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Rai P, Marano JM, Kang L, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Daamen AR, Lipsky PE, Weger-Lucarelli J. Obesity fosters severe disease outcomes in a mouse model of coronavirus infection associated with transcriptomic abnormalities. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29587. [PMID: 38587204 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Obesity has been identified as an independent risk factor for severe outcomes in humans with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other infectious diseases. Here, we established a mouse model of COVID-19 using the murine betacoronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus 1 (MHV-1). C57BL/6 and C3H/HeJ mice exposed to MHV-1 developed mild and severe disease, respectively. Obese C57BL/6 mice developed clinical manifestations similar to those of lean controls. In contrast, all obese C3H/HeJ mice succumbed by 8 days postinfection, compared to a 50% mortality rate in lean controls. Notably, both lean and obese C3H/HeJ mice exposed to MHV-1 developed lung lesions consistent with severe human COVID-19, with marked evidence of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). To identify early predictive biomarkers of worsened disease outcomes in obese C3H/HeJ mice, we sequenced RNA from whole blood 2 days postinfection and assessed changes in gene and pathway expression. Many pathways uniquely altered in obese C3H/HeJ mice postinfection aligned with those found in humans with severe COVID-19. Furthermore, we observed altered gene expression related to the unfolded protein response and lipid metabolism in infected obese mice compared to their lean counterparts, suggesting a role in the severity of disease outcomes. This study presents a novel model for studying COVID-19 and elucidating the mechanisms underlying severe disease outcomes in obese and other hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Marano
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Biomedical Affairs and Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Nagai-Singer MA, Woolls MK, Leedy K, Hendricks-Wenger A, Brock RM, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Paul T, Morrison HA, Imran KM, Tupik JD, Fletcher EJ, Brown DA, Allen IC. Cellular Context Dictates the Suppression or Augmentation of Triple-Negative Mammary Tumor Metastasis by NLRX1. J Immunol 2023; 211:1844-1857. [PMID: 37909827 PMCID: PMC10694032 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies have defined multiple, but inconsistent, roles for the enigmatic pattern recognition receptor NLRX1 in regulating several cancer-associated biological functions. In this study, we explore the role of NLRX1 in the highly metastatic murine 4T1 mammary tumor model. We describe a functional dichotomy of NLRX1 between two different cellular contexts: expression in healthy host cells versus expression in the 4T1 tumor cells. Using Nlrx1-/- mice engrafted with 4T1 tumors, we demonstrate that NLRX1 functions as a tumor suppressor when expressed in the host cells. Specifically, NLRX1 in healthy host cells attenuates tumor growth and lung metastasis through suppressing characteristics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the lung metastatic niche. Conversely, we demonstrate that NLRX1 functions as a tumor promoter when expressed in 4T1 tumor cells using gain- and loss-of-function studies both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, NLRX1 in the tumor cells augments 4T1 aggressiveness and metastasis through regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition hallmarks, cell death, proliferation, migration, reactive oxygen species levels, and mitochondrial respiration. Collectively, we provide critical insight into NLRX1 function and establish a dichotomous role of NLRX1 in the 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma model that is dictated by cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Mackenzie K. Woolls
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Katerina Leedy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Rebecca M. Brock
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Tamalika Paul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Holly A. Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Khan M. Imran
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
| | - Juselyn D. Tupik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Endia J. Fletcher
- Postbaccalaureate Research Education Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Imran KM, Gannon J, Morrison HA, Tupik JD, Tintera B, Nagai-Singer MA, Ivester H, Madanick JM, Hendricks-Wenger A, Uh K, Luyimbazi DT, Edwards M, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Eden K, Byron C, Clark-Deener S, Lee K, Vlaisavljevich E, Allen IC. Successful In Situ Targeting of Pancreatic Tumors in a Novel Orthotopic Porcine Model Using Histotripsy. Ultrasound Med Biol 2023; 49:2361-2370. [PMID: 37596154 PMCID: PMC10529075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE New therapeutic strategies and paradigms are direly needed to treat pancreatic cancer. The absence of a suitable pre-clinical animal model of pancreatic cancer is a major limitation to biomedical device and therapeutic development. Traditionally, pigs have proven to be ideal models, especially in the context of designing human-sized instruments, perfecting surgical techniques and optimizing clinical procedures for use in humans. However, pig studies have typically focused on healthy tissue assessments and are limited to general safety evaluations because of the inability to effectively model human tumors. METHODS Here, we establish an orthotopic porcine model of human pancreatic cancer using RAG2/IL2RG double-knockout immunocompromised pigs and treat the tumors ex vivo and in vivo with histotripsy. RESULTS Using these animals, we describe the successful engraftment of Panc-1 human pancreatic cancer cell line tumors and characterize their development. To illustrate the utility of these animals for therapeutic development, we determine for the first time, the successful targeting of in situ pancreatic tumors using histotripsy. Treatment with histotripsy resulted in partial ablation in vivo and reduction in collagen content in both in vivo tumor in pig pancreas and ex vivo patient tumor. CONCLUSION This study presents a first step toward establishing histotripsy as a non-invasive treatment method for pancreatic cancer and exposes some of the challenges of ultrasound guidance for histotripsy ablation in the pancreas. Simultaneously, we introduce a highly robust model of pancreatic cancer in a large mammal model that could be used to evaluate a variety biomedical devices and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Mohammad Imran
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jessica Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Holly A Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Juselyn D Tupik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Benjamin Tintera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Margaret A Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Hannah Ivester
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Justin Markov Madanick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David T Luyimbazi
- Department of Surgery, Carilion Clinic and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Michael Edwards
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kristin Eden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Christopher Byron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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Hay AN, Imran KM, Hendricks-Wenger A, Gannon JM, Sereno J, Simon A, Lopez VA, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Vlaisavljevich E, Allen IC, Tuohy JL. Ablative and Immunostimulatory Effects of Histotripsy Ablation in a Murine Osteosarcoma Model. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2737. [PMID: 37893110 PMCID: PMC10604356 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequently occurring malignant bone tumor in humans, primarily affecting children and adolescents. Significant advancements in treatment options for OS have not occurred in the last several decades, and the prognosis remains grim with only a 70% rate of 5-year survival. The objective of this study was to investigate the focused ultrasound technique of histotripsy as a novel, noninvasive treatment option for OS. Methods: We utilized a heterotopic OS murine model to establish the feasibility of ablating OS tumors with histotripsy in a preclinical setting. We investigated the local immune response within the tumor microenvironment (TME) via immune cell phenotyping and gene expression analysis. Findings: We established the feasibility of ablating heterotopic OS tumors with ablation characterized microscopically by loss of cellular architecture in targeted regions of tumors. We observed greater populations of macrophages and dendritic cells within treated tumors and the upregulation of immune activating genes 72 h after histotripsy ablation. Interpretation: This study was the first to investigate histotripsy ablation for OS in a preclinical murine model, with results suggesting local immunomodulation within the TME. Our results support the continued investigation of histotripsy as a novel noninvasive treatment option for OS patients to improve clinical outcomes and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna N. Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Khan Mohammad Imran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (I.C.A.)
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health Graduate Research Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (I.C.A.)
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health Graduate Research Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.V.)
| | - Jessica M. Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.V.)
| | - Jacqueline Sereno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (I.C.A.)
| | - Alex Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.V.)
| | - Victor A. Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.V.)
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (I.C.A.)
- Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Wytheville, VA 24382, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (E.V.)
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA (I.C.A.)
