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Rejeki PS, Pranoto A, Widiatmaja DM, Utami DM, Izzatunnisa N, Sugiharto, Lesmana R, Halim S. Combined Aerobic Exercise with Intermittent Fasting Is Effective for Reducing mTOR and Bcl-2 Levels in Obese Females. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:116. [PMID: 38786985 PMCID: PMC11126026 DOI: 10.3390/sports12050116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of combined aerobic exercise and intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a strategy for the prevention and management of obesity, including its associated health issues such as age-related metabolic diseases. This study aimed to examine the potential of combined aerobic exercise and IF as a preventative strategy against cellular senescence by targeting mTOR and Bcl-2 levels in obese females. A total of 30 obese women, aged 23.56 ± 1.83 years, body fat percentage (FAT) 45.21 ± 3.73% (very high category), BMI 30.09 ± 3.74 kg/m2 were recruited and participated in three different types of interventions: intermittent fasting (IF), exercise (EXG), and a combination of intermittent fasting and exercise (IFEXG). The intervention program was carried out 5x/week for 2 weeks. We examined mTOR and Bcl-2 levels using ELISA kits. Statistical analysis used the one-way ANOVA test and continued with Tukey's HSD post hoc test, with a significance level of 5%. The study results showed that a combination of aerobic exercise and IF significantly decreased mTOR levels (-1.26 ± 0.79 ng/mL) compared to the control group (-0.08 ± 1.33 ng/mL; p ≤ 0.05). However, combined aerobic exercise and IF did not affect Bcl-2 levels significantly (-0.07 ± 0.09 ng/mL) compared to the control group (0.01 ± 0.17 ng/mL, p ≥ 0.05). The IF-only group, exercise-only group, and combined group all showed a significant decrease in body weight and fat mass compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). However, the combined aerobic exercise and IF program had a significant effect in reducing the total percentage of body fat and fat mass compared to the IF-only group (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that the combined intermittent fasting and exercise group (IFEXG) undertook the most effective intervention of the three in terms of preventing cellular senescence, as demonstrated by decreases in the mTOR level, body weight, and fat mass. However, the IFEXG did not present reduced Bcl-2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purwo Sri Rejeki
- Physiology Division, Department of Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Adi Pranoto
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, East Java, Indonesia;
| | - Deandra Maharani Widiatmaja
- Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, East Java, Indonesia; (D.M.W.); (D.M.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Dita Mega Utami
- Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, East Java, Indonesia; (D.M.W.); (D.M.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Nabilah Izzatunnisa
- Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, East Java, Indonesia; (D.M.W.); (D.M.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Sugiharto
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia;
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Physiology Division, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung 45363, West Java, Indonesia;
| | - Shariff Halim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Technology MARA (UiTM) Pulau Pinang, Bertam Campus, Kepala Batas 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia;
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Deng N, Reyes-Uribe L, Fahrmann JF, Thoman WS, Munsell MF, Dennison JB, Murage E, Wu R, Hawk ET, Thirumurthi S, Lynch PM, Dieli-Conwright CM, Lazar AJ, Jindal S, Chu K, Chelvanambi M, Basen-Engquist K, Li Y, Wargo JA, McAllister F, Allison JP, Sharma P, Sinha KM, Hanash S, Gilchrist SC, Vilar E. Exercise Training Reduces the Inflammatory Response and Promotes Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Immunity in Lynch Syndrome. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4361-4372. [PMID: 37724990 PMCID: PMC10618653 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary condition with a high lifetime risk of colorectal and endometrial cancers. Exercise is a non-pharmacologic intervention to reduce cancer risk, though its impact on patients with LS has not been prospectively studied. Here, we evaluated the impact of a 12-month aerobic exercise cycling intervention in the biology of the immune system in LS carriers. PATIENTS AND METHODS To address this, we enrolled 21 patients with LS onto a non-randomized, sequential intervention assignation, clinical trial to assess the effect of a 12-month exercise program that included cycling classes 3 times weekly for 45 minutes versus usual care with a one-time exercise counseling session as control. We analyzed the effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, circulating, and colorectal-tissue biomarkers using metabolomics, gene expression by bulk mRNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics by NanoString GeoMx. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in oxygen consumption (VO2peak) as a primary outcome of the exercise and a decrease in inflammatory markers (prostaglandin E) in colon and blood as the secondary outcomes in the exercise versus usual care group. Gene expression profiling and spatial transcriptomics on available colon biopsies revealed an increase in the colonic mucosa levels of natural killer and CD8+ T cells in the exercise group that were further confirmed by IHC studies. CONCLUSIONS Together these data have important implications for cancer interception in LS, and document for the first-time biological effects of exercise in the immune system of a target organ in patients at-risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Deng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Reyes-Uribe
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Whittney S. Thoman
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark F. Munsell
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer B. Dennison
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eunice Murage
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ranran Wu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernest T. Hawk
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Selvi Thirumurthi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick M. Lynch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christina M. Dieli-Conwright
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Sonali Jindal
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Khoi Chu
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Manoj Chelvanambi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Yisheng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - James P. Allison
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Krishna M. Sinha
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan C. Gilchrist
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
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Li CQ, Wang YC, Shen SQ, Zhang YL, Zhao JQ, Zou WB, Ge RL. Effects of exercise by type and duration on quality of life in patients with digestive system cancers: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2022:S2095-2546(22)00122-3. [PMID: 36528289 PMCID: PMC10362486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scant evidence regarding the effects of exercise type and duration on quality of life (QoL) in digestive system cancer (DSC) survivors. We aim to investigate the optimal type and duration of exercises to improve QoL for DSC survivors through a systematic review and network meta-analysis. METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science was performed. Eligibility for study inclusion was limited to studies that were randomized controlled trials involving all kinds of exercise in adult patients with DSCs, and the comparator was in standard care or other types of exercise. The primary outcome was QoL, including general health, physical health, mental health, and role function. Secondary outcomes included cancer-related symptoms such as fatigue, insomnia, depression, anxiety, and duration of hospital stay. The network meta-analyses were performed using a random-effect model. RESULTS The analysis included 32 eligible articles and a total of 2558 participants. Our primary outcome indicated that short-term aerobic exercise significantly enhanced general health (standardized mean differences (SMDs) = 0.66, 95% credible intervals (CrIs): 0.05 to 1.30, and also contributed to a better mental health (SMD = 0.37, 95%CrI: -0.06 to 0.81 and role function (SMD = 0.48, 95%CrI: -0.27 to 1.20). Although without significant changes, short-term resistance exercise tends to increase the physical health of patients with DSCs (SMD = 0.69, 95%CrI: -0.07 to 1.50) and effective in alleviating fatigue (SMD = -0.77, 95%CrI: -1.50 to 0.01). Short-term aerobic exercise was related to a lower score of insomnia (SMD = -1.20, 95%CrI: -2.40 to 0.06), depression (SMD = -0.51, 95%CrI: -1.50 to 0.45), and anxiety (SMD = -0.45, 95%CrI: -1.30 to 0.34). All types of exercise related to a trend of declined hospital stays (-0.87 to -5.00 days). Long-term resistance exercise, however, was negatively associated with general health (SMD = -0.33, 95%CrI: -1.70 to 1.00), physical health (SMD = -0.18, 95%CrI: -1.30 to 0.90), and role function (SMD = -1.20, 95%CrI: -2.50 to 0.11). CONCLUSION This study suggests that short-term aerobic exercise, with or without resistance exercise programs, enhances QoL (especially for general health) as well as relieves cancer-related symptoms for DSC survivors, while long-term resistance exercise may have negative effects, and thus should be adopted cautiously. These results provide important evidence for the management of DSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Qi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuan-Chen Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shu-Qun Shen
