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Improved Targeting of Therapeutics by Nanocarrier-Based Delivery in Cancer Immunotherapy and Their Future Perspectives. BIONANOSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-023-01065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Shi W, Chen S, Chi F, Qiu Q, Zhong Y, Bian X, Zhang H, Xi J, Qian H. Advances in Tumor Antigen‐Based Anticancer Immunotherapy: Recent Progress, Prevailing Challenges, and Future Perspective. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Fanglian Chi
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Qiu
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhong
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Bian
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Science China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Junting Xi
- School of Science China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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Alarcon NO, Jaramillo M, Mansour HM, Sun B. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines—Antigen Discovery and Adjuvant Delivery Platforms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071448. [PMID: 35890342 PMCID: PMC9325128 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, vaccines have played a significant role in protecting public and personal health against infectious diseases and proved their great potential in battling cancers as well. This review focused on the current progress of therapeutic subunit vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Antigens and adjuvants are key components of vaccine formulations. We summarized several classes of tumor antigens and bioinformatic approaches of identification of tumor neoantigens. Pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-targeting adjuvants and their targeted delivery platforms have been extensively discussed. In addition, we emphasized the interplay between multiple adjuvants and their combined delivery for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neftali Ortega Alarcon
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Maddy Jaramillo
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (N.O.A.); (M.J.); (H.M.M.)
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-520-621-6420
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Aghamiri S, Noofeli M, Saffarian P, Salehi Najafabadi Z, Goudarzi HR. Investigating preparation and characterisation of diphtheria toxoid-loaded on sodium alginate nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol 2022; 16:199-209. [PMID: 35610737 PMCID: PMC9178656 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the preparation and characterisation of the alginate nanoparticles (NPs) as antigen delivery system loaded by diphtheria toxoid (DT). For this purpose, both the loading capacity (LC) and Loading efficiency (LE) of the alginate NPs burdened by DT are evaluated. Moreover, the effects of different concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride on the NPs physicochemical characteristics are surveyed in addition to other physical conditions such as homogenization time and rate. To do so, the NPs are characterised using particle size and distribution, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release study and FT‐IR spectroscopy. Subsequently, the effects of homogenization time and rate on the NPs are assessed. At the meantime, the NPs LC and efficiency in several DT concentrations are estimated. The average size of the NPs was 400.7 and 276.6 nm for unloaded and DT loaded, respectively. According to the obtained results, the zeta potential of the blank and DT loaded NPs are estimated as −23.7 mV and −21.2 mV, respectively. Whereas, the LC and LE were >80% and >90%, in that order. Furthermore, 95% of the releasing DT loaded NPs occurs at 140 h in the sustained mode without any bursting release. It can be concluded that the features of NPs such as morphology and particle size are strongly depended on the calcium chloride, sodium alginate concentrations and physicochemical conditions in the NPs formation process. In addition, appropriate concentrations of the sodium alginate and calcium ions would lead to obtaining the desirable NPs formation associated with the advantageous LE, LC (over 80%) and sustained in vitro release profile. Ultimately, the proposed NPs can be employed in vaccine formulation for the targeted delivery, controlled and slow antigen release associated with the improved antigen stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Aghamiri
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Noofeli
- Department of Research and Development, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Saffarian
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salehi Najafabadi
- Department of Human Bacterial Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Goudarzi
- Department of Research and Development, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Polymer-Based Nanovaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060558. [PMID: 34073648 PMCID: PMC8226647 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most valuable and cost-effective health measure to prevent and control the spread of infectious diseases. A significant number of infectious diseases and chronic disorders are still not preventable by existing vaccination schemes; therefore, new-generation vaccines are needed. Novel technologies such as nanoparticulate systems and adjuvants can enable safe and effective vaccines for difficult target populations such as newborns, elderly, and the immune-compromised. More recently, polymer-based particles have found application as vaccine platforms and vaccine adjuvants due to their ability to prevent antigen degradation and clearance, coupled with enhanced uptake by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Polymeric nanoparticles have been applied in vaccine delivery, showing significant adjuvant effects as they can easily be taken up by APCs. In other words, polymer-based systems offer a lot of advantages, including versatility and flexibility in the design process, the ability to incorporate a range of immunomodulators/antigens, mimicking infection in different ways, and acting as a depot, thereby persisting long enough to generate adaptive immune responses. The aim of this review is to summarize the properties, the characteristics, the added value, and the limitations of the polymer-based nanovaccines, as well as the process of their development by the pharmaceutical industry.
