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Wang J, Zhang Z, Liang R, Chen W, Li Q, Xu J, Zhao H, Xing D. Targeting lymph nodes for enhanced cancer vaccination: From nanotechnology to tissue engineering. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101068. [PMID: 38711936 PMCID: PMC11070719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) occupy a critical position in initiating and augmenting immune responses, both spatially and functionally. In cancer immunotherapy, tumor-specific vaccines are blooming as a powerful tool to suppress the growth of existing tumors, as well as provide preventative efficacy against tumorigenesis. Delivering these vaccines more efficiently to LNs, where antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells abundantly reside, is under extensive exploration. Formulating vaccines into nanomedicines, optimizing their physiochemical properties, and surface modification to specifically bind molecules expressed on LNs or APCs, are common routes and have brought encouraging outcomes. Alternatively, porous scaffolds can be engineered to attract APCs and provide an environment for them to mature, proliferate and migrate to LNs. A relatively new research direction is inducing the formation of LN-like organoids, which have shown positive relevance to tumor prognosis. Cutting-edge advances in these directions and discussions from a future perspective are given here, from which the up-to-date pattern of cancer vaccination will be drawn to hopefully provide basic guidance to future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zongying Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Rongxiang Liang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Wujun Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qian Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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2
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Alserawan L, Mulet M, Anguera G, Riudavets M, Zamora C, Osuna-Gómez R, Serra-López J, Barba Joaquín A, Sullivan I, Majem M, Vidal S. Kinetics of IFNγ-Induced Cytokines and Development of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Receiving PD-(L)1 Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1759. [PMID: 38730712 PMCID: PMC11083441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have the potential to trigger unpredictable immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which can be severe. The underlying mechanisms of these events are not fully understood. As PD-L1 is upregulated by IFN, the heightened immune activation resulting from PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition may enhance the IFN response, triggering the expression of IFN-inducible genes and contributing to irAE development and its severity. In this study, we investigated the interplay between irAEs and the expression of IFN-inducible chemokines and cytokines in 134 consecutive patients with solid tumours treated with PD-(L)1 inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy or other immunotherapy agents. We compared the plasma levels of IFN-associated cytokines (CXCL9/10/11, IL-18, IL-10, IL-6 and TGFβ) at various time points (at baseline, at the onset of irAE and previous to irAE onset) in three patient groups categorized by irAE development and severity: patients with serious irAEs, mild irAEs and without irAEs after PD-(L)1 inhibitors. No differences were observed between groups at baseline. However, patients with serious irAEs exhibited significant increases in CXCL9/10/11, IL-18 and IL-10 levels at the onset of the irAE compared to baseline. A network analysis and correlation patterns highlighted a robust relationship among these chemokines and cytokines at serious-irAE onset. Combining all of the analysed proteins in a cluster analysis, we identified a subgroup of patients with a higher incidence of serious irAEs affecting different organs or systems. Finally, an ROC analysis and a decision tree model proposed IL-18 levels ≥ 807 pg/mL and TGFβ levels ≤ 114 pg/mL as predictors for serious irAEs in 90% of cases. In conclusion, our study elucidates the dynamic changes in cytokine profiles associated with serious irAE development during treatment with PD-(L)1 inhibitors. The study's findings offer valuable insights into the intricate IFN-induced immune responses associated with irAEs and propose potential predictive markers for their severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Alserawan
- Immunology-Inflammatory Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (R.O.-G.)
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Mulet
- Immunology-Inflammatory Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (R.O.-G.)
| | - Geòrgia Anguera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.); (M.R.); (J.S.-L.); (A.B.J.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariona Riudavets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.); (M.R.); (J.S.-L.); (A.B.J.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pneumologie, Hôpital Cochin—APHP Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Immunology-Inflammatory Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (R.O.-G.)
| | - Rubén Osuna-Gómez
- Immunology-Inflammatory Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (R.O.-G.)
| | - Jorgina Serra-López
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.); (M.R.); (J.S.-L.); (A.B.J.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrés Barba Joaquín
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.); (M.R.); (J.S.-L.); (A.B.J.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ivana Sullivan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.); (M.R.); (J.S.-L.); (A.B.J.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Margarita Majem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.); (M.R.); (J.S.-L.); (A.B.J.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Immunology-Inflammatory Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (R.O.-G.)
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3
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Cao LL, Kagan JC. Targeting innate immune pathways for cancer immunotherapy. Immunity 2023; 56:2206-2217. [PMID: 37703879 PMCID: PMC10591974 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is critical for inducing durable and protective T cell responses to infection and has been increasingly recognized as a target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we present a framework wherein distinct innate immune signaling pathways activate five key dendritic cell activities that are important for T cell-mediated immunity. We discuss molecular pathways that can agonize these activities and highlight that no single pathway can agonize all activities needed for durable immunity. The immunological distinctions between innate immunotherapy administration to the tumor microenvironment versus administration via vaccination are examined, with particular focus on the strategies that enhance dendritic cell migration, interferon expression, and interleukin-1 family cytokine production. In this context, we argue for the importance of appreciating necessity vs. sufficiency when considering the impact of innate immune signaling in inflammation and protective immunity and offer a conceptual guideline for the development of efficacious cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyue L Cao
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Esparcia-Pinedo L, Romero-Laorden N, Alfranca A. Tertiary lymphoid structures and B lymphocytes: a promising therapeutic strategy to fight cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231315. [PMID: 37622111 PMCID: PMC10445545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are clusters of lymphoid cells with an organization that resembles that of secondary lymphoid organs. Both structures share common developmental characteristics, although TLSs usually appear in chronically inflamed non-lymphoid tissues, such as tumors. TLSs contain diverse types of immune cells, with varying degrees of spatial organization that represent different stages of maturation. These structures support both humoral and cellular immune responses, thus the correlation between the existence of TLS and clinical outcomes in cancer patients has been extensively studied. The finding that TLSs are associated with better prognosis in some types of cancer has led to the design of therapeutic strategies based on promoting the formation of these structures. Agents such as chemokines, cytokines, antibodies and cancer vaccines have been used in combination with traditional antitumor treatments to enhance TLS generation, with good results. The induction of TLS formation therefore represents a novel and promising avenue for the treatment of a number of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Esparcia-Pinedo
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Romero-Laorden
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Cátedra Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Fundación Instituto Roche de Medicina Personalizada de Precisión, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Cátedra Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)-Fundación Instituto Roche de Medicina Personalizada de Precisión, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Jin L, Gao W, Chen P, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Li D, Zhou J, Yu B, Dong G. Murine neonatal dermal fibroblast acquires a lymphoid tissue organizer cell-like activity upon synergistic activation of TNF-α receptor and LTβ receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119399. [PMID: 36402207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are ectopic aggregates of immune cells. As accumulating studies demonstrate TLOs as a predictor of better prognosis in certain cancers, targeting TLO formation, which is tightly regulated by the lymphoid tissue organizer cells (LTOs), has become intriguing in cancer treatment. However, the clinical outcome of these attempts is limited, because the approaches for activating tumor adjacent LTO is lack and little is known about what type of self-cell can be used as LTO to initiate TLO formation. Here we demonstrate that co-stimulation with membrane-bound ligand LTα1β2 and soluble TNF-α could induced an LTO-like activity in murine neonatal dermal fibroblast, featured by high expression of cell migration-associated chemokines and adhesion molecules that resemble typical LTO gene signature. Furthermore, the LTO-phenotypic dermal fibroblast could enhance the attachment and survival of T and B cell and proliferation of T cell. These findings suggest dermal fibroblast as a promising target for TLO induction to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Jin
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China; Department & Institute of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxing Gao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China; Department & Institute of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China; Department & Institute of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China; Department & Institute of General Surgery, the Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dingchang Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China; Department & Institute of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department & Institute of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Biyue Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guanglong Dong
- Department & Institute of General Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Liu Z, Meng X, Tang X, Zou W, He Y. Intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures promote patient survival and immunotherapy response in head neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 72:1505-1521. [DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) hold the potential role in the prediction of immunotherapy response in several clinical trials. TLSs in head neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have been investigated through IHC analysis, whereas there is no TLS gene signature to evaluate the level of TLS neogenesis. We here proposed a TLS signature containing 13 chemokines and determined TLS-hi and TLS-low groups in HNSCC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. TLS-hi condition signified a better overall survival. A more inflamed immune infiltrative landscape was identified in the TLS-hi tumors characterized by higher proportion of T cells, TCR/BCR activation and antigen processing. High level of TLSs has a determined role in the clinical significance of T cells. Interesting discovery was that innate lymphoid cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts were positively associated with TLS neogenesis in TME of HNSCC. Furthermore, by integrated TLSs with stromal cells and score, immune cells and score, TMB and malignant cells, we proposed a novel HNSCC TME classifications (HNSCC-TCs 1–5), unravelling the counteracted role of stromal cells and score in inflamed immune landscape, which may provide a novel stromal targeted modality in HNSCC therapy. Finally, we verified that TLS statue is an ideal predictor for immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Current study indicated that the TLSs serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and predictor for immunotherapy, which may provide directions to the current investigations on immunotherapeutic strategies for HNSCC.