- Department of Outpatient, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- Department of Outpatient, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Zhao
- Department of Outpatient, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zou
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Rui-Liang Ge
- Department of Outpatient, Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Duggan C, Yu M, Willbanks AR, Tapsoba JDD, Wang CY, Grady WM, McTiernan A. Exercise effects on DNA methylation in EVL, CDKN2A (p14, ARF), and ESR1 in colon tissue from healthy men and women. Epigenetics 2021; 17:1070-1079. [PMID: 34550860 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1982512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity reduces risk of colon cancer persons by 20-30%. Aberrant methylation patterns are common epigenetic alterations in colorectal adenomas and cancers, and play a role in cancer initiation and progression. Alterations have been identified in normal colon tissue potentially representing a "field cancerization" process, where the normal colon is primed for carcinogenesis. Here, we investigate methylation patterns in three genes -Ena/VASP-like (EVL), (CDKN2A (p14, ARF)), and Estrogen Receptor-1 (ESR1)-in normal colon tissue collected at baseline and 12-months from 202 sedentary men and women, 40-75 years, enrolled in a randomized controlled trial testing an exercise intervention vs. control (http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00668161). Participants were randomized to moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise, 60 minutes/day, 6 days/week for 12 months, or usual lifestyle. Sigmoid colon biopsies were obtained at baseline and 12-months, DNA extracted, and bisulphite converted. Droplet digital methylation-specific PCR was performed for EVL, p14ARF, and ESR1. Generalized estimating equations modification of linear regression were used to model relationships between intervention effects and candidate gene methylation levels, adjusting for possible confounders.There were no statistically significant differences between methylation patterns at 12-months between exercisers and controls. ESR1 methylation patterns differed by sex: women -10.58% (exercisers) +11.10% (controls); men +5.54% (exercisers), -8.16% (controls); (P=0.05), adjusting for BMI and age. There were no statistically significant changes in methylation patterns in any gene stratified by change in VO2max, or by minutes/week of exercise.While no statistically significant differences were found in gene methylation patterns comparing exercises vs. controls, 12-month exercise effects on ESR1 methylation differed by sex, warranting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Duggan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ming Yu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amber R Willbanks
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jean de Dieu Tapsoba
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ching-Yun Wang
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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5
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Hao S, Zhu J, Zhang X, Qiu J, Xuan Q, Ye L. Comprehensive Analysis of Aerobic Exercise-Related Genes Identifies CDCA4 That Promotes the Progression of Osteosarcoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:637755. [PMID: 33613651 PMCID: PMC7886999 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.637755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise has a positive impact on patients with osteosarcoma, improving function, reducing disability, maintaining independence and quality of life. Exercise may also directly affect the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Cell division cycle-associated protein 4 (CDCA4) is reported to function importantly during numerous human cancers development. Nevertheless, the details toward CDCA4 function are still to be investigated. Methods This study comprehensively analyzed the GSE74194 database and obtained aerobic exercise-related genes. Protein-protein interaction network (PPI) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis were performed on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and tumor genome atlas (TCGA) data mining were applied to measure aerobic exercise-related gene CDCA4 level in osteosarcoma tissue. We conducted lots of functional experiments to uncover CDCA4 function and its corresponding mechanism in osteosarcoma. Results We screened a total of 547 DEGs related to aerobic exercise, of which 373 were up-regulated and 174 were down-regulated. PPI analysis revealed 90 genes that might play key roles. GO analysis showed that aerobic exercise-related DEGs were significantly enriched during the mitotic cell cycle, cell division, mitotic nuclear division and sister chromatid segregation, nuclear division, microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved protein, microtubule-based process, spindle organization, G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle. Our results indicated that CDCA4 was increased in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines, and its level had association with high mortality of osteosarcoma patients. Further studies revealed that absence of CDCA4 largely hindered osteosarcoma cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Conclusion Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis improves our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of aerobic exercise on osteosarcoma. This provides evidence for the effect of aerobic exercise on CDCA4 expression. Our data suggested that CDCA4 could facilitate osteosarcoma development, and gave a hint that CDCA4 was a candidate target in the treatment of osteosarcoma, aerobic exercise might help the treatment and prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyu Hao
- Shuangwu Information Technical Company Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Administrative Office, Shanghai Basilica Clinic, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyue Qiu
- School of Physical Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Xuan
- School of Sports Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Ye
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Koelwyn GJ, Zhuang X, Tammela T, Schietinger A, Jones LW. Exercise and immunometabolic regulation in cancer. Nat Metab 2020; 2:849-857. [PMID: 32929232 PMCID: PMC9128397 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthful lifestyle factors, such as obesity, disrupt organismal homeostasis and accelerate cancer pathogenesis, partly through metabolic and immunological dysregulation. Exercise is a prototypical strategy that maintains and restores homeostasis at the organismal, tissue, cellular and molecular levels and can prevent or inhibit numerous disease conditions, including cancer. Here, we review unhealthful lifestyle factors that contribute to metabolic and immunological dysregulation and drive tumourigenesis, focusing on patient physiology (host)-tissue-tumour microenvironment interactions. We also discuss how exercise may influence distant tissue microenvironments, thereby improving tissue function through both metabolic and immunospecific pathways. Finally, we consider future directions that merit consideration in basic and clinical translational exercise studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xueqian Zhuang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuomas Tammela