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Fan C, Qu H, Wang X, Sobhani N, Wang L, Liu S, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Li Y. Cancer/testis antigens: from serology to mRNA cancer vaccine. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:218-231. [PMID: 33910064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are a group of tumor antigens expressed in numerous cancer tissues, as well as in the testis and placental tissues. There are over 200 CTAs supported by serology and expression data. The expression patterns of CTAs reflect the similarities between the processes of gametogenesis and tumorigenesis. It is notable that CTAs are highly expressed in three types of cancers (lung cancer, bladder cancer, and skin cancer), all of which have a metal etiology. Here, we review the expression, regulation, and function of CTAs and their translational prospects as cancer biomarkers and treatment targets. Many CTAs are highly immunogenic, tissue-specific, and frequently expressed in cancer tissues but not under physiological conditions, rendering them promising candidates for cancer detection. Some CTAs are associated with clinical outcomes, so they may serve as prognostic biomarkers. A small number of CTAs are membrane-bound, making them ideal targets for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Mounting evidence suggests that CTAs induce humoral or cellular immune responses, providing cancer immunotherapeutic opportunities for T-cell receptors (TCRs), CAR T cell, antibody-based therapy and peptide- or mRNA-based vaccines. Indeed, CTAs are the dominating non-mutated targets in mRNA cancer vaccine development. Clinical trials on CTA TCR and vaccines have shown effectiveness, safety, and tolerance, but these successes are limited to a small number of patients. In-depth studies on CTA expression and function are needed to improve CTA-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Hongke Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Leiming Wang
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Shuanglin Liu
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
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Bhardwaj P, Bhatia E, Sharma S, Ahamad N, Banerjee R. Advancements in prophylactic and therapeutic nanovaccines. Acta Biomater 2020; 108:1-21. [PMID: 32268235 PMCID: PMC7163188 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines activate suitable immune responses to fight against diseases but can possess limitations such as compromised efficacy and immunogenic responses, poor stability, and requirement of adherence to multiple doses. ‘Nanovaccines’ have been explored to elicit a strong immune response with the advantages of nano-sized range, high antigen loading, enhanced immunogenicity, controlled antigen presentation, more retention in lymph nodes and promote patient compliance by a lower frequency of dosing. Various types of nanoparticles with diverse pathogenic or foreign antigens can help to overcome immunotolerance and alleviate the need of booster doses as required with conventional vaccines. Nanovaccines have the potential to induce both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity and can render long-lasting immunogenic memory. With such properties, nanovaccines have shown high potential for the prevention of infectious diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, and cancer. Their therapeutic potential has also been explored in the treatment of cancer. The various kinds of nanomaterials used for vaccine development and their effects on immune system activation have been discussed with special relevance to their implications in various pathological conditions. Statement of Significance Interaction of nanoparticles with the immune system has opened multiple avenues to combat a variety of infectious and non-infectious pathological conditions. Limitations of conventional vaccines have paved the path for nanomedicine associated benefits with a hope of producing effective nanovaccines. This review highlights the role of different types of nanovaccines and the role of nanoparticles in modulating the immune response of vaccines. The applications of nanovaccines in infectious and non-infectious diseases like malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS, influenza, and cancers have been discussed. It will help the readers develop an understanding of mechanisms of immune activation by nanovaccines and design appropriate strategies for novel nanovaccines.
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Cebon JS, Gore M, Thompson JF, Davis ID, McArthur GA, Walpole E, Smithers M, Cerundolo V, Dunbar PR, MacGregor D, Fisher C, Millward M, Nathan P, Findlay MPN, Hersey P, Evans TRJ, Ottensmeier CH, Marsden J, Dalgleish AG, Corrie PG, Maria M, Brimble M, Williams G, Winkler S, Jackson HM, Endo-Munoz L, Tutuka CSA, Venhaus R, Old LJ, Haack D, Maraskovsky E, Behren A, Chen W. Results of a randomized, double-blind phase II clinical trial of NY-ESO-1 vaccine with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant versus ISCOMATRIX alone in participants with high-risk resected melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000410. [PMID: 32317292 PMCID: PMC7204806 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the clinical efficacy of New York Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1) vaccine with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant versus ISCOMATRIX alone in a randomized, double-blind phase II study in participants with fully resected melanoma at high risk of recurrence. METHODS Participants with resected stage IIc, IIIb, IIIc and IV melanoma expressing NY-ESO-1 were randomized to treatment with three doses of NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX or ISCOMATRIX adjuvant administered intramuscularly at 4-week intervals, followed by a further dose at 6 months. Primary endpoint was the proportion free of relapse at 18 months in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population and two per-protocol populations. Secondary endpoints included relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), safety and NY-ESO-1 immunity. RESULTS The ITT population comprised 110 participants, with 56 randomized to NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX and 54 to ISCOMATRIX alone. No significant toxicities were observed. There were no differences between the study arms in relapses at 18 months or for median time to relapse; 139 vs 176 days (p=0.296), or relapse rate, 27 (48.2%) vs 26 (48.1%) (HR 0.913; 95% CI 0.402 to 2.231), respectively. RFS and OS were similar between the study arms. Vaccine recipients developed strong positive antibody responses to NY-ESO-1 (p≤0.0001) and NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ responses. Biopsies following relapse did not demonstrate differences in NY-ESO-1 expression between the study populations although an exploratory study demonstrated reduced (NY-ESO-1)+/Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I+ double-positive cells in biopsies from vaccine recipients performed on relapse in 19 participants. CONCLUSIONS The vaccine was well tolerated, however, despite inducing antigen-specific immunity, it did not affect survival endpoints. Immune escape through the downregulation of NY-ESO-1 and/or HLA class I molecules on tumor may have contributed to relapse.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Biopsy
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/adverse effects
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Cholesterol/administration & dosage
- Cholesterol/adverse effects
- Dermatologic Surgical Procedures
- Disease-Free Survival
- Double-Blind Method
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Male
- Melanoma/diagnosis
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/mortality
- Melanoma/therapy
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Neoplasm Staging