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7
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CHEN J, CHEN J, WANG L. Tertiary lymphoid structures as unique constructions associated with the organization, education, and function of tumor-infiltrating immunocytes. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:812-822. [PMID: 36226536 PMCID: PMC9561406 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are formations at sites with persistent inflammatory stimulation, including tumors. These ectopic lymphoid organs mainly consist of chemo-attracting B cells, T cells, and supporting dendritic cells (DCs). Mature TLSs exhibit functional organization for the optimal development and collaboration of adaptive immune response, delivering an augmented effect on the tumor microenvironment (TME). The description of the positive correlation between TLSs and tumor prognosis is reliable only under a certain condition involving the localization and maturation of TLSs. Emerging evidence suggests that underlying mechanisms of the anti-tumor effect of TLSs pave the way for novel immunotherapies. Several approaches have been developed to take advantage of intratumoral TLSs, either by combining it with therapeutic agents or by inducing the neogenesis of TLSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing CHEN
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310009, China,Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China
| | - Jian CHEN
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310009, China,Jian CHEN,
| | - Lie WANG
- Institute of Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou311121, China,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Lie WANG,
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Ahmed A, Köhler S, Klotz R, Giese N, Hackert T, Springfeld C, Zörnig I, Jäger D, Halama N. Tertiary lymphoid structures and their association to immune phenotypes and circulatory IL2 levels in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2027148. [PMID: 35127251 PMCID: PMC8812743 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2027148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is usually unresponsive to immunotherapeutic approaches. However, tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are associated with favorable patient outcomes in PDA. A better understanding of the B cell infiltrate and biological features of TLS formation is needed to further explore their potential and improve patient management. We analyzed tumor tissues (n = 55) and corresponding blood samples (n = 51) from PDA patients by systematical immunohistochemistry and multiplex cytokine measurements. The tissue was compartmentalized in "tumor" and "stroma" and separately examined. Clinical patient information was used to perform survival analyses. We found that the mere number of B cells is not associated with patient survival, but formation of TLS in the peritumoral stroma is a prognostic favorable marker in PDA patients. TLS-positive tissues show a higher density of CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cells and a higher IL2 level in the peritumoral stroma than tissues without TLS. Compartmental assessment shows that gradients of IL2 expression differ with regard to TLS formation: TLS presence is associated with higher IL2 levels in the stromal than in the tumoral compartment, while no difference is seen in patients without TLS. Focusing on the stroma-to-serum gradient, only patients without TLS show significantly higher IL2 levels in the serum than in stroma. Finally, low circulatory IL2 levels are associated with local TLS formation. Our findings highlight that TLS are prognostic favorable and associated with antitumoral features in the microenvironment of PDA. Also, we propose easily accessible serum IL2 levels as a potential marker for TLS prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azaz Ahmed
- Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Immunotherapy (D240), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Köhler
- Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosa Klotz
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalia Giese
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Hackert
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inka Zörnig
- Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Applied Tumor Immunity Clinical Cooperation Unit (D120), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Immunotherapy (D240), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ahluwalia P, Ahluwalia M, Mondal AK, Sahajpal NS, Kota V, Rojiani MV, Kolhe R. Natural Killer Cells and Dendritic Cells: Expanding Clinical Relevance in the Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164037. [PMID: 34439191 PMCID: PMC8394984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major subtype of lung cancer that accounts for almost 85% of lung cancer cases worldwide. Although recent advances in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy have helped in the clinical management of these patients, the survival rate in advanced stages remains dismal. Furthermore, there is a critical lack of accurate prognostic and stratification markers for emerging immunotherapies. To harness immune response modalities for therapeutic benefits, a detailed understanding of the immune cells in the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) is required. Among the diverse immune cells, natural killer (NK cells) and dendritic cells (DCs) have generated tremendous interest in the scientific community. NK cells play a critical role in tumor immunosurveillance by directly killing malignant cells. DCs link innate and adaptive immune systems by cross-presenting the antigens to T cells. The presence of an immunosuppressive milieu in tumors can lead to inactivation and poor functioning of NK cells and DCs, which results in an adverse outcome for many cancer patients, including those with NSCLC. Recently, clinical intervention using modified NK cells and DCs have shown encouraging response in advanced NSCLC patients. Herein, we will discuss prognostic and predictive aspects of NK cells and DC cells with an emphasis on NSCLC. Additionally, the discussion will extend to potential strategies that seek to enhance the anti-tumor functionality of NK cells and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Ashis K. Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nikhil S. Sahajpal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Vamsi Kota
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Mumtaz V. Rojiani
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (N.S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-2771; Fax: +1-706-434-6053
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10
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Kang W, Feng Z, Luo J, He Z, Liu J, Wu J, Rong P. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword Role in Antitumor Immunity and Potential Therapeutic Induction Strategies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689270. [PMID: 34394083 PMCID: PMC8358404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a vital role in cancer development and dramatically determines the efficacy of immunotherapy. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) within the TME are well recognized and consist of T cell-rich areas containing dendritic cells (DCs) and B cell-rich areas containing germinal centers (GCs). Accumulating research has indicated that there is a close association between tumor-associated TLSs and favorable clinical outcomes in most types of cancers, though a minority of studies have reported an association between TLSs and a poor prognosis. Overall, the double-edged sword role of TLSs in the TME and potential mechanisms need to be further investigated, which will provide novel therapeutic perspectives for antitumor immunoregulation. In this review, we focus on discussing the main functions of TLSs in the TME and recent advances in the therapeutic manipulation of TLSs through multiple strategies to enhance local antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Kang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhichao Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianwei Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhu He
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhen Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Rong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Domblides C, Rochefort J, Riffard C, Panouillot M, Lescaille G, Teillaud JL, Mateo V, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: From Basic and Clinical Knowledge to Therapeutic Manipulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698604. [PMID: 34276690 PMCID: PMC8279885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem almost unique to each patient. Most of available therapies target tumor cells according to their molecular characteristics, angiogenesis or immune cells involved in tumor immune-surveillance. Unfortunately, only a limited number of patients benefit in the long-term of these treatments that are often associated with relapses, in spite of the remarkable progress obtained with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICP). The presence of “hot” tumors is a determining parameter for selecting therapies targeting the patient immunity, even though some of them still do not respond to treatment. In human studies, an in-depth analysis of the organization and interactions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells has revealed the presence of an ectopic lymphoid organization termed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in a large number of tumors. Their marked similarity to secondary lymphoid organs has suggested that TLS are an “anti-tumor school” and an “antibody factory” to fight malignant cells. They are effectively associated with long-term survival in most solid tumors, and their presence has been recently shown to predict response to ICP inhibitors. This review discusses the relationship between TLS and the molecular characteristics of tumors and the presence of oncogenic viruses, as well as their role when targeted therapies are used. Also, we present some aspects of TLS biology in non-tumor inflammatory diseases and discuss the putative common characteristics that they share with tumor-associated TLS. A detailed overview of the different pre-clinical models available to investigate TLS function and neogenesis is also presented. Finally, new approaches aimed at a better understanding of the role and function of TLS such as the use of spheroids and organoids and of artificial intelligence algorithms, are also discussed. In conclusion, increasing our knowledge on TLS will undoubtedly improve prognostic prediction and treatment selection in cancer patients with key consequences for the next generation immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Domblides
