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Meuten TK, Dean GA, Thamm DH. Review: The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction pathway in canine cancer. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:339-356. [PMID: 37905509 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231207021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumors in dogs and humans share many similar molecular and genetic features, incentivizing a better understanding of canine neoplasms not only for the purpose of treating companion animals, but also to facilitate research of spontaneously developing tumors with similar biologic behavior and treatment approaches in an immunologically competent animal model. Multiple tumor types of both species have similar dysregulation of signal transduction through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB; AKT), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), collectively known as the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. This review aims to delineate the pertinent aspects of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in health and in tumor development. It will then present a synopsis of current understanding of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in important canine cancers and advancements in targeted inhibitors of this pathway.
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2
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Beird HC, Bielack SS, Flanagan AM, Gill J, Heymann D, Janeway KA, Livingston JA, Roberts RD, Strauss SJ, Gorlick R. Osteosarcoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:77. [PMID: 36481668 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumour of the bone. Osteosarcoma incidence is bimodal, peaking at 18 and 60 years of age, and is slightly more common in males. The key pathophysiological mechanism involves several possible genetic drivers of disease linked to bone formation, causing malignant progression and metastasis. While there have been significant improvements in the outcome of patients with localized disease, with event-free survival outcomes exceeding 60%, in patients with metastatic disease, event-free survival outcomes remain poor at less than 30%. The suspicion of osteosarcoma based on radiographs still requires pathological evaluation of a bone biopsy specimen for definitive diagnosis and CT imaging of the chest should be performed to identify lung nodules. So far, population-based screening and surveillance strategies have not been implemented due to the rarity of osteosarcoma and the lack of reliable markers. Current screening focuses only on groups at high risk such as patients with genetic cancer predisposition syndromes. Management of osteosarcoma requires a multidisciplinary team of paediatric and medical oncologists, orthopaedic and general surgeons, pathologists, radiologists and specialist nurses. Survivors of osteosarcoma require specialized medical follow-up, as curative treatment consisting of chemotherapy and surgery has long-term adverse effects, which also affect the quality of life of patients. The development of osteosarcoma model systems and related research as well as the evaluation of new treatment approaches are ongoing to improve disease outcomes, especially for patients with metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Beird
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stefan S Bielack
- Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Klinikum Stuttgart - Olgahospital, Stuttgart Cancer Center, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Research Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Gill
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Andrew Livingston
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sandra J Strauss
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. .,Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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3
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Proteasome Inhibitors and Their Potential Applicability in Osteosarcoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194544. [PMID: 36230467 PMCID: PMC9559645 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone cancer has seen minimal benefits in therapeutic options in the past 30 years. Proteasome inhibitors present a new avenue of research for the treatment of bone cancer. Proteasome inhibitors impair the function of the proteasome, a structure within the cell that removes unwanted and misfolded proteins. Bone cancer cells heavily rely on the proteasome to properly function and survive. Impairing the proteasome function can have detrimental consequences and lead to cell death. This review provides a thorough summary of the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research that has explored proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of bone cancer. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of bone cancer, with ~30% of patients developing secondary/metastatic tumors. The molecular complexity of tumor metastasis and the lack of effective therapies for OS has cultivated interest in exploiting the proteasome as a molecular target for anti-cancer therapy. As our understanding towards the behavior of malignant cells expands, it is evident that cancerous cells display a greater reliance on the proteasome to maintain homeostasis and sustain efficient biological activities. This led to the development and approval of first- and second-generation proteasome inhibitors (PIs), which have improved outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Researchers have since postulated the therapeutic potential of PIs for the treatment of OS. As such, this review aims to summarize the biological effects and latest findings from clinical trials investigating PI-based treatments for OS. Integrating PIs into current treatment regimens may better outcomes for patients diagnosed with OS.