- Phospholipids/administration & dosage
- Phospholipids/adverse effects
- Saponins/administration & dosage
- Saponins/adverse effects
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/mortality
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Cebon
- Cancer Immunobiology Programme, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Gore
- Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University Eastern Health Clinical School, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Melanona and Skin Service, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Euan Walpole
- Cancer Services Division, Princess Alexandra Hospital Health Service District, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Smithers
- Oncology Services Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital Health Service District, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Duncan MacGregor
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cyril Fisher
- Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Millward
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Nathan
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, London, UK
| | - Michael P N Findlay
- School of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Hersey
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Group, Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Marsden
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angus G Dalgleish
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, Division of Oncology, St Georges Hospital Medical School, London, UK
| | - Pippa G Corrie
- West Anglia Cancer Research Network Oncology Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marples Maria
- The Cancer Research Centre, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Margaret Brimble
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Williams
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sintia Winkler
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heather M Jackson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liliana Endo-Munoz
- Cancer Immunobiology Programme, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Candani S A Tutuka
- Cancer Immunobiology Programme, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralph Venhaus
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lloyd J Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dennis Haack
- Versagenics Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Andreas Behren
- Cancer Immunobiology Programme, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University at Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Austin Branch, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Dashti S, Taherian-Esfahani Z. Cellular immune responses against cancer-germline genes in cancers. Hum Antibodies 2019; 28:57-64. [PMID: 31356200 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-germline genes are a class of genes that are normally expressed in testis, trophoblast and few somatic tissues but abnormally expressed in tumor tissues. Their expression signature indicates that they can induce cellular immune responses, thus being applied as targets in cancer immunotherapy. OBJECTIVES To obtain the data of cellular immune responses against cancer-germline genes in cancer. METHODS We searched PubMed/Medline with the key words cancer-germline antigen, cancer-testis antigen, CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell and cancer. RESULTS About 40 cancer-germline genes have been shown to induce T cell specific responses in cancer patients. Melanoma, lung and breast cancer are among the mostly assessed cancer types. Several epitopes have been identified which can be used in immunotherapy of cancer. CONCLUSION Cellular immune responses against cancer-germline genes are indicative of appropriateness of these genes as therapeutic targets.
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Pati R, Shevtsov M, Sonawane A. Nanoparticle Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2224. [PMID: 30337923 PMCID: PMC6180194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to emergence of new variants of pathogenic micro-organisms the treatment and immunization of infectious diseases have become a great challenge in the past few years. In the context of vaccine development remarkable efforts have been made to develop new vaccines and also to improve the efficacy of existing vaccines against specific diseases. To date, some vaccines are developed from protein subunits or killed pathogens, whilst several vaccines are based on live-attenuated organisms, which carry the risk of regaining their pathogenicity under certain immunocompromised conditions. To avoid this, the development of risk-free effective vaccines in conjunction with adequate delivery systems are considered as an imperative need to obtain desired humoral and cell-mediated immunity against infectious diseases. In the last several years, the use of nanoparticle-based vaccines has received a great attention to improve vaccine efficacy, immunization strategies, and targeted delivery to achieve desired immune responses at the cellular level. To improve vaccine efficacy, these nanocarriers should protect the antigens from premature proteolytic degradation, facilitate antigen uptake and processing by antigen presenting cells, control release, and should be safe for human use. Nanocarriers composed of lipids, proteins, metals or polymers have already been used to attain some of these attributes. In this context, several physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles play an important role in the determination of vaccine efficacy. This review article focuses on the applications of nanocarrier-based vaccine formulations and the strategies used for the functionalization of nanoparticles to accomplish efficient delivery of vaccines in order to induce desired host immunity against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St.Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Antitumor activity of CAR-T cells targeting the intracellular oncoprotein WT1 can be enhanced by vaccination. Blood 2018; 132:1134-1145. [PMID: 30045840 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-802926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy for treatment of hematologic malignancies supports further development of treatments for both liquid and solid tumors. However, expansion of CAR-T cell therapy is limited by the availability of surface antigens specific for the tumor while sparing normal cells. There is a rich diversity of tumor antigens from intracellularly expressed proteins that current and conventional CAR-T cells are unable to target. Furthermore, adoptively transferred T cells often suffer from exhaustion and insufficient expansion, in part, because of the immunosuppressive mechanisms operating in tumor-bearing hosts. Therefore, it is necessary to develop means to further activate and expand those CAR-T cells in vivo. The Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) is an intracellular oncogenic transcription factor that is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy because of its overexpression in a wide range of leukemias and solid tumors, and a low level of expression in normal adult tissues. In the present study, we developed CAR-T cells consisting of a single chain variable fragment (scFv) specific to the WT1235-243/HLA-A*2402 complex. The therapeutic efficacy of our CAR-T cells was demonstrated in a xenograft model, which was further enhanced by vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the corresponding antigen. This enhanced efficacy was mediated, at least partly, by the expansion and activation of CAR-T cells. CAR-T cells shown in the present study not only demonstrate the potential to expand the range of targets available to CAR-T cells, but also provide a proof of concept that efficacy of CAR-T cells targeting peptide/major histocompatibility complex can be boosted by vaccination.
