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Sokolov D, Sharda N, Banerjee A, Denisenko K, Basalious EB, Shukla H, Waddell J, Hamdy NM, Banerjee A. Differential Signaling Pathways in Medulloblastoma: Nano-biomedicine Targeting Non-coding Epigenetics to Improve Current and Future Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:31-47. [PMID: 38151840 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128277350231219062154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastomas (MDB) are malignant, aggressive brain tumors that primarily affect children. The survival rate for children under 14 is approximately 72%, while for ages 15 to 39, it is around 78%. A growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation of signaling mechanisms and noncoding RNA epigenetics play a pivotal role in this disease. METHODOLOGY This study conducted an electronic search of articles on websites like PubMed and Google. The current review also used an in silico databases search and bioinformatics analysis and an extensive comprehensive literature search for original research articles and review articles as well as retrieval of current and future medications in clinical trials. RESULTS This study indicates that several signaling pathways, such as sonic hedgehog, WNT/β-catenin, unfolded protein response mediated ER stress, notch, neurotrophins and TGF-β and ERK, MAPK, and ERK play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MDB. Gene and ncRNA/protein are also involved as an axis long ncRNA to sponge micro-RNAs that affect downstream signal proteins expression and translation affection disease pathophysiology, prognosis and present potential target hit for drug repurposing. Current treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy; unfortunately, the disease often relapses, and the survival rate is less than 5%. Therefore, there is a need to develop more effective treatments to combat recurrence and improve survival rates. CONCLUSION This review describes various MDB disease hallmarks, including the signaling mechanisms involved in pathophysiology, related-causal genes, epigenetics, downstream genes/epigenes, and possibly the causal disease genes/non-protein coding (nc)RNA/protein axis. Additionally, the challenges associated with MDB treatment are discussed, along with how they are being addressed using nano-technology and nano-biomedicine, with a listing of possible treatment options and future potential treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Sokolov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
| | - Neha Sharda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aindrila Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kseniia Denisenko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
| | - Emad B Basalious
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Al Kasr Al Aini 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hem Shukla
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nadia M Hamdy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
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Castaldo V, Minopoli M, Di Modugno F, Sacconi A, Liguoro D, Frigerio R, Ortolano A, Di Martile M, Gesualdi L, Madonna G, Capone M, Cirombella R, Catizone A, Del Bufalo D, Vecchione A, Carriero MV, Ascierto PA, Mancini R, Fattore L, Ciliberto G. Upregulated expression of miR-4443 and miR-4488 in drug resistant melanomas promotes migratory and invasive phenotypes through downregulation of intermediate filament nestin. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:317. [PMID: 38008717 PMCID: PMC10680267 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRAF-mutant melanoma patients benefit from the combinatorial treatments with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. However, acquired drug resistance strongly limits the efficacy of these targeted therapies in time. Recently, many findings have underscored the involvement of microRNAs as main drivers of drug resistance. In this context, we previously identified a subset of oncomiRs strongly up-regulated in drug-resistant melanomas. In this work, we shed light on the molecular role of two as yet poorly characterized oncomiRs, miR-4443 and miR-4488. METHODS Invasion and migration have been determined by wound healing, transwell migration/invasion assays and Real Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) technology. miR-4488 and miR-4443 have been measured by qRT-PCR. Nestin levels have been tested by western blot, confocal immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical and flow cytometry analyses. RESULTS We demonstrate that the two oncomiRs are responsible for the enhanced migratory and invasive phenotypes, that are a hallmark of drug resistant melanoma cells. Moreover, miR-4443 and miR-4488 promote an aberrant cytoskeletal reorganization witnessed by the increased number of stress fibers and cellular protrusions-like cancer cell invadopodia. Mechanistically, we identified the intermediate filament nestin as a molecular target of both oncomiRs. Finally, we have shown that nestin levels are able to predict response to treatments in melanoma patients. CONCLUSIONS Altogether these findings have profound translational implications in the attempt i) to develop miRNA-targeting therapies to mitigate the metastatic phenotypes of BRAF-mutant melanomas and ii) to identify novel biomarkers able to guide clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Castaldo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic- Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Minopoli
- Preclinical Models of Tumor Progression Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS 'Fondazione G. Pascale', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Modugno
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Liguoro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Frigerio
- SAFU Laboratory, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Ortolano
- SAFU Laboratory, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Gesualdi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic- Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Madonna
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS 'Fondazione G. Pascale', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariaelena Capone
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS 'Fondazione G. Pascale', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirombella
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00118, Rome, Italy
| | - Angiolina Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic- Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00118, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Carriero
- Preclinical Models of Tumor Progression Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS 'Fondazione G. Pascale', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Ascierto
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS 'Fondazione G. Pascale', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Department Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00118, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Fattore
- SAFU Laboratory, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Directorate, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
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Wang Q, Xin X, Dai Q, Sun M, Chen J, Mostafavi E, Shen Y, Li X. Medulloblastoma targeted therapy: From signaling pathways heterogeneity and current treatment dilemma to the recent advances in development of therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 250:108527. [PMID: 37703952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a major pediatric malignant brain tumor that arises in the cerebellum. MB tumors exhibit highly heterogeneous driven by diverse genetic alterations and could be divided into four major subgroups based on their different biological drivers and molecular features (Wnt, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), group 3, and group 4 MB). Even though the therapeutic strategies for each MB subtype integrate their pathogenesis and were developed to focus on their specific target sites, the unexpected drug non-selective cytotoxicity, low drug accumulation in the brain, and complexed MB tumor microenvironment still be huge obstacles to achieving satisfied MB therapeutic efficiency. This review discussed the current advances in modern MB therapeutic strategy development. Through the recent advances in knowledge of the origin, molecular pathogenesis of MB subtypes and their current therapeutic barriers, we particularly reviewed the current development in advanced MB therapeutic strategy committed to overcome MB treatment obstacles, focusing on novel signaling pathway targeted therapeutic agents and their combination discovery, advanced drug delivery systems design, and MB immunotherapy strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaofei Xin
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qihao Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Mengjuan Sun
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Yan Shen
- Center for Research Development and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients and Generic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xueming Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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4
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Bailey S, Ferraresso M, Alonso-Crisostomo L, Ward D, Smith S, Nicholson JC, Saini H, Enright AJ, Scarpini CG, Coleman N, Murray MJ. Targeting oncogenic microRNAs from the miR-371~373 and miR-302/367 clusters in malignant germ cell tumours causes growth inhibition through cell cycle disruption. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1451-1461. [PMID: 37789102 PMCID: PMC10628203 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MiR-371~373 and miR-302/367 cluster over-expression occurs in all malignant germ cell tumours (GCTs), regardless of age (paediatric/adult), site (gonadal/extragonadal), or subtype [seminoma, yolk sac tumour (YST), embryonal carcinoma (EC)]. Six of eight microRNAs from these clusters contain the seed sequence 'AAGUGC', determining mRNA targeting. Here we sought to identify the significance of these observations by targeting these microRNAs functionally. METHODS We targeted miR-371~373 and/or miR-302/367 clusters in malignant GCT cell lines, using CRISPR-Cas9, gapmer primary miR-302/367 transcript inhibition, and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) or locked nucleic acid (LNA)-DNA inhibition targeting miR-302a-d-3p, and undertook relevant functional assays. RESULTS MiR-302/367 cluster microRNAs made the largest contribution to AAGUGC seed abundance in malignant GCT cells, regardless of subtype (seminoma/YST/EC). Following the unsuccessful use of CRISPR-Cas9, gapmer, and PNA systems, LNA-DNA-based targeting resulted in growth inhibition in seminoma and YST cells. This was associated with the de-repression of multiple mRNAs targeted by AAGUGC seed-containing microRNAs, with pathway analysis confirming predominant disruption of Rho-GTPase signalling, vesicle organisation/transport, and cell cycle regulation, findings corroborated in clinical samples. Further LNA-DNA inhibitor studies confirmed direct cell cycle effects, with an increase of cells in G0/G1-phase and a decrease in S-phase. CONCLUSION Targeting of specific miR-371~373 and miR-302/367 microRNAs in malignant GCTs demonstrated their functional significance, with growth inhibition mediated through cell cycle disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marta Ferraresso
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | | | - Dawn Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stephen Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - James C Nicholson
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Harpreet Saini
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Anton J Enright
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Cinzia G Scarpini
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Matthew J Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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5
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Slika H, Alimonti P, Raj D, Caraway C, Alomari S, Jackson EM, Tyler B. The Neurodevelopmental and Molecular Landscape of Medulloblastoma Subgroups: Current Targets and the Potential for Combined Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3889. [PMID: 37568705 PMCID: PMC10417410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Despite the use of multiple therapeutic approaches consisting of surgical resection, craniospinal irradiation, and multiagent chemotherapy, the prognosis of many patients with medulloblastoma remains dismal. Additionally, the high doses of radiation and the chemotherapeutic agents used are associated with significant short- and long-term complications and adverse effects, most notably neurocognitive delay. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development and clinical integration of targeted treatment regimens with greater efficacy and superior safety profiles. Since the adoption of the molecular-based classification of medulloblastoma into wingless (WNT) activated, sonic hedgehog (SHH) activated, group 3, and group 4, research efforts have been directed towards unraveling the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles of each subtype. This review aims to delineate the progress that has been made in characterizing the neurodevelopmental and molecular features of each medulloblastoma subtype. It further delves into the implications that these characteristics have on the development of subgroup-specific targeted therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it highlights potential future avenues for combining multiple agents or strategies in order to obtain augmented effects and evade the development of treatment resistance in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Slika
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Divyaansh Raj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Chad Caraway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Safwan Alomari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Eric M. Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Betty Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (D.R.); (C.C.); (S.A.); (E.M.J.)
