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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. The Cellular and Organismal Effects of Nitroxides and Nitroxide-Containing Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1446. [PMID: 38338725 PMCID: PMC10855878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides are stable free radicals that have antioxidant properties. They react with many types of radicals, including alkyl and peroxyl radicals. They act as mimics of superoxide dismutase and stimulate the catalase activity of hemoproteins. In some situations, they may exhibit pro-oxidant activity, mainly due to the formation of oxoammonium cations as products of their oxidation. In this review, the cellular effects of nitroxides and their effects in animal experiments and clinical trials are discussed, including the beneficial effects in various pathological situations involving oxidative stress, protective effects against UV and ionizing radiation, and prolongation of the life span of cancer-prone mice. Nitroxides were used as active components of various types of nanoparticles. The application of these nanoparticles in cellular and animal experiments is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
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2
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Piraino L, Chen CY, Mereness J, Dunman PM, Ovitt C, Benoit D, DeLouise L. Identifying novel radioprotective drugs via salivary gland tissue chip screening. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548707. [PMID: 37503292 PMCID: PMC10369976 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
During head and neck cancer treatment, off-target ionizing radiation damage to the salivary glands commonly causes a permanent loss of secretory function. Due to the resulting decrease in saliva production, patients have trouble eating, speaking and are predisposed to oral infections and tooth decay. While the radioprotective antioxidant drug Amifostine is approved to prevent radiation-induced hyposalivation, it has intolerable side effects that limit its use, motivating the discovery of alternative therapeutics. To address this issue, we previously developed a salivary gland mimetic (SGm) tissue chip platform. Here, we leverage this SGm tissue chip for high-content drug discovery. First, we developed in-chip assays to quantify glutathione and cellular senescence (β-galactosidase), which are biomarkers of radiation damage, and we validated radioprotection using WR-1065, the active form of Amifostine. Following validation, we tested other reported radioprotective drugs, including, Edaravone, Tempol, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), Rapamycin, Ex-Rad, and Palifermin, confirming that all drugs but NAC and Ex-Rad exhibited robust radioprotection. Next, a Selleck Chemicals library of 438 FDA-approved drugs was screened for radioprotection. We discovered 25 hits, with most of the drugs identified with mechanisms of action other than antioxidant activity. Hits were down-selected using EC 50 values and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data from the PubChem database leading to testing of Phenylbutazone (anti-inflammatory), Enoxacin (antibiotic), and Doripenem (antibiotic) for in vivo radioprotection in mice using retroductal injections. Results confirm that Phenylbutazone and Enoxacin exhibited equivalent radioprotection to Amifostine. This body of work demonstrates the development and validation of assays using a SGm tissue chip platform for high-content drug screening and the successful in vitro discovery and in vivo validation of novel radioprotective drugs with nonantioxidant primary indications pointing to possible, yet unknown novel mechanisms of radioprotection.
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3
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Hariharan A, Tran SD. Localized Drug Delivery Systems: An Update on Treatment Options for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1844. [PMID: 37514031 PMCID: PMC10385385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy being the primary treatment modalities. The treatment for HNSCC has evolved over time, due to which the prognosis has improved drastically. Despite the varied treatment options, major challenges persist. HNSCC chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs are usually administered systemically, which could affect the patient's quality of life due to the associated side effects. Moreover, the systemic administration of salivary stimulating agents for the treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia is associated with toxicities. Localized drug delivery systems (LDDS) are gaining importance, as they have the potential to provide non-invasive, patient-friendly alternatives to cancer therapy with reduced dose-limiting toxicities. LDDSs involve directly delivering a drug to the tissue or organ affected by the disease. Some of the common localized routes of administration include the transdermal and transmucosal drug delivery system (DDSs). This review will attempt to explore the different treatment options using LDDSs for the treatment of HNSCC and radiotherapy-induced damage and their potential to provide a better experience for patients, as well as the obstacles that need to be addressed to render them successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Hariharan
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
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4
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Maio N, Cherry S, Schultz DC, Hurst BL, Linehan WM, Rouault TA. TEMPOL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and development of lung disease in the Syrian hamster model. iScience 2022; 25:105074. [PMID: 36093377 PMCID: PMC9444323 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide outbreak, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Alongside vaccines, antiviral therapeutics is an important part of the healthcare response to COVID-19. We previously reported that TEMPOL, a small molecule stable nitroxide, inactivated the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 by causing the oxidative degradation of its iron-sulfur cofactors. Here, we demonstrate that TEMPOL is effective in vivo in inhibiting viral replication in the Syrian hamster model. The inhibitory effect of TEMPOL on SARS-CoV-2 replication was observed in animals when the drug was administered 2 h before infection in a high-risk exposure model. These data support the potential application of TEMPOL as a highly efficacious antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. TEMPOL’s IC90 in human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells is 2.89 μM and CC50 > 10 mM TEMPOL has potent antiviral activity against highly pathogenic SARS- and MERS-Co-Vs TEMPOL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication and lung pathology in the Syrian hamster Fe-S cofactor insertion can be targeted to interfere with coronavirus replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chemogenomic Discovery Program. University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David C Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, High-throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Tian M, He Y, Zhang G, Wang H. Oxidative Desulfurization Activity of NIT Nitroxide Radical Modified Metallophthalocyanine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185964. [PMID: 36144700 PMCID: PMC9504426 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, metallophthalocyanines were modified with NIT nitroxide radicals through chemical bonds to prepare a series of metallophthalocyanines–NIT catalysts (MPcTcCl8-NIT, M=Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) applied for oxidative desulfurization of thiophene (T) in model fuel. The MPcTcCl8-NIT catalysts were characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, ESR, and XPS spectra. The oxidative desulfurization activity of MPcTcCl8-NIT catalysts was studied in a biomimetic catalytic system using molecular O2 as the oxidant. The MPcTcCl8-NIT catalysts exhibited high catalytic activities for the oxidation of thiophene in model fuel. The desulfurization rate of ZnPcTcCl8-NIT for thiophene reached to 99.61%, which was 20.53% higher than that of pure ZnPcTcCl8 (79.08%) under room temperature and natural light. The results demonstrated that MPcTcCl8-NIT catalysts could achieve more effective desulfurization rate under milder conditions than that of the metallophthalocyanines. The NIT nitroxide radicals also could improve the catalytic activity of metallophthalocyanine based on the synergistic oxidation effect. The stability experiments for ZnPcTcCl8-NIT showed that the catalyst still had a high desulfurization rate of 92.37% after five times recycling. All these findings indicate that the application of MPcTcCl8-NIT catalysts provides a potential new way for the desulfurization performance of thiophene in fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Yang He
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Gai Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710021, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi′an 710032, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (H.W.)
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Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Radiotherapy-Induced Xerostomia: A Review. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:7802334. [PMID: 36065305 PMCID: PMC9440825 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7802334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In patients with head and neck cancer, irradiation (IR)-sensitive salivary gland (SG) tissue is highly prone to damage during radiotherapy (RT). This leads to SG hypofunction and xerostomia. Xerostomia is defined as the subjective complaint of dry mouth, which can cause other symptoms and adversely affect the quality of life. In recent years, diagnostic techniques have constantly improved with the emergence of more reliable and valid questionnaires as well as more accurate equipment for saliva flow rate measurement and imaging methods. Preventive measures such as the antioxidant MitoTEMPO, botulinum toxin (BoNT), and growth factors have been successfully applied in animal experiments, resulting in positive outcomes. Interventions, such as the new delivery methods of pilocarpine, edible saliva substitutes, acupuncture and electrical stimulation, gene transfer, and stem cell transplantation, have shown potential to alleviate or restore xerostomia in patients. The review summarizes the existing and new diagnostic methods for xerostomia, along with current and potential strategies for reducing IR-induced damage to SG function. We also aim to provide guidance on the advantages and disadvantages of the diagnostic methods. Additionally, most prevention and treatment methods remain in the stage of animal experiments, suggesting a need for further clinical research, among which we believe that antioxidants, gene transfer, and stem cell transplantation have broad prospects.