- Translational Biology, Medicine and Health Graduate Research Program, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Joanne L. Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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5
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Imran KM, Tintera B, Morrison HA, Tupik JD, Nagai-Singer MA, Ivester H, Council-Troche M, Edwards M, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Byron C, Clark-Deener S, Uh K, Lee K, Boulos P, Rowe C, Coviello C, Allen IC. Improved Therapeutic Delivery Targeting Clinically Relevant Orthotopic Human Pancreatic Tumors Engrafted in Immunocompromised Pigs Using Ultrasound-Induced Cavitation: A Pilot Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1585. [PMID: 37376034 PMCID: PMC10302458 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors can be resistant to drug penetration due to high interstitial fluid pressure, dense stroma, and disarrayed vasculature. Ultrasound-induced cavitation is an emerging technology that may overcome many of these limitations. Low-intensity ultrasound, coupled with co-administered cavitation nuclei consisting of gas-stabilizing sub-micron scale SonoTran Particles, is effective at increasing therapeutic antibody delivery to xenograft flank tumors in mouse models. Here, we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in situ using a large animal model that mimics human pancreatic cancer patients. Immunocompromised pigs were surgically engrafted with human Panc-1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors in targeted regions of the pancreas. These tumors were found to recapitulate many features of human PDAC tumors. Animals were intravenously injected with the common cancer therapeutics Cetuximab, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel, followed by infusion with SonoTran Particles. Select tumors in each animal were targeted with focused ultrasound to induce cavitation. Cavitation increased the intra-tumor concentrations of Cetuximab, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel by 477%, 148%, and 193%, respectively, compared to tumors that were not targeted with ultrasound in the same animals. Together, these data show that ultrasound-mediated cavitation, when delivered in combination with gas-entrapping particles, improves therapeutic delivery in pancreatic tumors under clinically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Mohammad Imran
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Benjamin Tintera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Holly A. Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Juselyn D. Tupik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Margaret A. Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Hannah Ivester
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24061, USA
| | - McAlister Council-Troche
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michael Edwards
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Christopher Byron
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Paul Boulos
- OxSonics Therapeutics, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Cliff Rowe
- OxSonics Therapeutics, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, UK
| | | | - Irving C. Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Ruger L, Yang E, Gannon J, Sheppard H, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Ziemlewicz TJ, Dervisis N, Allen IC, Daniel GB, Tuohy J, Vlaisavljevich E, Klahn S. Mechanical High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (Histotripsy) in Dogs With Spontaneously Occurring Soft Tissue Sarcomas. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:768-779. [PMID: 36006886 PMCID: PMC9969335 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3201709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Histotripsy is a non-invasive focused ultrasound therapy that uses controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue. To date, there are no reports investigating histotripsy for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the in vivo feasibility of ablating STS with histotripsy and to characterize the impact of partial histotripsy ablation on the acute immunologic response in canine patients with spontaneous STS. METHODS A custom 500 kHz histotripsy system was used to treat ten dogs with naturally occurring STS. Four to six days after histotripsy, tumors were surgically resected. Safety was determined by monitoring vital signs during treatment and post-treatment physical examinations, routine lab work, and owners' reports. Ablation was characterized using radiologic and histopathologic analyses. Systemic immunological impact was evaluated by measuring changes in cytokine concentrations, and tumor microenvironment changes were evaluated by characterizing changes in infiltration with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using multiplex immunohistochemistry and differential gene expression. RESULTS Results showed histotripsy ablation was achievable and well-tolerated in all ten dogs. Immunological results showed histotripsy induced pro-inflammatory changes in the tumor microenvironment. Conclusion & Significance: Overall, this study demonstrates histotripsy's potential as a precise, non-invasive treatment for STS.
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Ruger L, Yang E, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Vickers E, Gannon J, Nightengale M, Hsueh A, Ciepluch B, Dervisis N, Vlaisavljevich E, Klahn S. Histotripsy ablation for the treatment of feline injection site sarcomas: a first-in-cat in vivo feasibility study. Int J Hyperthermia 2023; 40:2210272. [PMID: 37196996 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2023.2210272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Feline soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and injection site sarcoma (fISS) are rapidly growing tumors with low metastatic potential, but locally aggressive behavior. Histotripsy is a non-invasive focused ultrasound therapy using controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue. In this study, we investigated the in vivo safety and feasibility of histotripsy to treat fISS using a custom 1 MHz transducer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three cats with naturally-occurring STS were treated with histotripsy before surgical removal of the tumor 3 to 6 days later. Gross and histological analyses were used to characterize the ablation efficacy of the treatment, and routine immunohistochemistry and batched cytokine analysis were used to investigate the acute immunological effects of histotripsy. RESULTS Results showed that histotripsy ablation was achievable and well-tolerated in all three cats. Precise cavitation bubble clouds were generated in all patients, and hematoxylin & eosin stained tissues revealed ablative damage in targeted regions. Immunohistochemical results identified an increase in IBA-1 positive cells in treated tissues, and no significant changes in cytokine concentrations were identified post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the safety and feasibility of histotripsy to target and ablate superficial feline STS and fISS tumors and guide the clinical development of histotripsy devices for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Ruger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ester Yang
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elliana Vickers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jessica Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Marlie Nightengale
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Andy Hsueh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Brittany Ciepluch
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Animal Cancer Care and Research Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
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8
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Gannon J, Imran KM, Hendricks-Wenger A, Edwards M, Covell H, Ruger L, Singh N, Nagai-Singer M, Tintera B, Eden K, Mendiratta-Lala M, Vidal-Jove J, Luyimbazi D, Larson M, Clark-Deener S, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Allen IC, Vlaisavljevich E. Ultrasound-guided noninvasive pancreas ablation using histotripsy: feasibility study in an in vivo porcine model. Int J Hyperthermia 2023; 40:2247187. [PMID: 37643768 PMCID: PMC10839746 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2023.2247187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant disease associated with poor survival and nearly 80% present with unresectable tumors. Treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy have shown overall improved survival benefits, albeit limited. Histotripsy is a noninvasive, non-ionizing, and non-thermal focused ultrasound ablation modality that has shown efficacy in treating hepatic tumors and other malignancies. In this novel study, we investigate histotripsy for noninvasive pancreas ablation in a pig model. In two studies, histotripsy was applied to the healthy pancreas in 11 pigs using a custom 32-element, 500 kHz histotripsy transducer attached to a clinical histotripsy system, with treatments guided by real-time ultrasound imaging. A pilot study was conducted in 3 fasted pigs with histotripsy applied at a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 500 Hz. Results showed no pancreas visualization on coaxial ultrasound imaging due to overlying intestinal gas, resulting in off-target injury and no pancreas damage. To minimize gas, a second group of pigs (n = 8) were fed a custard diet containing simethicone and bisacodyl. Pigs were euthanized immediately (n = 4) or survived for 1 week (n = 4) post-treatment. Damage to the pancreas and surrounding tissue was characterized using gross morphology, histological analysis, and CT imaging. Results showed histotripsy bubble clouds were generated inside pancreases that were visually maintained on coaxial ultrasound (n = 4), with 2 pigs exhibiting off-target damage. For chronic animals, results showed the treatments were well-tolerated with no complication signs or changes in blood markers. This study provides initial evidence suggesting histotripsy's potential for noninvasive pancreas ablation and warrants further evaluation in more comprehensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Khan Mohammad Imran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Edwards
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, US
| | - Hannah Covell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lauren Ruger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Margaret Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Benjamin Tintera
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Kristin Eden
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | - Joan Vidal-Jove
- Interventional Oncology Institute Khuab, Comprehensive Tumor Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Luyimbazi
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Martha Larson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
- ICTAS Center for Engineering Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