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4
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Recent and Ongoing Research into Metastatic Osteosarcoma Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073817. [PMID: 35409176 PMCID: PMC8998815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival rate for metastatic osteosarcoma has not improved for several decades, since the introduction and refinement of chemotherapy as a treatment in addition to surgery. Over two thirds of metastatic osteosarcoma patients, many of whom are children or adolescents, fail to exhibit durable responses and succumb to their disease. Concerted efforts have been made to increase survival rates through identification of candidate therapies via animal studies and early phase trials of novel treatments, but unfortunately, this work has produced negligible improvements to the survival rate for metastatic osteosarcoma patients. This review summarizes data from clinical trials of metastatic osteosarcoma therapies as well as pre-clinical studies that report efficacy of novel drugs against metastatic osteosarcoma in vivo. Considerations regarding the design of animal studies and clinical trials to improve survival outcomes for metastatic osteosarcoma patients are also discussed.
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5
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Luu AK, Cadieux M, Wong M, Macdonald R, Jones R, Choi D, Oblak M, Brisson B, Sauer S, Chafitz J, Warshawsky D, Wood GA, Viloria-Petit AM. Proteomic Assessment of Extracellular Vesicles from Canine Tissue Explants as a Pipeline to Identify Molecular Targets in Osteosarcoma: PSMD14/Rpn11 as a Proof of Principle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063256. [PMID: 35328679 PMCID: PMC8953151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly malignant bone tumour that has seen little improvement in treatment modalities in the past 30 years. Understanding what molecules contribute to OS biology could aid in the discovery of novel therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as a mode of cell-to-cell communication and have the potential to uncover novel protein signatures. In our research, we developed a novel pipeline to isolate, characterize, and profile EVs from normal bone and osteosarcoma tissue explants from canine OS patients. Proteomic analysis of vesicle preparations revealed a protein signature related to protein metabolism. One molecule of interest, PSMD14/Rpn11, was explored further given its prognostic potential in human and canine OS, and its targetability with the drug capzimin. In vitro experiments demonstrated that capzimin induces apoptosis and reduces clonogenic survival, proliferation, and migration in two metastatic canine OS cell lines. Capzimin also reduces the viability of metastatic human OS cells cultured under 3D conditions that mimic the growth of OS cells at secondary sites. This unique pipeline can improve our understanding of OS biology and identify new prognostic markers and molecular targets for both canine and human OS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K. Luu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Mia Cadieux
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Mackenzie Wong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Rachel Macdonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Robert Jones
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Dongsic Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea;
| | - Michelle Oblak
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.O.); (B.B.)
| | - Brigitte Brisson
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.O.); (B.B.)
| | - Scott Sauer
- Vuja De Sciences, Inc., Natick, MA 01760, USA; (S.S.); (D.W.)
| | | | | | - Geoffrey A. Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Alicia M. Viloria-Petit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (A.K.L.); (M.C.); (M.W.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy in adolescents. Its high propensity to metastasize is the leading cause for treatment failure and poor prognosis. Although the research of osteosarcoma has greatly expanded in the past decades, the knowledge and new therapy strategies targeting metastatic progression remain sparse. The prognosis of patients with metastasis is still unsatisfactory. There is resonating urgency for a thorough and deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying osteosarcoma to develop innovative therapies targeting metastasis. Toward the goal of elaborating the characteristics and biological behavior of metastatic osteosarcoma, it is essential to combine the diverse investigations that are performed at molecular, cellular, and animal levels from basic research to clinical translation spanning chemical, physical sciences, and biology. This review focuses on the metastatic process, regulatory networks involving key molecules and signaling pathways, the role of microenvironment, osteoclast, angiogenesis, metabolism, immunity, and noncoding RNAs in osteosarcoma metastasis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current research advances, with the hope to discovery druggable targets and promising therapy strategies for osteosarcoma metastasis and thus to overcome this clinical impasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohong Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Impact of limb amputation and cisplatin chemotherapy on metastatic progression in mouse models of osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24435. [PMID: 34952927 PMCID: PMC8709858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of animal models that accurately recapitulate human cancer is an ongoing challenge. This is particularly relevant in the study of osteosarcoma (OS), a highly malignant bone tumor diagnosed in approximately 1000 pediatric/adolescent patients each year. Metastasis is the leading cause of patient death underscoring the need for relevant animal models of metastatic OS. In this study, we describe how existing OS mouse models can be interrogated in a time-course context to determine the kinetics of spontaneous metastasis from an orthotopically implanted primary tumor. We evaluated four highly metastatic OS cell lines (3 human, 1 mouse) to establish a timeline for metastatic progression in immune deficient NSG mice. To discern the effects of therapy on tumor development and metastasis in these models, we investigated cisplatin therapy and surgical limb amputation at early and late timepoints. These data help define the appropriate observational periods for studies of metastatic progression in OS and further our understanding of existing mouse models. Efforts to advance the study of metastatic OS are critical for facilitating the identification of novel therapeutics and for improving patient survival.