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6
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Natalicchio A, Montagnani M, Gallo M, Marrano N, Faggiano A, Zatelli MC, Mazzilli R, Argentiero A, Danesi R, D'Oronzo S, Fogli S, Giuffrida D, Gori S, Ragni A, Renzelli V, Russo A, Franchina T, Tuveri E, Sciacca L, Monami M, Cirino G, Di Cianni G, Colao A, Avogaro A, Cinieri S, Silvestris N, Giorgino F. MiRNA dysregulation underlying common pathways in type 2 diabetes and cancer development: an Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM)/Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD)/Italian Society of Diabetology (SID)/Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE)/Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF) multidisciplinary critical view. ESMO Open 2023; 8:101573. [PMID: 37263082 PMCID: PMC10245125 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that patients with diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2D), are characterized by an increased risk of developing different types of cancer, so cancer could be proposed as a new T2D-related complication. On the other hand, cancer may also increase the risk of developing new-onset diabetes, mainly caused by anticancer therapies. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and chronic inflammation typical of T2D could represent possible mechanisms involved in cancer development in diabetic patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a subset of non-coding RNAs, ⁓22 nucleotides in length, which control the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression through both translational repression and messenger RNA degradation. Of note, miRNAs have multiple target genes and alteration of their expression has been reported in multiple diseases, including T2D and cancer. Accordingly, specific miRNA-regulated pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of both conditions. In this review, a panel of experts from the Italian Association of Medical Oncology (AIOM), Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD), Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), and Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF) provide a critical view of the evidence about the involvement of miRNAs in the pathophysiology of both T2D and cancer, trying to identify the shared miRNA signature and pathways able to explain the strong correlation between the two conditions, as well as to envision new common pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Natalicchio
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - M Montagnani
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - M Gallo
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo of Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - N Marrano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - A Faggiano
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology, Geriatrics, and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - R Mazzilli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Argentiero
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - R Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S D'Oronzo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - S Fogli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Giuffrida
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Viagrande, Catania, Italy
| | - S Gori
- Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale Don Calabria-Sacro Cuore di Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - A Ragni
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo of Alessandria, Alessandria, Italy
| | - V Renzelli
- Diabetologist and Endocrinologist, Italian Association of Clinical Diabetologists, Rome, Italy
| | - A Russo
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - T Franchina
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - E Tuveri
- Diabetology, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Service, ASL-Sulcis, Carbonia, Sardinia, Italy
| | - L Sciacca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Monami
- Diabetology, Careggi Hospital and University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - G Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G Di Cianni
- Diabetes Unit, Livorno Hospital, Livorno, Italy
| | - A Colao
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy; UNESCO Chair, Education for Health and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - A Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - S Cinieri
- Medical Oncology Division and Breast Unit, Senatore Antonio Perrino Hospital, ASL Brindisi, Brindisi, Italy
| | - N Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Giorgino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
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7
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Li X, Gao H, Chen X, Li P. CircRNA-miRNA-VEGFA: an important pathway to regulate cancer pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1049742. [PMID: 37234708 PMCID: PMC10206052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1049742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers, especially malignant tumors, contribute to high global mortality rates, resulting in great economic burden to society. Many factors are associated with cancer pathogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) and circular RNAs (circRNA). VEGFA is a pivotal regulator of vascular development such as angiogenesis, which is an important process in cancer development. CircRNAs have covalently closed structures, making them highly stable. CircRNAs are widely distributed and participate in many physiological and pathological processes, including modulating cancer pathogenesis. CircRNAs act as transcriptional regulators of parental genes, microRNA (miRNA)/RNA binding protein (RBP) sponges, protein templates. CircRNAs mainly function via binding to miRNAs. CircRNAs have been shown to influence different diseases such as coronary artery diseases and cancers by regulating VEGFA levels via binding to miRNAs. In this paper, we explored the origin and functional pathways of VEGFA, reviewed the current understanding of circRNA properties and action mechanisms, and summarized the role of circRNAs in regulating VEGFA during cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Peifeng Li,
| | | | | | | | | | - Peifeng Li
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Peifeng Li,
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8
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Pan X, Cen X, Xiong X, Zhao Z, Huang X. miR-17-92 cluster in osteoarthritis: Regulatory roles and clinical utility. Front Genet 2022; 13:982008. [PMID: 36523768 PMCID: PMC9745093 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.982008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent articular disease, especially in aged population. Caused by multi-factors (e.g., trauma, inflammation, and overloading), OA leads to pain and disability in affected joints, which decreases patients' quality of life and increases social burden. In pathophysiology, OA is mainly characterized by cartilage hypertrophy or defect, subchondral bone sclerosis, and synovitis. The homeostasis of cell-cell communication is disturbed as well in such pro-inflammatory microenvironment, which provides clues for the diagnosis and treatment of OA. MicoRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate various processes via post-transcriptional mechanisms. The miR-17-92 cluster is an miRNA polycistron encoded by the host gene called MIR17HG. Mature miRNAs generated from MIR17HG participate in biological activities such as oncogenesis, neurogenesis, and modulation of the immune system. Accumulating evidence also indicates that the expression level of miRNAs in the miR-17-92 cluster is tightly related to the pathological processes of OA, such as chondrocyte apoptosis, extracellular matrix degradation, bone remodeling, and synovitis. In this review, we aim to summarize the roles of the miR-17-92 cluster in the underlying molecular mechanism during the development and progression of OA and shed light on the new avenue of the diagnosis and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiner Xiong
- Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Chadda KR, Blakey EE, Coleman N, Murray MJ. The clinical utility of dysregulated microRNA expression in paediatric solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2022; 176:133-154. [PMID: 36215946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-protein-coding genes that regulate the expression of numerous protein-coding genes. Their expression is dysregulated in cancer, where they may function as oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes. As miRNAs are highly resistant to degradation, they are ideal biomarker candidates to improve the diagnosis and clinical management of cancer, including prognostication. Furthermore, miRNAs dysregulated in malignancy represent potential therapeutic targets. The use of miRNAs for these purposes is a particularly attractive option to explore for paediatric malignancies, where the mutational burden is typically low, in contrast to cancers affecting adult patients. As childhood cancers are rare, it has taken time to accumulate the necessary body of evidence showing the potential for miRNAs to improve clinical management across this group of tumours. Here, we review the current literature regarding the potential clinical utility of miRNAs in paediatric solid tumours, which is now both timely and justified. Exploring such avenues is warranted to improve the management and outcomes of children affected by cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan R Chadda
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Ellen E Blakey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK; Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Matthew J Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK; Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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10
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Wang W, Shiraishi R, Kawauchi D. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cerebellar Development and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864035. [PMID: 35573667 PMCID: PMC9100414 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulates the development of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Aberrant regulation of SHH signaling pathways often causes neurodevelopmental diseases and brain tumors. In the cerebellum, SHH secreted by Purkinje cells is a potent mitogen for granule cell progenitors, which are the most abundant cell type in the mature brain. While a reduction in SHH signaling induces cerebellar structural abnormalities, such as hypoplasia in various genetic disorders, the constitutive activation of SHH signaling often induces medulloblastoma (MB), one of the most common pediatric malignant brain tumors. Based on the existing literature on canonical and non-canonical SHH signaling pathways, emerging basic and clinical studies are exploring novel therapeutic approaches for MB by targeting SHH signaling at distinct molecular levels. In this review, we discuss the present consensus on SHH signaling mechanisms, their roles in cerebellar development and tumorigenesis, and the recent advances in clinical trials for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Shiraishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Daisuke Kawauchi,
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11
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Role of MicroRNAs in the Development and Progression of the Four Medulloblastoma Subgroups. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246323. [PMID: 34944941 PMCID: PMC8699467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most frequent malignant brain tumour in children. Medulloblastoma originate during the embryonic stage. They are located in the cerebellum, which is the area of the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for controlling equilibrium and coordination of movements. In 2012, medulloblastoma were divided into four subgroups based on a genome-wide analysis of RNA expression. These subgroups are named Wingless, Sonic Hedgehog, Group 3 and Group 4. Each subgroup has a different cell of origin, prognosis, and response to therapies. Wingless and Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma are so named based on the main mutation originating these tumours. Group 3 and Group 4 have generic names because we do not know the key mutation driving these tumours. Gene expression at the post-transcriptional level is regulated by a group of small single-stranded non-coding RNAs. These microRNA (miRNAs or miRs) play a central role in several cellular functions such as cell differentiation and, therefore, any malfunction in this regulatory system leads to a variety of disorders such as cancer. The role of miRNAs in medulloblastoma is still a topic of intense clinical research; previous studies have mostly concentrated on the clinical entity of the single disease rather than in the four molecular subgroups. In this review, we summarize the latest discoveries on miRNAs in the four medulloblastoma subgroups.