- ICTAS Center for Engineering Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Carroll J, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Klahn SL, Tuohy J, Barry SL, Allen IC, Hay AN, Ruth J, Dervisis N. High intensity focused ultrasound for the treatment of solid tumors: a pilot study in canine cancer patients. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:855-864. [PMID: 35848421 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2097323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the safety, feasibility, and outcomes of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of solid tumors in a spontaneous canine cancer model. METHODS Dogs diagnosed with subcutaneous solid tumors were recruited, staged and pretreatment biopsies were obtained. A single HIFU treatment was delivered to result in partial tumor ablation using a commercially available HIFU unit. Tumors were resected 3-6 days post HIFU and samples obtained for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Total RNA was isolated from paired pre and post treated FFPE tumor samples, and quantitative gene expression analysis was performed using the nCounter Canine IO Panel. RESULTS A total of 20 dogs diagnosed with solid tumors were recruited and treated in the study. Tumors treated included Soft Tissue Sarcoma (n = 15), Mast Cell Tumor (n = 3), Osteosarcoma (n = 1), and Thyroid Carcinoma (n = 1). HIFU was well tolerated with only 1 dog experiencing a clinically significant adverse event. Pathology confirmed the presence of complete tissue ablation at the HIFU targeted site and immunohistochemistry indicated immune cell infiltration at the treated/untreated tumor border. Quantitative gene expression analysis indicated that 28 genes associated with T-cell activation were differentially expressed post-HIFU. CONCLUSIONS HIFU appears to be safe and feasible for the treatment of subcutaneous canine solid tumors, resulting in ablation of the targeted tissue. HIFU induced immunostimulatory changes, highlighting the canine cancer patient as an attractive model for studying the effects of focal ablation therapies on the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Carroll
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shawna L Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sabrina L Barry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Alayna N Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ruth
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nick Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA.,ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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10
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Arnold L, Hendricks-Wenger A, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Gannon J, Hay AN, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Allen IC, Tuohy J, Vlaisavljevich E. Corrigendum to 'Histotripsy Ablation of Bone Tumors: Feasibility Study in Excised Canine Osteosarcoma Tumors' [Ultrasound in Med & Biol. 47 (2021) 3435-3446]. Ultrasound Med Biol 2022; 48:1356. [PMID: 35400542 PMCID: PMC9149109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessica Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alayna N Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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11
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Arnold L, Hendricks-Wenger A, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Gannon J, Hay AN, Dervisis N, Klahn S, Allen IC, Tuohy J, Vlaisavljevich E. Histotripsy Ablation of Bone Tumors: Feasibility Study in Excised Canine Osteosarcoma Tumors. Ultrasound Med Biol 2021; 47:3435-3446. [PMID: 34462159 PMCID: PMC8578360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone tumor affecting both dogs and humans. Histotripsy is a non-thermal, non-invasive focused ultrasound method using controlled acoustic cavitation to mechanically disintegrate tissue. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of treating primary OS tumors with histotripsy using a 500-kHz transducer on excised canine OS samples harvested after surgery at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Virginia Tech. Samples were embedded in gelatin tissue phantoms and treated with the 500-kHz histotripsy system using one- or two-cycle pulses at a pulse repetition frequency of 250 Hz and a dosage of 4000 pulses/point. Separate experiments also assessed histotripsy effects on normal canine bone and nerve using the same pulsing parameters. After treatment, histopathological evaluation of the samples was completed. To determine the feasibility of treating OS through intact skin/soft tissue, additional histotripsy experiments assessed OS with overlying tissues. Generation of bubble clouds was achieved at the focus in all tumor samples at peak negative pressures of 26.2 ± 4.5 MPa. Histopathology revealed effective cell ablation in treated areas for OS tumors, with no evidence of cell death or tissue damage in normal tissues. Treatment through tissue/skin resulted in generation of well-confined bubble clouds and ablation zones inside OS tumors. Results illustrate the feasibility of treating OS tumors with histotripsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessica Gannon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Alayna N Hay
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Shawna Klahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Joanne Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Kelly Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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12
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Beitel-White N, Aycock KN, Manuchehrabadi N, Zhao Y, Imran KM, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Allen IC, Lorenzo MF, Davalos RV. Properties of tissue within prostate tumors and treatment planning implications for ablation therapies. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2021; 2021:1539-1542. [PMID: 34891577 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a promising alternative therapy for the local treatment of prostate tumors. The procedure involves the direct insertion of needle electrodes into the target zone, and subsequent delivery of short but high-voltage pulses. Successful outcomes rely on adequate exposure of the tumor to a threshold electrical field. To aid in predicting this exposure, computational models have been developed, yet often do not incorporate the appropriate tissue-specific properties. This work aims to quantify electrical conductivity behavior during IRE for three types of tissue present in the target area of a prostate cancer ablation: the tumor tissue itself, the surrounding healthy tissue, and potential areas of necrosis within the tumor. Animal tissues were used as a stand-in for primary samples. The patient-derived prostate tumor tissue showed very similar responses to healthy porcine prostate tissue. An examination of necrotic tissue inside the tumors revealed a large difference, however, and a computational model showed that a necrotic core with differing electrical properties can cause unexpected inhomogeneities within the treatment region.
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13
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Porier DL, Wilson SN, Auguste DI, Leber A, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Allen IC, Caswell CC, Budnick JA, Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Weger-Lucarelli J, Weaver SC, Auguste AJ. Enemy of My Enemy: A Novel Insect-Specific Flavivirus Offers a Promising Platform for a Zika Virus Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101142. [PMID: 34696250 PMCID: PMC8539214 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains critical for viral disease outbreak prevention and control, but conventional vaccine development typically involves trade-offs between safety and immunogenicity. We used a recently discovered insect-specific flavivirus as a vector in order to develop an exceptionally safe, flavivirus vaccine candidate with single-dose efficacy. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of this platform, we created a chimeric Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine candidate, designated Aripo/Zika virus (ARPV/ZIKV). ZIKV has caused immense economic and public health impacts throughout the Americas and remains a significant public health threat. ARPV/ZIKV vaccination showed exceptional safety due to ARPV/ZIKV’s inherent vertebrate host-restriction. ARPV/ZIKV showed no evidence of replication or translation in vitro and showed no hematological, histological or pathogenic effects in vivo. A single-dose immunization with ARPV/ZIKV induced rapid and robust neutralizing antibody and cellular responses, which offered complete protection against ZIKV-induced morbidity, mortality and in utero transmission in immune-competent and -compromised murine models. Splenocytes derived from vaccinated mice demonstrated significant CD4+ and CD8+ responses and significant cytokine production post-antigen exposure. Altogether, our results further support that chimeric insect-specific flaviviruses are a promising strategy to restrict flavivirus emergence via vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Porier
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (D.L.P.); (S.N.W.); (D.I.A.)
| | - Sarah N. Wilson
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (D.L.P.); (S.N.W.); (D.I.A.)
| | - Dawn I. Auguste
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (D.L.P.); (S.N.W.); (D.I.A.)
| | - Andrew Leber
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.L.); (J.B.-R.); (R.H.)
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (S.C.-O.); (I.C.A.); (C.C.C.); (J.A.B.); (J.W.-L.)
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (S.C.-O.); (I.C.A.); (C.C.C.); (J.A.B.); (J.W.-L.)
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Clayton C. Caswell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (S.C.-O.); (I.C.A.); (C.C.C.); (J.A.B.); (J.W.-L.)
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - James A. Budnick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (S.C.-O.); (I.C.A.); (C.C.C.); (J.A.B.); (J.W.-L.)
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.L.); (J.B.-R.); (R.H.)
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory Institute, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (A.L.); (J.B.-R.); (R.H.)
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (S.C.-O.); (I.C.A.); (C.C.C.); (J.A.B.); (J.W.-L.)
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Albert J. Auguste
- Department of Entomology, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (D.L.P.); (S.N.W.); (D.I.A.)
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Hendricks-Wenger A, Weber P, Simon A, Saunier S, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Grider D, Vidal-Jove J, Allen IC, Luyimbazi D, Vlaisavljevich E. Histotripsy for the Treatment of Cholangiocarcinoma Liver Tumors: In Vivo Feasibility and Ex Vivo Dosimetry Study. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2021; 68:2953-2964. [PMID: 33856990 PMCID: PMC9297335 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3073563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Histotripsy is a noninvasive, nonionizing, and nonthermal focused ultrasound ablation method that is currently being developed for the treatment of liver cancer. Promisingly, histotripsy has been shown for ablating primary [hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)] and metastatic [colorectal liver metastasis (CLM)] liver tumors in preclinical and early clinical studies. The feasibility of treating cholangiocarcinoma (CC), a less common primary liver tumor that arises from the bile ducts, has not been explored previously. Given that prior work has established that histotripsy susceptibility is based on tissue mechanical properties, there is a need to explore histotripsy as a treatment for CC due to its dense fibrotic stromal components. In this work, we first investigated the feasibility of histotripsy for ablating CC tumors in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft mouse model. The results showed that histotripsy could generate CC tumor ablation using a 1-MHz small animal histotripsy system with treatment doses of 250, 500, and 1000 pulses/point. The second set of experiments compared the histotripsy doses required to ablate CC tumors to HCC and CLM tumors ex vivo. For this, human tumor samples were harvested after surgery and treated ex vivo with a 700-kHz clinical histotripsy transducer. Results demonstrated that significantly higher treatment doses were required to ablate CC and CLM tumors compared to HCC, with the highest treatment dose required for CC tumors. Overall, the results of this study suggest that histotripsy has the potential to be used for the ablation of CC tumors while also highlighting the need for tumor-specific treatment strategies.
