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Stevenson VB, Gudenschwager-Basso EK, Klahn S, LeRoith T, Huckle WR. Inhibitory checkpoint molecule mRNA expression in canine soft tissue sarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:709-716. [PMID: 37680007 PMCID: PMC10841275 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Canine soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are common neoplasms and considered immune deserts. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes are sparse in STS and, when present, tend to organize around blood vessels or at the periphery of the neoplasm. This pattern is associated with an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment linked to overexpression of molecules of the PD-axis. PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression correlates with malignancy and poor prognosis in other neoplasms in humans and dogs, but little is known about their role in canine STS, their relationship to tumour grade, and how different therapies affect expression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of checkpoint molecules across STS tumour grades and after tumour ablation treatment. Gene expression analysis was performed by reverse-transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR in soft tissue sarcomas that underwent histotripsy and from histologic specimens of STS from the Virginia Tech Animal Laboratory Services archives. The expression of PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 was detected in untreated STS tissue representing grades 1, 2, and 3. Numerically decreased expression of all markers was observed in tissue sampled from the treatment interface relative to untreated areas of the tumour. The relatively lower expression of these checkpoint molecules at the periphery of the treated area may be related to liquefactive necrosis induced by the histotripsy treatment, and would potentially allow TILs to infiltrate the tumour. Relative increases of these checkpoint molecules in tumours of a higher grade and alongside immune cell infiltration are consistent with previous reports that associate their expression with malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Beatriz Stevenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Erwin Kristobal Gudenschwager-Basso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - William R. Huckle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Hay AN, Ruger L, Hsueh A, Vickers E, Klahn S, Vlaisavljevich E, Tuohy J. A review of the development of histotripsy for extremity tumor ablation with a canine comparative oncology model to inform human treatments. Int J Hyperthermia 2023; 40:2274802. [PMID: 37994796 PMCID: PMC10669778 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2023.2274802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a devasting disease resulting in millions of deaths worldwide in both humans and companion animals, including dogs. Treatment of cancer is complex and challenging and therefore often multifaceted, as in the case of osteosarcoma (OS) and soft tissue sarcoma (STS). OS predominantly involves the appendicular skeleton and STS commonly develops in the extremities, resulting in treatment challenges due to the need to balance wide-margin resections to achieve local oncological control against the functional outcomes for the patient. To achieve wide tumor resection, invasive limb salvage surgery is often required, and the patient is at risk for numerous complications which can ultimately lead to impaired limb function and mobility. The advent of tumor ablation techniques offers the exciting potential of developing noninvasive or minimally invasive treatment options for extremity tumors. One promising innovative tumor ablation technique with strong potential to serve as a noninvasive limb salvage treatment for extremity tumor patients is histotripsy. Histotripsy is a novel, noninvasive, non-thermal, and non-ionizing focused ultrasound technique which uses controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue with high precision. In this review, we present the ongoing development of histotripsy as a non-surgical alternative for extremity tumors and highlight the value of spontaneously occurring OS and STS in the pet dog as a comparative oncology research model to advance this field of histotripsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna N. Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
| | - Lauren Ruger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Andy Hsueh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
| | - Elliana Vickers
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
- Graduate program in Translation Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA
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Ruger L, Yang E, Gannon J, Sheppard H, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Ziemlewicz TJ, Dervisis N, Allen IC, Daniel GB, Tuohy J, Vlaisavljevich E, Klahn S. Mechanical High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (Histotripsy) in Dogs With Spontaneously Occurring Soft Tissue Sarcomas. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:768-779. [PMID: 36006886 PMCID: PMC9969335 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3201709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histotripsy is a non-invasive focused ultrasound therapy that uses controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue. To date, there are no reports investigating histotripsy for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the in vivo feasibility of ablating STS with histotripsy and to characterize the impact of partial histotripsy ablation on the acute immunologic response in canine patients with spontaneous STS. METHODS A custom 500 kHz histotripsy system was used to treat ten dogs with naturally occurring STS. Four to six days after histotripsy, tumors were surgically resected. Safety was determined by monitoring vital signs during treatment and post-treatment physical examinations, routine lab work, and owners' reports. Ablation was characterized using radiologic and histopathologic analyses. Systemic immunological impact was evaluated by measuring changes in cytokine concentrations, and tumor microenvironment changes were evaluated by characterizing changes in infiltration with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using multiplex immunohistochemistry and differential gene expression. RESULTS Results showed histotripsy ablation was achievable and well-tolerated in all ten dogs. Immunological results showed histotripsy induced pro-inflammatory changes in the tumor microenvironment. Conclusion & Significance: Overall, this study demonstrates histotripsy's potential as a precise, non-invasive treatment for STS.