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12
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Chen S, Deng X, Sheng H, Rong Y, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Lin J. Noncoding RNAs in pediatric brain tumors: Molecular functions and pathological implications. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:417-431. [PMID: 34552822 PMCID: PMC8426460 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are common solid pediatric malignancies and the main reason for cancer-related death in the pediatric setting. Recently, evidence has revealed that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), play a critical role in brain tumor development and progression. Therefore, in this review article, we describe the functions and molecular mechanisms of ncRNAs in multiple types of cancer, including medulloblastoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, ependymoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, glioblastoma, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, and craniopharyngioma. We also mention the limitations of using ncRNAs as therapeutic targets because of the nonspecificity of ncRNA targets and the delivery methods of ncRNAs. Due to the critical role of ncRNAs in brain oncogenesis, targeting aberrantly expressed ncRNAs might be an effective strategy to improve the outcomes of pediatric patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohuai Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hansong Sheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Rong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanhao Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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13
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Wang J, Cao Y, Lu X, Wang T, Li S, Kong X, Bo C, Li J, Wang X, Ma H, Li L, Zhang H, Ning S, Wang L. MicroRNAs and nervous system diseases: network insights and computational challenges. Brief Bioinform 2021; 21:863-875. [PMID: 30953059 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is one of the most complex biological systems, and nervous system disease (NSD) is a major cause of disability and mortality. Extensive evidence indicates that numerous dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in a broad spectrum of NSDs. A comprehensive review of miRNA-mediated regulatory will facilitate our understanding of miRNA dysregulation mechanisms in NSDs. In this work, we summarized currently available databases on miRNAs and NSDs, star NSD miRNAs, NSD spectrum width, miRNA spectrum width and the distribution of miRNAs in NSD sub-categories by reviewing approximately 1000 studies. In addition, we characterized miRNA-miRNA and NSD-NSD interactions from a network perspective based on miRNA-NSD benchmarking data sets. Furthermore, we summarized the regulatory principles of miRNAs in NSDs, including miRNA synergistic regulation in NSDs, miRNA modules and NSD modules. We also discussed computational challenges for identifying novel miRNAs in NSDs. Elucidating the roles of miRNAs in NSDs from a network perspective would not only improve our understanding of the precise mechanism underlying these complex diseases, but also provide novel insight into the development, diagnosis and treatment of NSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuze Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaotong Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunrui Bo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Heping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huixue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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14
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Xie C, Liu S, Wu B, Zhao Y, Chen B, Guo J, Qiu S, Cao YM. miR-19 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and EMT by Inhibiting SPRED2-mediated Autophagy in Osteosarcoma Cells. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720962460. [PMID: 33023313 PMCID: PMC7784565 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720962460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive malignancy with rapid development and poor prognosis. microRNA-19 (miR-19) plays an important role in several biological processes. Sprouty-related EVH1 domain protein 2 (SPRED2) is a suppressor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling to inhibit tumor development and progression by promoting autophagy. In this study, we investigated the roles of miR-19, SPRED2, and autophagy in osteosarcoma. We detected the expression of miR-19, SPRED2, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and autophagy-related proteins via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot. To evaluate the function of miR-19 and SPRED2, we used MTT and colony formation assays to detect cell proliferation, Transwell, and wound-healing assays to detect cell invasion and migration. Targetscan and luciferase reporter assays confirmed the relationship between SPRED2 and miR-19. The expression of miR-19 was significantly upregulated in osteosarcoma, while SPRED2 was downregulated. miR-19 inhibitor reduced cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT, while its cell biological effects were partially reversed by addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or SPRED2 siRNA in osteosarcoma. SPRED2, a suppressor of ERK/MAPK pathway that is known to trigger autophagy, was identified as a direct target of miR-19. SPRED2 overexpression increased cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT by promoting autophagy, and the effects could be inhibited by 3-MA. Collectively, these findings reveal an underlying mechanism for development of osteosarcoma. miR-19 was upregulated in osteosarcoma cells, and negatively regulated SPRED2, thus promoting the malignant transformation of osteosarcoma cells via inhibiting SPRED2-induced autophagy. Therefore, miR-19/SPRED2 may be a potential target for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhai Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, 220741The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengyao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, 220741The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyi Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, 220741The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, 220741The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binwei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, 220741The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, 220741The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ShouHong Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, 220741The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ming Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, 220741The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Kim S, Ji S, Koh HR. CRISPR as a Diagnostic Tool. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1162. [PMID: 34439828 PMCID: PMC8391464 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system has recently gained growing attention as a diagnostic tool due to its capability of specific gene targeting. It consists of Cas enzymes and a guide RNA (gRNA) that can cleave the target DNA or RNA based on the sequence of the gRNA, making it an attractive genetic engineering technique. In addition to the target-specific binding and cleavage, the trans-cleavage activity was reported for some Cas proteins, including Cas12a and Cas13a, which is to cleave the surrounding single-stranded DNA or RNA upon the target binding of Cas-gRNA complex. All these activities of the CRISPR-Cas system are based on its target-specific binding, making it applied to develop diagnostic methods by detecting the disease-related gene as well as microRNAs and the genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphism and DNA methylation. Moreover, it can be applied to detect the non-nucleic acids target such as proteins. In this review, we cover the various CRISPR-based diagnostic methods by focusing on the activity of the CRISPR-Cas system and the form of the target. The CRISPR-based diagnostic methods without target amplification are also introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hye Ran Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.K.); (S.J.)
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16
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Winkle M, El-Daly SM, Fabbri M, Calin GA. Noncoding RNA therapeutics - challenges and potential solutions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:629-651. [PMID: 34145432 PMCID: PMC8212082 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 239.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), represents an attractive approach for the treatment of cancers, as well as many other diseases. Over the past decade, substantial effort has been made towards the clinical application of RNA-based therapeutics, employing mostly antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs, with several gaining FDA approval. However, trial results have so far been ambivalent, with some studies reporting potent effects whereas others demonstrated limited efficacy or toxicity. Alternative entities such as antimiRNAs are undergoing clinical testing, and lncRNA-based therapeutics are gaining interest. In this Perspective, we discuss key challenges facing ncRNA therapeutics - including issues associated with specificity, delivery and tolerability - and focus on promising emerging approaches that aim to boost their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Winkle
- Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sherien M El-Daly
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Research Division - Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences - National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA.
- The RNA Interference and Non-codingRNA Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA.
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17
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Supadmanaba IGP, Mantini G, Randazzo O, Capula M, Muller IB, Cascioferro S, Diana P, Peters GJ, Giovannetti E. Interrelationship between miRNA and splicing factors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Epigenetics 2021; 17:381-404. [PMID: 34057028 PMCID: PMC8993068 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1916697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers because of diagnosis at late stage and inherent/acquired chemoresistance. Recent advances in genomic profiling and biology of this disease have not yet been translated to a relevant improvement in terms of disease management and patient’s survival. However, new possibilities for treatment may emerge from studies on key epigenetic factors. Deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) dependent gene expression and mRNA splicing are epigenetic processes that modulate the protein repertoire at the transcriptional level. These processes affect all aspects of PDAC pathogenesis and have great potential to unravel new therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers. Remarkably, several studies showed that they actually interact with each other in influencing PDAC progression. Some splicing factors directly interact with specific miRNAs and either facilitate or inhibit their expression, such as Rbfox2, which cleaves the well-known oncogenic miRNA miR-21. Conversely, miR-15a-5p and miR-25-3p significantly downregulate the splicing factor hnRNPA1 which acts also as a tumour suppressor gene and is involved in processing of miR-18a, which in turn, is a negative regulator of KRAS expression. Therefore, this review describes the interaction between splicing and miRNA, as well as bioinformatic tools to explore the effect of splicing modulation towards miRNA profiles, in order to exploit this interplay for the development of innovative treatments. Targeting aberrant splicing and deregulated miRNA, alone or in combination, may hopefully provide novel therapeutic approaches to fight the complex biology and the common treatment recalcitrance of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gede Putu Supadmanaba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Giulia Mantini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ornella Randazzo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche E Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mjriam Capula
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ittai B Muller
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Cascioferro
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche E Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrizia Diana
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche E Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center (VUMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Epigenetic-Based Therapy-A Prospective Chance for Medulloblastoma Patients' Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094925. [PMID: 34066495 PMCID: PMC8124462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most frequent and malignant brain tumors in children. The prognosis depends on the advancement of the disease and the patient's age. Current therapies, which include surgery, chemotherapy, and irradiation, despite being quite effective, cause significant side effects that influence the central nervous system's function and cause neurocognitive deficits. Therefore, they substantially lower the quality of life, which is especially severe in a developing organism. Thus, there is a need for new therapies that are less toxic and even more effective. Recently, knowledge about the epigenetic mechanisms that are responsible for medulloblastoma development has increased. Epigenetics is a phenomenon that influences gene expression but can be easily modified by external factors. The best known epigenetic mechanisms are histone modifications, DNA methylation, or noncoding RNAs actions. Epigenetic mechanisms comprehensively explain the complex phenomena of carcinogenesis. At the same time, they seem to be a potential key to treating medulloblastoma with fewer complications than past therapies. This review presents the currently known epigenetic mechanisms that are involved in medulloblastoma pathogenesis and the potential therapies that use epigenetic traits to cure medulloblastoma while maintaining a good quality of life and ensuring a higher median overall survival rate.
