (kinaesthetic imagery: r = 0.741, p = 0.004; and internal visual imagery: r = 0.623, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS MI training, when added in a corollary to routine physical therapy, led to improvements in both specific and general adaptations that were related to patients' physical capabilities. While future studies must also evaluate the long-term effects, conducting MI training during acute and post-acute rehabilitation phases is advised, especially when the extent and range of physical exercise is limited or made impossible. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03684148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin H. Paravlic
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pisot
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uros Marusic
- Science and Research Centre, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea-ECM, Maribor, Slovenia
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Herold F, Törpel A, Schega L, Müller NG. Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements - a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2019; 16:10. [PMID: 31333805 PMCID: PMC6617693 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-019-0217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the aging process, physical capabilities (e.g., muscular strength) and cognitive functions (e.g., memory) gradually decrease. Regarding cognitive functions, substantial functional (e.g., compensatory brain activity) and structural changes (e.g., shrinking of the hippocampus) in the brain cause this decline. Notably, growing evidence points towards a relationship between cognition and measures of muscular strength and muscle mass. Based on this emerging evidence, resistance exercises and/or resistance training, which contributes to the preservation and augmentation of muscular strength and muscle mass, may trigger beneficial neurobiological processes and could be crucial for healthy aging that includes preservation of the brain and cognition. Compared with the multitude of studies that have investigated the influence of endurance exercises and/or endurance training on cognitive performance and brain structure, considerably less work has focused on the effects of resistance exercises and/or resistance training. While the available evidence regarding resistance exercise-induced changes in cognitive functions is pooled, the underlying neurobiological processes, such as functional and structural brain changes, have yet to be summarized. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of resistance exercise-induced functional and/or structural brain changes that are related to cognitive functions. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic literature search was conducted by two independent researchers across six electronic databases; 5957 records were returned, of which 18 were considered relevant and were analyzed. SHORT CONCLUSION Based on our analyses, resistance exercises and resistance training evoked substantial functional brain changes, especially in the frontal lobe, which were accompanied by improvements in executive functions. Furthermore, resistance training led to lower white matter atrophy and smaller white matter lesion volumes. However, based on the relatively small number of studies available, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. Hence, future studies are required to investigate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and to verify whether the positive findings can be confirmed and transferred to other needy cohorts, such as older adults with dementia, sarcopenia and/or dynapenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Törpel
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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