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7
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Maio N, Rouault TA. Mammalian iron sulfur cluster biogenesis: From assembly to delivery to recipient proteins with a focus on novel targets of the chaperone and co‐chaperone proteins. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:684-704. [PMID: 35080107 PMCID: PMC10118776 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Tracey A. Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Bethesda Maryland USA
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8
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Matsumoto KI, Nakanishi I, Zhelev Z, Bakalova R, Aoki I. Nitroxyl Radical as a Theranostic Contrast Agent in Magnetic Resonance Redox Imaging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:95-121. [PMID: 34148403 PMCID: PMC8792502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance:In vivo assessment of paramagnetic and diamagnetic conversions of nitroxyl radicals based on cyclic redox mechanism can be an index of tissue redox status. The redox mechanism of nitroxyl radicals, which enables their use as a normal tissue-selective radioprotector, is seen as being attractive on planning radiation therapy. Recent Advances:In vivo redox imaging using nitroxyl radicals as redox-sensitive contrast agents has been developed to assess tissue redox status. Chemical and biological behaviors depending on chemical structures of nitroxyl radical compounds have been understood in detail. Polymer types of nitroxyl radical contrast agents and/or nitroxyl radical-labeled drugs were designed for approaching theranostics. Critical Issues: Nitroxyl radicals as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have several advantages compared with those used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging, while support by EPR spectroscopy is important to understand information from MRI. Redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents having a medicinal benefit, that is, nitroxyl-labeled drug, have been developed and proposed. Future Directions: A development of suitable nitroxyl contrast agent for translational theranostic applications with high reaction specificity and low normal tissue toxicity is under progress. Nitroxyl radicals as redox-sensitive magnetic resonance contrast agents can be a useful tool to detect an abnormal tissue redox status such as disordered oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 95-121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.,Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Bakalova
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Goup, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Goup, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
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Hyodo F, Eto H, Naganuma T, Koyasu N, Elhelaly AE, Noda Y, Kato H, Murata M, Akahoshi T, Hashizume M, Utsumi H, Matsuo M. In Vivo Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Evaluation of Redox-Related Diseases and Theranostics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:172-184. [PMID: 34015957 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance:In vivo molecular and metabolic imaging is an emerging field in biomedical research that aims to perform noninvasive detection of tissue metabolism in disease states and responses to therapeutic agents. The imbalance in tissue oxidation/reduction (Redox) states is related to the onset and progression of several diseases. Tissue redox metabolism provides biomarkers for early diagnosis and drug treatments. Thus, noninvasive imaging of redox metabolism could be a useful, novel diagnostic tool for diagnosis of redox-related disease and drug discovery. Recent Advances:In vivo dynamic nuclear polarization magnetic resonance imaging (DNP-MRI) is a technique that enables the imaging of free radicals in living animals. DNP enhances the MRI signal by irradiating the target tissue or solution with the free radical molecule's electron paramagnetic resonance frequency before executing pulse sequence of the MRI. In vivo DNP-MRI with redox-sensitive nitroxyl radicals as the DNP redox contrast agent enables the imaging of the redox metabolism on various diseases. Moreover, nitroxyl radicals show antioxidant effects that suppress oxidative stress. Critical Issues: To date, considerable progress has been documented preclinically in the development of animal imaging systems. Here, we review redox imaging of in vivo DNP-MRI with a focus on the recent progress of this system and its uses in patients with redox-related diseases. Future Directions: This technique could have broad applications in the study of other redox-related diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders, and facilitate the evaluation of treatment response as a theranostic tool. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 172-184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Hyodo
- Department of Radiology, Frontier Science for Imaging, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hinako Eto
- Center for Advanced Medical Open Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Abdelazim Elsayed Elhelaly
- Department of Radiology, Frontier Science for Imaging, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Open Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Akahoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hideo Utsumi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Enomoto A, Kato N, Shirouzu N, Tamura C, Ichikawa K. Imaging analysis for multiple paramagnetic agents using OMRI and electrophoresis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 70:103-107. [PMID: 35400821 PMCID: PMC8921720 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides have been widely used as a molecular probe for analysis of various diseases models. This article describes an analytical method for separation and semi-quantification of multiple paramagnetic contrast agents with simple procedure combining electrophoresis and Overhauser enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (OMRI) imaging. We used three nitroxides, 3-carbamoyl PROXYL, 3-carboxy PROXYL, and CAT-1, which have different ionic charges in the molecule. In addition, we showed that this method could apply for in vitro measurement using biological sample. The results showed the nitroxides were successfully separated with electrophoresis depending on their charge, and their separation was visualized with OMRI after electrophoresis. Vehicle media such as whole blood did not affect the electrophoresis results and OMRI enhancement factor. Thus, the method can be used to analyze the redox status of biological samples without preprocessing. This analytical method enables in vitro measurement of biological samples to determine the redox status of specific tissue layers using paramagnetic agents, which is helpful for detailed analysis of redox-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Enomoto
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
| | - Nao Kato
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University
| | - Naomi Shirouzu
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University
| | - Chihiro Tamura
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University
| | - Kazuhiro Ichikawa
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University
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Liu Z, Dong L, Zheng Z, Liu S, Gong S, Meng L, Xin Y, Jiang X. Mechanism, Prevention, and Treatment of Radiation-Induced Salivary Gland Injury Related to Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111666. [PMID: 34829539 PMCID: PMC8614677 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a common treatment for head and neck cancers. However, because of the presence of nerve structures (brain stem, spinal cord, and brachial plexus), salivary glands (SGs), mucous membranes, and swallowing muscles in the head and neck regions, radiotherapy inevitably causes damage to these normal tissues. Among them, SG injury is a serious adverse event, and its clinical manifestations include changes in taste, difficulty chewing and swallowing, oral infections, and dental caries. These clinical symptoms seriously reduce a patient’s quality of life. Therefore, it is important to clarify the mechanism of SG injury caused by radiotherapy. Although the mechanism of radiation-induced SG injury has not yet been determined, recent studies have shown that the mechanisms of calcium signaling, microvascular injury, cellular senescence, and apoptosis are closely related to oxidative stress. In this article, we review the mechanism by which radiotherapy causes oxidative stress and damages the SGs. In addition, we discuss effective methods to prevent and treat radiation-induced SG damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shouliang Gong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Xin Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.L.); (L.D.); (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-0430-2750
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12
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Kalyanaraman B. Reactive oxygen species, proinflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators induced in COVID-19: overlapping biology with cancer. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1402-1414. [PMID: 34704045 PMCID: PMC8496060 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00042j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the published literature linking the different mechanisms focused on oxidative stress and inflammation that contribute to COVID-19 disease severity. The objective is to bring together potential proinflammatory mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis and address mitigation strategies using naturally occurring compounds and FDA-approved drugs. Outstanding questions addressed include the following: What is the mechanistic basis for linking enhanced vulnerability in COVID-19 to increased oxidative damage and proinflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines), especially in high-risk people? Can we repurpose anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents to mitigate inflammation in COVID-19 patients? How does 2-deoxy-d-glucose function as an anti-COVID drug? COVID-19, cancer biology, and immunotherapy share many mechanistic similarities. Repurposing drugs that already have been FDA-approved for mitigating inflammation and immunosuppression in cancer may be a way to counteract disease severity, progression, and chronic inflammation in COVID-19. What are the long-term effects of reactive oxygen species-inducing immune cells and sustained inflammation in so-called long-haulers (long COVID) after recovery from COVID-19? Can we use mitochondria-targeted agents prophylactically to prevent inflammation and boost immunity in long-haulers? Addressing the oxidative chemical biology of COVID-19 and the mechanistic commonalities with cancer may provide new insights potentially leading to appropriate clinical trials and new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Cancer Center, Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road Milwaukee WI 53226 USA
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13