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19
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Grixti JM, Ayers D, Day PJR. An Analysis of Mechanisms for Cellular Uptake of miRNAs to Enhance Drug Delivery and Efficacy in Cancer Chemoresistance. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:27. [PMID: 33923485 PMCID: PMC8167612 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Up until recently, it was believed that pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites enter into the cell to gain access to their targets via simple diffusion across the hydrophobic lipid cellular membrane, at a rate which is based on their lipophilicity. An increasing amount of evidence indicates that the phospholipid bilayer-mediated drug diffusion is in fact negligible, and that drugs pass through cell membranes via proteinaceous membrane transporters or carriers which are normally used for the transportation of nutrients and intermediate metabolites. Drugs can be targeted to specific cells and tissues which express the relevant transporters, leading to the design of safe and efficacious treatments. Furthermore, transporter expression levels can be manipulated, systematically and in a high-throughput manner, allowing for considerable progress in determining which transporters are used by specific drugs. The ever-expanding field of miRNA therapeutics is not without its challenges, with the most notable one being the safe and effective delivery of the miRNA mimic/antagonist safely to the target cell cytoplasm for attaining the desired clinical outcome, particularly in miRNA-based cancer therapeutics, due to the poor efficiency of neo-vascular systems revolting around the tumour site, brought about by tumour-induced angiogenesis. This acquisition of resistance to several types of anticancer drugs can be as a result of an upregulation of efflux transporters expression, which eject drugs from cells, hence lowering drug efficacy, resulting in multidrug resistance. In this article, the latest available data on human microRNAs has been reviewed, together with the most recently described mechanisms for miRNA uptake in cells, for future therapeutic enhancements against cancer chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M. Grixti
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Duncan Ayers
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK;
| | - Philip J. R. Day
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK;
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20
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Beylerli OA, Gareev IF, Alyshov AB, Kudriashov VV. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Medulloblastomas. CREATIVE SURGERY AND ONCOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.24060/2076-3093-2020-10-4-311-318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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21
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Garcia-Lopez J, Kumar R, Smith KS, Northcott PA. Deconstructing Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma: Molecular Subtypes, Drivers, and Beyond. Trends Genet 2020; 37:235-250. [PMID: 33272592 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly malignant cerebellar tumor predominantly diagnosed during childhood. Driven by pathogenic activation of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, SHH subgroup MB (SHH-MB) accounts for nearly one-third of diagnoses. Extensive molecular analyses have identified biologically and clinically relevant intertumoral heterogeneity among SHH-MB tumors, prompting the recognition of novel subtypes. Beyond germline and somatic mutations promoting constitutive SHH signaling, driver alterations affect a multitude of pathways and molecular processes, including TP53 signaling, chromatin modulation, and post-transcriptional gene regulation. Here, we review recent advances in the underpinnings of SHH-MB in the context of molecular subtypes, clarify novel somatic and germline drivers, highlight cellular origins and developmental hierarchies, and describe the composition of the tumor microenvironment and its putative role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kyle S Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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22
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Malik S, Lim J, Slack FJ, Braddock DT, Bahal R. Next generation miRNA inhibition using short anti-seed PNAs encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles. J Control Release 2020; 327:406-419. [PMID: 32835710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of microRNAs (miRNAs) offers a new avenue for cancer therapeutics. While most of the current anti-miRNA (antimiR) reagents target full length miRNAs, here we investigate novel nanoparticle-delivered short PNA probes containing cationic domains targeting the seed region of the miRNA for effective antimiR therapy. For proof of concept, we tested PNAs targeting miRNA-155 and employed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticle formulation for delivery. A comprehensive evaluation of PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) containing short PNA probes showed significantly superior loading, release profile, and uniform size distribution, compared to conventional non-cationic PNA probes. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses showed efficient transfection efficiency and uniform distribution of PLGA NPs containing short PNA probes in the cytoplasm. Functional analysis also confirmed efficient miRNA-155 inhibition including an effect on its downstream target proteins. Further, reduced tumor growth was observed after systemic delivery of PLGA nanoparticles containing short PNA probes in vivo in a xenograft mouse model following inhibition of miR-155. There was no evidence of acute or chronic toxicity associated with systemic delivery of PLGA NPs containing short PNA probes in the mice. Overall, in this paper we present a novel antimiR strategy based on PLGA nanoparticle delivered short PNA probes for potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jihoon Lim
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330, Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Pathology, BIDMC Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330, Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Demetrios T Braddock
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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23
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Haltom AR, Toll SA, Cheng D, Maegawa S, Gopalakrishnan V, Khatua S. Medulloblastoma epigenetics and the path to clinical innovation. J Neurooncol 2020; 150:35-46. [PMID: 32816225 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade, a number of genomic and pharmacological studies have demonstrated the importance of epigenetic dysregulation in medulloblastoma initiation and progression. High throughput approaches including gene expression array, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and methylation profiling have now clearly identified at least four molecular subgroups within medulloblastoma, each with distinct clinical and prognostic characteristics. These studies have clearly shown that despite the overall paucity of mutations, clinically relevant events do occur within the cellular epigenetic machinery. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the spectrum of epi-oncogenetic perturbations in medulloblastoma. METHODS Comprehensive review of epigenetic profiles of different subgroups of medulloblastoma in the context of molecular features. Epigenetic regulation is mediated mainly by DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs (miRNA). Importantly, epigenetic mis-events are reversible and have immense therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION The widespread epigenetic alterations present in these tumors has generated intense interest in their use as therapeutic targets. We provide an assessment of the progress that has been made towards the development of molecular subtypes-targeted therapies and the current status of clinical trials that have leveraged these recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Haltom
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie A Toll
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, USA
| | - Donghang Cheng
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shinji Maegawa
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Soumen Khatua
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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24
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Zhou R, Joshi P, Katsushima K, Liang W, Liu W, Goldenberg NA, Dover G, Perera RJ. The Emerging Field of Noncoding RNAs and Their Importance in Pediatric Diseases. J Pediatr 2020; 221S:S11-S19. [PMID: 32482229 PMCID: PMC9003624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, St. Petersburg, FL.
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Keisuke Katsushima
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Weihong Liang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Neil A. Goldenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Johns Hopkins All Children’s Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - George Dover
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ranjan J. Perera
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, St. Petersburg, FL
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25
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Laneve P, Caffarelli E. The Non-coding Side of Medulloblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:275. [PMID: 32528946 PMCID: PMC7266940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor and a primary cause of cancer-related death in children. Until a few years ago, only clinical and histological features were exploited for MB pathological classification and outcome prognosis. In the past decade, the advancement of high-throughput molecular analyses that integrate genetic, epigenetic, and expression data, together with the availability of increasing wealth of patient samples, revealed the existence of four molecularly distinct MB subgroups. Their further classification into 12 subtypes not only reduced the well-characterized intertumoral heterogeneity, but also provided new opportunities for the design of targets for precision oncology. Moreover, the identification of tumorigenic and self-renewing subpopulations of cancer stem cells in MB has increased our knowledge of its biology. Despite these advancements, the origin of MB is still debated, and its molecular bases are poorly characterized. A major goal in the field is to identify the key genes that drive tumor growth and the mechanisms through which they are able to promote tumorigenesis. So far, only protein-coding genes acting as oncogenic drivers have been characterized in each MB subgroup. The contribution of the non-coding side of the genome, which produces a plethora of transcripts that control fundamental biological processes, as the cell choice between proliferation and differentiation, is still unappreciated. This review wants to fill this major gap by summarizing the recent findings on the impact of non-coding RNAs in MB initiation and progression. Furthermore, their potential role as specific MB biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Laneve
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Caffarelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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26
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Tumor miRNA expression profile is related to vestibular schwannoma growth rate. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2020; 162:1187-1195. [PMID: 32016588 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate if the tumor microRNA (miRNA) expression profile was related to tumor growth rate. Growth-related miRNAs might be potential targets for future therapeutic intervention. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tumor tissue was sampled during surgery of patients with a sporadic vestibular schwannoma. Tumor growth rate was determined by tumor measurement on the two latest pre-operative MRI scans. Tumor miRNA expression was analyzed using the Affymetrix Gene Chip® protocol, and CEL files were generated using GeneChip® Command Console® Software and normalized using Partek Genomics Suite 6.5. The CEL files were analyzed using the statistical software program R. Principal component analysis, affected gene ontology analysis, and analysis of miRNA expression fold changes were used for analysis of potential relations between miRNA expression profile and tumor growth rate. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Tumor miRNA expression is related to the growth rate of sporadic vestibular schwannomas. Rapid tumor growth is associated with deregulation of several miRNAs, including upregulation of miR-29abc, miR-19, miR-340-5p, miR-21, and miR-221 and downregulation of miR-744 and let-7b. Gene ontologies affected by the deregulated miRNAs included neuron development and differentiation, gene silencing, and negative regulation of various biological processes, including cellular and intracellular signaling and metabolism.