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12
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Gomes-Silva D, Ramos CA. Cancer Immunotherapy Using CAR-T Cells: From the Research Bench to the Assembly Line. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:10.1002/biot.201700097. [PMID: 28960810 PMCID: PMC5966018 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The focus of cancer treatment has recently shifted toward targeted therapies, including immunotherapy, which allow better individualization of care and are hoped to increase the probability of success for patients. Specifically, T cells genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs; CAR-T cells) have generated exciting results. Recent clinical successes with this cutting-edge therapy have helped to push CAR-T cells toward approval for wider use. However, several limitations need to be addressed before the widespread use of CAR-T cells as a standard treatment. Here, a succinct background on adoptive T-cell therapy (ATCT)is given. A brief overview of the structure of CARs, how they are introduced into T cells, and how CAR-T cell expansion and selection is achieved in vitro is then presented. Some of the challenges in CAR design are discussed, as well as the difficulties that arise in large-scale CAR-T cell manufacture that will need to be addressed to achieve successful commercialization of this type of cell therapy. Finally, developments already on the horizon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Gomes-Silva
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Ramos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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A simple method for measuring immune complex-mediated, Fc gamma receptor dependent antigen-specific activation of primary human T cells. J Immunol Methods 2017; 454:32-39. [PMID: 29258749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune complex (IC) deposition of IgG containing autologous antigens has been observed in autoimmunity. This can lead to IC-mediated antigen uptake and presentation by antigen presenting cells (APC) driving T cell dependent inflammation. IgG receptors (FcγRs) have been suggested to be involved in this process. Since ICs have been linked to autoimmune diseases, interfering with IC mediated effects on APCs and subsequent autoimmune T cell activation via FcγR blockade may be therapeutically beneficial. However, this is currently challenging due to a lack of translatable animal models and specific human in vitro assays to study IC-driven T cell responses. Here, we developed a simple cellular assay to study IC-mediated T cell activation in vitro using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tetanus toxoid as a model antigen. We observed that tetanus ICs led to a strong induction of T cell proliferation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are hallmarks of chronic inflammation. This process was exacerbated when compared to tetanus toxoid challenge alone. IC-mediated T cell effects were FcγR dependent and inhibited by high-dose intravenous IgG (IVIg), a drug often used for the clinical treatments of autoimmune diseases. Similar effects were also seen using a hepatitis antigen. Consequently, we propose our assay as a rapid yet robust alternative to more labour-intense and time-consuming protocols, for example involving separate maturation of dendritic cells followed by T cell co-culture to study antigen specific primary T cell activation.
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Distinct Roles of Vaccinia Virus NF-κB Inhibitor Proteins A52, B15, and K7 in the Immune Response. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00575-17. [PMID: 28424281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00575-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses use a complex strategy to escape immune control, by expressing immunomodulatory proteins that could limit their use as vaccine vectors. To test the role of poxvirus NF-κB pathway inhibitors A52, B15, and K7 in immunity, we deleted their genes in an NYVAC (New York vaccinia virus) strain that expresses HIV-1 clade C antigens. After infection of mice, ablation of the A52R, B15R, and K7R genes increased dendritic cell, natural killer cell, and neutrophil migration as well as chemokine/cytokine expression. Revertant viruses with these genes confirmed their role in inhibiting the innate immune system. To different extents, enhanced innate immune responses correlated with increased HIV Pol- and Gag-specific polyfunctional CD8 T cell and HIV Env-specific IgG responses induced by single-, double-, and triple-deletion mutants. These poxvirus proteins thus influence innate and adaptive cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and their ablation offers alternatives for design of vaccine vectors that regulate immune responses distinctly.IMPORTANCE Poxvirus vectors are used in clinical trials as candidate vaccines for several pathogens, yet how these vectors influence the immune system is unknown. We developed distinct poxvirus vectors that express heterologous antigens but lack different inhibitors of the central host-cell signaling pathway. Using mice, we studied the capacity of these viruses to induce innate and adaptive immune responses and showed that these vectors can distinctly regulate the magnitude and quality of these responses. These findings provide important insights into the mechanism of poxvirus-induced immune response and alternative strategies for vaccine vector design.