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15
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Hendricks-Wenger A, Sereno J, Gannon J, Zeher A, Brock RM, Beitel-White N, Simon A, Davalos RV, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Vlaisavljevich E, Allen IC. Histotripsy Ablation Alters the Tumor Microenvironment and Promotes Immune System Activation in a Subcutaneous Model of Pancreatic Cancer. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2021; 68:2987-3000. [PMID: 33956631 PMCID: PMC9295194 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2021.3078094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a significant cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States with an abysmal five-year overall survival rate that is under 9%. Reasons for this mortality include the lack of late-stage treatment options and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Histotripsy is an ultrasound-guided, noninvasive, nonthermal tumor ablation therapy that mechanically lyses targeted cells. To study the effects of histotripsy on pancreatic cancer, we utilized an in vitro model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and compared the release of potential antigens following histotripsy treatment to other ablation modalities. Histotripsy was found to release immune-stimulating molecules at magnitudes similar to other nonthermal ablation modalities and superior to thermal ablation modalities, which corresponded to increased innate immune system activation in vivo. In subsequent in vivo studies, murine Pan02 tumors were grown in mice and treated with histotripsy. Flow cytometry and rtPCR were used to determine changes in the tumor microenvironment over time compared to untreated animals. In mice with pancreatic tumors, we observed significantly increased tumor-progression-free and general survival, with increased activation of the innate immune system 24 h posttreatment and decreased tumor-associated immune cell populations within 14 days of treatment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using histotripsy for pancreatic cancer ablation and provides mechanistic insight into the initial innate immune system activation following treatment. Further work is needed to establish the mechanisms behind the immunomodulation of the tumor microenvironment and immune effects.
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16
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Vogt MB, Frere F, Hawks SA, Perez CE, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Duggal NK. Persistence of Zika virus RNA in the epididymis of the murine male reproductive tract. Virology 2021; 560:43-53. [PMID: 34023724 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect developing fetuses in utero and cause severe congenital defects independent of route of maternal infection. Infected men can shed ZIKV RNA in semen for over six months. Whether prolonged viral RNA shedding in semen indicates a persistent infection in the male reproductive tract is unknown. We hypothesized that if ZIKV establishes a persistent infection in the male reproductive tract (MRT), then immunosuppressant treatment should stimulate ZIKV replication and seminal shedding. Male mice were infected with ZIKV and immunosuppressed when they shed viral RNA but not infectious virus in ejaculates. Following immunosuppression, we did not detect infectious virus in ejaculates. However, we did detect ZIKV positive and negative sense RNA in the epididymal lumens of mice treated with cyclophosphamide, suggesting that ZIKV persists in the epididymis. This study provides insight into the mechanisms behind ZIKV sexual transmission, which may inform public health decisions regarding ZIKV risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B Vogt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Francesca Frere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Seth A Hawks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Claudia E Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nisha K Duggal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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17
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Beitel-White N, Lorenzo MF, Zhao Y, Brock RM, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Allen IC, Manuchehrabadi N, Davalos RV. Multi-Tissue Analysis on the Impact of Electroporation on Electrical and Thermal Properties. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:771-782. [PMID: 32746081 PMCID: PMC8048145 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3013572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue electroporation is achieved by applying a series of electric pulses to destabilize cell membranes within the target tissue. The treatment volume is dictated by the electric field distribution, which depends on the pulse parameters and tissue type and can be readily predicted using numerical methods. These models require the relevant tissue properties to be known beforehand. This study aims to quantify electrical and thermal properties for three different tissue types relevant to current clinical electroporation. METHODS Pancreatic, brain, and liver tissue were harvested from pigs, then treated with IRE pulses in a parallel-plate configuration. Resulting current and temperature readings were used to calculate the conductivity and its temperature dependence for each tissue type. Finally, a computational model was constructed to examine the impact of differences between tissue types. RESULTS Baseline conductivity values (mean 0.11, 0.14, and 0.12 S/m) and temperature coefficients of conductivity (mean 2.0, 2.3, and 1.2 % per degree Celsius) were calculated for pancreas, brain, and liver, respectively. The accompanying computational models suggest field distribution and thermal damage volumes are dependent on tissue type. CONCLUSION The three tissue types show similar electrical and thermal responses to IRE, though brain tissue exhibits the greatest differences. The results also show that tissue type plays a role in the expected ablation and thermal damage volumes. SIGNIFICANCE The conductivity and its changes due to heating are expected to have a marked impact on the ablation volume. Incorporating these tissue properties aids in the prediction and optimization of electroporation-based therapies.
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18
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Kuchinsky SC, Hawks SA, Mossel EC, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Duggal NK. Differential pathogenesis of Usutu virus isolates in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008765. [PMID: 33044987 PMCID: PMC7580916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV; Flavivirus), a close phylogenetic and ecological relative of West Nile virus, is a zoonotic virus that can cause neuroinvasive disease in humans. USUV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between Culex mosquitoes and birds. Since the first isolation in 1959 in South Africa, USUV has spread throughout Africa and Europe. Reported human cases have increased over the last few decades, primarily in Europe, with symptoms ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neurological effects. In this study, we investigated whether USUV has become more pathogenic during emergence in Europe. Interferon α/β receptor knockout (Ifnar1-/-) mice were inoculated with recent USUV isolates from Africa and Europe, as well as the historic 1959 South African strain. The three tested African strains and one European strain from Spain caused 100% mortality in inoculated mice, with similar survival times and histopathology in tissues. Unexpectedly, a European strain from the Netherlands caused only 12% mortality and significantly less histopathology in tissues from mice compared to mice inoculated with the other strains. Viremia was highest in mice inoculated with the recent African strains and lowest in mice inoculated with the Netherlands strain. Based on phylogenetics, the USUV isolates from Spain and the Netherlands were derived from separate introductions into Europe, suggesting that disease outcomes may differ for USUV strains circulating in Europe. These results also suggest that while more human USUV disease cases have been reported in Europe recently, circulating African USUV strains are still a potential major health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Kuchinsky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Seth A. Hawks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Mossel
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCO); (NKD)
| | - Nisha K. Duggal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCO); (NKD)
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19
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Nagai-Singer MA, Hendricks-Wenger A, Brock RM, Morrison HA, Tupik JD, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Allen IC. Using Computer-based Image Analysis to Improve Quantification of Lung Metastasis in the 4T1 Breast Cancer Model. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 33074250 DOI: 10.3791/61805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a devastating malignancy, accounting for 40,000 female deaths and 30% of new female cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2019 alone. The leading cause of breast cancer related deaths is the metastatic burden. Therefore, preclinical models for breast cancer need to analyze metastatic burden to be clinically relevant. The 4T1 breast cancer model provides a spontaneously-metastasizing, quantifiable mouse model for stage IV human breast cancer. However, most 4T1 protocols quantify the metastatic burden by manually counting stained colonies on tissue culture plates. While this is sufficient for tissues with lower metastatic burden, human error in manual counting causes inconsistent and variable results when plates are confluent and difficult to count. This method offers a computer-based solution to human counting error. Here, we evaluate the protocol using the lung, a highly metastatic tissue in the 4T1 model. Images of methylene blue-stained plates are acquired and uploaded for analysis in Fiji-ImageJ. Fiji-ImageJ then determines the percentage of the selected area of the image that is blue, representing the percentage of the plate with metastatic burden. This computer-based approach offers more consistent and expeditious results than manual counting or histopathological evaluation for highly metastatic tissues. The consistency of Fiji-ImageJ results depends on the quality of the image. Slight variations in results between images can occur, thus it is recommended that multiple images are taken and results averaged. Despite its minimal limitations, this method is an improvement to quantifying metastatic burden in the lung by offering consistent and rapid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Alissa Hendricks-Wenger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - Rebecca M Brock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - Holly A Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Juselyn D Tupik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University;
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20