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27
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Visani M, Marucci G, de Biase D, Giangaspero F, Buttarelli FR, Brandes AA, Franceschi E, Acquaviva G, Ciarrocchi A, Rhoden KJ, Tallini G, Pession A. miR-196B-5P and miR-200B-3P Are Differentially Expressed in Medulloblastomas of Adults and Children. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10050265. [PMID: 32365560 PMCID: PMC7277606 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor that typically affects children, while in adults it represents ~1% of all brain tumors. Little is known about microRNA expression profile of the rare adult medulloblastoma. The main aim of this study was to identify peculiar differences in microRNA expression between childhood and adult medulloblastoma. Medulloblastomas were profiled for microRNA expression using the Exiqon Human miRNome panel (I + II) analyzing 752 microRNAs in a training set of six adult and six childhood cases. Then, the most differentially expressed microRNAs were validated in a total of 21 adult and 19 childhood cases. Eight microRNAs (miR-196b-5p, miR-183-5p, miR-200b-3p, miR-196a-5p, miR-193a-3p, miR-29c-3p, miR-33b-5p, and miR-200a-3p) were differentially expressed in medulloblastoma of adults and children. Analysis of the validation set confirmed that miR-196b-5p and miR-200b-3p were significantly overexpressed in medulloblastoma of adults as compared with those of children. We followed an in silico approach to investigate direct targets and the pathways involved for the two microRNAs (miR-196b and miR-200b) differently expressed between adult and childhood medulloblastoma. Adult and childhood medulloblastoma have different miRNA expression profiles. In particular, the differential dysregulation of miR-196b-5p and miR-200b-3p characterizes the miRNA profile of adult medulloblastoma and suggests potential targets for novel diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Visani
- Department of Specialized, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Anatomic Pathology-Molecular Diagnostic Unit AUSL-IRCCS of Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (D.d.B.); Tel.: +39-051-214-4717 (M.V. & D.d.B.); Fax: +39-051-636-3682 (M.V. & D.d.B.)
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Ospedale Bellaria AUSL-IRCCS of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Molecular Diagnostic Unit AUSL of Bologna, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (D.d.B.); Tel.: +39-051-214-4717 (M.V. & D.d.B.); Fax: +39-051-636-3682 (M.V. & D.d.B.)
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University School of Medicine, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (Isernia), Italy
| | | | - Alba Ariela Brandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bellaria–Maggiore Hospitals AUSL-IRCCS of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Bellaria–Maggiore Hospitals AUSL-IRCCS of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (A.A.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Giorgia Acquaviva
- Department of Specialized, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Anatomic Pathology-Molecular Diagnostic Unit AUSL-IRCCS of Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Kerry Jane Rhoden
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Specialized, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Anatomic Pathology-Molecular Diagnostic Unit AUSL-IRCCS of Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.A.); (G.T.)
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Molecular Diagnostic Unit AUSL of Bologna, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
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28
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Abstract
Even though the treatment of childhood cancer has evolved significantly in recent decades, aggressive central nervous system (CNS) tumors are still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. Consequently, the identification of molecular targets that can be incorporated into diagnostic practice, effectively predict prognosis, follow treatment response, and materialize into potential targeted therapeutic approaches are still warranted. Since the first evidence of the participation of miRNAs in cancer development and progression 20 years ago, notable progress has been made in the basic understanding of the contribution of their dysregulation as epigenetic driver of tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, among the plethora of articles in the literature, microRNA profiling of pediatric tumors are scarce. This article gives an overview of the recent advances in the diagnostic/prognostic potential of miRNAs in a selection of pediatric CNS tumors: medulloblastoma, ependymoma, pilocytic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, and choroid plexus tumors.
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29
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Jiang C, Li L, Xiang YQ, Lung ML, Zeng T, Lu J, Tsao SW, Zeng MS, Yun JP, Kwong DLW, Guan XY. Epstein-Barr Virus miRNA BART2-5p Promotes Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Suppressing RND3. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1957-1969. [PMID: 32060148 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related malignancy. Recently, we found that the EBV-encoded miRNA BART2-5p was increased in the serum of patients with preclinical nasopharyngeal carcinoma and that the copy number positively correlated with disease progression. In this study, we established its role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and explored underlying mechanisms and clinical significance. BART2-5p was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for progression-free survival and its circulating abundance positively associated with distant metastasis. Ectopic expression of BART2-5p promoted migration and invasion of EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, whereas genetic downregulation of BART2-5p in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells decreased aggressiveness. Mechanistically, BART2-5p targeted RND3, a negative regulator of Rho signaling. Downregulation of RND3 phenocopied the effect of BART2-5p and reconstitution of RND3 rescued the phenotype. By suppressing RND3, BART2-5p activated Rho signaling to enhance cell motility. These findings suggest a novel role for EBV miRNA BART2-5p in promoting nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis and its potential value as a prognostic indicator or therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that EBV-encoded BART2-5p miRNA suppresses expression of the RND3 Rho family GTPase, consequently promoting ROCK signaling, cell motility, and metastatic behavior of NPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan-Qun Xiang
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabin Lu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dora L W Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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30
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Hovestadt V, Ayrault O, Swartling FJ, Robinson GW, Pfister SM, Northcott PA. Medulloblastomics revisited: biological and clinical insights from thousands of patients. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:42-56. [PMID: 31819232 PMCID: PMC9113832 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-019-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a malignant brain tumour primarily diagnosed during childhood, has recently been the focus of intensive molecular profiling efforts, profoundly advancing our understanding of biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease subgroups. Genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic landscapes have now been mapped for an unprecedented number of bulk samples from patients with medulloblastoma and, more recently, for single medulloblastoma cells. These efforts have provided pivotal new insights into the diverse molecular mechanisms presumed to drive tumour initiation, maintenance and recurrence across individual subgroups and subtypes. Translational opportunities stemming from this knowledge are continuing to evolve, providing a framework for improved diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In this Review, we summarize recent advances derived from this continued molecular characterization of medulloblastoma and contextualize this progress towards the deployment of more effective, molecularly informed treatments for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hovestadt
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR, INSERM, Orsay, France
- Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France
| | - Fredrik J Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Giles W Robinson
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Paediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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31
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WU X. Expressions of miR-21 and miR-210 in Breast Cancer and Their Predictive Values for Prognosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:21-29. [PMID: 32309220 PMCID: PMC7152636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the expressions of miR-21 and miR-210 in the breast cancer tissue and their correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on 68 patients with breast cancer treated surgically in Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military in 2014-2015. The breast cancer tissue and the adjacent normal tissue were collected from the patients. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression levels of miR-21 and miR-210 in the breast cancer and adjacent normal tissues. RESULTS According to qRT-PCR, the expression levels of miR-210 and miR-21 in the breast cancer tissue were significantly higher than those in the adjacent normal tissue (P<0.05), which were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinical staging and differentiation of patients (P<0.05). miR-21 and miR-210 were significantly positive correlated in both breast cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues (r=0.7014, 0.7502, P<0.001). The survival rate in the miR-210 high expression group was significantly lower than that in the miR-210 low expression group (P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between the miR-21 high and low expression groups. CONCLUSION miR-21 and miR-210 are highly expressed in the breast cancer tissue and significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinical staging and differentiation. miR-210, the up-regulated expression of which is related to the poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer, may be a potential prognostic indicator for breast cancer, which can be used to judge the prognosis.