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8
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Kammerud SC, Metge BJ, Elhamamsy AR, Weeks SE, Alsheikh HA, Mattheyses AL, Shevde LA, Samant RS. Novel role of the dietary flavonoid fisetin in suppressing rRNA biogenesis. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1439-1448. [PMID: 34267320 PMCID: PMC8510891 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus of a cell is a critical cellular compartment that is responsible for ribosome biogenesis and plays a central role in tumor progression. Fisetin, a nutraceutical, is a naturally occurring flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols that has anti-cancer effects. Fisetin negatively impacts several signaling pathways that support tumor progression. However, effect of fisetin on the nucleolus and its functions were unknown. We observed that fisetin is able to physically enter the nucleolus. In the nucleolus, RNA polymerase I (RNA Pol I) mediates the biogenesis of ribosomal RNA. Thus, we investigated the impacts of fisetin on the nucleolus. We observed that breast tumor cells treated with fisetin show a 20-30% decreased nucleolar abundance per cell and a 30-60% downregulation of RNA Pol I transcription activity, as well as a 50-70% reduction in nascent rRNA synthesis, depending on the cell line. Our studies show that fisetin negatively influences MAPK/ERK pathway to impair RNA Pol I activity and rRNA biogenesis. Functionally, we demonstrate that fisetin acts synergistically (CI = 0.4) with RNA Pol I inhibitor, BMH-21 and shows a noteworthy negative impact (60% decrease) on lung colonization of breast cancer cells. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) biogenesis as a target for secondary prevention and possible treatment of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Kammerud
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brandon J Metge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amr R Elhamamsy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shannon E Weeks
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Heba A Alsheikh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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9
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Tang F, Tie Y, Wei YQ, Tu CQ, Wei XW. Targeted and immuno-based therapies in sarcoma: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188606. [PMID: 34371128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas represent a distinct group of rare malignant tumors with high heterogeneity. Limited options with clinical efficacy for the metastatic or local advanced sarcoma existed despite standard therapy. Recently, targeted therapy according to the molecular and genetic phenotype of individual sarcoma is a promising option. Among these drugs, anti-angiogenesis therapy achieved favorable efficacy in sarcomas. Inhibitors targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, mTOR, NTRK, metabolisms, and epigenetic drugs are under clinical evaluation for sarcomas bearing the corresponding signals. Immunotherapy represents a promising and favorable method in advanced solid tumors. However, most sarcomas are immune "cold" tumors, with only alveolar soft part sarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cellular therapies with TCR-engineered T cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and nature killer cells transfer show therapeutic potential. Identifying tumor-specific antigens and exploring immune modulation factors arguing the efficacy of these immunotherapies are the current challenges. This review focuses on the mechanisms, advances, and potential strategies of targeted and immune-based therapies in sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Tang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Orthopeadics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Tie
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong-Qi Tu
- Department of Orthopeadics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xia-Wei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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10
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LeBlanc AK, Mazcko CN, Cherukuri A, Berger EP, Kisseberth WC, Brown ME, Lana SE, Weishaar K, Flesner BK, Bryan JN, Vail DM, Burton JH, Willcox JL, Mutsaers AJ, Woods JP, Northrup NC, Saba C, Curran KM, Leeper H, Wilson-Robles H, Wustefeld-Janssens BG, Lindley S, Smith AN, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Higginbotham ML, Wouda RM, Krick E, Mahoney JA, London CA, Barber LG, Balkman CE, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Suter SE, Martin O, Borgatti A, Burgess K, Childress MO, Fidel JL, Allstadt SD, Gustafson DL, Selmic LE, Khanna C, Fan TM. Adjuvant Sirolimus Does Not Improve Outcome in Pet Dogs Receiving Standard-of-Care Therapy for Appendicular Osteosarcoma: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of 324 Dogs. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3005-3016. [PMID: 33753454 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mTOR pathway has been identified as a key nutrient signaling hub that participates in metastatic progression of high-grade osteosarcoma. Inhibition of mTOR signaling is biologically achievable with sirolimus, and might slow the outgrowth of distant metastases. In this study, pet dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were leveraged as high-value biologic models for pediatric osteosarcoma, to assess mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for attenuating metastatic disease progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 324 pet dogs diagnosed with treatment-naïve appendicular osteosarcoma were randomized into a two-arm, multicenter, parallel superiority trial whereby dogs received amputation of the affected limb, followed by adjuvant carboplatin chemotherapy ± oral sirolimus therapy. The primary outcome measure was disease-free interval (DFI), as assessed by serial physical and radiologic detection of emergent macroscopic metastases; secondary outcomes included overall 1- and 2-year survival rates, and sirolimus pharmacokinetic variables and their correlative relationship to adverse events and clinical outcomes. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the median DFI or overall survival between the two arms of this trial; the median DFI and survival for standard-of-care (SOC; defined as amputation and carboplatin therapy) dogs was 180 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 144-237] and 282 days (95% CI, 224-383) and for SOC + sirolimus dogs, it was 204 days (95% CI, 157-217) and 280 days (95% CI, 252-332), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In a population of pet dogs nongenomically segmented for predicted mTOR inhibition response, sequentially administered adjuvant sirolimus, although well tolerated when added to a backbone of therapy, did not extend DFI or survival in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Christina N Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aswini Cherukuri
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erika P Berger
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Comparative Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Megan E Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susan E Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kristen Weishaar
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brian K Flesner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David M Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jenna H Burton
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jennifer L Willcox
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Paul Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole C Northrup
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Corey Saba
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Haley Leeper
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Brandan G Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephanie Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wilford and Kate Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wilford and Kate Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia.,ICATS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mary Lynn Higginbotham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Raelene M Wouda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Erika Krick
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer A Mahoney
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl A London
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa G Barber
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl E Balkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Angela L McCleary-Wheeler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Steven E Suter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Olya Martin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kristine Burgess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Michael O Childress
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Janean L Fidel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Sara D Allstadt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts.,Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. .,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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11
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Sun C, Li S. PTHR1 in osteosarcoma: Specific molecular mechanisms and comprehensive functional perspective. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3175-3181. [PMID: 33675132 PMCID: PMC8034476 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma occurs largely in children and adolescents and is the most common primary malignant tumour of bone. Although surgical advances and neoadjuvant chemotherapy have made great strides in recent years, rates of local recurrence and lung metastasis remain high, with a plateau in overall survival during the past decade. It is thus urgent to explore the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma and identify potential therapeutic targets. Parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1) belongs to the broad family of G protein–coupled receptors, binding both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid hormone–related peptide (PTHrP, a paracrine factor). Previous studies have shown that in tissues and cells of osteosarcoma, expression of PTHR1 is markedly increased, correlating with aggressive biologic behaviour and a poor prognosis. PTHR1 expression also correlates closely with epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, post‐translational modification and protein interaction. Herein, we have summarized the latest research on the role played by PTHR1 in progression of osteosarcoma, assessing its clinical utility as a novel biomarker and its therapeutic ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China.,Department of Tissue Engineering, Center of 3D Printing & Organ Manufacturing, School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University (CMU), Shenyang, China