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Patel AV, Friedenreich CM, Moore SC, Hayes SC, Silver JK, Campbell KL, Winters-Stone K, Gerber LH, George SM, Fulton JE, Denlinger C, Morris GS, Hue T, Schmitz KH, Matthews CE. American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable Report on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Cancer Prevention and Control. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2391-2402. [PMID: 31626056 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The American College of Sports Medicine convened an International Multidisciplinary Roundtable on Exercise and Cancer in March 2018 to evaluate and translate the evidence linking physical activity and cancer prevention, treatment, and control. This article discusses findings from the Roundtable in relation to the biologic and epidemiologic evidence for the role of physical activity in cancer prevention and survival. RESULTS The evidence supports that there are a number of biologically plausible mechanisms, whereby physical activity can influence cancer risk, and that physical activity is beneficial for the prevention of several types of cancer including breast, colon, endometrial, kidney, bladder, esophageal, and stomach. Minimizing time spent in sedentary behavior may also lower risk of endometrial, colon and lung cancers. Conversely, physical activity is associated with higher risk of melanoma, a serious form of skin cancer. Further, physical activity before and after a cancer diagnosis is also likely to be relevant for improved survival for those diagnosed with breast and colon cancer; with data suggesting that postdiagnosis physical activity provides greater mortality benefits than prediagnosis physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, there is consistent, compelling evidence that physical activity plays a role in preventing many types of cancer and for improving longevity among cancer survivors, although the evidence related to higher risk of melanoma demonstrates the importance of sun safe practices while being physically active. Together, these findings underscore the importance of physical activity in cancer prevention and control. Fitness and public health professionals and health care providers worldwide are encouraged to spread the message to the general population and cancer survivors to be physically active as their age, abilities, and cancer status will allow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa V Patel
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christine M Friedenreich
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Sciences, Calgary, CANADA
| | - Steven C Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sandra C Hayes
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kristin L Campbell
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA
| | | | | | - Stephanie M George
- Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Janet E Fulton
- Physical Activity and Health Branch, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Crystal Denlinger
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Kathryn H Schmitz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Charles E Matthews
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Conti L, Del Cornò M, Gessani S. Revisiting the impact of lifestyle on colorectal cancer risk in a gender perspective. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 145:102834. [PMID: 31790930 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Patterns and trends in CRC incidence and mortality correlate with increasing adoption of Western lifestyles and with the overweight/obesity epidemic. Both genetic background and a range of modifiable environmental/lifestyle factors play a role in CRC etiology. Among these the links of body weight, dietary patterns and physical activity (PA) behavior with CRC risk are some of the strongest for any type of cancer, with a different impact in women and men. Nonetheless, gender disparities still represent a neglected aspect of CRC management. This review sheds light on gender-related association of obesity and different dietary/PA habits with CRC risk, highlighting the importance of lifestyle modifications in the prevention of this neoplastic disease. In this scenario, intervention studies are strongly recommended to define the most effective dietary/PA regimens for primary prevention of cancer in women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Conti
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Del Cornò
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Observational data linking physical activity and exercise exposure with reduced risk of either development or progression of cancer have fueled interest in the initiation of large-scale definitive trials to test the association of exercise therapy with disease outcomes. However, several major knowledge gaps impede the rational and optimal design of such trials. OBSERVATIONS Critical requirements underpinning the success of several recent contemporary anticancer agents have included adequate demonstration of antitumor activity (in phase 1/2 trials) as well as identification of essential prerequisites (eg, biologically effective dose and predictors of response) permitting optimal design of definitive trials. The existing evidence base investigating exercise as a candidate anticancer preventive or treatment strategy is predominantly confined to observational data, which have several inherent limitations. Consequently, the antitumor activity of exercise remains unclear and, perhaps more important, such data are not sufficient to accurately derive the exercise dose, prescription regimen, or patients most likely to benefit from exercise. In adherence with translational frameworks for lifestyle therapy development, the need for early phase 1/2-equivalent trials to fill current knowledge gaps to optimize the development and potential efficacy of exercise therapy is highlighted. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Exercise therapy has significant promise to be an efficacious and cost-effective therapy to improve cancer outcomes, with few toxic effects. Although most nontraditional therapies in cancer prevention and prognosis fail in definitive trials, these failures provide critical lessons for the continued development of exercise as a candidate anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. Iyengar
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Lee W. Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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10
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Cao C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Q. Small interfering LncRNA-TUG1 (siTUG1) decreases ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampal neurons. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:937-944. [PMID: 30995880 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1594805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunni Cao
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yanxiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zuofu Zhang
- Department of Joint Orthopedics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
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11
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Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Morais S, Lee IM, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Cardiorespiratory fitness and site-specific risk of cancer in men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2019; 113:58-68. [PMID: 30981949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of all-cause morbidity and mortality; nevertheless, the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of cancer remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to synthetize the evidence on the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of several sites of cancer in men. METHODS A computerised search in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases from their inception to 13th February 2019 was performed. Both fixed and random-effects models were used to calculate the pooled hazard ratio (HR) estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine the effect of high and moderate versus low cardiorespiratory fitness on site-specific cancer (lung, colon/rectum, prostate) and all-sites cancer. RESULTS Ten studies were included in the qualitative review, and seven of them were included in the meta-analysis. Using low cardiorespiratory fitness as the reference group, moderate and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with a lower risk (HRs) of lung cancer, 0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.68) and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.61); colorectal cancer, 0.74 (95% CI, 0.55 to 0.93) and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.92) and all cancer sites, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.93) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.87), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among men, cardiorespiratory fitness plays an important role in protecting against the risk of lung and colorectal cancer. Additionally, this protective effect was observed for all-sites cancer risk. These results show the importance of good cardiorespiratory fitness as a potential factor in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Pozuelo-Carrascosa
- Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha, Health and Social Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - C Alvarez-Bueno
- Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha, Health and Social Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain.