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Chattopadhyay S, Chen JY, Chen HW, Hu CMJ. Nanoparticle Vaccines Adopting Virus-like Features for Enhanced Immune Potentiation. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:244-260. [PMID: 29071191 PMCID: PMC5646730 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.19796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic nanoparticles play an increasingly significant role in vaccine design and development as many nanoparticle vaccines show improved safety and efficacy over conventional formulations. These nanoformulations are structurally similar to viruses, which are nanoscale pathogenic organisms that have served as a key selective pressure driving the evolution of our immune system. As a result, mechanisms behind the benefits of nanoparticle vaccines can often find analogue to the interaction dynamics between the immune system and viruses. This review covers the advances in vaccine nanotechnology with a perspective on the advantages of virus mimicry towards immune potentiation. It provides an overview to the different types of nanomaterials utilized for nanoparticle vaccine development, including functionalization strategies that bestow nanoparticles with virus-like features. As understanding of human immunity and vaccine mechanisms continue to evolve, recognizing the fundamental semblance between synthetic nanoparticles and viruses may offer an explanation for the superiority of nanoparticle vaccines over conventional vaccines and may spur new design rationales for future vaccine research. These nanoformulations are poised to provide solutions towards pressing and emerging human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saborni Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nanotechnology and Infectious Diseases, Taipei, Taiwan
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Alhaique F, Matricardi P, Di Meo C, Coviello T, Montanari E. Polysaccharide-based self-assembling nanohydrogels: An overview on 25-years research on pullulan. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tahara Y, Akiyoshi K. Current advances in self-assembled nanogel delivery systems for immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 95:65-76. [PMID: 26482187 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since nanogels (nanometer-sized gels) were developed two decades ago, they were utilized as carriers of innovative drug delivery systems. In particular, immunological drug delivery via self-assembled nanogels (self-nanogels) owing to their nanometer size and molecular chaperon-like ability to encapsulate large biomolecules is one of the most well studied and successful applications of nanogels. In the present review, we focus on self-nanogel applications as immunological drug delivery systems for cancer vaccines, cytokine delivery, nasal vaccines, and nucleic acid delivery, including several clinical trials. Cancer vaccines were the first practical application of self-nanogels as vehicles for drug delivery. After successful pre-clinical studies, phase I clinical trials were conducted, and it was found that vaccines consisting of self-nanogels could be administered repeatedly to humans without serious adverse effects, and self-nanogel vaccines induced antigen-specific cellular and humoral immunity. Cytokine delivery via self-nanogels led to the sustained release of IL-12, suppressed tumor growth, and increased Th1-type immune responses. Cationic self-nanogels were effective in penetrating the nasal mucosa and resulted in successful nasal vaccines in mice and nonhuman primates. Cationic self-nanogels were also used for the intracellular delivery of proteins and nucleic acids, and were successfully used to knockdown tumor growth factor expression using short interfering RNA with the immunological effect. These studies suggest that self-nanogels are currently one of the most unique and attractive immunological drug delivery systems and are edging closer to practical use.
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Muraoka D, Harada N, Hayashi T, Tahara Y, Momose F, Sawada SI, Mukai SA, Akiyoshi K, Shiku H. Nanogel-based immunologically stealth vaccine targets macrophages in the medulla of lymph node and induces potent antitumor immunity. ACS NANO 2014; 8:9209-9218. [PMID: 25180962 DOI: 10.1021/nn502975r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Because existing therapeutic cancer vaccines provide only a limited clinical benefit, a different vaccination strategy is necessary to improve vaccine efficacy. We developed a nanoparticulate cancer vaccine by encapsulating a synthetic long peptide antigen within an immunologically inert nanoparticulate hydrogel (nanogel) of cholesteryl pullulan (CHP). After subcutaneous injection to mice, the nanogel-based vaccine was efficiently transported to the draining lymph node, and was preferentially engulfed by medullary macrophages but was not sensed by other macrophages and dendritic cells (so-called "immunologically stealth mode"). Although the function of medullary macrophages in T cell immunity has been unexplored so far, these macrophages effectively cross-primed the vaccine-specific CD8(+) T cells in the presence of a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist as an adjuvant. The nanogel-based vaccine significantly inhibited in vivo tumor growth in the prophylactic and therapeutic settings, compared to another vaccine formulation using a conventional delivery system, incomplete Freund's adjuvant. We also revealed that lymph node macrophages were highly responsive to TLR stimulation, which may underlie the potency of the macrophage-oriented, nanogel-based vaccine. These results indicate that targeting medullary macrophages using the immunologically stealth nanoparticulate delivery system is an effective vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Muraoka
- Department of Immuno-Gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Kageyama S, Wada H, Muro K, Niwa Y, Ueda S, Miyata H, Takiguchi S, Sugino SH, Miyahara Y, Ikeda H, Imai N, Sato E, Yamada T, Osako M, Ohnishi M, Harada N, Hishida T, Doki Y, Shiku H. Dose-dependent effects of NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine complexed with cholesteryl pullulan (CHP-NY-ESO-1) on immune responses and survival benefits of esophageal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2013; 11:246. [PMID: 24093426 PMCID: PMC4015172 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesteryl pullulan (CHP) is a novel antigen delivery system for cancer vaccines. This study evaluated the safety, immune responses and clinical outcomes of patients who received the CHP-NY-ESO-1 complex vaccine, Drug code: IMF-001. Methods Patients with advanced/metastatic esophageal cancer were enrolled and subcutaneously vaccinated with either 100 μg or 200 μg of NY-ESO-1 protein complexed with CHP. The primary endpoints were safety and humoral immune responses, and the secondary endpoint was clinical efficacy. Results A total of 25 patients were enrolled. Thirteen and twelve patients were repeatedly vaccinated with 100 μg or 200 μg of CHP-NY-ESO-1 with a median of 8 or 9.5 doses, respectively. No serious adverse events related to the vaccine were observed. Three out of 13 patients in the 100-μg cohort and 7 out of 12 patients in the 200-μg cohort were positive for anti-NY-ESO-1 antibodies at baseline. In the 100-μg cohort, an antibody response was observed in 5 out of 10 pre-antibody-negatives patients, and the antibody levels were augmented in 2 pre-antibody-positive patients after vaccination. In the 200-μg cohort, all 5 pre-antibody-negative patients became seropositive, and the antibody level was amplified in all 7 pre-antibody-positive patients. No tumor shrinkage was observed. The patients who received 200 μg of CHP-NY-ESO-1 survived longer than patients receiving 100 μg of CHP-NY-ESO-1, even those who exhibited unresponsiveness to previous therapies or had higher tumor burdens. Conclusions The safety and immunogenicity of CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccine were confirmed. The 200 μg dose more efficiently induced immune responses and suggested better survival benefits. (Clinical trial registration number NCT01003808).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kageyama