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Juliette Rochefort
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France.,Service Odontologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Riffard
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Marylou Panouillot
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Lescaille
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté de Santé, UFR Odontologie, Paris, France.,Service Odontologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Véronique Mateo
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1135, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, Paris, France.,Laboratory "Immune microenvironment and immunotherapy", Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
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12
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N J, J T, Sl N, Gt B. Tertiary lymphoid structures and B lymphocytes in cancer prognosis and response to immunotherapies. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1900508. [PMID: 33854820 PMCID: PMC8018489 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1900508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic cellular aggregates that resemble secondary lymphoid organs in their composition and structural organization. In contrast to secondary lymphoid organs, TLS are not imprinted during embryogenesis but are formed in non-lymphoid tissues in response to local inflammation. TLS structures exhibiting a variable degree of maturation are found in solid tumors. They are composed of various immune cell types including dendritic cells and antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes, that together, actively drive the immune response against tumor development and progression. This review highlights the successive steps leading to tumor TLS formation and its association with clinical outcomes. We discuss the role played by tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes and plasma cells, their prognostic value in solid tumors and immunotherapeutic responses and their potential for future targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelot N
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Tellier J
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nutt Sl
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Belz Gt
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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13
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Salem A, Alotaibi M, Mroueh R, Basheer HA, Afarinkia K. CCR7 as a therapeutic target in Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188499. [PMID: 33385485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CCR7 chemokine axis is comprised of chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) and chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) acting on chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7). This axis plays two important but apparently opposing roles in cancer. On the one hand, this axis is significantly engaged in the trafficking of a number of effecter cells involved in mounting an immune response to a growing tumour. This suggests therapeutic strategies which involve potentiation of this axis can be used to combat the spread of cancer. On the other hand, the CCR7 axis plays a significant role in controlling the migration of tumour cells towards the lymphatic system and metastasis and can thus contribute to the expansion of cancer. This implies that therapeutic strategies which involve decreasing signaling through the CCR7 axis would have a beneficial effect in preventing dissemination of cancer. This dichotomy has partly been the reason why this axis has not yet been exploited, as other chemokine axes have, as a therapeutic target in cancer. Recent report of a crystal structure for CCR7 provides opportunities to exploit this axis in developing new cancer therapies. However, it remains unclear which of these two strategies, potentiation or antagonism of the CCR7 axis, is more appropriate for cancer therapy. This review brings together the evidence supporting both roles of the CCR7 axis in cancer and examines the future potential of each of the two different therapeutic approaches involving the CCR7 axis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Salem
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Mashael Alotaibi
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Rima Mroueh
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Haneen A Basheer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, PO Box 132222, Zarqa 13132, Jordan
| | - Kamyar Afarinkia
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
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14
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Rodriguez AB, Engelhard VH. Insights into Tumor-Associated Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Novel Targets for Antitumor Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1338-1345. [PMID: 33139300 PMCID: PMC7643396 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid aggregates that phenotypically resemble conventional secondary lymphoid organs and are commonly found at sites of chronic inflammation. They are also found in a wide variety of primary and metastatic human tumors. The presence of tumor-associated TLS (TA-TLS) is associated with prolonged patient survival, higher rates of disease-free survival, and a favorable response to current cancer therapies. However, the immune responses that occur in these structures, and how they contribute to improved clinical outcomes, remain incompletely understood. In addition, it is unknown how heterogeneity in TA-TLS cellular composition, structural organization, and anatomic location influences their functionality and prognostic significance. Understanding more about TA-TLS development, formation, and function may offer new therapeutic options to modulate antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Rodriguez
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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15
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Computational Identification of Tumor Suppressor Genes Based on Gene Expression Profiles in Normal and Cancerous Gastrointestinal Tissues. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:2503790. [PMID: 32774369 PMCID: PMC7396062 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2503790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer prevails in various gastrointestinal (GI) organs, such as esophagus, stomach, and colon. However, the small intestine has an extremely low cancer risk. It is interesting to investigate the molecular cues that could explain the significant difference in cancer incidence rates among different GI tissues. Using several large-scale normal and cancer tissue genomics datasets, we compared the gene expression profiling between small intestine and other GI tissues and between GI cancers and normal tissues. We identified 17 tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) which showed significantly higher expression levels in small intestine than in other GI tissues and significantly lower expression levels in GI cancers than in normal tissues. These TSGs were mainly involved in metabolism, immune, and cell growth signaling-associated pathways. Many TSGs had a positive expression correlation with survival prognosis in various cancers, confirming their tumor suppressive function. We demonstrated that the downregulation of many TSGs was associated with their hypermethylation in cancer. Moreover, we showed that the expression of many TSGs inversely correlated with tumor purity and positively correlated with antitumor immune response in various cancers, suggesting that these TSGs may exert their tumor suppressive function by promoting antitumor immunity. Furthermore, we identified a transcriptional regulatory network of the TSGs and their master transcriptional regulators (MTRs). Many of MTRs have been recognized as tumor suppressors, such as HNF4A, ZBTB7A, p53, and RUNX3. The TSGs could provide new molecular cues associated with tumorigenesis and tumor development and have potential clinical implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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16
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Rizeq B, Malki MI. The Role of CCL21/CCR7 Chemokine Axis in Breast Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1036. [PMID: 32340161 PMCID: PMC7226115 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, predominantly caused by metastasis. It is generally accepted that the pattern of breast cancer metastasis is largely determined by the interaction between the chemokine receptors on cancer cells and the chemokines expressed at the sites of metastatic disease. Chemokine receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family that appear to be implicated in inflammatory diseases, tumor growth and metastasis. One of its members, C-C Chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), binds chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, which are important for tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance and tumorigenesis. These receptors have been shown to induce the pathobiology of breast cancer due to their ability to induce cellular proliferation and migration upon the binding of the cognate chemokine receptors. The underlying signaling pathways and exact cellular interactions within this biological system are not fully understood and need further insights. Thus, in this review, we summarize the essential roles of CCR7 and its receptors in breast cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms of regulation that may lead to novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Despite the enormous advances in our knowledge of the nature of the chemokines in breast cancer metastasis, research about the involvement of CCR7 in cancer progression is still limited. Therefore, further studies are essential to illustrate the distinct roles of CCR7 in cancer progression and validate its potential as a preventive bio-factor for human breast cancer metastasis by targeting chemokine receptor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Imad Malki