| | - I Cavero-Redondo
- Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha, Health and Social Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| | - S Morais
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - I M Lee
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha, Health and Social Care Research Center, Cuenca, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Faculty of Health Sciences, Talca, Chile
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12
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Ramezani N, Vanaky B, Shakeri N, Soltanian Z, Fakhari Rad F, Shams Z. Evaluation of Bcl-2 and Bax Expression in the Heart of Diabetic Rats after Four Weeks of High Intensity Interval Training. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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13
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Malcomson FC. Mechanisms underlying the effects of nutrition, adiposity and physical activity on colorectal cancer risk. NUTR BULL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Ulrich CM, Himbert C, Holowatyj AN, Hursting SD. Energy balance and gastrointestinal cancer: risk, interventions, outcomes and mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:683-698. [PMID: 30158569 PMCID: PMC6500387 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of multiple gastrointestinal cancers and worsens disease outcomes. Conversely, strong inverse associations have emerged between physical activity and colon cancer and possibly other gastrointestinal malignancies. The effect of weight loss interventions - such as modifications of diet and/or physical activity or bariatric surgery - remains unclear in patients who are obese and have gastrointestinal cancer, although large clinical trials are underway. Human intervention studies have already shed light on potential mechanisms underlying the energy balance-cancer relationship, with preclinical models supporting emerging pathway effects. Central to interventions that reduce obesity or increase physical activity are pluripotent cancer-preventive effects (including reduced systemic and adipose tissue inflammation and angiogenesis, altered adipokine levels and improved insulin resistance) that directly interface with the hallmarks of cancer. Other mechanisms, such as DNA repair, oxidative stress and telomere length, immune function, effects on cancer stem cells and the microbiome, could also contribute to energy balance effects on gastrointestinal cancers. Although some mechanisms are well understood (for instance, systemic effects on inflammation and insulin signalling), other areas remain unclear. The current state of knowledge supports the need to better integrate mechanistic approaches with preclinical and human studies to develop effective, personalized diet and exercise interventions to reduce the burden of obesity on gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M. Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,
| | - Caroline Himbert
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andreana N. Holowatyj
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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de Souza-Teixeira F, Alonso-Molero J, Ayán C, Vilorio-Marques L, Molina AJ, González-Donquiles C, Dávila-Batista V, Fernández-Villa T, de Paz JA, Martín V. PGC-1α as a Biomarker of Physical Activity-Protective Effect on Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:523-534. [PMID: 29789344 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a significant public health concern. As a multistage and multifactorial disease, environmental and genetic factors interact at each stage of the process, and an individual's lifestyle also plays a relevant role. We set out to review the scientific evidence to study the need to investigate the role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) gene as a biomarker of the physical activity's (PA) effect on colorectal cancer. PA is a protective factor against colorectal cancer and usually increases the expression of PGC-1α This gene has pleiotropic roles and is the main regulator of mitochondrial functions. The development of colorectal cancer has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction; in addition, alterations in this organelle are associated with colorectal cancer risk factors, such as obesity, decreased muscle mass, and the aging process. These are affected by PA acting, among other aspects, on insulin sensitivity and oxygen reactive species/redox balance. Therefore, this gene demands special attention in the understanding of its operation in the consensual protective effect of PA in colorectal cancer. A significant amount of indirect evidence points to PGC-1α as a potential biomarker in the PA-protective effect on colorectal cancer. The article focuses on the possible involvement of PGC-1α in the protective role that physical activity has on colorectal cancer. This is an important topic both in relation to advances in prevention of the development of this widespread disease and in its therapeutic treatment. We hope to generate an initial hypothesis for future studies associated with physical activity-related mechanisms that may be involved in the development or prevention of colorectal cancer. PGC-1α is highlighted because it is the main regulator of mitochondrial functions. This organelle, on one hand, is positively stimulated by physical activity; on the other hand, its dysfunction or reduction increases the probability of developing colorectal cancer. Therefore, we consider the compilation of existing information about the possible ways to understand the mechanisms of this gene to be highly relevant. This study is based on evidence of PGC-1α and physical activity, on PGC-1α and colorectal cancer, on colorectal cancer and physical activity/inactivity, and the absence of studies that have sought to relate all of these variables. Cancer Prev Res; 11(9); 523-34. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Souza-Teixeira
- The Research Group of Gene-Environment and Health Interactions, University of León, León, Spain. .,Research Group of Exercise and Neuromuscular System, Superior Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Alonso-Molero
- The Research Group of Gene-Environment and Health Interactions, University of León, León, Spain.,University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos Ayán
- Faculty of Education and Sport Science, Department of Special Didactics, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Laura Vilorio-Marques
- The Research Group of Gene-Environment and Health Interactions, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Antonio Jose Molina
- The Research Group of Gene-Environment and Health Interactions, University of León, León, Spain.,Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, University of León, León, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Donquiles
- The Research Group of Gene-Environment and Health Interactions, University of León, León, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Dávila-Batista
- The Research Group of Gene-Environment and Health Interactions, University of León, León, Spain.,Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, University of León, León, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Fernández-Villa
- The Research Group of Gene-Environment and Health Interactions, University of León, León, Spain.,Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, University of León, León, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Martín
- The Research Group of Gene-Environment and Health Interactions, University of León, León, Spain.,Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, University of León, León, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Irmawati A, Jasmin N, Sidarningsih. The effect of moderate exercise on the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in oral squamous epithelial cells induced by benzopyrene. Vet World 2018; 11:177-180. [PMID: 29657400 PMCID: PMC5891871 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.177-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of moderate exercise on the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Materials and Methods: Eighteen Mus musculus strain Swiss Webster (Balb/c) were divided into three groups (n=6). K1 and K2 had contact with water 3 times/week for 12 weeks, while the members of the K3 group swam 3 times/week for 12 weeks while carrying load weighed 3% of their body weight. After 5 weeks, they were induced with 0.04 ml oleum olivarum (K1), 0.08 mg benzopyrene/0.04 ml oleum olivarum (K2, K3) 3 times/week for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemistry assays were used to determine the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 expression. The results were analyzed using an independent t-test. Result: The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased significantly in K3 compared to K2 (p=0.00). Conclusion: Moderate exercise could increase the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in oral squamous epithelial cells induced by benzopyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Irmawati
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nadira Jasmin
- Undergraduate student of Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sidarningsih
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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17