- Departments of Immuno-Gene Therapy and Cancer Vaccine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Polymeric nanogels as vaccine delivery systems. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:159-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Targeted, Multifunctional Hydrogel Nanoparticles for Imaging and Treatment of Cancer. NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2305-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tsuji T, Matsuzaki J, Ritter E, Miliotto A, Ritter G, Odunsi K, Old LJ, Gnjatic S. Split T cell tolerance against a self/tumor antigen: spontaneous CD4+ but not CD8+ T cell responses against p53 in cancer patients and healthy donors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23651. [PMID: 21858191 PMCID: PMC3155555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of NY-ESO-1-specific spontaneous immune responses in cancer patients revealed that antibody and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were induced together in cancer patients. To explore whether such integrated immune responses are also spontaneously induced for other tumor antigens, we have evaluated antibody and T cell responses against self/tumor antigen p53 in ovarian cancer patients and healthy individuals. We found that 21% (64/298) of ovarian cancer patients but no healthy donors showed specific IgG responses against wild-type p53 protein. While none of 12 patients with high titer p53 antibody showed spontaneous p53-specific CD8+ T cell responses following a single in vitro sensitization, significant p53-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells were detected in 6 patients. Surprisingly, similar levels of p53-specific CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells were also detected in 5/10 seronegative cancer patients and 9/12 healthy donors. Importantly, p53-specific CD4+ T cells in healthy donors originated from a CD45RA− antigen-experienced T cell population and recognized naturally processed wild-type p53 protein. These results raise the possibility that p53-specific CD4+ T cells reflect abnormalities in p53 occurring in normal individuals and that they may play a role in processes of immunosurveillance or immunoregulation of p53-related neoplastic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Tsuji
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Junko Matsuzaki
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Erika Ritter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anthony Miliotto
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerd Ritter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Lloyd J. Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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Kakimi K, Isobe M, Uenaka A, Wada H, Sato E, Doki Y, Nakajima J, Seto Y, Yamatsuji T, Naomoto Y, Shiraishi K, Takigawa N, Kiura K, Tsuji K, Iwatsuki K, Oka M, Pan L, Hoffman EW, Old LJ, Nakayama E. A phase I study of vaccination with NY-ESO-1f peptide mixed with Picibanil OK-432 and Montanide ISA-51 in patients with cancers expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2836-46. [PMID: 21448901 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a phase I clinical trial of a cancer vaccine using a 20-mer NY-ESO-1f peptide (NY-ESO-1 91-110) that includes multiple epitopes recognized by antibodies, and CD4 and CD8 T cells. Ten patients were immunized with 600 μg of NY-ESO-1f peptide mixed with 0.2 KE Picibanil OK-432 and 1.25 ml Montanide ISA-51. Primary end points of the study were safety and immune response. Subcutaneous injection of the NY-ESO-1f peptide vaccine was well tolerated. Vaccine-related adverse events observed were fever (Grade 1), injection-site reaction (Grade 1 or 2) and induration (Grade 2). Vaccination with the NY-ESO-1f peptide resulted in an increase or induction of NY-ESO-1 antibody responses in nine of ten patients. The sera reacted with recombinant NY-ESO-1 whole protein as well as the NY-ESO-1f peptide. An increase in CD4 and CD8 T cell responses was observed in nine of ten patients. Vaccine-induced CD4 and CD8 T cells responded to NY-ESO-1 91-108 in all patients with various HLA types with a less frequent response to neighboring peptides. The findings indicate that the 20-mer NY-ESO-1f peptide includes multiple epitopes recognized by CD4 and CD8 T cells with distinct specificity. Of ten patients, two with lung cancer and one with esophageal cancer showed stable disease. Our study shows that the NY-ESO-1f peptide vaccine was well tolerated and elicited humoral, CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in immunized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kakimi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Shiku H, Harada N. [Translational research of cancer vaccine]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2011; 137:27-30. [PMID: 21233586 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.137.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tsuji T, Altorki NK, Ritter G, Old LJ, Gnjatic S. Characterization of preexisting MAGE-A3-specific CD4+ T cells in cancer patients and healthy individuals and their activation by protein vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4800-8. [PMID: 19734225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with cancer/testis Ag MAGE-A3 in the form of recombinant protein often induces specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Although Ag-specific CD4+ T cells following vaccination are detectable by cytokine production after a single in vitro stimulation, their detection before vaccination is difficult because of low frequency. In this study, we have applied a sensitive method using CD154 (CD40L) staining to detect MAGE-A3-specific CD4+ T cells. MAGE-A3-specific T cell responses were analyzed in four healthy donors, two lung cancer patients with spontaneous serum Abs to MAGE-A3, and two baseline seronegative lung cancer patients throughout vaccination with MAGE-A3 protein. MAGE-A3-specific CD4+ T cells were detected in all individuals tested, at low frequency in healthy donors and seronegative cancer patients and higher frequency in patients seropositive for MAGE-A3. Polyclonal expansion of CD154-expressing CD4+ T cells after cell sorting generated a large number of MAGE-A3-specific CD4+ T cell lines from all individuals tested, enabling full characterization of peptide specificity, HLA-restriction, and avidity. Application of this method to cancer patients vaccinated with MAGE-A3 protein with or without adjuvant revealed that protein vaccination induced oligoclonal activation of MAGE-A3-specific CD4+ T cells. It appeared that MAGE-A3 protein vaccination in the presence of adjuvant selectively expanded high avidity CD4+ T cells, whereas high avidity T cells disappeared after multiple vaccinations with MAGE-A3 protein alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Tsuji