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box. 2713, Doha, Qatar;
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17
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Sharma S, Kadam P, Dubinett S. CCL21 Programs Immune Activity in Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1231:67-78. [PMID: 32060847 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36667-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CCL21 promotes immune activity in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by colocalizing dendritic cells (DC) and T cells programing ectopic lymph node architectural structures that correlate with cancer prognosis. Innovative strategies to deliver CCL21 in cancer patients will reactivate the downregulated immune activity in the TME. Immune escape mechanisms are upregulated in the TME that promote tumor immune evasion. CCL21 combined with inhibition of dominant pathways of immune evasion will aid in the development of effective immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherven Sharma
- Department of Medicine, UCLA Lung Cancer Research Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Molecular Gene Medicine Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Pournima Kadam
- Molecular Gene Medicine Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven Dubinett
- Department of Medicine, UCLA Lung Cancer Research Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Gene Medicine Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Sautès-Fridman C, Petitprez F, Calderaro J, Fridman WH. Tertiary lymphoid structures in the era of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:307-325. [PMID: 31092904 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid organs that develop in non-lymphoid tissues at sites of chronic inflammation including tumours. Key common characteristics between secondary lymphoid organogenesis and TLS neogenesis have been identified. TLSs exist under different maturation states in tumours, culminating in germinal centre formation. The mechanisms that underlie the role of TLSs in the adaptive antitumour immune response are being deciphered. The description of the correlation between TLS presence and clinical benefit in patients with cancer, suggesting that TLSs could be a prognostic and predictive factor, has drawn strong interest into investigating the role of TLSs in tumours. A current major challenge is to exploit TLSs to promote lymphocyte infiltration, activation by tumour antigens and differentiation to increase the antitumour immune response. Several approaches are being developed using chemokines, cytokines, antibodies, antigen-presenting cells or synthetic scaffolds to induce TLS formation. Strategies aiming to induce TLS neogenesis in immune-low tumours and in immune-high tumours, in this case, in combination with therapeutic agents dampening the inflammatory environment and/or with immune checkpoint inhibitors, represent promising avenues for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, complément et cancer, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Florent Petitprez
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, complément et cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, complément et cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
- Département de Pathologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955, Equipe 18, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université de Paris, Equipe Inflammation, complément et cancer, F-75006, Paris, France
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19
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Altorki NK, Markowitz GJ, Gao D, Port JL, Saxena A, Stiles B, McGraw T, Mittal V. The lung microenvironment: an important regulator of tumour growth and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 2019; 19:9-31. [PMID: 30532012 PMCID: PMC6749995 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major global health problem, as it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Major advances in the identification of key mutational alterations have led to the development of molecularly targeted therapies, whose efficacy has been limited by emergence of resistance mechanisms. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapies targeting angiogenesis and more recently immune checkpoints have reinvigorated enthusiasm in elucidating the prognostic and pathophysiological roles of the tumour microenvironment in lung cancer. In this Review, we highlight recent advances and emerging concepts for how the tumour-reprogrammed lung microenvironment promotes both primary lung tumours and lung metastasis from extrapulmonary neoplasms by contributing to inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation and response to therapies. We also discuss the potential of understanding tumour microenvironmental processes to identify biomarkers of clinical utility and to develop novel targeted therapies against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dingcheng Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Port
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashish Saxena
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendon Stiles
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy McGraw
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuberger Berman Foundation Lung Cancer Research Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Mohan T, Zhu W, Wang Y, Wang BZ. Applications of chemokines as adjuvants for vaccine immunotherapy. Immunobiology 2017; 223:477-485. [PMID: 29246401 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinations are expected to aid in building immunity against pathogens. This objective often requires the addition of an adjuvant with certain vaccine formulations containing weakly immunogenic antigens. Adjuvants can improve antigen processing, presentation, and recognition, thereby improving the immunogenicity of a vaccine by simulating and eliciting an immune response. Chemokines are a group of small chemoattractant proteins that are essential regulators of the immune system. They are involved in almost every aspect of tumorigenesis, antitumor immunity, and antimicrobial activity and also play a critical role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. More recently, chemokines have been used as vaccine adjuvants due to their ability to modulate lymphocyte development, priming and effector functions, and enhance protective immunity. Chemokines that are produced naturally by the body's own immune system could serve as potentially safer and more reliable adjuvant options versus synthetic adjuvants. This review will primarily focus on chemokines and their immunomodulatory activities against various infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Mohan
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wandi Zhu
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ye Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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21
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Lee JM, Lee MH, Garon E, Goldman JW, Salehi-Rad R, Baratelli FE, Schaue D, Wang G, Rosen F, Yanagawa J, Walser TC, Lin Y, Park SJ, Adams S, Marincola FM, Tumeh PC, Abtin F, Suh R, Reckamp KL, Lee G, Wallace WD, Lee S, Zeng G, Elashoff DA, Sharma S, Dubinett SM. Phase I Trial of Intratumoral Injection of CCL21 Gene-Modified Dendritic Cells in Lung Cancer Elicits Tumor-Specific Immune Responses and CD8 + T-cell Infiltration. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4556-4568. [PMID: 28468947 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: A phase I study was conducted to determine safety, clinical efficacy, and antitumor immune responses in patients with advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) following intratumoral administration of autologous dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral (Ad) vector expressing the CCL21 gene (Ad-CCL21-DC). We evaluated safety and tumor antigen-specific immune responses following in situ vaccination (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01574222).Experimental Design: Sixteen stage IIIB/IV NSCLC subjects received two vaccinations (1 × 106, 5 × 106, 1 × 107, or 3 × 107 DCs/injection) by CT- or bronchoscopic-guided intratumoral injections (days 0 and 7). Immune responses were assessed by tumor antigen-specific peripheral blood lymphocyte induction of IFNγ in ELISPOT assays. Tumor biopsies were evaluated for CD8+ T cells by IHC and for PD-L1 expression by IHC and real-time PCR (RT-PCR).Results: Twenty-five percent (4/16) of patients had stable disease at day 56. Median survival was 3.9 months. ELISPOT assays revealed 6 of 16 patients had systemic responses against tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Tumor CD8+ T-cell infiltration was induced in 54% of subjects (7/13; 3.4-fold average increase in the number of CD8+ T cells per mm2). Patients with increased CD8+ T cells following vaccination showed significantly increased PD-L1 mRNA expression.Conclusions: Intratumoral vaccination with Ad-CCL21-DC resulted in (i) induction of systemic tumor antigen-specific immune responses; (ii) enhanced tumor CD8+ T-cell infiltration; and (iii) increased tumor PD-L1 expression. Future studies will evaluate the role of combination therapies with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition combined with DC-CCL21 in situ vaccination. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4556-68. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Lee
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mi-Heon Lee
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edward Garon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan W Goldman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ramin Salehi-Rad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Felicita E Baratelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gerald Wang
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fran Rosen
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jane Yanagawa
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tonya C Walser
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ying Lin
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacy J Park
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sharon Adams