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Alizadeh AM, Heydari Z, Rahimi M, Bazgir B, Shirvani H, Alipour S, Heidarian Y, Khalighfard S, Isanejad A. Oxytocin mediates the beneficial effects of the exercise training on breast cancer. Exp Physiol 2017; 103:222-235. [PMID: 29143998 DOI: 10.1113/ep086463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? We hypothesized that potential anti-tumour effects of exercise training might be mediated by oxytocin and explored the underlying mechanisms in a mouse model of breast cancer. What is the main finding and its importance? Interval exercise training, by inducing oxytocin secretion, may reduce the activity of the PI3K/Akt and ERK pathways, and consequently, results in a smaller tumour volume in a mouse model of breast cancer. Exercise training can affect the growth of breast tumours. We hypothesized that exercise training might reduce breast tumour growth by inducing oxytocin (OT) secretion and its related signalling pathways, such as PI3K/Akt and ERK. Therefore, 56 BALB/c mice were equally divided into seven groups to study the effects of OT and atosiban (an oxytocin receptor antagonist) together with interval exercise training on mammary tumour growth, as well as tumour-related signalling pathways, including PI3K/Akt and ERK. Animal weight, OT plasma concentration, tumour weight and volume were measured at the end of the study. PI3K/Akt and ERK were evaluated by Western blot and qPCR assays. The results showed that OT plasma concentration was significantly increased in trained animals. The volume and weight of tumours were decreased significantly after both exercise training and OT administration. The expression of genes involved in tumour cell proliferation, such as PI3KR2, Akt and mTOR, was notably lower in the exercise-trained and OT-treated groups. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in cell apoptosis, such as caspase-3 and Bax, was significantly increased in the tumour tissues. In addition, Western blot results showed that phosphorylated Akt and ERK were significantly decreased in the exercise training and OT groups compared with the tumour group. Interestingly, atosiban reversed these effects. These results indicated that interval exercise training, acting via OT secretion, may reduce PI3K/Akt and ERK axis activities, and consequently, decrease tumour volume and weight in a mouse model of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Alizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Breast Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Heydari
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rahimi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behzad Bazgir
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Alipour
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yassaman Heidarian
- Cancer Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Khalighfard
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Isanejad
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Beeken RJ, Croker H, Heinrich M, Obichere A, Finer N, Murphy N, Goldin R, Guppy NJ, Wilson R, Fisher A, Steptoe A, Gunter MJ, Wardle J. The Impact of Diet-Induced Weight Loss on Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer: An Exploratory Study (INTERCEPT). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25 Suppl 2:S95-S101. [PMID: 29086510 PMCID: PMC8515939 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the potential effects of diet-induced weight loss on molecular biomarkers of colorectal cancer risk in serum and colorectal tissue. METHODS This single-arm exploratory study included 20 adults with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 completing an 8-week, complete, low-energy liquid diet. Pre- and postintervention anthropometric measurements, fasting blood draws, and endoscopic examinations to procure colorectal biopsies were performed. Fasting insulin, glucose, insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood lipids were measured in serum, and tissue markers of apoptosis (M30), colonocyte proliferation (Ki-67), and insulin signaling (phospho-mTOR) were assessed using immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Participants achieved substantial weight loss (mean = 13.56%). Mean concentrations of insulin, glucose, and cholesterol were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), but IGF-1 and CRP were not. Colorectal tissue expression of Ki-67 was significantly reduced (preintervention mean score = 7, postintervention mean score = 3.9, mean % change -43.8; P = 0.027). There were no significant changes in M30 or phospho-mTOR. CONCLUSIONS Weight loss in individuals with obesity was associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity and blood lipid profiles and a significant reduction in tissue Ki-67 expression. This is one of the first studies to demonstrate potential cancer-relevant changes in colorectal tissue following weight loss achieved through diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Beeken
- Department of Behavioural Science & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Leeds Institute of Health SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Helen Croker
- Department of Behavioural Science & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Austin Obichere
- Colorectal Service, University College London HospitalLondonUK
| | - Nicholas Finer
- Centre for Obesity ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Neil Murphy
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Robert Goldin
- Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Abigail Fisher
- Department of Behavioural Science & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Jane Wardle
- Department of Behavioural Science & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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19
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Ashcraft KA, Peace RM, Betof AS, Dewhirst MW, Jones LW. Efficacy and Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise on Cancer Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis: A Critical Systematic Review of In Vivo Preclinical Data. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4032-50. [PMID: 27381680 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major objective of the emerging field of exercise-oncology research is to determine the efficacy of, and biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise affects cancer incidence, progression, and/or metastasis. There is a strong inverse association between self-reported exercise and the primary incidence of several forms of cancer; similarly, emerging data suggest that exercise exposure after a cancer diagnosis may improve outcomes for early-stage breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer. Arguably, critical next steps in the development of exercise as a candidate treatment in cancer control require preclinical studies to validate the biological efficacy of exercise, identify the optimal "dose", and pinpoint mechanisms of action. To evaluate the current evidence base, we conducted a critical systematic review of in vivo studies investigating the effects of exercise in cancer prevention and progression. Studies were evaluated on the basis of tumor outcomes (e.g., incidence, growth, latency, metastasis), dose-response, and mechanisms of action, when available. A total of 53 studies were identified and evaluated on tumor incidence (n = 24), tumor growth (n = 33), or metastasis (n = 10). We report that the current evidence base is plagued by considerable methodologic heterogeneity in all aspects of study design, endpoints, and efficacy. Such heterogeneity precludes meaningful comparisons and conclusions at present. To this end, we provide a framework of methodologic and data reporting standards to strengthen the field to guide the conduct of high-quality studies required to inform translational, mechanism-driven clinical trials. Cancer Res; 76(14); 4032-50. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph M Peace
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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20
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Schmid D, Leitzmann MF. Cardiorespiratory fitness as predictor of cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2014; 26:272-8. [PMID: 25009011 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have reported that cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with mortality from cancer. However, the evidence relating cardiorespiratory fitness to cancer mortality has not yet been quantitatively summarized. METHODS Following the preferred reporting items for sytematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and total cancer mortality. Relevant studies were identified through a literature search in PubMed up to August 2013 and by screening reference lists of qualifying articles. Data extraction was carried out independently by both authors and summary risk estimates were obtained using random-effects models. RESULTS Six prospective studies with an overall number of 71 654 individuals and 2002 cases of total cancer mortality were included. The median follow-up time in the studies was 16.4 years. Cardiorespiratory fitness showed a strong, graded, inverse association with total cancer mortality. Using low cardiorespiratory fitness as the reference group, intermediate and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were related to statistically significant decreased summary relative risks (RRs) of total cancer mortality of 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67-0.97] and 0.55 (95% CI 0.47-0.65), respectively. Studies that adjusted for adiposity yielded similar results to those that did not adjust for adiposity. CONCLUSION Increased cardiorespiratory fitness represents a strong predictor of decreased total cancer mortality risk, independent of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schmid
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M F Leitzmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to (a) examine demographic, psychosocial, and physiological predictors of exercise adherence in a yearlong exercise intervention and (b) describe the trajectory of adherence over time. METHODS Participants were 51 men and 49 women aged 40 to 75 years. The supervised and home-based intervention consisted of 60 minutes/day, 6 days/ week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise. Three adherence measures were used: (1) minutes/week, (2) MET-hours/week, and (3) change in cardiopulmonary fitness (VO2max). Predictors of adherence were determined separately by sex using mixed models and multivariable regression. RESULTS Participants performed 287 ± 98 minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous activity with 71% adhering to at least 80% (288 minutes/week) of the prescription. Men adhered better than women (P < .001). Among women, adiposity-related variables were significantly related to poorer adherence on all 3 measures (P < .05). A less consistent pattern was observed among men but in follow-up analyses, adiposity was associated with fewer MET-hours/week of exercise. Social support, pain, and perceived benefits were predictive in some models. Men and nonobese women experienced peak adherence at 4 to 6 months, while obese women peaked during months 0 to 3. CONCLUSIONS When provided with supervision and support, previously sedentary men and women can achieve and maintain high levels of aerobic activity.