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32
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Bruch R, Baaske J, Chatelle C, Meirich M, Madlener S, Weber W, Dincer C, Urban GA. CRISPR/Cas13a-Powered Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor for Nucleic Acid Amplification-Free miRNA Diagnostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1905311. [PMID: 31663165 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding small RNAs, such as microRNAs, are becoming the biomarkers of choice for multiple diseases in clinical diagnostics. A dysregulation of these microRNAs can be associated with many different diseases, such as cancer, dementia, and cardiovascular conditions. The key for effective treatment is an accurate initial diagnosis at an early stage, improving the patient's survival chances. In this work, the first clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas13a-powered microfluidic, integrated electrochemical biosensor for the on-site detection of microRNAs is introduced. Through this unique combination, the quantification of the potential tumor markers microRNA miR-19b and miR-20a is realized without any nucleic acid amplification. With a readout time of 9 min and an overall process time of less than 4 h, a limit of detection of 10 pm is achieved, using a measuring volume of less than 0.6 µL. Furthermore, the feasibility of the biosensor platform to detect miR-19b in serum samples of children, suffering from brain cancer, is demonstrated. The validation of the obtained results with a standard quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method shows the ability of the electrochemical CRISPR-powered system to be a low-cost, easily scalable, and target amplification-free tool for nucleic acid based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bruch
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Baaske
- Faculty of Biology and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claire Chatelle
- Faculty of Biology and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mailin Meirich
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sibylle Madlener
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology and Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Can Dincer
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Bioengineering, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Gerald Anton Urban
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Sensors, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Kwak JS, Kim MS, Kim KH. Generation of microRNA-30e-producing recombinant viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and its effect on in vitro immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:381-388. [PMID: 31521783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression. In the present study, we firstly reported the use of a fish RNA virus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), as a delivery vehicle of a miRNA-30e, and the effect of miR-30e produced by the recombinant VHSV on the immune responses of Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells was investigated. The expression of functional miR-30e using a CMV promoter-driven vector was verified by the significantly lower eGFP expression in cells transfected with a vector containing miR-30e sponge sequence than that in cells transfected with a control vector that had mutated miR-30e sponge sequence. Furthermore, the down-regulation of reporter gene containing 3'-UTR of NF-κb inhibitor α-like protein B (NFκbiαb) by miR-30e was demonstrated, suggesting that miR-30e overexpression can increase immune responses related to NF-κB activation through inhibition of IκB. A miR-30e-expressing recombinant VHSV (rVHSV-A-miR30e) that had primary microRNA-30e sequence between N and P genes was rescued using the reverse genetic method, and the successful expression of miR-30e in the cells infected with rVHSV-A-miR30e was demonstrated using Northern blot and qRT-PCR. Cells infected with rVHSV-A-miR30e showed the increase of NF-κB activation and type I interferon induced genes expression, suggesting that rVHSV-A-miR30e can produce functional miR-30e in fish cells, and VHSV can be used as a vehicle to deliver functional microRNAs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Soung Kwak
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Integrative Bio-industrial Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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Joshi P, Katsushima K, Zhou R, Meoded A, Stapleton S, Jallo G, Raabe E, Eberhart CG, Perera RJ. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of regulatory noncoding RNAs in medulloblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2019; 1:vdz023. [PMID: 31763623 PMCID: PMC6859950 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a central nervous system tumor that predominantly affects children, always requires aggressive therapy. Nevertheless, it frequently recurs as resistant disease and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. While recent efforts to subclassify medulloblastoma based on molecular features have advanced our basic understanding of medulloblastoma pathogenesis, optimal targets to increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects remain largely undefined. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with known regulatory roles, particularly long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are now known to participate in medulloblastoma biology, although their functional significance remains obscure in many cases. Here we review the literature on regulatory ncRNAs in medulloblastoma. In providing a comprehensive overview of ncRNA studies, we highlight how different lncRNAs and miRNAs have oncogenic or tumor suppressive roles in medulloblastoma. These ncRNAs possess subgroup specificity that can be exploited to personalize therapy by acting as theranostic targets. Several of the already identified ncRNAs appear specific to medulloblastoma stem cells, the most difficult-to-treat component of the tumor that drives metastasis and acquired resistance, thereby providing opportunities for therapy in relapsing, disseminating, and therapy-resistant disease. Delivering ncRNAs to tumors remains challenging, but this limitation is gradually being overcome through the use of advanced technologies such as nanotechnology and rational biomaterial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Joshi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Keisuke Katsushima
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Rui Zhou
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Avner Meoded
- Pediatric Neuroradiology, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Stacie Stapleton
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - George Jallo
- Institute Brain Protection Sciences, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Eric Raabe
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, La Jolla, California
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35
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miR-19 family: A promising biomarker and therapeutic target in heart, vessels and neurons. Life Sci 2019; 232:116651. [PMID: 31302195 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The miR-19 family, including miR-19a, miR-19b-1 and miR-19b-2, arises from two different paralogous clusters miR-17-92 and miR-106a-363. Although it is identified as oncogenic miRNA, the miR-19 family has also been found to play important roles in regulating normal tissue development. The precise control of miR-19 family level is essential for keeping tissue homeostasis and normal development of organisms. Its dysregulation leads to dysplasia, disease and even cancer. Therefore, this review focuses on the roles of miR-19 family in the development and disease of heart, vessels and neurons to estimate the potential value of miR-19 family as diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target of cardiac, neurological, and vascular diseases.
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36
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Sin-Chan P, Mumal I, Suwal T, Ho B, Fan X, Singh I, Du Y, Lu M, Patel N, Torchia J, Popovski D, Fouladi M, Guilhamon P, Hansford JR, Leary S, Hoffman LM, Mulcahy Levy JM, Lassaletta A, Solano-Paez P, Rivas E, Reddy A, Gillespie GY, Gupta N, Van Meter TE, Nakamura H, Wong TT, Ra YS, Kim SK, Massimi L, Grundy RG, Fangusaro J, Johnston D, Chan J, Lafay-Cousin L, Hwang EI, Wang Y, Catchpoole D, Michaud J, Ellezam B, Ramanujachar R, Lindsay H, Taylor MD, Hawkins CE, Bouffet E, Jabado N, Singh SK, Kleinman CL, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Li XN, Dirks PB, Lin CY, Mack SC, Rich JN, Huang A. A C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN Oncogenic Circuit Driven by Hijacked Super-enhancers Is a Distinct Therapeutic Vulnerability in ETMRs: A Lethal Brain Tumor. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:51-67.e7. [PMID: 31287992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs) are highly lethal infant brain cancers with characteristic amplification of Chr19q13.41 miRNA cluster (C19MC) and enrichment of pluripotency factor LIN28A. Here we investigated C19MC oncogenic mechanisms and discovered a C19MC-LIN28A-MYCN circuit fueled by multiple complex regulatory loops including an MYCN core transcriptional network and super-enhancers resulting from long-range MYCN DNA interactions and C19MC gene fusions. Our data show that this powerful oncogenic circuit, which entraps an early neural lineage network, is potently abrogated by bromodomain inhibitor JQ1, leading to ETMR cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Brain Neoplasms/etiology
- Brain Neoplasms/therapy
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genetic Association Studies
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Multigene Family
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein/genetics
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/etiology
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/therapy
- Oncogenes
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sin-Chan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Iqra Mumal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Ben Ho
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaolian Fan
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Irtisha Singh
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuchen Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Neilket Patel
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Jonathon Torchia
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center-OICR Translational Genomics Laboratory, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G0A3, Canada
| | - Dean Popovski
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Cancer and Blood Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Paul Guilhamon
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program and Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Jordan R Hansford
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah Leary
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Lindsey M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid 28009, Spain
| | - Palma Solano-Paez
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Infantil Virgen del Rocio, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Eloy Rivas
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology Division, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Alyssa Reddy
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0112, USA
| | - Timothy E Van Meter
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0631, USA
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tai-Tong Wong
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Young-Shin Ra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Luca Massimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Richard G Grundy
- Children's Brain Tumor Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72UH, UK
| | - Jason Fangusaro
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Donna Johnston
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H8L1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Lucie Lafay-Cousin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, AB T3B6A8, Canada
| | - Eugene I Hwang
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Neuropathology Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Daniel Catchpoole
- The Tumor Bank, Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
| | - Ramya Ramanujachar
- Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton SO166YD, UK
| | - Holly Lindsay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A0C7, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A0C7, Canada
| | | | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter B Dirks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Annie Huang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Division of Hematology-Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada.