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Kale SD, Mehrkens BN, Stegman MM, Kastelberg B, Carnes H, McNeill RJ, Rizzo A, Karyala SV, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Fretz JA, Sun Y, Koff JL, Rajagopalan G. "Small" Intestinal Immunopathology Plays a "Big" Role in Lethal Cytokine Release Syndrome, and Its Modulation by Interferon-γ, IL-17A, and a Janus Kinase Inhibitor. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1311. [PMID: 32676080 PMCID: PMC7333770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CART) therapy, administration of certain T cell-agonistic antibodies, immune check point inhibitors, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) caused by streptococcal as well as staphylococcal superantigens share one common complication, that is T cell-driven cytokine release syndrome (CRS) accompanied by multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). It is not understood whether the failure of a particular organ contributes more significantly to the severity of CRS. Also not known is whether a specific cytokine or signaling pathway plays a more pathogenic role in precipitating MOD compared to others. As a result, there is no specific treatment available to date for CRS, and it is managed only symptomatically to support the deteriorating organ functions and maintain the blood pressure. Therefore, we used the superantigen-induced CRS model in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice, that closely mimics human CRS, to delineate the immunopathogenesis of CRS as well as to validate a novel treatment for CRS. Using this model, we demonstrate that (i) CRS is characterized by a rapid rise in systemic levels of several Th1/Th2/Th17/Th22 type cytokines within a few hours, followed by a quick decline. (ii) Even though multiple organs are affected, small intestinal immunopathology is the major contributor to mortality in CRS. (iii) IFN-γ deficiency significantly protected from lethal CRS by attenuating small bowel pathology, whereas IL-17A deficiency significantly increased mortality by augmenting small bowel pathology. (iv) RNA sequencing of small intestinal tissues indicated that IFN-γ-STAT1-driven inflammatory pathways combined with enhanced expression of pro-apoptotic molecules as well as extracellular matrix degradation contributed to small bowel pathology in CRS. These pathways were further enhanced by IL-17A deficiency and significantly down-regulated in mice lacking IFN-γ. (v) Ruxolitinib, a selective JAK-1/2 inhibitor, attenuated SAg-induced T cell activation, cytokine production, and small bowel pathology, thereby completely protecting from lethal CRS in both WT and IL-17A deficient HLA-DR3 mice. Overall, IFN-γ-JAK-STAT-driven pathways contribute to lethal small intestinal immunopathology in T cell-driven CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv D Kale
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Brittney N Mehrkens
- The Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Molly M Stegman
- College of Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Bridget Kastelberg
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Henry Carnes
- The Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rachel J McNeill
- Research and Graduate Studies, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Amy Rizzo
- Office of the University Veterinarian, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Saikumar V Karyala
- Genomics Sequencing Center, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jackie A Fretz
- Histology and Histomorphometry Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jonathan L Koff
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- The Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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21
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Melchor SJ, Saunders CM, Sanders I, Hatter JA, Byrnes KA, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Ewald SE. IL-1R Regulates Disease Tolerance and Cachexia in Toxoplasma gondii Infection. J Immunol 2020; 204:3329-3338. [PMID: 32350081 PMCID: PMC7323938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that establishes life-long infection in a wide range of hosts, including humans and rodents. To establish a chronic infection, pathogens often exploit the trade-off between resistance mechanisms, which promote inflammation and kill microbes, and tolerance mechanisms, which mitigate inflammatory stress. Signaling through the type I IL-1R has recently been shown to control disease tolerance pathways in endotoxemia and Salmonella infection. However, the role of the IL-1 axis in T. gondii infection is unclear. In this study we show that IL-1R-/- mice can control T. gondii burden throughout infection. Compared with wild-type mice, IL-1R-/- mice have more severe liver and adipose tissue pathology during acute infection, consistent with a role in acute disease tolerance. Surprisingly, IL-1R-/- mice had better long-term survival than wild-type mice during chronic infection. This was due to the ability of IL-1R-/- mice to recover from cachexia, an immune-metabolic disease of muscle wasting that impairs fitness of wild-type mice. Together, our data indicate a role for IL-1R as a regulator of host homeostasis and point to cachexia as a cost of long-term reliance on IL-1-mediated tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Melchor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Claire M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Imani Sanders
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Jessica A Hatter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - Kari A Byrnes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Sarah E Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- The Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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22
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Brock RM, Beitel-White N, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Grider DJ, Lorenzo MF, Ringel-Scaia VM, Manuchehrabadi N, Martin RCG, Davalos RV, Allen IC. Patient Derived Xenografts Expand Human Primary Pancreatic Tumor Tissue Availability for ex vivo Irreversible Electroporation Testing. Front Oncol 2020; 10:843. [PMID: 32528898 PMCID: PMC7257557 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New methods of tumor ablation have shown exciting efficacy in pre-clinical models but often demonstrate limited success in the clinic. Due to a lack of quality or quantity in primary malignant tissue specimens, therapeutic development and optimization studies are typically conducted on healthy tissue or cell-line derived rodent tumors that don't allow for high resolution modeling of mechanical, chemical, and biological properties. These surrogates do not accurately recapitulate many critical components of the tumor microenvironment that can impact in situ treatment success. Here, we propose utilizing patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models to propagate clinically relevant tumor specimens for the optimization and development of novel tumor ablation modalities. Specimens from three individual pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients were utilized to generate PDX models. This process generated 15-18 tumors that were allowed to expand to 1.5 cm in diameter over the course of 50-70 days. The PDX tumors were morphologically and pathologically identical to primary tumor tissue. Likewise, the PDX tumors were also found to be physiologically superior to other in vitro and ex vivo models based on immortalized cell lines. We utilized the PDX tumors to refine and optimize irreversible electroporation (IRE) treatment parameters. IRE, a novel, non-thermal tumor ablation modality, is being evaluated in a diverse range of cancer clinical trials including pancreatic cancer. The PDX tumors were compared against either Pan02 mouse derived tumors or resected tissue from human PDAC patients. The PDX tumors demonstrated similar changes in electrical conductivity and Joule heating following IRE treatment. Computational modeling revealed a high similarity in the predicted ablation size of the PDX tumors that closely correlate with the data generated with the primary human pancreatic tumor tissue. Gene expression analysis revealed that IRE treatment resulted in an increase in biological pathway signaling associated with interferon gamma signaling, necrosis and mitochondria dysfunction, suggesting potential co-therapy targets. Together, these findings highlight the utility of the PDX system in tumor ablation modeling for IRE and increasing clinical application efficacy. It is also feasible that the use of PDX models will significantly benefit other ablation modality testing beyond IRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Brock
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Natalie Beitel-White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Douglas J Grider
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Melvin F Lorenzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Veronica M Ringel-Scaia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | | | - Robert C G Martin
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Irving C Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, VA, United States
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23
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Wirth JR, Molano I, Ruiz P, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Cunningham MA. TLR7 Agonism Accelerates Disease and Causes a Fatal Myeloproliferative Disorder in NZM 2410 Lupus Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3054. [PMID: 31998321 PMCID: PMC6967132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine models of lupus, both spontaneous and inducible, are valuable instruments to study SLE pathogenesis. Accelerants such as Type I IFN are often used to trigger earlier disease onset. We used a topical TLR7 agonist, previously reported to induce lupus-like disease in WT mice within weeks, to validate this data in C57BL/6j mice, and to test TLR7 agonism as an accelerant in lupus-prone NZM2410 mice. We found that TLR7-stimulated B6 and NZM2410 mice had significantly reduced survival and exhibited profound splenomegaly with significantly reduced B cells (4 vs. 40%), and T cells (8 vs. 31%). Spleen pathology and IHC revealed massive expansion of F4/80+ cells in TLR7-treated mice consistent with histiocytosis. While resiqimod treatment caused mild autoimmunity in B6 mice and accelerated autoimmunity in NZM2410 mice, it did not cause significant nephritis or proteinuria in either strain (renal function intact at death). Given the macrophage expansion, cytopenias, and disruption of normal splenic lymphoid follicle architecture, histiocytic sarcoma is favored as the cause of death. An alternative etiology is a macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)-like syndrome, since the mice also had a transaminitis and histologic hemophagocytosis in the setting of their rapid mortality. For investigators who are focused on murine models of lupus nephritis, this model is not ideal when utilizing B6 mice, however topical resiqimod may prove useful to accelerate autoimmunity and nephritis in NZM2410 mice, or potentially to investigate secondary complications of lupus such as histiocytic diseases or macrophage activation like syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena R Wirth
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ivan Molano
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Phil Ruiz
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Melissa A Cunningham
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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24