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Stevenson VB, Klahn S, LeRoith T, Huckle WR. Canine melanoma: A review of diagnostics and comparative mechanisms of disease and immunotolerance in the era of the immunotherapies. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1046636. [PMID: 36686160 PMCID: PMC9853198 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1046636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanomas in humans and dogs are highly malignant and resistant to therapy. Since the first development of immunotherapies, interest in how the immune system interacts within the tumor microenvironment and plays a role in tumor development, progression, or remission has increased. Of major importance are tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) where distribution and cell frequencies correlate with survival and therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, efforts have been made to identify subsets of TILs populations that can contribute to a tumor-promoting or tumor-inhibiting environment, such as the case with T regulatory cells versus CD8 T cells. Furthermore, cancerous cells have the capacity to express certain inhibitory checkpoint molecules, including CTLA-4, PD-L1, PD-L2, that can suppress the immune system, a property associated with poor prognosis, a high rate of recurrence, and metastasis. Comparative oncology brings insights to comprehend the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and immunotolerance in humans and dogs, contributing to the development of new therapeutic agents that can modulate the immune response against the tumor. Therapies that target signaling pathways such as mTOR and MEK/ERK that are upregulated in cancer, or immunotherapies with different approaches such as CAR-T cells engineered for specific tumor-associated antigens, DNA vaccines using human tyrosinase or CGSP-4 antigen, anti-PD-1 or -PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies that intercept their binding inhibiting the suppression of the T cells, and lymphokine-activated killer cells are already in development for treating canine tumors. This review provides concise and recent information about diagnosis, comparative mechanisms of tumor development and progression, and the current status of immunotherapies directed toward canine melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina B. Stevenson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States,Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - William R. Huckle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States,*Correspondence: William R. Huckle ✉
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Ruger L, Yang E, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Vickers E, Gannon J, Nightengale M, Hsueh A, Ciepluch B, Dervisis N, Vlaisavljevich E, Klahn S. Histotripsy ablation for the treatment of feline injection site sarcomas: a first-in-cat in vivo feasibility study. Int J Hyperthermia 2023; 40:2210272. [PMID: 37196996 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2023.2210272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Feline soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and injection site sarcoma (fISS) are rapidly growing tumors with low metastatic potential, but locally aggressive behavior. Histotripsy is a non-invasive focused ultrasound therapy using controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue. In this study, we investigated the in vivo safety and feasibility of histotripsy to treat fISS using a custom 1 MHz transducer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three cats with naturally-occurring STS were treated with histotripsy before surgical removal of the tumor 3 to 6 days later. Gross and histological analyses were used to characterize the ablation efficacy of the treatment, and routine immunohistochemistry and batched cytokine analysis were used to investigate the acute immunological effects of histotripsy. RESULTS Results showed that histotripsy ablation was achievable and well-tolerated in all three cats. Precise cavitation bubble clouds were generated in all patients, and hematoxylin & eosin stained tissues revealed ablative damage in targeted regions. Immunohistochemical results identified an increase in IBA-1 positive cells in treated tissues, and no significant changes in cytokine concentrations were identified post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the safety and feasibility of histotripsy to target and ablate superficial feline STS and fISS tumors and guide the clinical development of histotripsy devices for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Ruger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ester Yang
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elliana Vickers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jessica Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marlie Nightengale
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Andy Hsueh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Brittany Ciepluch
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Arnold L, Hendricks-Wenger A, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Gannon J, Hay AN, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Allen IC, Tuohy J, Vlaisavljevich E. Corrigendum to 'Histotripsy Ablation of Bone Tumors: Feasibility Study in Excised Canine Osteosarcoma Tumors' [Ultrasound in Med & Biol. 47 (2021) 3435-3446]. Ultrasound Med Biol 2022; 48:1356. [PMID: 35400542 PMCID: PMC9149109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessica Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alayna N Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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Hendricks-Wenger A, Arnold L, Gannon J, Simon A, Singh N, Sheppard H, Nagai-Singer MA, Imran KM, Lee K, Clark-Deener S, Byron C, Edwards MR, Larson MM, Rossmeisl JH, Coutermarsh-Ott SL, Eden K, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Tuohy J, Allen IC, Vlaisavljevich E. Histotripsy Ablation in Preclinical Animal Models of Cancer and Spontaneous Tumors in Veterinary Patients: A Review. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2022; 69:5-26. [PMID: 34478363 PMCID: PMC9284566 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies are direly needed in the fight against cancer. Over the last decade, several tumor ablation strategies have emerged as stand-alone or combination therapies. Histotripsy is the first completely noninvasive, nonthermal, and nonionizing tumor ablation method. Histotripsy can produce consistent and rapid ablations, even near critical structures. Additional benefits include real-time image guidance, high precision, and the ability to treat tumors of any predetermined size and shape. Unfortunately, the lack of clinically and physiologically relevant preclinical cancer models is often a significant limitation with all focal tumor ablation strategies. The majority of studies testing histotripsy for cancer treatment have focused on small animal models, which have been critical in moving this field forward and will continue to be essential for providing mechanistic insight. While these small animal models have notable translational value, there are significant limitations in terms of scale and anatomical relevance. To address these limitations, a diverse range of large animal models and spontaneous tumor studies in veterinary patients have emerged to complement existing rodent models. These models and veterinary patients are excellent at providing realistic avenues for developing and testing histotripsy devices and techniques designed for future use in human patients. Here, we provide a review of animal models used in preclinical histotripsy studies and compare histotripsy ablation in these models using a series of original case reports across a broad spectrum of preclinical animal models and spontaneous tumors in veterinary patients.
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Arnold L, Hendricks-Wenger A, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Gannon J, Hay AN, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Allen IC, Tuohy J, Vlaisavljevich E. Histotripsy Ablation of Bone Tumors: Feasibility Study in Excised Canine Osteosarcoma Tumors. Ultrasound Med Biol 2021; 47:3435-3446. [PMID: 34462159 PMCID: PMC8578360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone tumor affecting both dogs and humans. Histotripsy is a non-thermal, non-invasive focused ultrasound method using controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of treating primary OS tumors with histotripsy using a 500-kHz transducer on excised canine OS samples harvested after surgery at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Virginia Tech. Samples were embedded in gelatin tissue phantoms and treated with the 500-kHz histotripsy system using one- or two-cycle pulses at a pulse repetition frequency of 250 Hz and a dosage of 4000 pulses/point. Separate experiments also assessed histotripsy effects on normal canine bone and nerve using the same pulsing parameters. After treatment, histopathological evaluation of the samples was completed. To determine the feasibility of treating OS through intact skin/soft tissue, additional histotripsy experiments assessed OS with overlying tissues. Generation of bubble clouds was achieved at the focus in all tumor samples at peak negative pressures of 26.2 ± 4.5 MPa. Histopathology revealed effective cell ablation in treated areas for OS tumors, with no evidence of cell death or tissue damage in normal tissues. Treatment through tissue/skin resulted in generation of well-confined bubble clouds and ablation zones inside OS tumors. Results illustrate the feasibility of treating OS tumors with histotripsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessica Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alayna N Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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Latifi M, Hay A, Carroll J, Dervisis N, Arnold L, Coutermarsh-Ott SL, Kierski KR, Klahn S, Allen IC, Vlaisavljevich E, Tuohy J. Focused ultrasound tumour ablation in small animal oncology. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:411-419. [PMID: 34057278 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cancer incidence rates for humans and animals remain high, and efforts to improve cancer treatment are crucial. Cancer treatment for solid tumours includes both treatment of the primary tumour and of metastasis. Surgery is commonly employed to resect primary and metastatic tumours, but is invasive, and is not always the optimal treatment modality. Prevention and treatment of metastatic disease often utilizes a multimodal approach, but metastasis remains a major cause of death for both human and veterinary cancer patients. Focused ultrasound (FUS) tumour ablation techniques represent a novel non-invasive approach to treating cancer. FUS ablation is precise, thus sparing adjacent critical structures while ablating the tumour. FUS ablation can occur in a thermal or non-thermal fashion. Thermal FUS ablation, also known as high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation, destroys tumour cells via heat, whereas non-thermal FUS, known as histotripsy, ablates tumour cells via mechanical disintegration of tissue. Not only can HIFU and histotripsy ablate tumours, they also demonstrate potential to upregulate the host immune system towards an anti-tumour response. The aim of this report is provide a description of HIFU and histotripsy tumour ablation, with a focus on the basic principles of their ablation mechanisms and their clinical applicability in the field of veterinary oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Latifi
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alayna Hay
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer Carroll
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheryl L Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Katharine R Kierski
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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LeBlanc AK, Mazcko CN, Cherukuri A, Berger EP, Kisseberth WC, Brown ME, Lana SE, Weishaar K, Flesner BK, Bryan JN, Vail DM, Burton JH, Willcox JL, Mutsaers AJ, Woods JP, Northrup NC, Saba C, Curran KM, Leeper H, Wilson-Robles H, Wustefeld-Janssens BG, Lindley S, Smith AN, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Higginbotham ML, Wouda RM, Krick E, Mahoney JA, London CA, Barber LG, Balkman CE, McCleary-Wheeler AL, Suter SE, Martin O, Borgatti A, Burgess K, Childress MO, Fidel JL, Allstadt SD, Gustafson DL, Selmic LE, Khanna C, Fan TM. Adjuvant Sirolimus Does Not Improve Outcome in Pet Dogs Receiving Standard-of-Care Therapy for Appendicular Osteosarcoma: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of 324 Dogs. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:3005-3016. [PMID: 33753454 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mTOR pathway has been identified as a key nutrient signaling hub that participates in metastatic progression of high-grade osteosarcoma. Inhibition of mTOR signaling is biologically achievable with sirolimus, and might slow the outgrowth of distant metastases. In this study, pet dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were leveraged as high-value biologic models for pediatric osteosarcoma, to assess mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for attenuating metastatic disease progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 324 pet dogs diagnosed with treatment-naïve appendicular osteosarcoma were randomized into a two-arm, multicenter, parallel superiority trial whereby dogs received amputation of the affected limb, followed by adjuvant carboplatin chemotherapy ± oral sirolimus therapy. The primary outcome measure was disease-free interval (DFI), as assessed by serial physical and radiologic detection of emergent macroscopic metastases; secondary outcomes included overall 1- and 2-year survival rates, and sirolimus pharmacokinetic variables and their correlative relationship to adverse events and clinical outcomes. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the median DFI or overall survival between the two arms of this trial; the median DFI and survival for standard-of-care (SOC; defined as amputation and carboplatin therapy) dogs was 180 days [95% confidence interval (CI), 144-237] and 282 days (95% CI, 224-383) and for SOC + sirolimus dogs, it was 204 days (95% CI, 157-217) and 280 days (95% CI, 252-332), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In a population of pet dogs nongenomically segmented for predicted mTOR inhibition response, sequentially administered adjuvant sirolimus, although well tolerated when added to a backbone of therapy, did not extend DFI or survival in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Christina N Mazcko
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aswini Cherukuri
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erika P Berger
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Comparative Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Megan E Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Susan E Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kristen Weishaar
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brian K Flesner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey N Bryan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David M Vail
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jenna H Burton
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jennifer L Willcox
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Paul Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole C Northrup
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Corey Saba
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Kaitlin M Curran
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Haley Leeper
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Heather Wilson-Robles
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Brandan G Wustefeld-Janssens
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Stephanie Lindley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wilford and Kate Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Annette N Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Wilford and Kate Bailey Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia.,ICATS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mary Lynn Higginbotham
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Raelene M Wouda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Erika Krick
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer A Mahoney
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cheryl A London
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa G Barber
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl E Balkman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Angela L McCleary-Wheeler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - Steven E Suter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Olya Martin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kristine Burgess
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Michael O Childress
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Janean L Fidel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Sara D Allstadt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chand Khanna
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Ethos Veterinary Health, Woburn, Massachusetts.,Ethos Discovery, San Diego, California
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. .,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Klahn S, Dervisis N, Gustafson DL, Abbott J. Dose-Escalation and Pharmacokinetic Study Following a Single Dose of Oxaliplatin in Cancer-Bearing Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020; 56:206-214. [PMID: 32412339 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is more potent than cisplatin, lacks cross-resistance to other platinum agents, and has a favorable toxicity profile. This study's objective was to define the maximally tolerated dose and the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of oxaliplatin in cancer-bearing dogs. This was a prospective, single-patient-cohort, dose-escalation study of oxaliplatin in client-owned dogs with confirmed, spontaneous malignancy. A single infusion was administered; the starting dose was 50 mg/m2, with 10 mg/m2 escalation-increments if no DLT was documented, up to a maximum dose of 140 mg/m2. Plasma total platinum was measured at multiple timepoints and patients were monitored weekly. Ten dogs were enrolled in single-patient-cohort treatment levels up to the maximum level of 140 mg/m2. There were no DLTs, and the maximally tolerated dose was not determined. The area under the curve0-7 days for 100-140 mg/m2 ranged from 77,850 to 82,860 ng/mL × hr; the area under the curve0-4 hr for 50-140 mg/m2 was linear with dose (r2 = 0.639, P = .0055). The data suggest a single infusion of oxaliplatin is well tolerated in cancer-bearing dogs up to 140 mg/m2. There was good correlation between exposure and dose, while achieving plasma levels similar to therapeutic levels documented in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Klahn
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (S.K., N.D., J.A.); and Clinical Sciences Department, Pharmacology and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (D.L.G.)