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12
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Zou T, Liu W, Wang Z, Chen J, Lu S, Huang K, Li W. C3AR1 mRNA as a Potential Therapeutic Target Associates With Clinical Outcomes and Tumor Microenvironment in Osteosarcoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:642615. [PMID: 33748161 PMCID: PMC7973027 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.642615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Targeting cancer-specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) may offer novel insights into therapeutic strategies in osteosarcoma. This study aimed to discover possible osteosarcoma-specific mRNA and probe its biological functions. Methods: Based on mRNA-seq data from the TARGET database, stromal and immune scores were estimated for each osteosarcoma sample via the ESTIMATE algorithm. Stromal and immune mRNAs were obtained via integration of differentially expressed mRNAs between high and low stromal / immune score groups. Among hub and prognostic mRNAs, C3AR1 mRNA was focused and its prognostic value was assessed. The associations between C3AR1 mRNA and immune cells were analyzed via the CIBERSORT algorithm. Its expression was verified in osteosarcoma tissues and cells by RT-qPCR and western blot. The functions of C3AR1 were investigated by a series of experiments. Results: Low stromal and immune scores were both indicative of unfavorable outcomes for osteosarcoma patients. Eighty-eight up-regulated and seven down-regulated stromal and immune mRNAs were identified. Among 30 hub mRNAs, low expression of C3AR1 mRNA indicated worse outcomes than its high expression. There was a lower mRNA expression of C3AR1 in metastatic than non-metastatic osteosarcoma. C3AR1 mRNA was closely correlated to various immune cells such as macrophages. C3AR1 was verified to be down-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues and cells. Its overexpression suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Conclusion: C3AR1 mRNA could be a promising therapeutic target for osteosarcoma, linked with prognosis and tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiannan Zou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Medical Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics, Kunming, China
| | - Weibing Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics, Kunming, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics, Kunming, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Medical Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics, Kunming, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics, Kunming, China
| | - Weichao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Faculty of Medical Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Orthopaedics, Kunming, China
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Targetable Intercellular Signaling Pathways Facilitate Lung Colonization in Osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32767237 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43085-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes for young people diagnosed with osteosarcoma hinge almost exclusively on whether they develop lung metastasis. The striking predilection that osteosarcoma shows for metastatic spread to lung suggests properties and/or lung interactions that generate tissue-specific survival and proliferation advantages. While these mechanisms remain overall poorly defined, studies have begun to describe biological elements important to metastasis. Mechanisms described to date include both cell-autonomous adaptations that allow disseminated tumor cells to survive the stressors imposed by metastasis and intercellular signaling networks that tumor cells exploit to pirate needed signals from surrounding tissues or to recruit other cells that create a more favorable niche. Evidence suggests that cell-autonomous changes are largely driven by epigenetic reprogramming of disseminated tumor cells that facilitates resistance to late apoptosis, manages endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors, promotes translation of complex transcripts, and activates clotting pathways. Tumor-host signaling pathways important for lung colonization drive interactions with lung epithelium, mesenchymal stem cells, and mediators of innate and adaptive immunity. In this chapter, we highlight one particular pathway that integrates cell-autonomous adaptations with lung-specific tumor-host interactions. In this mechanism, aberrant ΔNp63 expression primes tumor cells to produce IL6 and CXCL8 upon interaction with lung epithelial cells. This tumor-derived IL6 and CXCL8 then initiates autocrine, osteosarcoma-lung paracrine, and osteosarcoma-immune paracrine interactions that facilitate metastasis. Importantly, many of these pathways appear targetable with clinically feasible therapeutics. Ongoing work to better understand metastasis is driving efforts to improve outcomes by targeting the most devastating complication of this disease.