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McDaniel DK, Ringel-Scaia VM, Morrison HA, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Council-Troche M, Angle JW, Perry JB, Davis G, Leng W, Minarchick V, Yang Y, Chen B, Reece SW, Brown DA, Cecere TE, Brown JM, Gowdy KM, Hochella MF, Allen IC. Pulmonary Exposure to Magnéli Phase Titanium Suboxides Results in Significant Macrophage Abnormalities and Decreased Lung Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2714. [PMID: 31849940 PMCID: PMC6892980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coal is one of the most abundant and economic sources for global energy production. However, the burning of coal is widely recognized as a significant contributor to atmospheric particulate matter linked to deleterious respiratory impacts. Recently, we have discovered that burning coal generates large quantities of otherwise rare Magnéli phase titanium suboxides from TiO2 minerals naturally present in coal. These nanoscale Magnéli phases are biologically active without photostimulation and toxic to airway epithelial cells in vitro and to zebrafish in vivo. Here, we sought to determine the clinical and physiological impact of pulmonary exposure to Magnéli phases using mice as mammalian model organisms. Mice were exposed to the most frequently found Magnéli phases, Ti6O11, at 100 parts per million (ppm) via intratracheal administration. Local and systemic titanium concentrations, lung pathology, and changes in airway mechanics were assessed. Additional mechanistic studies were conducted with primary bone marrow derived macrophages. Our results indicate that macrophages are the cell type most impacted by exposure to these nanoscale particles. Following phagocytosis, macrophages fail to properly eliminate Magnéli phases, resulting in increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ultimately apoptosis. In the lungs, these nanoparticles become concentrated in macrophages, resulting in a feedback loop of reactive oxygen species production, cell death, and the initiation of gene expression profiles consistent with lung injury within 6 weeks of exposure. Chronic exposure and accumulation of Magnéli phases ultimately results in significantly reduced lung function impacting airway resistance, compliance, and elastance. Together, these studies demonstrate that Magnéli phases are toxic in the mammalian airway and are likely a significant nanoscale environmental pollutant, especially in geographic regions where coal combustion is a major contributor to atmospheric particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan K. McDaniel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Veronica M. Ringel-Scaia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Holly A. Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - McAlister Council-Troche
- Analytical Research Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Angle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Justin B. Perry
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Grace Davis
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Weinan Leng
- National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology Infrastructure, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Valerie Minarchick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sky W. Reece
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - David A. Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jared M. Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | | | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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25
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Weger-Lucarelli J, Carrau L, Levi LI, Rezelj V, Vallet T, Blanc H, Boussier J, Megrian D, Coutermarsh-Ott S, LeRoith T, Vignuzzi M. Host nutritional status affects alphavirus virulence, transmission, and evolution. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008089. [PMID: 31710653 PMCID: PMC6872174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnourishment, specifically overweight/obesity and undernourishment, affects more than 2.5 billion people worldwide, with the number affected ever-increasing. Concurrently, emerging viral diseases, particularly those that are mosquito-borne, have spread dramatically in the past several decades, culminating in outbreaks of several viruses worldwide. Both forms of malnourishment are known to lead to an aberrant immune response, which can worsen disease outcomes and reduce vaccination efficacy for viral pathogens such as influenza and measles. Given the increasing rates of malnutrition and spread of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), there is an urgent need to understand the role of host nutrition on the infection, virulence, and transmission of these viruses. To address this gap in knowledge, we infected lean, obese, and undernourished mice with arthritogenic arboviruses from the genus Alphavirus and assessed morbidity, virus replication, transmission, and evolution. Obesity and undernourishment did not consistently influence virus replication in the blood of infected animals except for reductions in virus in obese mice late in infection. However, morbidity was increased in obese mice under all conditions. Using Mayaro virus (MAYV) as a model arthritogenic alphavirus, we determined that both obese and undernourished mice transmit virus less efficiently to mosquitoes than control (lean) mice. In addition, viral genetic diversity and replicative fitness were reduced in virus isolated from obese compared to lean controls. Taken together, nutrition appears to alter the course of alphavirus infection and should be considered as a critical environmental factor during outbreaks. Over- and undernutrition, collectively known as malnutrition, affect over 2.5 billion people worldwide. Associations between malnutrition and mosquito-borne virus infection and resulting disease have been identified in epidemiological studies but have not been explored in controlled studies. Here, we infect obese or undernourished mice with different arthritis inducing viruses in the genus Alphavirus and measure disease symptoms, viral replication, transmission, and evolution. We found that markers of disease, namely weight loss and footpad swelling, were increased in obese mice. We also found that replication differences between mice fed different diets were minimal except late in infection for obese mice when levels of virus dropped significantly. When mosquitoes were allowed to feed on mice fed different diets, we observed reduced infection and transmission rates, depending on the diet. Finally, we found reduced genetic diversity and replicative fitness of virus isolated from obese mice. This study provides insights into the influence of nutrition on alphavirus pathogenesis and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Weger-Lucarelli
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
| | - Laura I Levi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France.,Ecole doctorale BioSPC, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Veronica Rezelj
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Boussier
- Institut Pasteur, Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Megrian
- Institut Pasteur, Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell, Department of Microbiology, Paris, France
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Institut Pasteur, Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Paris, France
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26
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Ringel-Scaia VM, Beitel-White N, Lorenzo MF, Brock RM, Huie KE, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Eden K, McDaniel DK, Verbridge SS, Rossmeisl JH, Oestreich KJ, Davalos RV, Allen IC. High-frequency irreversible electroporation is an effective tumor ablation strategy that induces immunologic cell death and promotes systemic anti-tumor immunity. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:112-125. [PMID: 31130474 PMCID: PMC6606957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite promising treatments for breast cancer, mortality rates remain high and treatments for metastatic disease are limited. High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a novel tumor ablation technique that utilizes high-frequency bipolar electric pulses to destabilize cancer cell membranes and induce cell death. However, there is currently a paucity of data pertaining to immune system activation following H-FIRE and other electroporation based tumor ablation techniques. Methods Here, we utilized the mouse 4T1 mammary tumor model to evaluate H-FIRE treatment parameters on cancer progression and immune system activation in vitro and in vivo. Findings H-FIRE effectively ablates the primary tumor and induces a pro-inflammatory shift in the tumor microenvironment. We further show that local treatment with H-FIRE significantly reduces 4T1 metastases. H-FIRE kills 4T1 cells through non-thermal mechanisms associated with necrosis and pyroptosis resulting in damage associated molecular pattern signaling in vitro and in vivo. Our data indicate that the level of tumor ablation correlates with increased activation of cellular immunity. Likewise, we show that the decrease in metastatic lesions is dependent on the intact immune system and H-FIRE generates 4T1 neoantigens that engage the adaptive immune system to significantly attenuate tumor progression. Interpretation Cell death and tumor ablation following H-FIRE treatment activates the local innate immune system, which shifts the tumor microenvironment from an anti-inflammatory state to a pro-inflammatory state. The non-thermal damage to the cancer cells and increased innate immune system stimulation improves antigen presentation, resulting in the engagement of the adaptive immune system and improved systemic anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M Ringel-Scaia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Natalie Beitel-White
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Melvin F Lorenzo
- Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, Virginia Tech, School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca M Brock
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Huie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kristin Eden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Dylan K McDaniel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, Virginia Tech, School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John H Rossmeisl
- Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA; Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Virginia Tech, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Rafael V Davalos
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, Virginia Tech, School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA; Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA; Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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27
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Allen IC, Ringel-Scaia V, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Brock R, Lorenzo M, White N, Oestreich KJ, Verbridge S, Davalos R. Utilization of High-Frequency Irreversible Electroporation (H-FIRE) to modulate the tumor microenvironment and promote systemic immune system activation in breast cancer. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.178.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, where almost 1.7 million new patients worldwide are diagnosed annually. Despite promising treatments for breast cancer, metastatic disease and recurrence remain significant challenges. There is no highly effective cure currently available once metastatic disease has developed. Thus, new therapeutic paradigms and treatment strategies are direly needed. High Frequency Irreversible Electroporation (H-FIRE) is a particularly novel and emerging therapeutic approach for tumor ablation. This technique uses a series of high-frequency, bipolar electric pulses applied through electrodes inserted directly into the targeted tumor to induce cancer cell death. Our overarching hypothesis predicts that local treatment of the breast tumor with H-FIRE will significantly stimulate the innate and adaptive immune system, resulting in improved survival outcomes. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a mouse 4T1 mammary tumor model. Here, we show that H-FIRE treatment of the primary tumor results in near complete ablation and a shift in the local tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to pro-inflammatory. This shift results in the recruitment of increased numbers of antigen presenting cells and T lymphocytes. Local H-FIRE treatment also significantly reduces 4T1 metastases in animals with an intact immune system, indicating increased engagement of a systemic anti-tumor immune response and improved activation of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate that this novel tumor ablation technology will improve conventional treatment strategies and complement emerging immunomodulatory approaches targeting primary tumors, metastatic lesions, and preventing recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving C. Allen