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37
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Mollashahi B, Aghamaleki FS, Movafagh A. The Roles of miRNAs in Medulloblastoma: A Systematic Review. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:79-90. [PMID: 31360688 PMCID: PMC6619858 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.2.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is considered one of the most threatening malignant brain tumors with an extremely high mortality rate in children. In the medulloblastoma, there are several genes and mutations found to work in an unregulated manner that works together to push the cells into a cancerous state. With the discovery of non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), it has been shown that a different layer of gene regulations may be disrupted which would cause cancer. This fact led scientists to put their focus on the role of miRNAs in cancer. A mature miRNA contains a seed sequence which gives the miRNA to identify and attach to the interest mRNA; this attachment may lead degradation of mRNA or suppress of translation of the mRNA. The expression of miRNAs in medulloblastoma shows that some of these non-coding RNAs are overexpressed (OncomiRs) which help cells to proliferate and keep their stemness features. On the other hand, there are other forms of these miRNAs which normally inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell differentiation (tumor suppressor). These are down-regulated during cancer progression. In this systematic review, we attempted to gather several important studies on miRNAs’ role in medulloblastoma tumors and the importance of these non-coding RNAs in the future study of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Mollashahi
- Department of Cellular-Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Shaabanpour Aghamaleki
- Department of Cellular-Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technologies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Yin J, Hu W, Pan L, Fu W, Dai L, Jiang Z, Zhang F, Zhao J. let‑7 and miR‑17 promote self‑renewal and drive gefitinib resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:495-508. [PMID: 31233201 PMCID: PMC6609324 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor‑tyrosinase kinase inhibitor (EGFR‑TKI) resistance represents a major obstacle in the therapy of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this study, it was found that let‑7 family expression was downregulated and miR‑17 family expression was upregulated in gefitinib‑resistant PC9/GR cells compared with gefitinib‑sensitive PC9 cells. The downregulation of let‑7 and upregulation of miR‑17 have significant clinical relevance to gefitinib resistance in NSCLC. Moreover, it was shown that downregulation of let‑7 and upregulation of miR‑17 promoted resistance to gefitinib by regulating the self‑renewal capability of NSCLC cells. In addition, let‑7 participated in the maintenance of stem cell characteristics by regulating the target gene MYC, and miR‑17 participated in regulation of the cell cycle by regulating the target gene CDKN1A. In NSCLC cells, low expression of let‑7 increased MYC expression to help maintain the undifferentiated status, and high expression of miR‑17 decreased CDKN1A expression to help maintain the proliferative potential. Thus, both let‑7 and miR‑17 promoted self‑renewal, which is typical of stem cell‑like characteristics and resulted in gefitinib resistance. Therefore, this study demonstrated that let‑7 and miR‑17 were involved in the regulation of EGFR‑TKI resistance, and could be used as predictive biomarkers of EGFR‑TKI resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Hu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Wenfan Fu
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Zeyong Jiang
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
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39
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Bao S, He D, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Chen S. Effect of miRNA-19a antisense oligonucleotide and Ara-C on the proliferation and apoptosis of HL60 cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:260. [PMID: 31355227 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.05.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effects of microRNA19a (miR-19a) antisense oligonucleotide (ASODN) on the proliferation and apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells (HL60). Methods In experiment 1, HL60 cells were divided into the blank control group, the blank transfection group, the scrambled oligonucleotide (SODN) group and the ASODN group. MiR-19a ASODN and SODN were independently transferred into HL60 cells. The miR-19a expression was detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) after 48-h and 72-h transfection; CCK8 assay was used to detect the proliferation inhibition rate at 48 and 72 h; Hoechst 33258 staining was performed to examine apoptotic cells at 48 h; the apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry after AnnexinV/PI staining at 48 and 72 h; the protein expression of E2F1 and Bim was detected by Western blotting at 48 h. In experiment 2, cells were divided into the Ara-C group, the SODN + Ara-C group and the ASODN + Ara-C group. The cell proliferation inhibition rate at 48 and 72 h and apoptosis rate at 72 h were assessed as mentioned above. Results MiR-19a expression in the miR-19a ASODN group was lower than in the SODN group and the blank control group (P<0.05). MiR-19a ASODN significantly inhibited the growth of HL60 cells (P<0.05) and increased their apoptosis, and the apoptosis rate peaked at 48 h. The protein expression of E2F1 and Bim in the ASODN group was higher than in the blank control group, blank transfection group and SODN group. In addition, Ara-C further inhibited the growth and induced the apoptosis of miR-19a ASODN-transfected cells (P<0.05) in a time dependent manner. The growth inhibition rate and apoptosis rate in the ASODN + Ara-C group were higher than the sum of those in both Ara-C group and ASODN group. Conclusions miRNA-19a ASODN can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of HL60 cells and may exert synergistic effects with Ara-C on HL60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Bao
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518110, China.,Departmemt of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510290, China
| | - Dongmei He
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510290, China
| | - Jinrong Zeng
- Departmemt of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510290, China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Departmemt of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510290, China
| | - Shengting Chen
- Departmemt of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510290, China
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40
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Guo J, Li S, Li Y, Yan C, Wan Q, Wang Z. HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG prevents apoptosis of cardiomyocytes via miR-93-dependent mitigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7888-7896. [PMID: 30556167 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure accounts for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant cardiac cell death caused by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is often associated with structural or functional cardiac abnormalities that lead to insufficient cardiac output. The detailed molecular mechanism underlying the pathological death of cardiomyocytes still remains poorly understood. We found that 17-AAG (tanespimycin), an HSP90 (heat shock protein 90) inhibitor often used to kill cancer cells, could potently inhibit tunicamycin-induced ERS and the downstream nuclear factor kappa B activity in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, leading to diminished apoptotic signaling and thus enhanced cell survival. Interestingly, the antiapoptotic effect of 17-AAG on cardiomyocytes required normal expression of miR-93, an oncogenic microRNA known to promote cell survival and growth. Our study implicated a new pharmacological role of 17-AAG in supporting the miR-93-associated oncogenic signaling to prevent the pathological death of cardiomyocytes. The results opened opportunities for exploring new strategies in the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, China
| | - Yanming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, China
| | - Chenyun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, China
| | - Qilin Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan, China
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Bharambe HS, Paul R, Panwalkar P, Jalali R, Sridhar E, Gupta T, Moiyadi A, Shetty P, Kazi S, Deogharkar A, Masurkar S, Yogi K, Kunder R, Gadewal N, Goel A, Goel N, Chinnaswamy G, Ramaswamy V, Shirsat NV. Downregulation of miR-204 expression defines a highly aggressive subset of Group 3/Group 4 medulloblastomas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:52. [PMID: 30944042 PMCID: PMC6448261 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide expression profiling studies have identified four core molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4. Molecular markers are necessary for accurate risk stratification in the non-WNT subgroups due to the underlying heterogeneity in genetic alterations and overall survival. MiR-204 expression was evaluated in molecularly classified 260 medulloblastomas from an Indian cohort and in 763 medulloblastomas from the MAGIC cohort, SickKids, Canada. Low expression of miR-204 in the Group 3 / Group 4 tumors identify a highly aggressive subset of tumors having poor overall survival, in the two independent cohorts of medulloblastomas. Downregulation of miR-204 expression correlates with poor survival within the Group 4 as well indicating it as a valuable risk-stratification marker in the subgroup. Restoration of miR-204 expression in multiple medulloblastoma cell lines was found to inhibit their anchorage-independent growth, invasion potential and tumorigenicity. IGF2R was identified as a novel target of miR-204. MiR-204 expression resulted in downregulation of both M6PR and IGF2R that transport lysosomal proteases from the Golgi apparatus to the lysosomes. Consistent with this finding, miR-204 expression resulted in reduction in the levels of the lysosomal proteases in medulloblastoma cells. MiR-204 expression also resulted in inhibition of autophagy that is known to be dependent on the lysosomal degradation pathway and LC3B, a known miR-204 target. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors resulted in upregulation of miR-204 expression in medulloblastoma cells, suggesting therapeutic role for these inhibitors in the treatment of medulloblastomas. In summary, miR-204 is not only a valuable risk stratification marker in the combined cohort of Group 3 / Group 4 medulloblastomas as well as in the Group 4 itself, that has paucity of good prognostication markers, but also has therapeutic potential as indicated by its tumor suppressive effect on medulloblastoma cells.
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H3.3 K27M depletion increases differentiation and extends latency of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma growth in vivo. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:637-655. [PMID: 30770999 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone H3 K27M mutation is the defining molecular feature of the devastating pediatric brain tumor, diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). The prevalence of histone H3 K27M mutations indicates a critical role in DIPGs, but the contribution of the mutation to disease pathogenesis remains unclear. We show that knockdown of this mutation in DIPG xenografts restores K27M-dependent loss of H3K27me3 and delays tumor growth. Comparisons of matched DIPG xenografts with and without K27M knockdown allowed identification of mutation-specific effects on the transcriptome and epigenome. The resulting transcriptional changes recapitulate expression signatures from K27M primary DIPG tumors and are strongly enriched for genes associated with nervous system development. Integrated analysis of ChIP-seq and expression data showed that genes upregulated by the mutation are overrepresented in apparently bivalent promoters. Many of these targets are associated with more immature differentiation states. Expression profiles indicate K27M knockdown decreases proliferation and increases differentiation within lineages represented in DIPG. These data suggest that K27M-mediated loss of H3K27me3 directly regulates a subset of genes by releasing poised promoters, and contributes to tumor phenotype and growth by limiting differentiation. The delayed tumor growth associated with knockdown of H3 K27M provides evidence that this highly recurrent mutation is a relevant therapeutic target.