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22
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Simons CCJM, Hughes LAE, van Engeland M, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, Weijenberg MP. Physical activity, occupational sitting time, and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177:514-30. [PMID: 23420352 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated occupational energy expenditure and sitting time in the longest held job (in men only), nonoccupational physical activity, and former sports participation in relation to colorectal cancer endpoints. The Netherlands Cohort Study includes 120,852 participants who completed a self-administered questionnaire in 1986 when they were aged 55-69 years. By 2002, 1,819 male and 1,366 female colorectal cancer cases were available for case-cohort analyses. In men, higher occupational energy expenditure levels and fewer occupational sitting hours were associated with decreased hazard ratios for colon cancer, particularly distal colon cancer (occupational energy expenditure of ≥12 vs. <8 kJ/minute, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52, 0.97; P for trend = 0.01; occupational sitting hours of <2 vs. 6-8 hours/day, HR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.83; P for trend = 0.001). The median duration of the longest held job for male subcohort members was 29 years. Nonoccupational physical activity was inconsistently associated with colorectal cancer endpoints in men, and it was inversely associated with colon cancer in women, particularly distal colon cancer (>90 vs. ≤30 minutes/day, HR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.96; P for trend = 0.06), and rectal cancer (>90 vs. ≤30 minutes/day, HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.90; P for trend = 0.02). In conclusion, regular long-term physical activity and fewer sitting hours may protect against colon cancer, particularly distal colon cancer; results for rectal cancer were mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colinda C J M Simons
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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23
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Azrad M, Chang PL, Gower BA, Hunter GR, Nagy TR. Reduced mitogenicity of sera following weight loss in premenopausal women. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:916-23. [PMID: 21774593 PMCID: PMC3209713 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.594209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether serum from normal weight women is less mitogenic and more apoptotic than sera from the same women in the overweight state. Sera from premenopausal women, age (mean ± SEE) 34.6 ± 0.53 years, who were randomized to caloric restriction (CR) (n = 13), CR + aerobic exercise (AE) (n = 14), or CR + resistance training (RT) (n = 20) were used to culture endometrial cancer cells. Phases of the cell cycle were determined, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positivity was used to assess proliferation and apoptosis was assessed by determining cleaved caspase-3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Analyses showed that overall, cells grown in sera from the weight-reduced state had significantly more cells in G0/G1 and significantly fewer cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle than cells grown in sera from the overweight state. PCNA staining confirmed that cells grown in sera from the weight-reduced state had fewer proliferating cells. Cleaved caspase-3 and PARP were not different in cells grown in sera from the weight-reduced state compared to the overweight state. We conclude that weight loss with or without exercise could lower the risk for cancer through changes in serum that result in reduced cellular mitogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Azrad
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Pi-Ling Chang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Barbara A. Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
| | - Tim R. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294, USA
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Imayama I, Alfano CM, Bertram LAC, Wang C, Xiao L, Duggan C, Campbell KL, Foster-Schubert KE, McTiernan A. Effects of 12-month exercise on health-related quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2011; 52:344-51. [PMID: 21371498 PMCID: PMC3086667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated exercise effects on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and exercise self-efficacy, and tested effect modification by baseline body mass index (BMI) and gender. METHODS Middle-aged women (n=100) and men (n=102) were randomly assigned to either exercise (360 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise) or control in Seattle, WA, from 2001 to 2004. Demographics, anthropometrics, exercise self-efficacy (5-item self-efficacy questionnaire) and HRQOL (SF-36) were assessed at baseline and 12 months. Analysis of covariance adjusting for baseline scores was used to compare HRQOL and exercise self-efficacy scores between the exercise and control groups. RESULTS At 12 months, exercisers demonstrated higher exercise self-efficacy than controls (percent change from baseline: -6.5% vs. -15.0%, p < 0.01), without differences in HRQOL. Baseline BMI category and gender did not modify these effects. In exploratory analyses comparing exercisers and controls within subgroups defined by gender and BMI, 12-month HRQOL scores [role-physical (+7.0% vs. -13.1%), vitality (+15.6% vs. -4.2%), social functioning (+10.0% vs. -3.5%), and mental health (+6.8% vs. -2.9%)] were higher only among overweight male exercisers (p < 0.05, vs. control). CONCLUSION Three hundred and sixty minutes per week of exercise, recommended for weight maintenance, did not have negative effects on exercise self-efficacy or HRQOL. This level of exercise may increase HRQOL among overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Imayama
- Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Catherine M. Alfano
- Office of Cancer Survivorship, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, 6116 Executive Blvd, Suite 404, MSC 8336, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8336, USA
| | - Lisa A. Cadmus Bertram
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chiachi Wang
- Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Liren Xiao
- Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Catherine Duggan
- Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Kristin L. Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 212 Friedman Building 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Karen E. Foster-Schubert
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, UW Mailbox 358280 (111), Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Anne McTiernan
- Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, 1660 South Columbian Way, UW Mailbox 358280 (111), Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Physical activity and cancer prevention: a systematic review of clinical trials. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:811-26. [PMID: 21461921 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9761-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physically active individuals have lower rates of many cancers and improved cancer outcomes. Controlled exercise trials measuring putative biomarkers of cancer risk are being conducted to further understand the role of exercise in cancer etiology and progression. We aimed to systematically review the effect of exercise on various biomarkers. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy identified 353 publications from January 1980 to August 2010. We included those clinical trials of exercise measuring biomarkers following minimum 4-week intervention among cancer survivors or people with one or more cancer risk factors. Two reviewers abstracted data and assessed quality independently. Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS Four primary prevention and five tertiary prevention trials were included. Exercise had a small to moderate effect on improving concentrations of several blood biomarkers implicated in breast and colon cancer pathways including insulin, leptin, estrogens, and apoptosis regulation. In breast cancer survivors, exercise had a small to moderate effect on improving some biomarkers associated with prognosis including various insulin-like growth factor axis proteins, insulin, and inflammation; and a large effect on enhancing immune function. CONCLUSION Data are few, but there is some evidence to support the role of exercise in modulating various cancer pathways.
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Reding KW, Lampe JW, Wang CY, Stanczyk FZ, Ulrich CM, Xiao L, Duggan CR, McTiernan A. A 12-month moderate-intensity exercise intervention does not alter serum prolactin concentrations. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35:569-73. [PMID: 21315678 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many studies have investigated the immediate impact of physical activity on prolactin concentrations; however, it is currently unclear what impact exercise may have on prolactin concentrations in the long-term, particularly among women. Understanding the role of exercise on prolactin is important because epidemiologic studies have reported increased risks of breast cancer in association with high prolactin concentrations. We investigated whether exercise alters serum prolactin concentrations at two time points within a one-year exercise intervention. METHODS Out of 96 women aged 40-75 years, 47 were randomized to a 12-month regimen of moderate-intensity physical activity and 49 were randomized to the control group. Participants in the exercise group (exercisers) took part in exercise at gym facilities 3 times per week and 3 times per week on their own. Serum prolactin was collected from participants at baseline, 3 and 12 months. Using generalized linear models, we compared the percent change in prolactin concentrations from baseline to the two follow-up time points in the exercisers versus the control group. RESULTS While we observed the suggestion of differences in the change in serum prolactin concentrations in some subgroups, overall there was no difference in the change in prolactin concentrations between exercisers and controls at 3 months (p=0.57) or 12 months (p=0.42). CONCLUSION Our study does not support the hypothesis that long-term exercise influences serum prolactin concentrations.