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
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28
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Coutermarsh-Ott S, Simmons A, Capria V, LeRoith T, Wilson JE, Heid B, Philipson CW, Qin Q, Hontecillas-Magarzo R, Bassaganya-Riera J, Ting JPY, Dervisis N, Allen IC. NLRX1 suppresses tumorigenesis and attenuates histiocytic sarcoma through the negative regulation of NF-κB signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:33096-110. [PMID: 27105514 PMCID: PMC5078078 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma is an uncommon malignancy in both humans and veterinary species. Research exploring the pathogenesis of this disease is scarce; thus, diagnostic and therapeutic options for patients are limited. Recent publications have suggested a role for the NLR, NLRX1, in acting as a tumor suppressor. Based on these prior findings, we hypothesized that NLRX1 would function to inhibit tumorigenesis and thus the development of histiocytic sarcoma. To test this, we utilized Nlrx1-/- mice and a model of urethane-induced tumorigenesis. Nlrx1-/- mice exposed to urethane developed splenic histiocytic sarcoma that was associated with significant up-regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, development of these tumors was also significantly associated with the increased regulation of genes associated with AKT signaling, cell death and autophagy. Together, these data show that NLRX1 suppresses tumorigenesis and reveals new genetic pathways involved in the pathobiology of histiocytic sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alysha Simmons
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Vittoria Capria
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Justin E Wilson
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bettina Heid
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Casandra W Philipson
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Qizhi Qin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Raquel Hontecillas-Magarzo
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nikolaos Dervisis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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29
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Theus MH, Brickler T, Meza AL, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Hazy A, Gris D, Allen IC. Loss of NLRX1 Exacerbates Neural Tissue Damage and NF-κB Signaling following Brain Injury. J Immunol 2017; 199:3547-3558. [PMID: 28993512 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic and nontraumatic brain injury results from severe disruptions in the cellular microenvironment leading to massive loss of neuronal populations and increased neuroinflammation. The progressive cascade of secondary events, including ischemia, inflammation, excitotoxicity, and free-radical release, contribute to neural tissue damage. NLRX1 is a member of the NLR family of pattern recognition receptors and is a potent negative regulator of several pathways that significantly modulate many of these events. Thus, we hypothesized that NLRX1 limits immune system signaling in the brain following trauma. To evaluate this hypothesis, we used Nlrx1-/- mice in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury murine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this article, we show that Nlrx1-/- mice exhibited significantly larger brain lesions and increased motor deficits following CCI injury. Mechanistically, our data indicate that the NF-κB signaling cascade is significantly upregulated in Nlrx1-/- animals. This upregulation is associated with increased microglia and macrophage populations in the cortical lesion. Using a mouse neuroblastoma cell line (N2A), we also found that NLRX1 significantly reduced apoptosis under hypoxic conditions. In human patients, we identify 15 NLRs that are significantly dysregulated, including significant downregulation of NLRX1 in brain injury following aneurysm. We further demonstrate a concurrent increase in NF-κB signaling that is correlated with aneurysm severity in these human subjects. Together, our data extend the function of NLRX1 beyond its currently characterized role in host-pathogen defense and identify this highly novel NLR as a significant modulator of brain injury progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061;
| | - Thomas Brickler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Armand L Meza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.,Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061; and
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Amanda Hazy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Denis Gris
- Programme d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061;
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30
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McDaniel DK, Jo A, Ringel-Scaia VM, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Rothschild DE, Powell MD, Zhang R, Long TE, Oestreich KJ, Riffle JS, Davis RM, Allen IC. TIPS pentacene loaded PEO-PDLLA core-shell nanoparticles have similar cellular uptake dynamics in M1 and M2 macrophages and in corresponding in vivo microenvironments. Nanomedicine 2017; 13:1255-1266. [PMID: 28040495 PMCID: PMC5392431 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle based drug delivery platforms have the potential to transform disease treatment paradigms and therapeutic strategies, especially in the context of pulmonary medicine. Once administered, nanoparticles disperse throughout the lung and many are phagocytosed by macrophages. However, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding cellular up-take dynamics of nanoparticles due largely to macrophage heterogeneity. To address this issue, we sought to better define nanoparticle up-take using polarized M1 and M2 macrophages and novel TIPS-pentacene loaded PEO-PDLLA nanoparticles. Our data reveal that primary macrophages polarized to either M1 or M2 phenotypes have similar levels of nanoparticle phagocytosis. Similarly, M1 and M2 polarized macrophages isolated from the lungs of mice following either acute (Th1) or allergic (Th2) airway inflammation also demonstrated equivalent levels of nanoparticle up-take. Together, these studies provide critical benchmark information pertaining to cellular up-take dynamics and biodistribution of nanoparticles in the context of clinically relevant inflammatory microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan K McDaniel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ami Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Veronica M Ringel-Scaia
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Daniel E Rothschild
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Michael D Powell
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Judy S Riffle
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Richey M Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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31
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Martínez-Jiménez D, Garner B, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Burrell C, Clark S, Nabity M, Díaz-Delgado J, Rodrigues-Hoffmann A, Zaks K, Proença L, Divers S, Saba C, Cazzini P. Eosinophilic leukemia in three African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) and validation of Luna stain. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:217-223. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716687603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplasia is usually encountered in the African pygmy hedgehog at a mean age of 3.5 y, and malignancy is common. Myelogenous leukemias are rarely reported in hedgehogs. We describe 3 cases of eosinophilic leukemia in adult, middle-aged (mean age: 2.3 y) hedgehogs, for which prognosis appears grave. In 1 case, attempted treatment was unsuccessful, and in all 3 cases, the disease course was rapid and all died soon after diagnosis. Blood smear evaluation, along with complete blood count, was critical in making the diagnosis in all cases. Luna stain was validated and used to better visualize eosinophils in cytologic and histologic sections. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of specific granules in hedgehog eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martínez-Jiménez
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Bridget Garner
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Caitlin Burrell
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Sabrina Clark
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Mary Nabity
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Josué Díaz-Delgado
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Aline Rodrigues-Hoffmann
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Karen Zaks
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Laila Proença
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Stephen Divers
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Corey Saba
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
| | - Paola Cazzini
- Loving Hands Animal Clinic (Martínez-Jiménez), Alpharetta, GA
- Departments of Pathology (Cazzini, Coutermarsh-Ott, Garner) and Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (Proença, Divers, Saba), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Burrell) and Veterinary Pathobiology (Clark, Nabity, Díaz-Delgado, Rodrigues-Hoffmann), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Zaks), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Current affiliations: Cumming Veterinary Clinic, Cumming, GA (Martínez-Jiménez)
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Cazzini); and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA (Burrell)
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Allen IC, Meza A, Brickler T, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Ives A, Bertke A, Theus M. NLRX1 attenuates damage following traumatic brain injury through negatively regulating NF-κB signaling. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.126.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mechanical trauma to the CNS results in the disruption of the cellular microenvironment leading to massive necrotic and apoptotic loss of neuronal and glia populations. The progressive cascade of secondary events, including ischemia, inflammation, excitotoxicity and free radial release contribute to neural tissue damage. Members of the NLR family of pattern recognition receptors are essential mediators of the host immune response. Recently, our lab and others identified a novel sub-group of NLRs that function as negative regulators of inflammation. One of the members of this sub-group, NLRX1, is a potent regulator of interferon, NF-κB, ROS production and autophagy. Thus, we hypothesized that NLRX1 attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) through the negative regulation of overzealous innate immune system signaling. To evaluate this hypothesis, we utilized Nlrx1−/− mice in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model. The Nlrx1−/− mice exhibited significantly larger brain lesions and increased motor deficits following CCI injury. We also observed significant proliferation of microglia within the Nlrx1−/− lesions compared to wild type animals. Mechanistically, our data indicates that NLRX1 attenuates TBI progression through the microglia compartment via negative regulation of NF-κB signaling and IL-6 production. Together, our data extends the function of NLRX1 beyond its currently characterized role in host-pathogen defense and identifies this highly novel NLR as a significant modulator of TBI progression.