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Paul C Tumeh
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fereidoun Abtin
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Robert Suh
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karen L Reckamp
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Gina Lee
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - William D Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah Lee
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gang Zeng
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - David A Elashoff
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biostatistics, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sherven Sharma
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Molecular Gene Medicine Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Lung Cancer Research Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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22
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Ding Q, Lu P, Xia Y, Ding S, Fan Y, Li X, Han P, Liu J, Tian D, Liu M. CXCL9: evidence and contradictions for its role in tumor progression. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3246-3259. [PMID: 27726306 PMCID: PMC5119981 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a group of low molecular weight peptides. Their major function is the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammation sites, but they also play a key role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In the last few years, accumulated experimental evidence supports that monokine induced by interferon (IFN)‐gamma (CXCL9), a member of CXC chemokine family and known to attract CXCR3‐ (CXCR3‐A and CXCR3‐B) T lymphocytes, is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of physiologic diseases during their initiation and their maintenance. This review for the first time presents the most comprehensive summary for the role of CXCL9 in different types of tumors, and demonstrates its contradictory role of CXCL9 in tumor progression. Altogether, this is a useful resource for researchers investigating therapeutic opportunities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Panpan Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Yujia Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Shuping Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Yuhui Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Jingmei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430030, China
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23
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Sautès-Fridman C, Lawand M, Giraldo NA, Kaplon H, Germain C, Fridman WH, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancers: Prognostic Value, Regulation, and Manipulation for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Immunol 2016; 7:407. [PMID: 27752258 PMCID: PMC5046074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid aggregates that reflect lymphoid neogenesis occurring in tissues at sites of inflammation. They are detected in tumors where they orchestrate local and systemic anti-tumor responses. A correlation has been found between high densities of TLS and prolonged patient's survival in more than 10 different types of cancer. TLS can be regulated by the same set of chemokines and cytokines that orchestrate lymphoid organogenesis and by regulatory T cells. Thus, TLS offer a series of putative new targets that could be used to develop therapies aiming to increase the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Lawand
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas A Giraldo
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Kaplon
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Claire Germain
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Wolf Herman Fridman
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Team "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne University, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
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24
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CCL4 as an adjuvant for DNA vaccination in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:162-7. [PMID: 27056671 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. CCL4 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, MIP-1β) is a CC chemokine that has a broad spectrum of target cells including immature dendritic cells, which express the cognate receptor CCR5. We asked whether a plasmid encoding CCL4 is able to improve tumor protection and immune responses in a Her2/neu+ mouse tumor model. Balb/c mice were immunized twice intramuscularly with plasmid DNA on days 1 and 15. On day 25, a tumor challenge was performed with 2 × 10(5) syngeneic Her2/neu+ D2F2/E2 tumor cells. Different groups of mice were vaccinated with pDNA(Her2/neu) plus pDNA(CCL4), pDNA(Her2/neu), pDNA(CCL4) or mock vector alone. Our results show that CCL4 is able to (i) improve tumor protection and (ii) augment a TH1-polarized immune response against Her2/neu. Although Her2/neu-specific humoral and T-cell immune responses were comparable with that induced in previous studies using CCL19 or CCL21 as adjuvants, tumor protection conferred by CCL4 was inferior. Whether this is due to a different spectrum of (innate) immune cells, remains to be clarified. However, combination of CCL19/21 with CCL4 might be a reasonable approach in the future, particularly for DNA vaccination in Her2/neu+ breast cancer in the situation of minimal residual disease.
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25
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Chen P, Luo S, Wen YJ, Li YH, Li J, Wang YS, Du LC, Zhang P, Tang J, Yang DB, Hu HZ, Zhao X, Wei YQ. Low-dose paclitaxel improves the therapeutic efficacy of recombinant adenovirus encoding CCL21 chemokine against murine cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 105:1393-401. [PMID: 25230206 PMCID: PMC4462366 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC/CCL21), one of the CC chemokines, exerts potent antitumor immunity by co-localizing T cells and dendritic cells at the tumor site and is currently tested against human solid tumors. Here, we investigated whether the combination of recombinant adenovirus encoding murine CCL21 (Ad-mCCL21) with low-dose paclitaxel would improve therapeutic efficacy against murine cancer. Immunocompetent mice bearing B16-F10 melanoma or 4T1 breast carcinoma were treated with either Ad-mCCL21, paclitaxel, or both agents together. Our results showed that Ad-mCCL21 + low-dose paclitaxel more effectively reduced the growth of tumors as compared with either treatment alone and significantly prolonged survival time of the tumor-bearing animals. These antitumor effects of the combined therapy were linked to altered cytokine network at the tumor site, enhanced apoptosis of tumor cells, and decreased formation of new vessels in tumors. Importantly, the combined therapy elicited a strong therapeutic antitumor immunity, which could be partly abrogated by the depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. Collectively, these preclinical evaluations may provide a combined strategy for antitumor immunity and should be considered for testing in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China; Chengdu Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
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26
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Gorbachev AV, Fairchild RL. Regulation of chemokine expression in the tumor microenvironment. Crit Rev Immunol 2015; 34:103-20. [PMID: 24940911 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2014010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines critical for homeostatic and inflammation-induced trafficking of leukocytes during immune responses, hematopoesis, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Despite three decades of intensive study of the chemokine network, the molecular mechanisms regulating chemokine expression during tumor growth are not well understood. In this review, we focus on the role of chemokines in both tumor growth and anti-tumor immune responses and on molecular mechanisms employed by tumor cells to regulate chemokine expression in the tumor microenvironment. Multiple mechanisms used by tumors to regulate chemokine production, including those revealed by very recent studies (such as DNA methylation or post-translational nitrosylation of chemokines) are discussed. Concluding the review, we discuss how understanding of these regulatory mechanisms can be used in cancer therapy to suppress tumor growth and/or to promote immune-mediated eradication of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert L Fairchild
- Department of Immunology and Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195 and Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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27
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Li R, Hu H, Ma H, Chen L, Zhou B, Liu Y, Liang C. The anti-tumor effect and increased tregs infiltration mediated by rAAV-SLC vector. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 40:5615-23. [PMID: 24078089 PMCID: PMC3824217 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To explore the anti-tumor effect and immune mechanism mediated by a new recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) encoding secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC) mature peptide gene. AAV Helper-Free system was used for rAAV-SLC package. The anti-tumor effect of SLC was detected by bearing tumor established from Hepal-6 cells both in C57BL/6J and nude mice. Flow cytometry analysis and IHC for Tumor-infiltrating T cells and CD11c+DCs were also investigated to explore the immunological mechanism. rAAV-SLC was successfully packaged in AAV293 cells and transfected Hepal-6 tumor cells at high efficiency. The anti-tumor effect was demonstrated by less tumor weight and longer survival outcome. Coincident with the anti-tumor response, local elaboration of SLC within the tumor bed elicited a heavy infiltration of CD4+, CD8+T cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells into the tumor sites. More importantly, there was higher infiltration of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Local elaboration of SLC mediated by rAAV-SLC has strong T cell mediated anti-tumor effect. The study also suggested that Tregs in the tumor microenvironment tampered the anti-tumor effect.