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Checker R, Patwardhan RS, Jayakumar S, Maurya DK, Bandekar M, Sharma D, Sandur SK. Chemical and biological basis for development of novel radioprotective drugs for cancer therapy. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:595-625. [PMID: 34181503 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1876854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) causes chemical changes in biological systems through direct interaction with the macromolecules or by causing radiolysis of water. This property of IR is harnessed in the clinic for radiotherapy in almost 50% of cancers patients. Despite the advent of stereotactic radiotherapy instruments and other advancements in shielding techniques, the inadvertent deposition of radiation dose in the surrounding normal tissue can cause late effects of radiation injury in normal tissues. Radioprotectors, which are chemical or biological agents, can reduce or mitigate these toxic side-effects of radiotherapy in cancer patients and also during radiation accidents. The desired characteristics of an ideal radioprotector include low chemical toxicity, high risk to benefit ratio and specific protection of normal cells against the harmful effects of radiation without compromising the cytotoxic effects of IR on cancer cells. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the major contributors of IR mediated toxicity, plethora of studies have highlighted the potential role of antioxidants to protect against IR induced damage. However, owing to the lack of any clinically approved radioprotector against whole body radiation, researchers have shifted the focus toward finding alternate targets that could be exploited for the development of novel agents. The present review provides a comprehensive insight in to the different strategies, encompassing prime molecular targets, which have been employed to develop radiation protectors/countermeasures. It is anticipated that understanding such factors will lead to the development of novel strategies for increasing the outcome of radiotherapy by minimizing normal tissue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Raghavendra S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Sundarraj Jayakumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Maurya
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Mayuri Bandekar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
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14
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Maio N, Lafont BAP, Sil D, Li Y, Bollinger JM, Krebs C, Pierson TC, Linehan WM, Rouault TA. Fe-S cofactors in the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are potential antiviral targets. Science 2021; 373:236-241. [PMID: 34083449 PMCID: PMC8892629 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID-19, uses an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for the replication of its genome and the transcription of its genes. We found that the catalytic subunit of the RdRp, nsp12, ligates two iron-sulfur metal cofactors in sites that were modeled as zinc centers in the available cryo-electron microscopy structures of the RdRp complex. These metal binding sites are essential for replication and for interaction with the viral helicase. Oxidation of the clusters by the stable nitroxide TEMPOL caused their disassembly, potently inhibited the RdRp, and blocked SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture. These iron-sulfur clusters thus serve as cofactors for the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and are targets for therapy of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bernard A P Lafont
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debangsu Sil
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Martin Bollinger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Carsten Krebs
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Song Y, Uchida H, Sharipol A, Piraino L, Mereness JA, Ingalls MH, Rebhahn J, Newlands SD, DeLouise LA, Ovitt CE, Benoit DSW. Development of a functional salivary gland tissue chip with potential for high-content drug screening. Commun Biol 2021; 4:361. [PMID: 33742114 PMCID: PMC7979686 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for head and neck cancers causes salivary gland dysfunction leading to permanent xerostomia. Limited progress in the discovery of new therapeutic strategies is attributed to the lack of in vitro models that mimic salivary gland function and allow high-throughput drug screening. We address this limitation by combining engineered extracellular matrices with microbubble (MB) array technology to develop functional tissue mimetics for mouse and human salivary glands. We demonstrate that mouse and human salivary tissues encapsulated within matrix metalloproteinase-degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels formed in MB arrays are viable, express key salivary gland markers, and exhibit polarized localization of functional proteins. The salivary gland mimetics (SGm) respond to calcium signaling agonists and secrete salivary proteins. SGm were then used to evaluate radiosensitivity and mitigation of radiation damage using a radioprotective compound. Altogether, SGm exhibit phenotypic and functional parameters of salivary glands, and provide an enabling technology for high-content/throughput drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhui Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hitoshi Uchida
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Azmeer Sharipol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay Piraino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jared A Mereness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Matthew H Ingalls
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shawn D Newlands
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lisa A DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Catherine E Ovitt
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Danielle S W Benoit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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16
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Matsumoto KI, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Multimodal Functional Imaging for Cancer/Tumor Microenvironments Based on MRI, EPRI, and PET. Molecules 2021; 26:1614. [PMID: 33799481 PMCID: PMC8002164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the main modalities to treat cancer/tumor. The response to radiation therapy, however, can be influenced by physiological and/or pathological conditions in the target tissues, especially by the low partial oxygen pressure and altered redox status in cancer/tumor tissues. Visualizing such cancer/tumor patho-physiological microenvironment would be a useful not only for planning radiotherapy but also to detect cancer/tumor in an earlier stage. Tumor hypoxia could be sensed by positron emission tomography (PET), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oxygen mapping, and in vivo dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) MRI. Tissue oxygenation could be visualized on a real-time basis by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) and/or tissue oxygen level dependent (TOLD) MRI signal. EPR imaging (EPRI) and/or T1-weighted MRI techniques can visualize tissue redox status non-invasively based on paramagnetic and diamagnetic conversions of nitroxyl radical contrast agent. 13C-DNP MRI can visualize glycometabolism of tumor/cancer tissues. Accurate co-registration of those multimodal images could make mechanisms of drug and/or relation of resulted biological effects clear. A multimodal instrument, such as PET-MRI, may have another possibility to link multiple functions. Functional imaging techniques individually developed to date have been converged on the concept of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA;
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA;
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17
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Gurská M, Brezová V, Šalitroš I, Švorc Ľ, Špánik I, Moncoľ J, Pavlik J, Szolcsányi P. Polyradical PROXYL/TEMPO Conjugates Connected by Ester/Amide Bridges: Synthesis, Physicochemical Studies, and DFT Calculations. Chempluschem 2021; 86:396-405. [PMID: 33645915 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of di-/trinitroxide esters and amides featuring PROXYL and/or TEMPO radicals connected with alicyclic bridges were prepared in 61-92 % yields and their properties were analysed by using multiple experimental techniques. The examination of EPR spectra of radicals in organic solvents augmented with DFT calculations brought valuable information on the conformational dynamics and spin exchange mechanisms. Cyclic voltammetry investigations revealed (quasi)reversible electrochemical behaviour of studied nitroxides with their half-wave potentials ranging from -51 to -17 mV. SQUID measurements of selected radicals revealed that the magnetism of di- and trinitroxides is significantly different, since antiferromagnetic coupling in biradicals is notably larger than in triradicals. The single-crystal X-ray analysis of selected biradicals revealed the existence of 3D supramolecular networks of molecules linked through hydrogen-bonding interactions. These polynitroxide radicals can serve as promising bridging or chelating ligands in the synthesis of transition-metal-based molecular magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Gurská
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 41, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Šalitroš
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomír Švorc
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, SK-974 00, Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Moncoľ
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Pavlik
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Szolcsányi
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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18
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Jensen SB, Vissink A, Limesand KH, Reyland ME. Salivary Gland Hypofunction and Xerostomia in Head and Neck Radiation Patients. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2020; 2019:5551361. [PMID: 31425600 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most manifest long-term consequences of radiation therapy in the head and neck cancer patient are salivary gland hypofunction and a sensation of oral dryness (xerostomia). METHODS This critical review addresses the consequences of radiation injury to salivary gland tissue, the clinical management of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia, and current and potential strategies to prevent or reduce radiation injury to salivary gland tissue or restore the function of radiation-injured salivary gland tissue. RESULTS Salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia have severe implications for oral functioning, maintenance of oral and general health, and quality of life. Significant progress has been made to spare salivary gland function chiefly due to advances in radiation techniques. Other strategies have also been developed, e.g., radioprotectors, identification and preservation/expansion of salivary stem cells by stimulation with cholinergic muscarinic agonists, and application of new lubricating or stimulatory agents, surgical transfer of submandibular glands, and acupuncture. CONCLUSION Many advances to manage salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by radiation therapy still only offer partial protection since they are often of short duration, lack the protective effects of saliva, or potentially have significant adverse effects. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and its next step, proton therapy, have the greatest potential as a management strategy for permanently preserving salivary gland function in head and neck cancer patients.Presently, gene transfer to supplement fluid formation and stem cell transfer to increase the regenerative potential in radiation-damaged salivary glands are promising approaches for regaining function and/or regeneration of radiation-damaged salivary gland tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Beier Jensen
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mary E Reyland
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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19