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Brickler T, Gresham K, Meza A, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Williams TM, Rothschild DE, Allen IC, Theus MH. Nonessential Role for the NLRP1 Inflammasome Complex in a Murine Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6373506. [PMID: 27199506 PMCID: PMC4854993 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6373506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) elicits the immediate production of proinflammatory cytokines which participate in regulating the immune response. While the mechanisms of adaptive immunity in secondary injury are well characterized, the role of the innate response is unclear. Recently, the NLR inflammasome has been shown to become activated following TBI, causing processing and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex consisting of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing proteins (NLR), caspase-1, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC). ASC is upregulated after TBI and is critical in coupling the proteins during complex formation resulting in IL-1β cleavage. To directly test whether inflammasome activation contributes to acute TBI-induced damage, we assessed IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6 expression, contusion volume, hippocampal cell death, and motor behavior recovery in Nlrp1(-/-), Asc(-/-), and wild type mice after moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Although IL-1β expression is significantly attenuated in the cortex of Nlrp1(-/-) and Asc(-/-) mice following CCI injury, no difference in motor recovery, cell death, or contusion volume is observed compared to wild type. These findings indicate that inflammasome activation does not significantly contribute to acute neural injury in the murine model of moderate CCI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brickler
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kisha Gresham
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Armand Meza
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tere M. Williams
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel E. Rothschild
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Irving C. Allen
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michelle H. Theus
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Coutermarsh-Ott S, Eden K, Allen IC. Beyond the inflammasome: regulatory NOD-like receptor modulation of the host immune response following virus exposure. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:825-838. [PMID: 26763980 PMCID: PMC4854363 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex interaction exists between elements of the host innate immune system and viral pathogens. It is essential that the host mount a robust immune response during viral infection and effectively resolve inflammation once the pathogen has been eliminated. Members of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat [NBD-LRR; known as NOD-like receptor (NLR)] family of cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors are essential components of these immunological processes and have diverse functions in the host antiviral immune response. NLRs can be subgrouped based on their general function. The inflammasome-forming subgroup of NLRs are the best-characterized family members, and several have been found to modulate the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 following virus exposure. However, the members of the regulatory NLR subgroups are significantly less characterized. These NLRs uniquely function to modulate signalling pathways initiated by other families of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and/or Rig-I-like helicase receptors. Regulatory NLRs that augment pro-inflammatory pathways include nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, which have been shown to form a multiprotein complex termed the NODosome that significantly modulates IFN and NF-κB signalling following viral infection. Conversely, a second subgroup of regulatory NLRs functions to negatively regulate inflammation. These inhibitory NLRs include NLRX1, NLRP12 and NLRC3, which have been shown to interact with TRAF molecules and various kinases to modulate diverse cellular processes. Targeting NLR signalling following infection with a virus represents a novel and promising therapeutic strategy. However, significant effort is still required to translate the current understanding of NLR biology into effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Allen I, Williams T, Leeth R, Rothschild D, Coutermarsh-Ott S, McDaniel D, Simmons A, Heid B, Cecere T. The NLRP1 inflammasome attenuates colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis (MUC5P.750). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.138.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
NLR proteins are a diverse family of pattern recognition receptors that modulate immune system homeostasis in the gastrointestinal system. Recent studies have identified a sub-group of inflammasome forming NLRs that modulate the mucosal immune response during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colitis associated tumorigenesis. To better elucidate the contribution of NLR family members in IBD and cancer, we conducted a retrospective analysis of gene expression metadata from human patients. These data revealed that NLRP1, an inflammasome forming NLR, was significantly dysregulated in IBD and colon cancer. To better characterize the function of NLRP1 in disease pathogenesis, we utilized Nlrp1b-/- mice in experimental colitis and colitis associated cancer models. Nlrp1b-/- mice demonstrated significant increases in inflammation and tumorigenesis compared to wild type mice. The increased inflammation and tumor burden was correlated with attenuated levels of IL-1β and IL-18. Further mechanistic studies revealed the increased disease pathogenesis in the Nlrp1b-/- mice was associated with non-hematopoietic derived cells and suggests that NLRP1 functions in the colon epithelial cells to attenuate tumorigenesis. Together, these data identify NLRP1 as an essential mediator of the host immune response during IBD and cancer. These findings are consistent with a model whereby multiple NLR inflammasomes attenuate disease pathobiology through modulating IL-1β and IL-18 levels in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Allen
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
| | - Tere Williams
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
| | - Rachel Leeth
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
| | - Daniel Rothschild
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
| | - Dylan McDaniel
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
| | - Alysha Simmons
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
| | - Bettina Heid
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
| | - Thomas Cecere
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
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Hill J, Lawrence J, Saba C, Turek M, Feldhaeusser B, Coutermarsh-Ott S, Barber J, Smith J, Gogal R. In vitro efficacy of doxorubicin and etoposide against a feline injection site sarcoma cell line. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:348-56. [PMID: 25085537 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Feline injection site sarcoma (ISS) is a locally invasive tumor, in which surgical treatment is frequently combined with radiation or chemotherapy to improve tumor control. The focus of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin or etoposide on a feline injection site sarcoma cell line (JB) and to assess the impact of combining these drugs on cell death and cell cycle. Both single agent and combination drug administration increased cell death and significantly reduced the number of viable cells. Cells in G0/G1 were significantly reduced while the G2/M fraction was significantly increased following treatment. Collectively, combining doxorubicin and etoposide at the lower EC yielded comparable results to the EC50 of either drug alone in degree of cytotoxicity, level of apoptosis, and % of cells in G2/M. The results of this study indicate that doxorubicin and etoposide alone and in combination differentially alter ISS cell viability and cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hill
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Lawrence
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA; Veterinary Cancer Centre, The Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Corey Saba
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Michelle Turek
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA; Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Brittany Feldhaeusser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheryl Coutermarsh-Ott
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Jamie Barber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Jo Smith
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Gogal
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA.
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