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Abstract
Epigenetics is the process by which gene expression is regulated by events other than alterations of the genome. This includes DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs. Methylation of DNA, chromatin remodeling, and histone modifications regulate the chromatin and access of transcription factors to DNA and in turn gene transcription. Alteration of chromatin is now recognized to be deregulated in many cancers. Medulloblastoma is an embryonal tumor of the cerebellum and the most common malignant brain tumor in children, that occurs only rarely in adults. Medulloblastoma is characterized by four major molecularly and histopathologically distinct groups, wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3 (G3), and group 4 (G4), that, except for WNT, are each now subdivided in several subgroups. Gene expression array, next-generation sequencing, and methylation profiling of several hundred primary tumors by several consortia and independent groups revealed that medulloblastomas harbor a paucity of mutations most of which occur in epigenetic regulators, genetic alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors, in addition to copy number alterations and chromosome gains and losses. Remarkably, some tumors have no reported mutations, suggesting that some genes required for oncogenesis might be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms which are still to be uncovered and validated. This review will highlight several epigenetic regulators focusing mainly on histone modifiers identified in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Stripay
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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Anti-microRNA screen uncovers miR-17 family within miR-17~92 cluster as the primary driver of kidney cyst growth. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1920. [PMID: 30760828 PMCID: PMC6374450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the leading genetic cause of renal failure. We have recently shown that inhibiting miR-17~92 is a potential novel therapeutic approach for ADPKD. However, miR-17~92 is a polycistronic cluster that encodes microRNAs (miRNAs) belonging to the miR-17, miR-18, miR-19 and miR-25 families, and the relative pathogenic contribution of these miRNA families to ADPKD progression is unknown. Here we performed an in vivo anti-miR screen to identify the miRNA drug targets within the miR-17~92 miRNA cluster. We designed anti-miRs to individually inhibit miR-17, miR-18, miR-19 or miR-25 families in an orthologous ADPKD model. Treatment with anti-miRs against the miR-17 family reduced cyst proliferation, kidney-weight-to-body-weight ratio and cyst index. In contrast, treatment with anti-miRs against the miR-18, 19, or 25 families did not affect cyst growth. Anti-miR-17 treatment recapitulated the gene expression pattern observed after miR-17~92 genetic deletion and was associated with upregulation of mitochondrial metabolism, suppression of the mTOR pathway, and inhibition of cyst-associated inflammation. Our results argue against functional cooperation between the various miR-17~92 cluster families in promoting cyst growth, and instead point to miR-17 family as the primary therapeutic target for ADPKD.
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45
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Wang X, Holgado BL, Ramaswamy V, Mack S, Zayne K, Remke M, Wu X, Garzia L, Daniels C, Kenney AM, Taylor MD. miR miR on the wall, who's the most malignant medulloblastoma miR of them all? Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:313-323. [PMID: 28575493 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) have wide-ranging effects on large-scale gene regulation. As such, they play a vital role in dictating normal development, and their aberrant expression has been implicated in cancer. There has been a large body of research on the role of miRNAs in medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. The identification of the 4 molecular subgroups with distinct biological, genetic, and transcriptional features has revolutionized the field of medulloblastoma research over the past 5 years. Despite this, the growing body of research on miRNAs in medulloblastoma has largely focused on the clinical entity of a single disease rather than the molecular subgroups. This review begins by highlighting the role of miRNAs in development and progresses to explore their myriad of implications in cancer. Medulloblastoma is characterized by increased proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and maintenance of stemness programs-features that are inadvertently regulated by altered expression patterns in miRNAs. This review aims to contextualize the large body of work on miRNAs within the framework of medulloblastoma subgroups. The goal of this review is to stimulate new areas of research, including potential therapeutics, within a rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Borja L Holgado
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Haematology & Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Mack
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kory Zayne
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- German Cancer Consortium, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xiaochong Wu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Livia Garzia
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Daniels
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna M Kenney
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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MicroRNA-17, MicroRNA-19b, MicroRNA-146a, MicroRNA-302d Expressions in Hepatoblastoma and Clinical Importance. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2019; 41:7-12. [PMID: 29889802 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common liver malignancy in children. The prognosis changes according to the histologic subtypes of HB. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the expression level of selected microRNAs (miRNAs) in HB as well as in histologic subtypes, and to consider the association with the prognosis. A total of 22 HB tumor samples, subtyped as fetal (n=16) and embryonal (n=6), and 10 nontumorous surrounding liver samples were evaluated in this study. Expressions of miR-17, miR-146a, miR-302d, and miR-19b were analyzed in 22 HB tumor samples and 10 nontumorous surrounding liver samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lower miRNA-17 expression levels were obtained in tumor samples in comparison with nontumorous surrounding liver samples (P=0.028). Lower miRNA-17 expression was significant for predicting prognosis in HB patients (area under receiver-operator characteristic curve=0.875, P=0.044). A higher-level of miR-19b was found in embryonal samples (P=0.008). Overall and event-free survival was not found to correlate with miRNA expression levels (P>0.05). This research finds miRNA-17 and miRNA-19b expression levels can provide important data on diagnosis and prognosis in HB showing different clinical behaviors.
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LArki P, Ahadi A, Zare A, Tarighi S, Zaheri M, Souri M, Zali MR, Ghaedi H, Omrani MD. Up-Regulation of miR-21, miR-25, miR-93, and miR-106b in Gastric Cancer. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [PMID: 29859516 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.22.6.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs) could be a diagnosis signature for monitoring gastric cancer (GC) progression. In this study, we focus on the comparison of expression levels of miR-21, miR-25, miR-93, miR-106b, and miR-375 during the sequential pattern of GC development, including normal gastric, gastric dysplasia, and GC sample. METHODS We used SYBR Green-based quantitative-PCR to quantify miRNAs expression. RESULTS Our analysis revealed the increased expression levels of miR-21 (p = 0.034), miR-25 (p = 0.0003), miR-93 (p = 0.0406), and miR-106b (p = 0.023) in GC samples. In addition, GC patients with positive lymph node metastasis showed the up-regulation of miR-25, miR-93, and miR-106b (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that the expression of miR-21, miR-25, miR-93, and miR-106b altered in GC, and some of them may be further investigated as biomarkers for GC early detection and prognosis prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah LArki
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ahadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zare
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahriar Tarighi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahrokh Zaheri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Souri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Inhibition of miR-449a Promotes Cartilage Regeneration and Prevents Progression of Osteoarthritis in In Vivo Rat Models. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:322-333. [PMID: 30326428 PMCID: PMC6197768 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic and degenerative lesions of articular cartilage usually progress to osteoarthritis (OA), a leading cause of disability in humans. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and play important roles in the expression of genes related to OA. However, their functional roles in OA remain poorly understood. Here, we have examined miR-449a, which targets sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF-1), and observed its effects on damaged cartilage. The levels of chondrogenic markers and miR-449a target genes increased during chondrogenesis in anti-miR-449a-transfected hBMSCs. A locked nucleic acid (LNA)-anti-miR-449a increased cartilage regeneration and expression of type II collagen and aggrecan on the regenerated cartilage surface in acute defect and OA models. Furthermore, intra-articular injection of LNA-anti-miR-449a prevented disease progression in the OA model. Our study indicates that miR-449a may be a novel potential therapeutic target for age-related joint diseases like OA.
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49
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Shi H, Yang H, Xu S, Zhao Y, Liu J. miR-505 functions as a tumor suppressor in glioma by targeting insulin like growth factor 1 receptor expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:4405-4413. [PMID: 31949837 PMCID: PMC6962946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Compelling evidence shows that there are causative links between miRNAs abnormal regulation and the development of cancer. miR-505 has been reported to be aberrant expression and functions as a tumor suppressor in many human cancers, but its roles and potential molecular mechanism in glioma remain unclear. Here, we found that the expression levels of miR-505 were down-regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. Exogenous over-expression of miR-505 resulted in inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in glioma in vitro. Furthermore, dual luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis confirmed that IGF1R (Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor) was a direct target gene of miR-505 in glioma. More importantly, over-expression of IGF1R rescued miR-505-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion in glioma in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-505 acts as a tumor suppressor in glioma via direct negative regulation of IGF1R, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- Teaching and Research Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Teaching and Research Department of Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
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Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma Cancer Stem Cells Mirnome and Transcriptome Highlight Novel Functional Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082326. [PMID: 30096798 PMCID: PMC6121264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular classification has improved the knowledge of medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumour in children, however current treatments cause severe side effects in patients. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been described in MB and represent a sub population characterised by self-renewal and the ability to generate tumour cells, thus representing the reservoir of the tumour. To investigate molecular pathways that characterise this sub population, we isolated CSCs from Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma (SHH MB) arisen in Patched 1 (Ptch1) heterozygous mice, and performed miRNA- and mRNA-sequencing. Comparison of the miRNA-sequencing of SHH MB CSCs with that obtained from cerebellar Neural Stem Cells (NSCs), allowed us to obtain a SHH MB CSC miRNA differential signature. Pathway enrichment analysis in SHH MB CSCs mirnome and transcriptome was performed and revealed a series of enriched pathways. We focused on the putative targets of the SHH MB CSC miRNAs that were involved in the enriched pathways of interest, namely pathways in cancer, PI3k-Akt pathway and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathway. In silico analysis was performed in SHH MB patients and identified several genes, whose expression was associated with worse overall survival of SHH MB patients. This study provides novel candidates whose functional role should be further investigated in SHH MB.
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