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Barazzuol L, Coppes RP, van Luijk P. Prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced side effects. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1538-1554. [PMID: 32521079 PMCID: PMC7332214 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains a mainstay of cancer treatment, being used in roughly 50% of patients. The precision with which the radiation dose can be delivered is rapidly improving. This precision allows the more accurate targeting of radiation dose to the tumor and reduces the amount of surrounding normal tissue exposed. Although this often reduces the unwanted side effects of radiotherapy, we still need to further improve patients' quality of life and to escalate radiation doses to tumors when necessary. High-precision radiotherapy forces one to choose which organ or functional organ substructures should be spared. To be able to make such choices, we urgently need to better understand the molecular and physiological mechanisms of normal tissue responses to radiotherapy. Currently, oversimplified approaches using constraints on mean doses, and irradiated volumes of normal tissues are used to plan treatments with minimized risk of radiation side effects. In this review, we discuss the responses of three different normal tissues to radiotherapy: the salivary glands, cardiopulmonary system, and brain. We show that although they may share very similar local cellular processes, they respond very differently through organ-specific, nonlocal mechanisms. We also discuss how a better knowledge of these mechanisms can be used to treat or to prevent the effects of radiotherapy on normal tissue and to optimize radiotherapy delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rob P. Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and SystemsUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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20
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Nakamura M, Yamasaki T, Ueno M, Shibata S, Ozawa Y, Kamada T, Nakanishi I, Yamada KI, Aoki I, Matsumoto KI. Radiation-induced redox alteration in the mouse brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:412-421. [PMID: 31446055 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Time courses of the redox status in the brains of mice after X-ray or carbon-ion beam irradiation were observed by magnetic resonance redox imaging (MRRI). The relationship between radiation-induced oxidative stress on the cerebral nervous system and the redox status in the brain was discussed. The mice were irradiated by 8-Gy X-ray or carbon-ion beam (C-beam) on their head under anesthesia. C-beam irradiation was performed at HIMAC (Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, NIRS/QST, Chiba, Japan). MRRI measurements using a blood-brain-barrier-permeable nitroxyl contrast agent, MCP or TEMPOL, were performed using 7-T scanner at several different times, i.e., 5-10 h, 1, 2, 4, and 8 day(s) after irradiation. Decay rates of the nitroxyl-enhanced T1-weighted MR signals in the brains were estimated from MRRI data sets, and variation in the decay rates after irradiation was assessed. The variation in decay rates of MCP and TEMPOL after X-ray or C-beam irradiation was similar, but different variation patterns were observed between X-ray and C-beam. The apparent decay rate of both MCP and TEMPOL decreased due to the temporal reduction of blood flow in the brain several hours after X-ray and/or C-beam irradiation. After decreasing, the apparent decay rates of nitroxyl radicals in the brain gradually increased during the following days after X-ray irradiation or rapidly increased 1 day after C-beam irradiation. The sequential increase in nitroxyl decay rates may have been due to the oxidative atmosphere in the tissue due to ROS generation. X-ray and C-beam irradiation resulted in different redox responses, which may have been due to time-varying oxidative stress/injury, in the mouse brain. The C-beam irradiation effects were more acute and larger than those of X-ray irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Nakamura
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-88670, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-kita, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Megumi Ueno
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shibata
- Preclinical Research and Development for Functional and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ozawa
- Preclinical Research and Development for Functional and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kamada
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-88670, Japan; Research Center Hospital, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Preclinical Research and Development for Functional and Molecular Imaging Group, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; Institute for Quantum Life Science (iQLS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the most commonly used treatments for cancer. Radiation modifiers are agents that alter tumor or normal tissue response to radiation, such as radiation sensitizers and radiation protectors. Radiation sensitizers target aspects of tumor molecular biology or physiology to enhance tumor cell killing after irradiation. Radioprotectors prevent damage of normal tissues selectively. Radiation modifiers remain largely investigational at present, with the promise that molecular characterization of tumors may enhance the capacity for successful clinical development moving forward. A variety of radiation modifiers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Citrin
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 10 CRC, Room B2-3500, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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22
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Matsumoto KI, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Effects of oxygen challenging to tissue redox and pO 2 status. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:343-347. [PMID: 30391676 PMCID: PMC8202967 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide free radicals can serve as redox-sensitive MRI contrast agents useful to image the redox status of tissue of interest. In this study, the effect of oxygen content in the inspired gas on the kinetics of metabolism of three nitroxides has been evaluated in the muscle and tumor in mice. SCC tumors (approximate size of 1.0 cm3) on the right hind leg of female C3H/Hen MTV- mice were prepared. Three nitroxides, 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (CxP), 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (CmP), and 4-hydroxy-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPOL), having different lipophilicities were compared using MR redox imaging. T1-mapping of the tissues was obtained using a multi-slice multi-echo (MSME) sequence with several TRs. The three nitroxides showed differences in accumulation and metabolism/clearance in muscle and tumor. The cell impermeable nitroxide CxP displayed kinetic patterns of slow enhancement followed by a slow decline typical of clearance rather than metabolism. The cell permeable CmP on the other hand showed a relatively faster uptake and metabolism with a modestly higher rate of metabolism in the tumor than muscle. The TEMPOL on the other hand displayed a rapid uptake and reduction with a trend of significantly rapid decay rate in tumor tissue, while slightly higher maximum signal intensity and slower decay rate was observed in normal muscle. The reduction rate of TEMPOL in the tumor was significantly enhanced when the breathing gas had 100%-oxygen while it was not significantly different in the muscle. EPR oximetry studies monitoring the oxygen dependent linewidth of TEMPOL showed that the pO2 in the healthy tissue during carbogen breathing significantly increased normal tissue pO2 compared to air breathing whereas breathing 100%-oxygen made normal tissue slight hypoxic. Since TEMPOL is a radioprotector, our studies show that a combination of 100%-oxygen breathing and TEMPOL has a potential to enhance radioprotective effects to normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
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Nyui M, Nakanishi I, Anzai K, Ozawa T, Matsumoto KI. Reactivity of redox sensitive paramagnetic nitroxyl contrast agents with reactive oxygen species. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:13-19. [PMID: 30705507 PMCID: PMC6348418 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of nitroxyl free radicals, 4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPOL) and 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (CmP), with reactive oxygen species (ROS) were compared as typical 6-membered and 5-membered ring nitroxyl compounds, respectively. The reactivity of the hydroxylamine forms of both these nitroxyl radicals (TEMPOL-H and CmP-H) was also assessed. Two free radical species of ROS, hydroxyl radical (•OH) and superoxide (O2•−), were subjected to a competing reaction. •OH was generated by UV irradiation from an aqueous H2O2 solution (H2O2-UV system), and O2•− was generated by a reaction between hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX-XO system). •OH and O2•− generated by the H2O2-UV and HX-XO systems, respectively, were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping, and the amount of spin adducts generated by each system was adjusted to be equal. The time courses of the one-electron oxidation of TEMPOL, CmP, TEMPOL-H, and CmP-H in each ROS generation system were compared. A greater amount of TEMPOL was oxidized in the HX-XO system compared with the H2O2-UV system, whereas the reverse was observed for CmP. Although the hydroxylamine forms of the tested nitroxyl radicals were oxidized evenly in the H2O2-UV and HX-XO systems, the amount of oxidized CmP-H was approximately 3 times greater compared with TEMPOL-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Nyui
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Anzai
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,Division of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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24
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Fang D, Shang S, Liu Y, Bakkar M, Sumita Y, Seuntjens J, Tran SD. Optimal timing and frequency of bone marrow soup therapy for functional restoration of salivary glands injured by single-dose or fractionated irradiation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1195-e1205. [PMID: 28714550 DOI: 10.1002/term.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Injections of bone marrow (BM) cell extract, known as 'BM soup', were previously reported to mitigate ionizing radiation (IR) injury to salivary glands (SGs). However, the optimal starting time and frequency to maintain BM soup therapeutic efficacy remains unknown. This study tested the optimal starting time and frequency of BM soup injections in mice radiated with either a single dose or a fractionated dose. First, BM soup treatment was started at 1, 3 or 7 weeks post-IR; positive (non-IR) and negative (IR) control mice received injections of saline (vehicle control). Second, BM soup-treated mice received injections at different frequencies (1, 2, 3 and 5 weekly injections). Third, a 'fractionated-dose radiation' model to injure mouse SGs was developed (5 Gy × 5 days) and compared with the single high dose radiation model. All mice (n = 65) were followed for 16 weeks post-IR. The results showed that starting injections of BM soup between 1 and 3 weeks mitigated the effect of IR-induced injury to SGs and improved the restoration of salivary function. Although the therapeutic effect of BM soup lessens after 8 weeks, it can be sustained by increasing the frequency of weekly injections. Moreover, both single-dose and fractionated-dose radiation models are efficient and comparable in inducing SG injury and BM soup treatments are effective in restoring salivary function in both radiation models. In conclusion, starting injections of BM soup within 3 weeks post-radiation, with 5 weekly injections, maintains 90-100% of saliva flow in radiated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Fang