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28
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Lin Y, Luo J, Zhu WE, Srivastava M, Schaue D, Elashoff DA, Dubinett SM, Sharma S, Wu B, St John MA. A cytokine-delivering polymer is effective in reducing tumor burden in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma murine model. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 151:447-53. [PMID: 24825873 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814533775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a novel polymer platform delivering cisplatin and cytokines in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). STUDY DESIGN In vivo study. SETTING Academic research laboratory. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Mice were randomized to receive implantation of (1) no polymer, (2) plain polymer, (3) plain polymer with local cisplatin injection, or (4) cisplatin polymer. The 2 groups of mice implanted with cisplatin polymer or no polymer were further randomized to receive (1) 4 Grays external beam radiation for 4 days or (2) no radiation. For cytokine studies, mice were grouped into (1) no polymer, (2) plain polymer, (3) plain polymer with intratumoral injection of recombinant CCL21 twice a week, (4) polymer containing parental dendritic cells, or (5) polymer containing dendritic cells secreting CCL21 (DC-CCL21). RESULTS The cisplatin-secreting polymer effectively reduced tumors in the mice by more than 16-fold (P < .01). We also observed a statistically significant lower tumor weight among mice treated with cisplatin polymer and concomitant radiation compared to control groups. The DC-CCL21 polymer reduced SCCVII/SF tumors in the C3H/HeJ mice by more than 41% (P < .01). CONCLUSION Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of a novel polymer platform in delivering cisplatin and cytokines. We also demonstrate that we can effectively grow dendritic cells in the polymer that can actively secrete CCL21 for a minimum of 5 days. This polymer may represent a new therapeutic modality for patients with HNSCC. Once this polymer platform is optimized, we will plan to pursue prospective trials in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Weichao Eric Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Minu Srivastava
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dorthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David A Elashoff
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sherven Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials, and Hospital Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maie A St John
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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29
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CCL21 Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1098-110. [PMID: 24810425 PMCID: PMC4074818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6021098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a major health problem, affects 12 million people worldwide every year. With surgery and chemo-radiation the long term survival rate for the majority of cancer patients is dismal. Thus novel treatments are urgently needed. Immunotherapy, the harnessing of the immune system to destroy cancer cells is an attractive option with potential for long term anti-tumor benefit. Cytokines are biological response modifiers that stimulate anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we discuss the anti-tumor efficacy of the chemotactic cytokine CCL21 and its pre-clinical and clinical application in cancer.
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30
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Zhao DX, Li ZJ, Zhang Y, Zhang XN, Zhao KC, Li YG, Zhang MM, Yu XW, Liu MY, Li Y. Enhanced antitumor immunity is elicited by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of CCL21 and IL-15 in murine colon carcinomas. Cell Immunol 2014; 289:155-61. [PMID: 24838092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL21 is a potent chemoattractant for T cells and dendritic cells. IL-15 elicits powerful antitumor immune responses through the stimulation of natural killer cells. We constructed a CCL21/IL-15-expressing adenovirus (Ad-CCL21-IL-15) and evaluated its antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. We found that the intratumoral injection of Ad-CCL21-IL-15 into murine colon carcinomas significantly inhibited tumor growth. Splenocytes from mice treated with Ad-CCL21-IL-15 developed tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells and were protected from subsequent challenges with tumor cells. This study indicates that providing cancer therapy by combining CCL21 and IL-15 can induce antitumor immune responses and is an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Zhi-jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Xiao-na Zhang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Kun-chi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Ya-gang Li
- Fourth Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Meng-meng Zhang
- Fourth Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao-wei Yu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Ming-yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
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31
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Lee JM, Dubinett SM, Sharma S. Immunologic Approaches to Lung Cancer Therapy. Lung Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118468791.ch29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Chen L, Fabian KL, Taylor JL, Storkus WJ. Therapeutic use of dendritic cells to promote the extranodal priming of anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:388. [PMID: 24348473 PMCID: PMC3843121 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic lymphoid tissue, also known as tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) develop adaptively within sites of chronic tissue inflammation, thereby allowing the host to efficiently crossprime specific immune effector cells within sites of disease. Recent evidence suggests that the presence of TLO in the tumor microenvironment (TME) predicts better overall survival. We will discuss the relevance of extranodal T cell priming within the TME as a means to effectively promote anti-tumor immunity and the strategic use of dendritic cell (DC)-based therapies to reinforce this clinically preferred process in the cancer-bearing host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Kellsye L Fabian
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA ; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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33
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Goc J, Fridman WH, Sautès-Fridman C, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Characteristics of tertiary lymphoid structures in primary cancers. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26836. [PMID: 24498556 PMCID: PMC3912008 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are sustained by complex networks of interactions between malignant cells, stromal cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. These networks differ from patient to patient in terms of nature, composition and organization as well as with regard to the precise localization of tumor-infiltrating cells. Of note, the heterogeneity of the immunological component of the tumor microenvironment, as opposed to its mere abundance, has been shown to influence disease outcome. However, a key question remains: where does the activation of tumor-specific T cells take place? The recently described, tumor-associated lymph node-like entities termed “tertiary lymphoid structures” exhibit a structural organization that is reminiscent of secondary lymphoid organs, and thus may imprint the local immune contexture. Here, we discuss how cancer-associated tertiary lymphoid structures impact on the tumor micro-architecture, immune microenvironment, and ultimately, patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Goc
- The Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Tumors; INSERM U872; Cordeliers Research Center; Paris, France ; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS872; Paris, France ; University Paris Descartes; UMRS872; Paris, France
| | - Wolf-Herman Fridman
- The Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Tumors; INSERM U872; Cordeliers Research Center; Paris, France ; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS872; Paris, France ; University Paris Descartes; UMRS872; Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- The Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Tumors; INSERM U872; Cordeliers Research Center; Paris, France ; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS872; Paris, France ; University Paris Descartes; UMRS872; Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- The Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Tumors; INSERM U872; Cordeliers Research Center; Paris, France ; University Pierre and Marie Curie; UMRS872; Paris, France ; University Paris Descartes; UMRS872; Paris, France