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Influence of physical exercise on neuroimmunological functioning and health: aging and stress. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:69-83. [PMID: 20953749 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and acute stress, with associated pathophysiology, are implicated in a variety of disease states, with neuroimmunological dysregulation and inflammation as major hazards to health and functional sufficiency. Psychosocial stress and negative affect are linked to elevations in several inflammatory biomarkers. Immunosenescence, the deterioration of immune competence observed in the aged aspect of the life span, linked to a dramatic rise in morbidity and susceptibility to diseases with fatal outcomes, alters neuroimmunological function and is particularly marked in the neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Parkinson's disease and diabetes. Physical exercise diminishes inflammation and elevates agents and factors involved in immunomodulatory function. Both the alleviatory effects of life-long physical activity upon multiple cancer forms and the palliative effects of physical activity for individuals afflicted by cancer offer advantages in health intervention. Chronic conditions of stress and affective dysregulation are associated with neuroimmunological insufficiency and inflammation, contributing to health risk and mortality. Physical exercise regimes have induced manifest anti-inflammatory benefits, mediated possibly by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The epidemic proportions of metabolic disorders, obesity, and diabetes demand attention; several variants of exercise regimes have been found repeatedly to induce both prevention and improvement under both laboratory and clinical conditions. Physical exercise offers a unique non-pharmacologic intervention incorporating multiple activity regimes, e.g., endurance versus resistance exercise that may be adapted to conform to the particular demands of diagnosis, intervention and prognosis inherent to the staging of autoimmune disorders and related conditions.
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Winzer BM, Paratz JD, Reeves MM, Whiteman DC. Exercise and the Prevention of Oesophageal Cancer (EPOC) study protocol: a randomized controlled trial of exercise versus stretching in males with Barrett's oesophagus. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:292. [PMID: 20550712 PMCID: PMC2903528 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and excessive body fat are considered principal causes of Barrett's oesophagus (a metaplastic change in the cells lining the oesophagus) and its neoplastic progression, oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Metabolic disturbances including altered levels of obesity-related cytokines, chronic inflammation and insulin resistance have also been associated with oesophageal cancer development, especially in males. Physical activity may have the potential to abrogate metabolic disturbances in males with Barrett's oesophagus and elicit beneficial reductions in body fat and gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. Thus, exercise may be an effective intervention in reducing oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk. However, to date this hypothesis remains untested.The 'Exercise and the Prevention of Oesophageal Cancer Study' will determine whether 24 weeks of exercise training will lead to alterations in risk factors or biomarkers for oesophageal adenocarcinoma in males with Barrett's oesophagus. Our primary outcomes are serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 as well as insulin resistance. Body composition, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms, cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength will also be assessed as secondary outcomes. METHODS/DESIGN A randomized controlled trial of 80 overweight or obese, inactive males with Barrett's oesophagus will be conducted in Brisbane, Australia. Participants will be randomized to an intervention arm (60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic and resistance training, five days per week) or a control arm (45 minutes of stretching, five days per week) for 24 weeks. Primary and secondary endpoints will be measured at baseline (week 0), midpoint (week 12) and at the end of the intervention (week 24). DISCUSSION Due to the increasing incidence and very high mortality associated with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, interventions effective in preventing the progression of Barrett's oesophagus are urgently needed. We propose that exercise may be successful in reducing oesophageal adenocarcinoma risk. This primary prevention trial will also provide information on whether the protective association between physical activity and cancer is causal. TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12609000401257.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Winzer
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Burns, Trauma & Critical Care Research Centre, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Jennifer D Paratz
- The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Burns, Trauma & Critical Care Research Centre, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Marina M Reeves
- The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Cancer Prevention Research Centre, Brisbane QLD 4006, Australia
| | - David C Whiteman
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Cancer Control Group, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
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Jones LW, Viglianti BL, Tashjian JA, Kothadia SM, Keir ST, Freedland SJ, Potter MQ, Moon EJ, Schroeder T, Herndon JE, Dewhirst MW. Effect of aerobic exercise on tumor physiology in an animal model of human breast cancer. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:343-8. [PMID: 19959769 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00424.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiologic studies report that regular exercise may be associated with substantial reductions in cancer-specific and all-cause mortality following a breast cancer diagnosis. The mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been identified. We investigated the effects of long-term voluntary wheel running on growth and progression using an animal model of human breast cancer. We also examined effects on the central features of tumor physiology, including markers of tumor blood perfusion/vascularization, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Athymic female mice fed a high-fat diet were orthotopically (direct into the mammary fat pad) implanted with human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 at 1 x 10(6)) into the right dorsal mammary fat pad and randomly assigned (1:1) to voluntary wheel running (n = 25) or a nonintervention (sedentary) control group (n = 25). Tumor volume was measured every three days using digital calipers. All experimental animals were killed when tumor volume reached > or = 1,500 mm(3). Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis indicated that tumor growth (survival) was comparable between the experimental groups (exercise 44 days vs. control 48 days; KM proportional hazard ratio = 1.41, 95% confidence interval, 0.77-2.58, P = 0.14). However, tumors from exercising animals had significantly improved blood perfusion/vascularization relative to the sedentary control group (P < 0.05). Histological analyses indicated that intratumoral hypoxia levels (as assessed by hypoxia-inducible factor 1) were significantly higher in the exercise group relative to sedentary control (P < 0.05). Aerobic exercise can significantly increase intratumoral vascularization, leading to "normalization" of the tissue microenvironment in human breast tumors. Such findings may have important implications for inhibiting tumor metastasis and improving the efficacy of conventional cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Jones
- Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Lunz W, Peluzio MCG, Dias CMGC, Moreira APB, Natali AJ. Long-term aerobic swimming training by rats reduces the number of aberrant crypt foci in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 41:1000-4. [PMID: 19099153 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008001100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the effect of long-term aerobic swimming training regimens of different intensities on colonic carcinogenesis in rats. Male Wistar rats (11 weeks old) were given 4 subcutaneous injections (40 mg/kg body weight each) of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH, dissolved in 0.9% NaCl containing 1.5% EDTA, pH 6.5), at 3-day intervals and divided into three exercise groups that swam with 0% body weight (EG1, N = 11), 2% body weight (EG2, N = 11), and 4% body weight of load (EG3, N = 10), 20 min/day, 5 days/week for 35 weeks, and one sedentary control group (CG, N = 10). At sacrifice, the colon was removed and counted for tumors and aberrant crypt foci. Tumor size was measured and intra-abdominal fat was weighed. The mean number of aberrant crypt foci was reduced only for EG2 compared to CG (26.21 +/- 2.99 vs 36.40 +/- 1.53 crypts; P < 0.05). Tumor incidence was not significantly different among groups (CG: 90%; EG1: 72.7%; EG2: 90%; EG3: 80%). Swimming training did not affect either tumor multiplicity (CG: 2.30 +/- 0.58; EG1: 2.09 +/- 0.44; EG2: 1.27 +/- 0.19; EG3: 1.50 +/- 0.48 tumors) or size (CG: 1.78 +/- 0.24; EG1: 1.81 +/- 0.14; EG2: 1.55 +/- 0.21; EG3: 2.17 +/- 0.22 cm(3)). Intra-abdominal fat was not significantly different among groups (CG: 10.54 +/- 2.73; EG1: 6.12 +/- 1.15; EG2: 7.85 +/- 1.24; EG3: 5.11 +/- 0.74 g). Aerobic swimming training with 2% body weight of load protected against the DMH-induced preneoplastic colon lesions, but not against tumor development in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lunz
- Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Chigurupati S, Son TG, Hyun DH, Lathia JD, Mughal MR, Savell J, Li SC, GPC N, Chan SL, Arumugam TV, Mattson MP. Lifelong running reduces oxidative stress and degenerative changes in the testes of mice. J Endocrinol 2008; 199:333-41. [PMID: 18701639 PMCID: PMC2597502 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regular exercise can counteract the adverse effects of aging on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. In males, the normal aging process is associated with reductions in testosterone production and impaired spermatogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms and their potential modification by exercise are unknown. Here, we report that lifelong regular exercise (running) protects the testes against the adverse effects of advancing age, and that this effect of running is associated with decreased amounts of oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA in spermatogenic and Leydig cells. Six-month-old male mice were divided into a sedentary group and a group that ran an average of 1.75 km/day, until the mice reached the age of 20 months. Seminiferous tubules of runners exhibited a full complement of cells at different stages of the spermatogenic process and a clear central lumen with large numbers of spermatozoa, in contrast to sedentary mice that exhibited disorganized spermatogenic cells and lacked spermatocytes in a central lumen. Levels of protein carbonyls, nitrotyrosine, lipid peroxidation products, and oxidatively modified DNA were significantly greater in spermatogenic and Leydig cells of sedentary mice compared with runners. These findings suggest that lifelong regular exercise suppresses aging of testes by a mechanism that involves reduced oxidative damage to spermatogenic and Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Chigurupati
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Tae Gen Son
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dong-Hoon Hyun
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Woman’s University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mohamed R. Mughal
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jason Savell
- Department of Pathology, Orlando Regional Health Care, Orlando, FL 32806
| | - Shuan C. Li
- Department of Pathology, Orlando Regional Health Care, Orlando, FL 32806
| | - Nagaraju GPC
- Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Sic L. Chan
- Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Address for correspondence and reprints: Mark P. Mattson, Laboratory of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Center, 5th floor, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, Phone 410-558-8463, Fax 410-558-8465, E mail:
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Hawk ET, Greenwood A, Gritz ER, McTiernan A, Sellers T, Hursting SD, Leischow S, Grad O. The Translational Research Working Group developmental pathway for lifestyle alterations. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5707-13. [PMID: 18794079 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Translational Research Working Group (TRWG) was created as a national initiative to evaluate the current status of National Cancer Institute's investment in translational research and envision its future. The TRWG conceptualized translational research as a set of six developmental processes or pathways focused on various clinical goals. One of those pathways describes the development of lifestyle alterations, which can, variously, be recommended to prevent cancer, modify a patient's adherence and response to cancer treatment, ameliorate side effects of cancer treatments, or improve prognosis and quality of life in cancer patients and survivors. The lifestyle alteration pathway was conceived not as a comprehensive description of the corresponding real-world processes, but rather as a tool designed to facilitate movement of a candidate lifestyle alteration through the translational process up to the point where it could be handed off for definitive testing, when appropriate. This article discusses key issues associated with the development of lifestyle alterations in light of the pathway.
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The impact of physical activity on all-cause mortality in men and women after a cancer diagnosis. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 20:225-31. [PMID: 18830799 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existing information regarding the impact of physical activity after a cancer diagnosis on all-cause mortality is limited. We examined the association between different types of physical activity (domestic, walking, sports) and mortality in 293 participants (65.5% women) with a cancer registration prior to the baseline assessment. METHODS Participants were drawn from the Scottish Health Surveys (1995, 1998, 2003) that were linked to a national database of cancer registrations and deaths. The main outcome was all-cause mortality during a mean follow-up period of 5.9 +/- 3.2 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of all-cause mortality by levels of physical activity. RESULTS There were 78 deaths during follow-up. The lowest risks for all-cause mortality were seen in sports activity groups [multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for any compared with groups of no sports: 0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.96, p = 0.039] although light and moderate activity such as domestic activity (HR = 1.04, 0.60-1.80) and regular walking (HR = 0.95, 0.57-1.56) did not confer protection. CONCLUSION Participation in an average of more than three sessions of vigorous exercise per week for at least 20 min/session was associated with the lowest risks of all-cause mortality following a cancer diagnosis. Vigorous physical activity could therefore be a more important determinant of survival than duration or total volume of exercise in cancer survivors.
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Janecka IP. Colon Cancer and Physical Activity: A Content Analysis of Reciprocal Relationship. Clin Med Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colon cancer is among the leading causes of cancer mortality and its incidence is increasing worldwide. This is true in spite of broad basic research into colon cancer while, concurrently, physical activity has been shown to offer significant preventive potential. This background led to the formulation of the following research questions: • Why is physical activity so effective in decreasing the incidence of colon cancer? • Is there a common denominator to colon cancer and physical activity, which has a reciprocal function? • Knowing the potential for public health impact of physical activity on colon cancer, has physical activity-colon cancer relationship been in the forefront of research efforts? Methods Content analysis of archival literature has been carried out on census of 32,822 message units, extracted from the National Library of Medicine and its PubMed database. The following search terms were used: colon cancer, physical activity, melatonin, age/genetics, diet (obesity, vitamin D, calcium), immunity/inflammation, and bioactive substances incorporating insulin-like growth factor 1, interleukins, and prostaglandins. The research timeframe for each category began with the first article published and ended with the last one printed in 2005. Results/Conclusions The effectiveness of physical activity in decreasing the incidence of colon cancer is likely the result of its biologic activity within not one or two but all of the major known colon cancer etiologies, demonstrating a powerful reciprocal relationship. Melatonin is identified as a plausible common denominator of colon cancer and physical activity. The greatest volume of publications deals with colon cancer and genetics. A significant societal health care impact could be achieved by adopting physical activity as a major cancer control strategy.
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