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sixia Shang
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, People's Hospital of Dongying, Dongying, China
| | - Younan Liu
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mohammed Bakkar
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yoshinori Sumita
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Department of Oncology, Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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25
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Poprac P, Poliak P, Kavala M, Barbieriková Z, Zalibera M, Fronc M, Švorc Ľ, Vihonská Z, Olejníková P, Lušpai K, Lukeš V, Brezová V, Szolcsányi P. Polyradical PROXYL/TEMPO-Derived Amides: Synthesis, Physicochemical Studies, DFT Calculations, and Antimicrobial Activity. Chempluschem 2017; 82:1326-1340. [PMID: 31957189 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of polynitroxide amides possessing 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (PROXYL) and/or 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) units connected through various bridges were synthesized and their properties were analyzed. EPR spectroscopy provided detailed insight into their paramagnetic character and related properties. A thorough examination of the EPR spectra of dinitroxides in organic solvents provided valuable information on the intramolecular motions, thermodynamics, and spin-exchange mechanisms. Analysis of low-temperature X- and Q-band EPR spectra of the dissolved dinitroxides provided spin-spin distances that were comparable with the theoretical values obtained by DFT. Cyclic voltammetry investigations revealed (quasi)reversible electrochemical behavior for PROXYL-derived biradicals, whereas significant loss of the reversibility was found for TEMPO-containing bi- and polyradicals. The inhibitory activities of the nitroxides against model bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Poprac
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Poliak
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Kavala
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Barbieriková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Fronc
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ľubomír Švorc
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Vihonská
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Olejníková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Lušpai
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimír Lukeš
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Szolcsányi
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
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26
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David Jebaraj D, Utsumi H, Milton Franklin Benial A. Electron spin resonance studies on deuterated nitroxyl spin probes used in Overhauser-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:700-705. [PMID: 28052402 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electron spin resonance studies were carried out for 2 mm concentration of 14 N-labeled and 15 N-labeled 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl, 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl, 3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl and their deuterated nitroxyl radicals using X-band electron spin resonance spectrometer. The electron spin resonance line shape analysis was carried out. The electron spin resonance parameters such as linewidth, Lorentzian component, signal intensity ratio, rotational correlation time, hyperfine coupling constant and g-factor were estimated. The deuterated nitroxyl radicals have narrow linewidth and an increase in Lorentzian component, compared with undeuterated nitroxyl radicals. The dynamic nuclear polarization factor was observed for all nitroxyl radicals. Upon 2 H labeling, about 70% and 40% increase in dynamic nuclear polarization factor were observed for 14 N-labeled and 15 N-labeled nitroxyl radicals, respectively. The signal intensity ratio and g-value indicate the isotropic nature of the nitroxyl radicals in pure water. Therefore, the deuterated nitroxyl radicals are suitable spin probes for in vivo/in vitro electron spin resonance and Overhauser-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging modalities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- D David Jebaraj
- Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai, 625 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Hideo Utsumi
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812 8582, Japan
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27
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Hu L, Wang Y, Cotrim AP, Zhu Z, Gao R, Zheng C, Goldsmith CM, Jin L, Zhang C, Mitchell JB, Baum BJ, Wang S. Effect of Tempol on the prevention of irradiation-induced mucositis in miniature pigs. Oral Dis 2017; 23:801-808. [PMID: 28326646 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goals of this study were to (i) establish a useful miniature pig (minipig) model for irradiation-induced oral mucositis and (ii) evaluate the effect of Tempol to prevent its development. METHODS AND MATERIALS Minipigs were irradiated with 6 Gy for five consecutive days targeting the entire oral cavity. To prevent radiation damage, minipigs were treated with 30 mg kg-1 Tempol 10 min before irradiation (n = 4), while the radiation-alone group was similarly injected with saline (n = 4). Lesions were graded using an oral mucositis score and visual inspection every 3 days, and biopsy of multiple sites was performed at day 18. Weight and chest and abdominal circumferences were measured every 3 days. RESULTS Lesions began about 12 days after the first irradiation fraction and healed about 30 days after irradiation. Epithelial thickness was calculated on the lingual and buccal mucosa on the 18th day after the first irradiation fraction. Tempol provided modest protection from ulceration after irradiation using this treatment strategy. CONCLUSIONS This study established a useful large animal model for irradiation-induced oral mucositis and showed modest beneficial effects of Tempol in limiting tissue damage. The latter finding may be potentially valuable in preventing oral mucositis in patients receiving irradiation for head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - A P Cotrim
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Z Zhu
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - R Gao
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - C Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C M Goldsmith
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Jin
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - C Zhang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - J B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B J Baum
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Wang
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Grønhøj C, Jensen DH, Glovinski PV, Jensen SB, Bardow A, Oliveri RS, Specht L, Thomsen C, Darkner S, Kiss K, Fischer-Nielsen A, von Buchwald C. First-in-man mesenchymal stem cells for radiation-induced xerostomia (MESRIX): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:108. [PMID: 28270226 PMCID: PMC5341429 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia are major complications following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer and may lead to debilitating oral disorders and impaired quality of life. Currently, only symptomatic treatment is available. However, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has shown promising results in preclinical studies. Objectives are to assess safety and efficacy in a first-in-man trial on adipose-derived MSC therapy (ASC) for radiation-induced xerostomia. Methods This is a single-center, phase I/II, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial. A total of 30 patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive ultrasound-guided, administered ASC or placebo to the submandibular glands. The primary outcome is change in unstimulated whole salivary flow rate. The secondary outcomes are safety, efficacy, change in quality of life, qualitative and quantitative measurements of saliva, as well as submandibular gland size, vascularization, fibrosis, and secretory tissue evaluation based on contrast-induced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and core-needle samples. The assessments are performed at baseline (1 month prior to treatment) and 1 and 4 months following investigational intervention. Discussion The trial is the first attempt to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) in patients with radiation-induced xerostomia. The results may provide evidence for the effectiveness of ASC in patients with salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia and deliver valuable information for the design of subsequent trials. Trial registration EudraCT, Identifier: 2014-004349-29. Registered on 1 April 2015. ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02513238. First received on 2 July 2015. The trial is prospectively registered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1856-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grønhøj
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Section 2071, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David H Jensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Section 2071, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter V Glovinski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery and Burns, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siri Beier Jensen
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Oral Medicine, Department of Odontology, Faculty Of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 20, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Allan Bardow
- Department of Oral Medicine, Department of Odontology, Faculty Of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 20, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Roberto S Oliveri
- Cell Therapy Facility, The Blood Bank, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Specht
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Thomsen
- Department of Radiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sune Darkner
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katalin Kiss
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Section 2071, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Fischer-Nielsen
- Cell Therapy Facility, The Blood Bank, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Section 2071, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Radioprotection as a Method to Enhance the Therapeutic Ratio of Radiotherapy. CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40854-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Baum BJ, Afione S, Chiorini JA, Cotrim AP, Goldsmith CM, Zheng C. Gene Therapy of Salivary Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1537:107-123. [PMID: 27924590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6685-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For many years, our research group worked to develop gene transfer approaches for salivary gland disorders that lacked effective conventional therapy. The purpose of this chapter is to describe and update key methods used in this process. As described in our original chapter from the 2010 volume, we focus on one clinical condition, irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction, and address the choice of transgene and vector to be used, the construction of recombinant viral vectors, how vector delivery is accomplished, and methods for assessing vector function in vitro and in an appropriate animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce J Baum
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Building 10, Room 1N113, MSC-1190, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1190, USA.