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Wei J, Xia S, Sun H, Zhang S, Wang J, Zhao H, Wu X, Chen X, Hao J, Zhou X, Zhu Z, Gao X, Gao JX, Wang P, Wu Z, Zhao L, Yin Z. Critical Role of Dendritic Cell–Derived IL-27 in Antitumor Immunity through Regulating the Recruitment and Activation of NK and NKT Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:500-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rome LH, Kickhoefer VA. Development of the vault particle as a platform technology. ACS NANO 2013; 7:889-902. [PMID: 23267674 DOI: 10.1021/nn3052082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaults are naturally occurring nanoparticles found widely in eukaryotes. The particles can be produced in large quantities and are assembled in situ from multiple copies of the single structural protein following expression. Using molecular engineering, recombinant vaults can be functionally modified and targeted, and their contents can be controlled by packaging. Here, we review the development of engineered vaults as a platform for a wide variety of therapeutic applications and we examine future directions for this unique nanoparticle system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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36
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Mohit E, Rafati S. Chemokine-based immunotherapy: delivery systems and combination therapies. Immunotherapy 2013; 4:807-40. [PMID: 22947009 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A major role of chemokines is to mediate leukocyte migration through interaction with G-protein-coupled receptors. Various delivery systems have been developed to utilize the chemokine properties for combating disease. Viral and mutant viral vectors expressing chemokines, genetically modified dendritic cells with chemokine or chemokine receptors, engineered chemokine-expressing tumor cells and pDNA encoding chemokines are among these methods. Another approach for inducing a targeted immune response is fusion of a targeting antibody or antibody fragment to a chemokine. In addition, chemokines induce more effective antitumor immunity when used as adjuvants. In this regard, chemokines are codelivered along with antigens or fused as a targeting unit with antigenic moieties. In this review, several chemokines with their role in inducing immune response against different diseases are discussed, with a major emphasis on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mohit
- Molecular Immunology & Vaccine Research Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 13164, Iran
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37
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Meraz IM, Segura-Ibarra V, Leonard F, Gonzalez J, Ally S, Godin B, Serda RE. Biological Microniches Characterizing Pathological Lesions. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098338-7.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Xu Q, Chai SJ, Qian YY, Zhang M, Wang K. Breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39) promotes dendritic cell maturation in vitro and enhances Th2 inflammation in murine model of asthma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012. [PMID: 23178461 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the roles of breast regression protein-39 (BRP-39) in regulating dendritic cell maturation and in pathology of acute asthma. METHODS Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were prepared, and infected with adenovirus over-expressing BRP-39. Ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of acute asthma was made in female BALB/c mice by sensitizing and challenging with chicken OVA and Imject Alum. The transfected BMDCs were adoptively transferred into OVA-treated mice via intravenous injection. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation and pulmonary histopathology were characterized. RESULTS The expression of BRP-39 mRNA and protein was significantly increased in lung tissues of OVA-treated mice. The BMDCs infected with adenovirus BRP-39 exhibited greater maturation and higher activity in vitro. Adoptive transfer of the cells into OVA-treated mice significantly augmented OVA-induced AHR and eosinophilic inflammation. Meanwhile, BRP-39 further enhanced the production of OVA-induced Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, but significantly attenuated OVA-induced IFN-γ production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CONCLUSION In OVA-induced murine model of acute asthma, BRP-39 is over-expressed in lung tissue and augments Th2 inflammatory response and AHR. BRP-39 promotes dendritic cell maturation in vitro. Therefore, BRP-39 may be a potential therapeutic target of asthma.
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39
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Viola A, Sarukhan A, Bronte V, Molon B. The pros and cons of chemokines in tumor immunology. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:496-504. [PMID: 22726608 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune cells can intervene during tumor progression at different stages including initiation, angiogenesis, local spreading and distant metastasis formation. The net effect can be favorable or detrimental to tumor development, depending on the composition and activation status of the immune infiltrate. Chemokines can determine the distribution of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and also affect stroma composition. Here we consider how a complex network of chemokines plays a key role in dictating the fate of a tumor. Although the field is in its infancy, we also highlight how targeting chemokines offers a tool to modulate the tumor environment with the aim of enhancing immune-mediated rejection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Viola
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS and Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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40
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van der Weyden L, Adams DJ. Using mice to unveil the genetics of cancer resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:312-30. [PMID: 22613679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the UK, four in ten people will develop some form of cancer during their lifetime, with an individual's relative risk depending on many factors, including age, lifestyle and genetic make-up. Much research has gone into identifying the genes that are mutated in tumorigenesis with the overwhelming majority of genetically-modified (GM) mice in cancer research showing accelerated tumorigenesis or recapitulating key aspects of the tumorigenic process. Yet if six out of ten people will not develop some form of cancer during their lifetime, together with the fact that some cancer patients experience spontaneous regression/remission, it suggests there are ways of 'resisting' cancer. Indeed, there are wildtype, spontaneously-arising mutants and GM mice that show some form of 'resistance' to cancer. Identification of mice with increased resistance to cancer is a novel aspect of cancer research that is important in terms of providing both chemopreventative and therapeutic options. In this review we describe the different mouse lines that display a 'cancer resistance' phenotype and discuss the molecular basis of their resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
The recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of a cellular therapy to treat castration resistant prostate cancer has reinforced the potential of cellular therapy to consolidate current pharmacological approaches to treating cancer. The emergence of the cell manufacturing facility to facilitate clinical translation of these new methodologies allows greater access to these novel therapies. Here we review different strategies currently being explored to treat haematological malignancies with a focus on adoptive allogeneic or autologous transfer of antigen specific T cells, NK cells or dendritic cells. These approaches all aim to generate immunological responses against overexpressed tissue antigens, mismatched minor histocompatability antigens or tumour associated antigens. Current successes and limitations of these different approaches will be discussed with an emphasis on challenges encountered in generating long term engraftment, antigen selection and implementation as well as therapeutic immune monitoring of clinical responses, with examples from recent clinical trials.