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14
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Nomura M, Rainusso N, Lee YC, Dawson B, Coarfa C, Han R, Larson JL, Shuck R, Kurenbekova L, Yustein JT. Tegavivint and the β-Catenin/ALDH Axis in Chemotherapy-Resistant and Metastatic Osteosarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:1216-1227. [PMID: 30793158 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is closely associated with osteosarcoma (OS) development and metastatic progression. We investigated the antitumor activity of Tegavivint, a novel β-catenin/transducin β-like protein 1 (TBL1) inhibitor, against OS employing in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo cell line and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models that recapitulate high risk disease. METHODS The antitumor efficacy of Tegavivint was evaluated in vitro using established OS and PDX-derived cell lines. Use of an ex vivo three-dimensional pulmonary metastasis assay assessed targeting of β-catenin activity during micro- and macrometastatic development. The in vivo activity of Tegavivint was evaluated using chemoresistant and metastatic OS PDX models. Gene and protein expression were quantified by quantitative Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or immunoblot analysis. Bone integrity was determined via microCT. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Tegavivint exhibited antiproliferative activity against OS cells in vitro and actively reduced micro- and macrometastatic development ex vivo. Multiple OS PDX tumors (n = 3), including paired patient primary and lung metastatic tumors with inherent chemoresistance, were suppressed by Tegavivint in vivo. We identified that metastatic lung OS cell lines (n = 2) exhibited increased stem cell signatures, including enhanced concomitant aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1) and β-catenin expression and downstream activity, which were suppressed by Tegavivint (ALDH1: control group, mean relative mRNA expression = 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.68 to 1.22 vs Tegavivint group, mean = 0.011, 95% CI = 0.0012 to 0.056, P < .001; β-catenin: control group, mean relative mRNA expression = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.71 to 1.36 vs Tegavivint group, mean = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.52, P < .001). ALDH1high PDX-derived lung OS cells, which demonstrated enhanced metastatic potential compared with ALDHlow cells in vivo, were sensitive to Tegavivint. Toxicity studies revealed decreased bone density in male Tegavivint-treated mice (n = 4 mice per group). CONCLUSIONS Tegavivint is a promising therapeutic agent for advanced stages of OS via its targeting of the β-catenin/ALDH1 axis.
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Fan TM, Roberts RD, Lizardo MM. Understanding and Modeling Metastasis Biology to Improve Therapeutic Strategies for Combating Osteosarcoma Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32082995 PMCID: PMC7006476 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary tumor of bone, arising from transformed progenitor cells with osteoblastic differentiation and osteoid production. While categorized as a rare tumor, most patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma are adolescents in their second decade of life and underscores the potential for life changing consequences in this vulnerable population. In the setting of localized disease, conventional treatment for osteosarcoma affords a cure rate approaching 70%; however, survival for patients suffering from metastatic disease remain disappointing with only 20% of individuals being alive past 5 years post-diagnosis. In patients with incurable disease, pulmonary metastases remain the leading cause for osteosarcoma-associated mortality; yet identifying new strategies for combating metastatic progression remains at a scientific and clinical impasse, with no significant advancements for the past four decades. While there is resonating clinical urgency for newer and more effective treatment options for managing osteosarcoma metastases, the discovery of druggable targets and development of innovative therapies for inhibiting metastatic progression will require a deeper and more detailed understanding of osteosarcoma metastasis biology. Toward the goal of illuminating the processes involved in cancer metastasis, a convergent science approach inclusive of diverse disciplines spanning the biology and physical science domains can offer novel and synergistic perspectives, inventive, and sophisticated model systems, and disruptive experimental approaches that can accelerate the discovery and characterization of key processes operative during metastatic progression. Through the lens of trans-disciplinary research, the field of comparative oncology is uniquely positioned to advance new discoveries in metastasis biology toward impactful clinical translation through the inclusion of pet dogs diagnosed with metastatic osteosarcoma. Given the spontaneous course of osteosarcoma development in the context of real-time tumor microenvironmental cues and immune mechanisms, pet dogs are distinctively valuable in translational modeling given their faithful recapitulation of metastatic disease progression as occurs in humans. Pet dogs can be leveraged for the exploration of novel therapies that exploit tumor cell vulnerabilities, perturb local microenvironmental cues, and amplify immunologic recognition. In this capacity, pet dogs can serve as valuable corroborative models for realizing the science and best clinical practices necessary for understanding and combating osteosarcoma metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Fan