| | - Sandra Afione
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John A Chiorini
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ana P Cotrim
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Corinne M Goldsmith
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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31
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Huang Y, Chen N, Miao D. Radioprotective effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone on parotid glands in C57BL/6J mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3685-3693. [PMID: 28105098 PMCID: PMC5228579 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether pyrroloquinoline quinine (PQQ) serve a radioprotective role in parotid gland damage induced by total body irradiation (TBI) in C57BL/6J mice. A total of 15 female 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: i) Untreated control (no irradiation); ii) 4 gray (Gy) X-ray irradiation; iii) 4 Gy X-ray irradiation with additional dietary PQQ (4 mg PQQ/kg in normal diet). Each group included five mice. After 4 weeks, all animals were collected for evaluating the phenotype, body weight, pathological and biochemical parameters. The results indicated that PQQ had biological effects on total body phenotype. PQQ could partially rescue TBI-induced damage to parotid glands. In addition, PQQ served radioprotective effects on parotid glands via multiple mechanisms, such as promoting proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis and senescence, upregulating antioxidant ability, scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing DNA damage. The results of the present study demonstrate that PQQ serves a radioprotective role in parotid gland damage induced by TBI, possibly via inhibiting oxidative stress and participating in DNA damage repair. The study provides experimental and theoretical knowledge for the development of radioprotective clinical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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32
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Mizrachi A, Cotrim AP, Katabi N, Mitchell JB, Verheij M, Haimovitz-Friedman A. Radiation-Induced Microvascular Injury as a Mechanism of Salivary Gland Hypofunction and Potential Target for Radioprotectors. Radiat Res 2016; 186:189-95. [PMID: 27459704 DOI: 10.1667/rr14431.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). One of the major side effects of radiotherapy is injury to the salivary glands (SG), which is thought to be mediated by microvascular dysfunction leading to permanent xerostomia. The goal of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of radiation-induced microvasculature damage and its impact on SG function. We measured bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) apoptosis and ceramide production in response to 5 Gy irradiation, either alone or with reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. We then investigated the effect of a single 15 Gy radiation dose on murine SG function. BAECs exposed to 5 Gy underwent apoptosis with increased ceramide production, both prevented by ROS scavengers. Among the 15 Gy irradiated mice, there was considerable weight loss, alopecia and SG hypofunction manifested by reduced saliva production and lower lysozyme levels. All of these effects, except for the lysozyme levels, were prevented by pretreatment with ROS scavengers. Microvessel density was significantly lower in the SG of irradiated mice compared to the control group, and this effect was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with Tempol. This study demonstrates that radiation-induced SG hypofunction is to a large extent mediated by microvascular dysfunction involving ceramide and ROS generation. These findings strongly suggest that ROS scavengers may serve as potential radioprotectors of SG function in patients undergoing radiotherapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana P Cotrim
- d Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | | | - James B Mitchell
- d Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Marcel Verheij
- e Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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Effect of the spacer length and nitroxide sterical shielding upon photostability of spin-labeled kynurenines. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Adenovirus-mediated hAQP1 expression in irradiated mouse salivary glands causes recovery of saliva secretion by enhancing acinar cell volume decrease. Gene Ther 2016; 23:572-9. [PMID: 26966862 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck irradiation (IR) during cancer treatment causes by-stander effects on the salivary glands leading to irreversible loss of saliva secretion. The mechanism underlying loss of fluid secretion is not understood and no adequate therapy is currently available. Delivery of an adenoviral vector encoding human aquaporin-1 (hAQP1) into the salivary glands of human subjects and animal models with radiation-induced salivary hypofunction leads to significant recovery of saliva secretion and symptomatic relief in subjects. To elucidate the mechanism underlying loss of salivary secretion and the basis for AdhAQP1-dependent recovery of salivary gland function we assessed submandibular gland function in control mice and mice 2 and 8 months after treatment with a single 15-Gy dose of IR (delivered to the salivary gland region). Salivary secretion and neurotransmitter-stimulated changes in acinar cell volume, an in vitro read-out for fluid secretion, were monitored. Consistent with the sustained 60% loss of fluid secretion following IR, a carbachol (CCh)-induced decrease in acinar cell volume from the glands of mice post IR was transient and attenuated as compared with that in cells from non-IR age-matched mice. The hAQP1 expression in non-IR mice induced no significant effect on salivary fluid secretion or CCh-stimulated cell volume changes, except in acinar cells from 8-month group where the initial rate of cell shrinkage was increased. Importantly, the expression of hAQP1 in the glands of mice post IR induced recovery of salivary fluid secretion and a volume decrease in acinar cells to levels similar to those in cells from non-IR mice. The initial rates of CCh-stimulated cell volume reduction in acinar cells from hAQP1-expressing glands post IR were similar to those from control cells. Altogether, the data suggest that expression of hAQP1 increases the water permeability of acinar cells, which underlies the recovery of fluid secretion in the salivary glands functionally compromised post IR.