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Nguyen-Hoai T, Baldenhofer G, Sayed Ahmed MS, Pham-Duc M, Vu MD, Lipp M, Dörken B, Pezzutto A, Westermann J. CCL21 (SLC) improves tumor protection by a DNA vaccine in a Her2/neu mouse tumor model. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 19:69-76. [PMID: 21997231 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC/CCL21) is a CC chemokine that is constitutively expressed in various lymphoid tissues and binds to chemokine receptor CCR7 on mature dendritic cells (DCs) and distinct T-and B-cell sub-populations. In vivo, CCL21 regulates the encounters between DC and T cells and thus is a key regulator of adaptive immune responses. We asked whether CCL21 is able to augment immunogenicity of a DNA-based vaccine against Her2/neu in a Balb/c mouse model with syngeneic Her2/neu+ tumor cells (D2F2/E2). Mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with plasmid DNA (pDNA) on day 1 and boosted on day 15; tumor challenge was performed subcutaneously on day 25. Coexpression of CCL21 and Her-2/neu resulted in induction of a TH1-polarized immune response and substantial improvement of the protective effect of the DNA vaccine. Coexpression of tumor antigen pDNA(Her2/neu) with both pDNA(GM-CSF) and pDNA(CCL21) as adjuvants led to further improvement of protection by the vaccine (70% tumor-free mice on day 35 vs 40% with either adjuvant alone vs 5-10% with tumor antigen alone). Our results show that CCL21 is a potent adjuvant for DNA vaccination, particularly in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Clinical use of a pDNA(Her2/neu/CCL21/GM-CSF) vaccine might be particularly promising in minimal residual Her2/neu+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nguyen-Hoai
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Berlin-Buch and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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Kar UK, Srivastava MK, Andersson Å, Baratelli F, Huang M, Kickhoefer VA, Dubinett SM, Rome LH, Sharma S. Novel CCL21-vault nanocapsule intratumoral delivery inhibits lung cancer growth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18758. [PMID: 21559281 PMCID: PMC3086906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Based on our preclinical findings, we are assessing the efficacy of intratumoral injection of dendritic cells (DC) transduced with an adenoviral vector expressing the secondary lymphoid chemokine (CCL21) gene (Ad-CCL21-DC) in a phase I trial in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While this approach shows immune enhancement, the preparation of autologous DC for CCL21 genetic modification is cumbersome, expensive and time consuming. We are evaluating a non-DC based approach which utilizes vault nanoparticles for intratumoral CCL21 delivery to mediate antitumor activity in lung cancer. Principal Findings Here we describe that vault nanocapsule platform for CCL21 delivery elicits antitumor activity with inhibition of lung cancer growth. Vault nanocapsule packaged CCL21 (CCL21-vaults) demonstrated functional activity in chemotactic and antigen presenting activity assays. Recombinant vaults impacted chemotactic migration of T cells and this effect was predominantly CCL21 dependent as CCL21 neutralization abrogated the CCL21 mediated enhancement in chemotaxis. Intratumoral administration of CCL21-vaults in mice bearing lung cancer enhanced leukocytic infiltrates (CXCR3+T, CCR7+T, IFNγ+T lymphocytes, DEC205+ DC), inhibited lung cancer tumor growth and reduced the frequencies of immune suppressive cells [myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), T regulatory cells (Treg), IL-10 T cells]. CCL21-vaults induced systemic antitumor responses by augmenting splenic T cell lytic activity against parental tumor cells. Significance This study demonstrates that the vault nanocapsule can efficiently deliver CCL21 to sustain antitumor activity and inhibit lung cancer growth. The vault nanocapsule can serve as an “off the shelf” approach to deliver antitumor cytokines to treat a broad range of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra K. Kar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Minu K. Srivastava
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Åsa Andersson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Felicita Baratelli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Min Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Dubinett
- University of California Los Angeles Lung Cancer Research Program of the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (SMD); (LHR)
| | - Leonard H. Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (SMD); (LHR)
| | - Sherven Sharma
- University of California Los Angeles Lung Cancer Research Program of the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Veteran's Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SS); (SMD); (LHR)
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Turnis ME, Rooney CM. Enhancement of dendritic cells as vaccines for cancer. Immunotherapy 2011; 2:847-62. [PMID: 21091116 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells known; owing to their ability to stimulate antigen-specific cytolytic and memory T-cell responses, their use as cancer vaccines is rapidly increasing. While clinical trials provide evidence that dendritic cells vaccines are safe and elicit immunological responses in most patients, few complete tumor remissions have been reported and further technological advances are required. An effective dendritic cell vaccine must possess and maintain several characteristics: it must migrate to lymph nodes, have a mature, Th1-polarizing phenotype expressed stably after infusion and present antigen for sufficient time to produce a T-cell response capable of eliminating a tumor. While dendritic cells are readily matured ex vivo, their phenotype and fate after infusion are rarely evaluable; therefore, strategies to ensure that dendritic cells access lymphoid tissues and retain an immunostimulatory phenotype are required. In order to best exploit dendritic cells as vaccines, they may require genetic modification and combination with other strategies including adoptive T-cell transfer, inhibition of regulatory T cells or modulation of inflammatory pathways.
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Abstract
Chemokines (ie, chemoattractant cytokines) are a family of small secreted molecules that mediate leukocyte migration. It is becoming increasingly more evident that chemokines play an integral role in the initiation of a specific immune response. With respect to cancer, chemokines are being studied for both their role in tumor biology and as promising immunotherapy candidates. We review several areas of chemokine importance in tumor immunity and discuss the experimental evidence that is leading to the clinical use of this cytokine family in new treatment approaches for patients with cancer.
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46
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Walser TC, Yanagawa J, Garon E, Lee JM, Dubinett SM. Tumor Microenvironment. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy harnesses the potential of the host immune system to recognize and eradicate neoplastic tissue. The efficiency of the immune system in mediating tumor regression depends on the induction of antigen-specific T-cell responses through physiologic immune surveillance, priming by vaccination, or following adoptive transfer of T-cells. Although a variety of tumor-associated antigens have been identified and many immunotherapeutic strategies have been tested, objective clinical responses are rare. The reasons for this include the inability of current immunotherapy approaches to generate efficient T-cell responses, the presence of regulatory cells that inhibit T-cell responses, and other tumor escape mechanisms. The activation of effector T-cells depends on interactions between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and cognate antigen presented as peptides within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory signals delivered by CD28, which binds to B7.1 and B7.2. More recently, several new molecular receptors and ligands have been identified that integrate into stimulatory or inhibitory activity for T-cells. These signals have been loosely associated with the costimulatory molecules but actually represent a diverse group of molecular pathways that have unique and overlapping functions. This review will focus on these pathways and emphasize their role in mediating T-cell activation for the purpose of enhancing tumor immunotherapy. As we gain a better understanding of the molecular and cellular consequences of T-cell signaling through the costimulatory pathways, a more rational approach to the activation or inhibition of T-cell responses can be developed for the treatment of cancer and other immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ward
- The Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Division of Surgical Oncology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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48
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Transgenic expression of human gp100 and RANTES at specific time points for suppression of melanoma. Gene Ther 2009; 16:1329-39. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Loeffler M, Le’Negrate G, Krajewska M, Reed JC. Salmonella typhimurium engineered to produce CCL21 inhibit tumor growth. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:769-75. [PMID: 18633610 PMCID: PMC11030637 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously-applied bacteria tend to accumulate in tumors and can sporadically lead to tumor regression. Systemic administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium is safe and has shown no significant adverse effects in humans. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that engineering S. typhimurium to express a chemokine, CCL21, would increase anti-tumor activity. We engineered an attenuated strain of S. typhimurium to produce the chemokine CCL21. Attenuated S. typhimurium expressing CCL21 significantly inhibited the growth of primary tumors and pulmonary metastases in preclinical models of multi-drug-resistant murine carcinomas, while control bacteria did not. Histological analysis of tumors showed marked inflammatory cell infiltrates in mice treated with CCL21-expressing but not control bacteria. Levels of cytokines and chemokines known to be induced by CCL21 [e.g., interferon-gamma (INFgamma), CXCL9, and CXCL10] were significantly elevated in tumors of mice treated with CCL21-expressing but not control S. typhimurium. The anti-tumor activity was found to be dependent on CD4- and CD8-expressing cells, based on antibody-mediated in vivo immuno-depletion experiments. Anti-tumor activity was achieved without evidence of toxicity. In summary, chemokine-expressing, attenuated bacteria may provide a novel approach to cancer immunotherapy for effective and well-tolerated in vivo delivery of immunomodulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Loeffler
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Gaelle Le’Negrate
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Maryla Krajewska
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - John C. Reed
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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50
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Abstract
Gene-based immunization with transgenic DNA vectors expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAA), cytokines, or chemokines, alone or in combination, provides an attractive approach to increase the cytotoxic T cell immunity against various cancer diseases. With this consideration, particle-mediated or gene gun technology has been developed as a nonviral method for gene transfer into various mammalian tissues. It has been shown to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in both small and large experimental animals. A broad range of somatic cell types, including primary cultures and established cell lines, has been successfully transfected ex vivo or in vitro by gene gun technology, either as suspension or adherent cultures. Here, we show that protocols and techniques for use in gene gun-mediated transgene delivery system for skin vaccination against melanoma using tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human gpl00 and reporter gene assays as experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandan Aravindaram
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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