- Comparative Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael M Lizardo
- Poul Sorensen Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Part of the Provincial Health Services Authority in British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Chen H, Li M. [Role of mammalian target of rapamycin activation in menthol-induced expressions of airway inflammation-related factors in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:1344-1349. [PMID: 31852644 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation in menthol-induced expression of airway inflammation- related factors in human bronchial epithelial cells and explore its mechanism. METHODS Cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were divided into normal control group, menthol group, rapamycin group, and menthol+rapamycin group with corresponding treatments. The cell viability was measured with CCK-8 method. The mRNA levels of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were detected by RT-PCR, and the protein expressions of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), TRPM8, TNF-α and IL-1β were determined using Western blotting. The intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence intensity was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with the normal control cells, menthol- treated cells showed significantly increased TNF-α, IL-1β, and p-mTOR expression and elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentration (P < 0.05), and the rapamycin-treated cells exhibited significantly decreased p-mTOR expression (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in TNF-α, IL-1β or intracellular Ca2+ concentration between the normal control and rapamycin-treated cells (P>0.05). Compared with the menthol-treated cells, the cells treated with both menthol and rapamycin showed significantly decreased TNF- α, IL-1β, and p-mTOR expression and obviously lowered intracellular Ca2+ concentration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Menthol promotes the expressions of airway inflammationrelated factors IL-1β and TNF-α possibly by activating mTOR to cause the increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Minchao Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Han Y, Feng H, Sun J, Liang X, Wang Z, Xing W, Dai Q, Yang Y, Han A, Wei Z, Bi Q, Ji H, Kang T, Zou W. Lkb1 deletion in periosteal mesenchymal progenitors induces osteogenic tumors through mTORC1 activation. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1895-1909. [PMID: 30830877 PMCID: PMC6486357 DOI: 10.1172/jci124590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone osteogenic sarcoma has a poor prognosis as the exact cell of origin and the signaling pathways underling tumor formation remain undefined. Here, we report an osteogenic tumor mouse model based on the conditional knockout of liver kinase b1 (Lkb1; also known as Stk11) in Cathepsin K (Ctsk)-Cre expressing cells. Lineage tracing studies demonstrated that Ctsk-Cre could label a population of periosteal cells. The cells functioned as mesenchymal progenitors with regard to markers and functional properties. LKB1 deficiency increased proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of Ctsk+ periosteal cells, while downregulation of mTORC1 activity, using Raptor genetic mouse model or mTORC1 inhibitor treatment, ameliorated tumor progression of Ctsk-Cre Lkb1fllfl mice. Xenograft mouse models, using human osteosarcoma cell lines, also demonstrated that LKB1 deficiency promoted tumor formation, while mTOR inhibition suppressed xenograft tumor growth. In summary, we identified periosteum-derived Ctsk-Cre expressing cells as a cell of origin for osteogenic tumor and suggested the LKB1-mTORC1 pathway as a promising target for treatment of osteogenic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinggang Dai
- The Second Dental Center, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anjia Han
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanying Wei
- Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Metabolic Bone Disease and Genetics Research Unit, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Bi
- Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Lizardo MM, Sorensen PH. Practical Considerations in Studying Metastatic Lung Colonization in Osteosarcoma Using the Pulmonary Metastasis Assay. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29578500 DOI: 10.3791/56332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary metastasis assay (PuMA) is an ex vivo lung explant and closed cell culture system that permits researchers to study the biology of lung colonization in osteosarcoma (OS) by fluorescence microscopy. This article provides a detailed description of the protocol, and discusses examples of obtaining image data on metastatic growth using widefield or confocal fluorescence microscopy platforms. The flexibility of the PuMA model permits researchers to study not only the growth of OS cells in the lung microenvironment, but also to assess the effects of anti-metastatic therapeutics over time. Confocal microscopy allows for unprecedented, high-resolution imaging of OS cell interactions with the lung parenchyma. Moreover, when the PuMA model is combined with fluorescent dyes or fluorescent protein genetic reporters, researchers can study the lung microenvironment, cellular and subcellular structures, gene function, and promoter activity in metastatic OS cells. The PuMA model provides a new tool for osteosarcoma researchers to discover new metastasis biology and assess the activity of novel anti-metastatic, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lizardo
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health; BC Cancer Agency, Provincial Health Services Authority
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- BC Cancer Agency, Provincial Health Services Authority; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia;
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Saraf AJ, Fenger JM, Roberts RD. Osteosarcoma: Accelerating Progress Makes for a Hopeful Future. Front Oncol 2018; 8:4. [PMID: 29435436 PMCID: PMC5790793 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who develop osteosarcoma in 2017 receive treatment that remains essentially unchanged since the 1970s. Outcomes likewise remain largely unimproved. Large, collaborative, multinational efforts to improve therapy have evaluated strategies leveraging both cytotoxic intensification and immunomodulatory agents. While these have confirmed our capacity to conduct such trials, results have proved largely disappointing. This has motivated efforts to focus on the basic biology of osteosarcoma, where understanding remains poor but has improved significantly. Recent advances have identified characteristic genetic features of osteosarcoma, including profound chromosomal disruption, marked patient-patient heterogeneity, and a paucity of recurrent mutations. Analyses suggest genesis in early catastrophic genetic events, although the nature of the inciting events remains unclear. While p53 and Rb inactivation occurs in most osteosarcomas, the landscape of associated driver mutations has proved extensive. Few mutations recur with high frequency, though patterns continue to emerge that suggest recurrent alterations within specific pathways. Biological pathways implicated in osteosarcoma biology through genetic and other preclinical studies include PI3K/mTOR, WNT/βcatenin, TGFβ, RANKL/NF-κB, and IGF. Unfortunately, clinical studies evaluating targeted agents have to date yielded disappointing results, as have studies examining modern immunotherapeutics. It remains unclear whether this pattern of clinical failures exposes inadequacies of our preclinical models, unrealistic expectations for single-agent responses in heavily pretreated patients, or biology less relevant than suggested. Nearly all patients who succumb to osteosarcoma develop lung metastases, which exhibit marked chemoresistance. Much scientific effort has recently sought to enhance our mechanistic understanding of metastasis biology. This research has potential to reveal novel targets for preventing and treating metastasis and for uncovering key vulnerabilities of osteosarcoma cells. Efforts to implement drug development strategies that leverage clinical studies in veterinary patients have potential to accelerate the translation of novel experimental regimens toward human studies. These could reduce costs and development timelines, prioritize agents, and refine regimens prior to human clinical trials. The rise of philanthropic groups focused on osteosarcoma has enhanced cross-disciplinary and cross-institutional focus and provided much needed resources. Transformative new therapies will likely arise from collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts that extend our understanding of osteosarcoma's most basic inner workings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Saraf
- Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and BMT, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joelle M. Fenger
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ryan D. Roberts
- Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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