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35
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Kamran MZ, Ranjan A, Kaur N, Sur S, Tandon V. Radioprotective Agents: Strategies and Translational Advances. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:461-93. [PMID: 26807693 DOI: 10.1002/med.21386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radioprotectors are agents required to protect biological system exposed to radiation, either naturally or through radiation leakage, and they protect normal cells from radiation injury in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. It is imperative to study radioprotectors and their mechanism of action comprehensively, looking at their potential therapeutic applications. This review intimately chronicles the rich intellectual, pharmacological story of natural and synthetic radioprotectors. A continuous effort is going on by researchers to develop clinically promising radioprotective agents. In this article, for the first time we have discussed the impact of radioprotectors on different signaling pathways in cells, which will create a basis for scientific community working in this area to develop novel molecules with better therapeutic efficacy. The bright future of exceptionally noncytotoxic derivatives of bisbenzimidazoles is also described as radiomodulators. Amifostine, an effective radioprotectant, has been approved by the FDA for limited clinical use. However, due to its adverse side effects, it is not routinely used clinically. Recently, CBLB502 and several analog of a peptide are under clinical trial and showed high success against radiotherapy in cancer. This article reviews the different types of radioprotective agents with emphasis on the strategies for the development of novel radioprotectors for drug development. In addition, direction for future strategies relevant to the development of radioprotectors is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zahid Kamran
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Atul Ranjan
- Kansas University of Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Navrinder Kaur
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Souvik Sur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
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36
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Martin OA, Yin X, Forrester HB, Sprung CN, Martin RF. Potential strategies to ameliorate risk of radiotherapy-induced second malignant neoplasms. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 37-38:65-76. [PMID: 26721424 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review is aimed at the issue of radiation-induced second malignant neoplasms (SMN), which has become an important problem with the increasing success of modern cancer radiotherapy (RT). It is imperative to avoid compromising the therapeutic ratio while addressing the challenge of SMN. The dilemma is illustrated by the role of reactive oxygen species in both the mechanisms of tumor cell kill and of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. We explore the literature focusing on three potential routes of amelioration to address this challenge. An obvious approach to avoiding compromise of the tumor response is the use of radioprotectors or mitigators that are selective for normal tissues. We also explore the opportunities to avoid protection of the tumor by topical/regional radioprotection of normal tissues, although this strategy limits the scope of protection. Finally, we explore the role of the bystander/abscopal phenomenon in radiation carcinogenesis, in association with the inflammatory response. Targeted and non-targeted effects of radiation are both linked to SMN through induction of DNA damage, genome instability and mutagenesis, but differences in the mechanisms and kinetics between targeted and non-targeted effects may provide opportunities to lessen SMN. The agents that could be employed to pursue each of these strategies are briefly reviewed. In many cases, the same agent has potential utility for more than one strategy. Although the parallel problem of chemotherapy-induced SMN shares common features, this review focuses on RT associated SMN. Also, we avoid the burgeoning literature on the endeavor to suppress cancer incidence by use of antioxidants and vitamins either as dietary strategies or supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
| | - Helen B Forrester
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Carl N Sprung
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Roger F Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrew's Place, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Matsumoto KI, Yamasaki T, Nakamura M, Ishikawa J, Ueno M, Nakanishi I, Sekita A, Ozawa Y, Kamada T, Aoki I, Yamada KI. Brain contrasting ability of blood-brain-barrier-permeable nitroxyl contrast agents for magnetic resonance redox imaging. Magn Reson Med 2015; 76:935-45. [PMID: 26414669 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The detailed in vivo T1 -weighted contrasting abilities of nitroxyl contrast agents, which have been used as redox responsive contrast agents in several magnetic resonance-based imaging modalities, in mouse brain were investigated. METHODS Distribution and pharmacokinetics of five types of five-membered-ring nitroxyl radical compound were compared using T1 -weighted MRI. RESULTS The blood-brain barrier (BBB) -impermeable 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (CxP) could not be distributed in the brain. The slightly lipophilic 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (CmP) showed slight distribution only in the ventricle, but not in the medulla and cortex. The amphiphilic 3-methoxy-carbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-N-oxyl (MCP) had good initial uniform distribution in the brain and showed typical 2-phase signal decay profiles. A brain-seeking nitroxyl probe, acetoxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-N-oxyl-3-carboxylate (CxP-AM), showed an accumulating phase, and then its accumulation was maintained in the medulla and ventricle regions, but not in the cortex. The lipophilic 4-(N-methyl piperidine)-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-N-oxyl (23c) was well distributed in the cortex and medulla, but slightly in the ventricle, and showed relatively rapid linear signal decay. CONCLUSION Nitroxyl contrast agents equipped with a suitable lipophilic substitution group could be BBB-permeable functional contrast agents. MR redox imaging, which can estimate not only the redox characteristics but also the detailed distribution of the contrast agents, is a good candidate for a theranostic tool. Magn Reson Med 76:935-945, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamasaki
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Nakamura
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junji Ishikawa
- Translational Research Group, Health Science Research Center, FANCL Research Institute, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Megumi Ueno
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Radio-Redox-Response Research Team, Advanced Particle Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aiko Sekita
- Multimodal Molecular Imaging Team, Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ozawa
- Multimodal Molecular Imaging Team, Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kamada
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.,Research Center Hospital, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Multimodal Molecular Imaging Team, Diagnostic Imaging Program, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Department of Bio-functional Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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38
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Salivary hypofunction: An update on aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutics. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:242-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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El-Ghazaly MA, El-Hazek RM, Khayyal MT. Protective effect of the herbal preparation, STW 5, against intestinal damage induced by gamma radiation in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:150-6. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.954059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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An efficient synthesis of 3-( N-piperidinemethyl)-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1-oxy-3-pyrroline, a promising radioprotector for cancer radiotherapy. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:5570-5571. [PMID: 25309004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxides can ameliorate the toxic effects of radiation during cancer therapy. Nitroxides are paramagnetic and can be used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) to monitor in vivo oxidative stress status. Compound 5 (3-(N-piperidinemethyl)-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethyl-1-oxy-3-pyrroline) was found to be the most effective nitroxide radioprotector. An efficient synthesis for this promising radioprotector was developed.
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41
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Kavala M, Brezová V, Švorc L, Vihonská Z, Olejníková P, Moncol J, Kožíšek J, Herich P, Szolcsányi P. Synthesis, physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of mono-/dinitroxyl amides. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4491-502. [PMID: 24849262 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00302k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Two comparative sets of mono-/dinitroxyl amides were designed and prepared. The novel TEMPO and/or PROXYL derivatives were fully characterised and their spin, redox and antimicrobial properties were determined. Cyclic voltammetry revealed (quasi)reversible redox behavior for most of the studied radicals. Moreover, the electron-withdrawing substituents increased the oxidation potential of nitroxides in comparison to electron-donating groups. While EPR spectra of monoradicals featured the typical three-line signal, the spectra of biradicals showed more complex splitting patterns. The in vitro biological assay revealed that unlike pyrrolidinyl derivatives, the piperidinyl nitroxides significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Kavala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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42
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Batinic-Haberle I, Tovmasyan A, Roberts ERH, Vujaskovic Z, Leong KW, Spasojevic I. SOD therapeutics: latest insights into their structure-activity relationships and impact on the cellular redox-based signaling pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2372-415. [PMID: 23875805 PMCID: PMC4005498 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes are indispensable and ubiquitous antioxidant defenses maintaining the steady-state levels of O2·(-); no wonder, thus, that their mimics are remarkably efficacious in essentially any animal model of oxidative stress injuries thus far explored. RECENT ADVANCES Structure-activity relationship (half-wave reduction potential [E1/2] versus log kcat), originally reported for Mn porphyrins (MnPs), is valid for any other class of SOD mimics, as it is dominated by the superoxide reduction and oxidation potential. The biocompatible E1/2 of ∼+300 mV versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) allows powerful SOD mimics as mild oxidants and antioxidants (alike O2·(-)) to readily traffic electrons among reactive species and signaling proteins, serving as fine mediators of redox-based signaling pathways. Based on similar thermodynamics, both SOD enzymes and their mimics undergo similar reactions, however, due to vastly different sterics, with different rate constants. CRITICAL ISSUES Although log kcat(O2·(-)) is a good measure of therapeutic potential of SOD mimics, discussions of their in vivo mechanisms of actions remain mostly of speculative character. Most recently, the therapeutic and mechanistic relevance of oxidation of ascorbate and glutathionylation and oxidation of protein thiols by MnP-based SOD mimics and subsequent inactivation of nuclear factor κB has been substantiated in rescuing normal and killing cancer cells. Interaction of MnPs with thiols seems to be, at least in part, involved in up-regulation of endogenous antioxidative defenses, leading to the healing of diseased cells. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Mechanistic explorations of single and combined therapeutic strategies, along with studies of bioavailability and translational aspects, will comprise future work in optimizing redox-active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Emily R. H. Roberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zeljko Vujaskovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Kingdom
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina
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Rocha EM, Cotrim AP, Zheng C, Riveros PP, Baum BJ, Chiorini JA. Recovery of radiation-induced dry eye and corneal damage by pretreatment with adenoviral vector-mediated transfer of erythropoietin to the salivary glands in mice. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 24:417-23. [PMID: 23402345 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic doses of radiation (RTx) causes dry eye syndrome (DES), dry mouth, and as in other sicca syndromes, they are incurable. The aims of this work are as follows: (a) to evaluate a mouse model of DES induced by clinically relevant doses of radiation, and (b) to evaluate the protective effect of erythropoietin (Epo) in preventing DES. C3H female mice were subjected to five sessions of RTx, with or without pre-RTx retroductal administration of the AdLTR2EF1a-hEPO (AdEpo) vector in the salivary glands (SG), and compared with naïve controls at Day 10 (10d) (8 Gy fractions) and 56 days (56d) (6 Gy fractions) after RTx treatment. Mice were tested for changes in lacrimal glands (LG), tear secretion (phenol red thread), weight, hematocrit (Hct), and markers of inflammation, as well as microvessels and oxidative damage. Tear secretion was reduced in both RTx groups, compared to controls, by 10d. This was also seen at 56d in RTx but not AdEpo+RTx group. Hct was significantly higher in all AdEpo+RTx mice at 10d and 56d. Corneal epithelium was significantly thinner at 10d in the RTx group compared with AdEpo+RTx or the control mice. There was a significant reduction at 10d in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-R2 in LG in the RTx group that was prevented in the AdEpo+RTx group. In conclusion, RTx is able to induce DES in mice. AdEpo administration protected corneal epithelia and resulted in some recovery of LG function, supporting the value of further studies using gene therapy for extraglandular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M Rocha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaringology and Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Ribeirao Preto 14049900, Brazil.