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Shigematsu Y, Hanagiri T, Shiota H, Kuroda K, Baba T, Mizukami M, So T, Ichiki Y, Yasuda M, So T, Takenoyama M, Yasumoto K. Clinical significance of cancer/testis antigens expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2009; 68:105-10. [PMID: 19545928 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer/testis antigens (CT antigens) are thought to be suitable targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy, because of the cancer-specific expression except for the testis among various normal tissues and no-expression of HLA class I in the testis. In the present study, the expressions of CT antigens (MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, NY-ESO-1 and KK-LC-1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were analyzed by RT-PCR. The subjects were 239 patients with NSCLC who underwent surgery from 2001 to 2005 in our department. The expression rates of MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, NY-ESO-1 and KK-LC-1 were 23.8%, 20.1%, 10.5% and 32.6% in patients with NSCLC, respectively. MAGE-A4 was expressed more frequently in male (25.3%) than in female (10.6%) (p<0.01). The positive proportion of MAGE-A4 was higher in stages II-IV (30.6%) than in stage I (12.8%) (p<0.01). Both of MAGE-A3 and MAGE-A4 were expressed more frequently in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma (p<0.01). Such tendency was not observed among NY-ESO-1 and KK-LC-1 expression. KK-LC-1 was expressed in 32.1% of patients with adenocarcinoma and in 36.5% of patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Patients with positive MAGE-A4 expression showed significantly poorer overall survival than those without MAGE-A4 expression (p=0.013), and such effect on survival was also observed, when the analysis was limited to patients at stage I (p=0.0037). Expression of MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1 or KK-LC-1 did not affect survival of patients with NSCLC significantly, however, expression of at least one of such CT antigens negatively affect survival of patients with NSCLC (p=0.045).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Shigematsu
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Tsuji K, Hamada T, Uenaka A, Wada H, Sato E, Isobe M, Asagoe K, Yamasaki O, Shiku H, Ritter G, Murphy R, Hoffman EW, Old LJ, Nakayama E, Iwatsuki K. Induction of immune response against NY-ESO-1 by CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccination and immune regulation in a melanoma patient. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1429-37. [PMID: 18311489 PMCID: PMC11030644 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NY-ESO-1 is a cancer/testis antigen highly immunogenic in cancer patients. Cholesterol-bearing hydrophobized pullulan (CHP) is a nanoparticle-forming antigen-delivery vehicle and CHP complexed with NY-ESO-1 protein (CHP-NY-ESO-1) efficiently activates CD4 and CD8 T cells in vitro. AIM In this study we report on a 50-year-old male melanoma patient with multiple skin and organ metastases (T4N3M1c) who was vaccinated with CHP-NY-ESO-1 at biweekly intervals and who had an unusual disease course. We characterized in this patient humoral and cellular immune responses, immune regulatory cells, and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood and at local tumor sites. RESULTS Ten days after the second CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccination (day 25), blisters appeared on the skin at the metastatic lesions associated with inflammatory changes. A skin biopsy showed the presence of many NY-ESO-1-expressing apoptotic melanoma cells as determined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) test. However, the tumors continued to grow, and the patient died of pulmonary failure due to multiple metastases on day 48. Serum antibody responses were detected after the second CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccination and antibody titer increased with subsequent vaccinations. Th1 dependent IgG1 was the predominant immunoglobulin subtype. Both, NY-ESO-1-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were detected in PBMC by IFN-gamma secretion assays. After CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccination a slight decrease in CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs was observed in PBMC but significantly increased numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs and CD68(+) immunoregulatory macrophages were detected at the local tumor sites. CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs were also increased in the blister fluid. Cytokines in the serum suggested a polarization towards a Th1 pattern in the PBMC and those in the blister fluid suggested a Th2-type response at the tumor site. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate induction of specific humoral and cellular immune responses against NY-ESO-1 after CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccination in a melanoma patient. The concomitant appearance of regulatory T cells and of immune regulatory macrophages and cytokines at the local tumor sites in this patient may explain immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Tsuji
- Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Peek LJ, Middaugh CR, Berkland C. Nanotechnology in vaccine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:915-28. [PMID: 18325628 PMCID: PMC7103321 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
With very few adjuvants currently being used in marketed human vaccines, a critical need exists for novel immunopotentiators and delivery vehicles capable of eliciting humoral, cellular and mucosal immunity. Such crucial vaccine components could facilitate the development of novel vaccines for viral and parasitic infections, such as hepatitis, HIV, malaria, cancer, etc. In this review, we discuss clinical trial results for various vaccine adjuvants and delivery vehicles being developed that are approximately nanoscale (< 1000 nm) in size. Humoral immune responses have been observed for most adjuvants and delivery platforms while only viral vectors, ISCOMs and Montanide™ ISA 51 and 720 have shown cytotoxic T cell responses in the clinic. MF59 and MPL® have elicited Th1 responses, and virus-like particles, non-degradable nanoparticles and liposomes have also generated cellular immunity. Such vaccine components have also been evaluated for alternative routes of administration with clinical successes reported for intranasal delivery of viral vectors and proteosomes and oral delivery of a VLP vaccine.