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (S.K., N.D., J.A.); and Clinical Sciences Department, Pharmacology and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (D.L.G.)
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (S.K., N.D., J.A.); and Clinical Sciences Department, Pharmacology and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (D.L.G.)
| | - Jonathan Abbott
- From the Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (S.K., N.D., J.A.); and Clinical Sciences Department, Pharmacology and Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (D.L.G.)
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12
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Cletzer E, Klahn S, Dervisis N, LeRoith T. Identification of the JAK-STAT pathway in canine splenic hemangiosarcoma, thyroid carcinoma, mast cell tumor, and anal sac adenocarcinoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109996. [PMID: 31958674 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Janus Kinase (JAK) - Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) cellular signaling pathway has been associated with the development and progression of multiple human cancers. STAT3 has been reported to be present and constitutively active in a number of veterinary cancers, and few studies have reported mutations or activation of JAK1 or JAK2. Archived tissue samples from 54 client-owned dogs with histologically-diagnosed HSA, MCT, TC, or AGASACA were evaluated by immunohistochemical scoring of JAK1, JAK2, STAT3, and the phosphorylated counterparts pJAK1, pJAK2, and pSTAT3. IHC scoring was retrospectively analyzed with retrospectively-collected clinical parameters, including patient characteristics, metastasis, and survival. JAK1, pJAK1, JAK2, pJAK2, STAT3, and pSTAT3 were present in all tumor types evaluated. Significant correlations between JAK 1/2 or STAT3 and activated or downstream components were identified in all tumor types. Clinically, pSTAT3 was correlated with development of metastasis in dogs with MCT, while increased JAK1 expression or activation may impact survival in dogs with MCT or HSA. These findings provide a foundation to further investigate the JAK-STAT pathway in canine malignancies for additional therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Cletzer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Dr, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Dr, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Dr, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Dr, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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13
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Smith AN, Klahn S, Phillips B, Parshley L, Bennett P, Flory A, Calderon R. ACVIM small animal consensus statement on safe use of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics in veterinary practice. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:904-913. [PMID: 29603372 PMCID: PMC5980460 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to offer a consensus opinion of ACVIM oncology diplomates and technicians on the safe use of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics in veterinary practice. The focus is on minimizing harm to the personnel exposed to the drugs: veterinary practitioners, veterinary technicians, veterinary staff, and pet owners. The safety of the patient receiving these drugs is also of paramount importance, but is not addressed in this statement. Much of the information presented is based on national recommendations by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States Pharmacopeia, and other published regulations. These directives reflect an abundance of caution to minimize exposure to medical personnel, but large-scale studies about the consequences of long-term occupational exposure are not available in veterinary medicine. Challenges in the delivery of optimal treatment safely and economically to veterinary patients in general practice without access to a veterinary oncologist or other specialist, because of costs or proximity, remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette N. Smith
- Department of Clinical SciencesAuburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabama
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesVirginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia TechBlacksburgVirginia
| | - Brenda Phillips
- Oncology Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San DiegoSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Lisa Parshley
- Oncology Olympia Veterinary Cancer CenterOlympiaWashington
| | - Peter Bennett
- Oncology University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Andi Flory
- Oncology Veterinary Specialty Hospital of San DiegoSan DiegoCalifornia
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14
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Dervisis N, Klahn S. Therapeutic Innovations: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Cancer. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3010004. [PMID: 29056714 PMCID: PMC5644617 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy involving DNA-interacting agents and indiscriminate cell death is no longer the future of cancer management. While chemotherapy is not likely to completely disappear from the armamentarium; the use of targeted therapies in combination with conventional treatment is becoming the standard of care in human medicine. Tyrosine kinases are pivotal points of functional cellular pathways and have been implicated in malignancy, inflammatory, and immune-mediated diseases. Pharmaceutical interventions targeting aberrant tyrosine kinase signaling has exploded and is the second most important area of drug development. The “Valley of Death” between drug discovery and approval threatens to blunt the enormous strides in cancer management seen thus far. Kinase inhibitors, as targeted small molecules, hold promise in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the use of kinase inhibitors in the interpretation and management of cancer. Comparative oncology has the potential to address restrictions and limitations in the advancement in kinase inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Dervisis