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44
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Loss of TRPM2 function protects against irradiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1515. [PMID: 23443543 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia as a result of salivary gland damage is a permanent and debilitating side effect of radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Effective treatments for protecting, or restoring, salivary gland function are not available. Here we report that irradiation treatment leads to activation of the calcium-permeable channel, transient potential melastatin-like 2 (TRPM2), via stimulation of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. Importantly, irradiation induced an irreversible loss of salivary gland fluid secretion in TRPM2+/+ mice while a transient loss was seen in TRPM2-/- mice with >60% recovery by 30 days after irradiation. Treatment of TRPM2+/+ mice with the free radical scavenger Tempol or the PARP1 inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide attenuated irradiation-induced activation of TRPM2 and induced significant recovery of salivary fluid secretion. Furthermore, TPL (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) induced complete recovery of function in irradiated TRPM2-/- mice. These novel data demonstrate that TRPM2 is activated by irradiation, via PARP1 activation, and contributes to irreversible loss of salivary gland function.
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Kavala M, Boča R, Dlháň L, Brezová V, Breza M, Kožíšek J, Fronc M, Herich P, Švorc L, Szolcsányi P. Preparation and Spectroscopic, Magnetic, and Electrochemical Studies of Mono-/Biradical TEMPO Derivatives. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6558-69. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400845m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Kavala
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Boča
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubomír Dlháň
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vlasta Brezová
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Breza
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Kožíšek
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Fronc
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Herich
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubomír Švorc
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Szolcsányi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, §Department of Physical Chemistry, and ∥Department of
Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského
9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Xiang B, Li XX, Zhang FY. Underlying protective mechanism of α1-adrenoceptor activation against irradiation-induced damage in rat submandibular gland. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1238-45. [PMID: 23668807 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Damage to salivary gland after radiotherapy for head and neck malignant tumours can lead to irreversible oral complaints, which severely impair quality of life. The protective effect of α1-adrenoceptor activation on the salivary glands after irradiation has previously been demonstrated. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the underlying cytoprotective mechanism of α1-adrenoceptor activation in rat submandibular glands after irradiation. STUDY DESIGN Rats were locally irradiated using a linear accelerator in the head and neck region with a dose of 20Gy. After irradiation, phenylephrine (5mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 7 successive days and the submandibular glands were then collected. The antiapoptotic effect of phenylephrine on the gland was examined by TUNEL, the proliferative cellular nuclei antigen (PCNA) was determined by immunohistochemistry, and the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was detected by Western blot. RESULTS The irradiation only group showed severe atrophy, increased apoptosis, enhanced cell proliferation, and the phosphorylation of JNK was markedly increased by 26.89% (P<0.05), compared to the control. The phenylephrine-treated group, however, showed remarkably alleviated atrophy, decreased apoptosis, and further increased cell proliferation, and the phosphorylation of JNK was markedly decreased by 36.00% (P<0.05), compared to the irradiation only group. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that the underlying protective mechanism of α1-adrenoceptor activation in irradiated gland might be related to improved cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis, and depressed activation of JNK. It could be helpful in protecting salivary glands against irradiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Medical Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Li F, Patterson AD, Krausz KW, Jiang C, Bi H, Sowers AL, Cook JA, Mitchell JB, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolomics reveals that tumor xenografts induce liver dysfunction. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2126-35. [PMID: 23637421 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.028324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry, was used to explore metabolic signatures of tumor growth in mice. Urine samples were collected from control mice and mice injected with squamous cell carcinoma (SCCVII) tumor cells. When tumors reached ∼2 cm, all mice were killed and blood and liver samples collected. The urine metabolites hexanoylglycine, nicotinamide 1-oxide, and 11β,20α-dihydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-oic acid were elevated in tumor-bearing mice, as was asymmetric dimethylarginine, a biomarker for oxidative stress. Interestingly, SCCVII tumor growth resulted in hepatomegaly, reduced albumin/globulin ratios, and elevated serum triglycerides, suggesting liver dysfunction. Alterations in liver metabolites between SCCVII-tumor-bearing and control mice confirmed the presence of liver injury. Hepatic mRNA analysis indicated that inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, and transforming growth factor β were enhanced in SCCVII-tumor-bearing mice, and the expression of cytochromes P450 was decreased in tumor-bearing mice. Further, genes involved in fatty acid oxidation were decreased, suggesting impaired fatty acid oxidation in SCCVII-tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, activated phospholipid metabolism and a disrupted tricarboxylic acid cycle were observed in SCCVII-tumor-bearing mice. These data suggest that tumor growth imposes a global inflammatory response that results in liver dysfunction and underscore the use of metabolomics to temporally examine these changes and potentially use metabolite changes to monitor tumor treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Tran SD, Liu Y, Xia D, Maria OM, Khalili S, Wang RWJ, Quan VH, Hu S, Seuntjens J. Paracrine effects of bone marrow soup restore organ function, regeneration, and repair in salivary glands damaged by irradiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61632. [PMID: 23637870 PMCID: PMC3634855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are reports that bone marrow cell (BM) transplants repaired irradiated salivary glands (SGs) and re-established saliva secretion. However, the mechanisms of action behind these reports have not been elucidated. METHODS To test if a paracrine mechanism was the main effect behind this reported improvement in salivary organ function, whole BM cells were lysed and its soluble intracellular contents (termed as "BM Soup") injected into mice with irradiation-injured SGs. The hypothesis was that BM Soup would protect salivary cells, increase tissue neovascularization, function, and regeneration. Two minor aims were also tested a) comparing two routes of delivering BM Soup, intravenous (I.V.) versus intra-glandular injections, and b) comparing the age of the BM Soup's donors. The treatment-comparison group consisted of irradiated mice receiving injections of living whole BM cells. Control mice received irradiation and injections of saline or sham-irradiation. All mice were followed for 8 weeks post-irradiation. RESULTS BM Soup restored salivary flow rates to normal levels, protected salivary acinar, ductal, myoepithelial, and progenitor cells, increased cell proliferation and blood vessels, and up-regulated expression of tissue remodeling/repair/regenerative genes (MMP2, CyclinD1, BMP7, EGF, NGF). BM Soup was as an efficient therapeutic agent as injections of live BM cells. Both intra-glandular or I.V. injections of BM Soup, and from both young and older mouse donors were as effective in repairing irradiated SGs. The intra-glandular route reduced injection frequency/dosage by four-fold. CONCLUSION BM Soup, which contains only the cell by-products, can be advantageously used to repair irradiation-damaged SGs rather than transplanting whole live BM cells which carry the risk of differentiating into unwanted/tumorigenic cell types in SGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Younan Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Dengsheng Xia
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Ola M. Maria
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Vu-Hung Quan
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Seuntjens
- Department of Oncology, Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec City, Canada
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Guenoun J, Ruggiero A, Doeswijk G, Janssens RC, Koning GA, Kotek G, Krestin GP, Bernsen MR. In vivoquantitative assessment of cell viability of gadolinium or iron-labeled cells using MRI and bioluminescence imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 8:165-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Guenoun
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Ruggiero
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Doeswijk
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Roel C. Janssens
- Department of Genetics; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gerben A. Koning
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgical Oncology, Section Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gyula Kotek
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel P. Krestin
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
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Şimşek G, Gürocak Ş, Karadaǧ N, Karabulut AB, Demirtaş E, Karataş E, Pepele E. Protective effects of resveratrol on salivary gland damage induced by total body irradiation in rats. Laryngoscope 2012; 122:2743-8. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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