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Ohkuri T, Sato M, Abe H, Tsuji K, Yamagishi Y, Ikeda H, Matsubara N, Kitamura H, Nishimura T. Identification of a novel NY-ESO-1 promiscuous helper epitope presented by multiple MHC class II molecules found frequently in the Japanese population. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:1092-8. [PMID: 17488334 PMCID: PMC11158738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 is a cancer-testis antigen that elicits strong cellular and humoral immune responses against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumors. Although CD4(+) T cells play a critical role in inducing antitumor immunity, little is known about MHC class II-restricted helper epitopes of the NY-ESO-1 antigen compared with MHC class I-restricted epitopes. Here, we searched for new NY-ESO-1 helper epitopes presented by MHC class II molecules, especially those found frequently in the Japanese population. We established five NY-ESO-1-specific helper T-cell lines from healthy Japanese donors using NY-ESO-1 recombinant protein and peptide. Using MHC class II-specific antibodies and a panel of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-cell lines, it was demonstrated that four out of the five T-cell lines recognized a region within NY-ESO-1(119-143) in the context of HLA-DRB1*0802, DRB1*0901, DRB1*1502 or DRB1*0405/*0410. In addition, using a set of overlapping 15-mer synthetic peptides, we found that NY-ESO-1(122-138) was a promiscuous region that bound to four distinct HLA-DR molecules found in the Japanese population. These findings expand the usefulness of NY-ESO-1 as a tool for tumor vaccine therapy in eliciting NY-ESO-1-specific helper T-cell responses, especially in Japanese cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohkuri
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kawabata R, Wada H, Isobe M, Saika T, Sato S, Uenaka A, Miyata H, Yasuda T, Doki Y, Noguchi Y, Kumon H, Tsuji K, Iwatsuki K, Shiku H, Ritter G, Murphy R, Hoffman E, Old LJ, Monden M, Nakayama E. Antibody response against NY-ESO-1 in CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccinated patients. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2178-84. [PMID: 17278093 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 specific humoral responses are frequently observed in patients with various types of NY-ESO-1 antigen expressing tumors. In a large proportion of NY-ESO-1 antibody-positive patients of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8 T-cells can also be detected suggesting that monitoring of the NY-ESO-1 specific humoral immune response may be a relevant and more practical surrogate for estimating the overall immune response against NY-ESO-1 in clinical vaccine studies. We have immunized 9 cancer patients with full length NY-ESO-1 protein formulated with cholesterol-bearing hydrophobized pullulan (CHP-NY-ESO-1) and investigated the humoral immune responses against NY-ESO-1. Seven patients were NY-ESO-1 antibody-negative and 2 patients were positive prior to vaccination. Vaccination with CHP-NY-ESO-1 resulted in the induction or increase of NY-ESO-1 antibody responses in all 9 patients immunized. Epitope analysis revealed 5 regions in the NY-ESO-1 protein molecule that were recognized by antibodies induced after vaccination. The 5 regions were also recognized by antibodies present in nonvaccinated, NY-ESO-1 antibody-positive cancer patients. A peptide spanning amino acids 91-108 was recognized in 6 out of 9 vaccinated patients and in 8 out of 9 nonvaccinated, sero-positive patients, being the most dominant antigenic epitope in NY-ESO-1 for antibody recognition in cancer patients. In conclusion, we showed that CHP-NY-ESO-1 protein vaccination had a potent activity for inducing humoral immune responses against NY-ESO-1 antigen in cancer patients. The antigenic epitopes recognized by antibodies in the vaccinated patients were similar to those recognized in cancer patients with spontaneous humoral immunity against NY-ESO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kawabata
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ikeda K, Okada T, Sawada SI, Akiyoshi K, Matsuzaki K. Inhibition of the formation of amyloid β-protein fibrils using biocompatible nanogels as artificial chaperones. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6587-95. [PMID: 17125770 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of fibrils by amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) is considered as a key step in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibiting the aggregation of Abeta is a promising approach for AD therapy. In this study, we used biocompatible nanogels composed of a polysaccharide pullulan backbone with hydrophobic cholesterol moieties (cholesterol-bearing pullulan, CHP) as artificial chaperones to inhibit the formation of Abeta-(1-42) fibrils with marked amyloidgenic activity and cytotoxicity. The CHP-nanogels incorporated up to 6-8 Abeta-(1-42) molecules per particle and induced a change in the conformation of Abeta from a random coil to alpha-helix- or beta-sheet-rich structure. This structure was stable even after a 24-h incubation at 37 degrees C and the aggregation of Abeta-(1-42) was suppressed. Furthermore, the dissociation of the nanogels caused by the addition of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin released monomeric Abeta molecules. Nanogels composed of amino-group-modified CHP (CHPNH(2)) with positive charges under physiological conditions had a greater inhibitory effect than CHP-nanogels, suggesting the importance of electrostatic interactions between CHPNH(2) and Abeta for inhibiting the formation of fibrils. In addition, CHPNH(2) nanogels protected PC12 cells from Abeta toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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