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 245 Duck Pond Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 245 Duck Pond Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Exposure to chemotherapy is a health hazard for all personnel in facilities that store, prepare, or administer antineoplastic agents. Contamination levels have been measured as much as 15 times higher in the veterinary medicine sector than in human facilities. Recent publications in human and veterinary medicine indicate that exposure extends beyond the clinic walls to affect the patient's home and family. This article provides an update on the advances in chemotherapy safety, the current issues, and the impact on cancer management in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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16
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Rossmeisl JH, Garcia PA, Daniel GB, Bourland JD, Debinski W, Dervisis N, Klahn S. Invited review--neuroimaging response assessment criteria for brain tumors in veterinary patients. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 55:115-32. [PMID: 24219161 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of therapeutic response using cross-sectional imaging techniques, particularly gadolinium-enhanced MRI, is an integral part of the clinical management of brain tumors in veterinary patients. Spontaneous canine brain tumors are increasingly recognized and utilized as a translational model for the study of human brain tumors. However, no standardized neuroimaging response assessment criteria have been formulated for use in veterinary clinical trials. Previous studies have found that the pathophysiologic features inherent to brain tumors and the surrounding brain complicate the use of the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) assessment system. Objectives of this review are to describe strengths and limitations of published imaging-based brain tumor response criteria and propose a system for use in veterinary patients. The widely used human Macdonald and response assessment in neuro-oncology (RANO) criteria are reviewed and described as to how they can be applied to veterinary brain tumors. Discussion points will include current challenges associated with the interpretation of brain tumor therapeutic responses such as imaging pseudophenomena and treatment-induced necrosis, and how advancements in perfusion imaging, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy have shown promise in differentiating tumor progression from therapy-induced changes. Finally, although objective endpoints such as MR imaging and survival estimates will likely continue to comprise the foundations for outcome measures in veterinary brain tumor clinical trials, we propose that in order to provide a more relevant therapeutic response metric for veterinary patients, composite response systems should be formulated and validated that combine imaging and clinical assessment criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, VA, 24061; Biomechanical Systems and Veterinary and Comparative Neuro-oncology Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, VA, 24061
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17
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) ligand binds to the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) with either the N- and C-termini or the beta-II turn pointing towards the cell. The functionality of GnRH and two biotinylated GnRH derivatives, biotin [D-Lys6]GnRH and biotin [Gln1]GnRH biotinylated at positions 6 and 1, respectively was assessed. Streptavidin was also used in combination with these peptides to investigate the effects of the steric hindrance caused by this molecule on ligand binding when bound to the biotin molecules at the two positions. GnRH bound to the receptor with high affinity, which was not affected by the addition of streptavidin. Both the biotinylated derivatives bound to the receptor though with lower affinities than GnRH. The biotin [D-Lys6]GnRH-streptavidin complex bound to the receptor albeit with lower affinity compared to biotin [D-Lys6]GnRH only, although it maintained its ability to cause receptor internalisation. The ability of the biotin [Gln1]GnRH to bind to the receptor was abolished in the presence of excess streptavidin. Both GnRH and biotin [D-Lys6]GnRH stimulated total inositol phosphate production whereas biotin [Gln1]GnRH exhibited GnRH antagonist activity. It appears that the small biotin molecule can be accommodated within the binding pore when attached to position 1 of the ligand but not when complexed to streptavidin. The fact that biotin [D-Lys6]GnRH maintains functionality when complexed to streptavidin while biotin [Gln1]GnRH does not, suggests that the N- and possibly the C-termini are required for receptor binding. Thus the most likely binding orientation for the ligand is with the N- and C-termini pointing inwards with the residue at position 6 pointing away from the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Byrne
- MRC Reproductive Biology Unit, Edinburgh, UK
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Zawadzki W, Klahn S, Merkt U. Inversion electrons on narrow-band-gap semiconductors in crossed electric and magnetic fields. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1986; 33:6916-6928. [PMID: 9938015 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.33.6916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Zawadzki W, Klahn S, Merkt U. Semirelativistic behavior of electrons in InSb in crossed magnetic and electric fields. Phys Rev Lett 1985; 55:983-986. [PMID: 10032500 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.55.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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