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Isermann T, Schneider KL, Wegwitz F, De Oliveira T, Conradi LC, Volk V, Feuerhake F, Papke B, Stintzing S, Mundt B, Kühnel F, Moll UM, Schulz-Heddergott R. Enhancement of colorectal cancer therapy through interruption of the HSF1-HSP90 axis by p53 activation or cell cycle inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.22.581507. [PMID: 38464125 PMCID: PMC10925225 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.22.581507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The stress-associated molecular chaperone system is an actionable target in cancer therapies. It is ubiquitously upregulated in cancer tissues and enables tumorigenicity by stabilizing hundreds of oncoproteins and disturbing the stoichiometry of protein complexes. Most inhibitors target the key component heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). However, although classical HSP90 inhibitors are highly tumor-selective, they fail in phase 3 clinical oncology trials. These failures are at least partly due to an interference with a negative feedback loop by HSP90 inhibition, known as heat-shock response (HSR): in response to HSP90 inhibition there is compensatory synthesis of stress-inducible chaperones, mediated by the transcription factor heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1). We recently identified that wildtype p53 (p53) actively reduces the HSR by repressing HSF1 via a p21-CDK4/6-MAPK-HSF1 axis. Here we test the hypothesis that in HSP90-based therapies simultaneous p53 activation or direct cell cycle inhibition interrupts the deleterious HSF1-HSR axis and improves the efficiency of HSP90 inhibitors. Indeed, we find that the clinically relevant p53 activator Idasanutlin suppresses the HSF1-HSR activity in HSP90 inhibitor-based therapies. This combination synergistically reduces cell viability and accelerates cell death in p53-proficient colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, murine tumor-derived organoids and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Mechanistically, upon combination therapy human CRC cells strongly upregulate p53-associated pathways, apoptosis, and inflammatory immune pathways. Likewise, in the chemical AOM/DSS CRC model in mice, dual HSF1-HSP90 inhibition strongly represses tumor growth and remodels immune cell composition, yet displays only minor toxicities in mice and normal mucosa-derived organoids. Importantly, inhibition of the cyclin dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) under HSP90 inhibition phenocopies synergistic repression of the HSR in p53-proficient CRC cells. Even more important, in p53-deficient (mutp53-harboring) CRC cells, an HSP90 inhibition in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors similarly suppresses the HSF1-HSR system and reduces cancer growth. Likewise, p53-mutated PDOs strongly respond to dual HSF1-HSP90 pathway inhibition and thus, providing a strategy to target CRC independent of the p53 status. In sum, activating p53 (in p53-proficient cancer cells) or inhibiting CDK4/6 (independent of the p53 status) provide new options to improve the clinical outcome of HSP90-based therapies and to enhance colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Isermann
- Department of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kim Lucia Schneider
- Department of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago De Oliveira
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena-Christin Conradi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valery Volk
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Björn Papke
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology and Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stintzing
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Mundt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Kühnel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute M. Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
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Role of Ganetespib, an HSP90 Inhibitor, in Cancer Therapy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055014. [PMID: 36902446 PMCID: PMC10002602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins are upregulated in cancer and protect several client proteins from degradation. Therefore, they contribute to tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis by reducing apoptosis and enhancing cell survival and proliferation. These client proteins include the estrogen receptor (ER), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and cytokine receptors. The diminution of the degradation of these client proteins activates different signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB, Raf/MEK/ERK, and JAK/STAT3 pathways. These pathways contribute to hallmarks of cancer, such as self-sufficiency in growth signaling, an insensitivity to anti-growth signals, the evasion of apoptosis, persistent angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis, and an unbounded capacity for replication. However, the inhibition of HSP90 activity by ganetespib is believed to be a promising strategy in the treatment of cancer because of its low adverse effects compared to other HSP90 inhibitors. Ganetespib is a potential cancer therapy that has shown promise in preclinical tests against various cancers, including lung cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia. It has also shown strong activity toward breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Ganetespib has been found to cause apoptosis and growth arrest in these cancer cells, and it is being tested in phase II clinical trials as a first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. In this review, we will highlight the mechanism of action of ganetespib and its role in treating cancer based on recent studies.
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Sun R, Meng Y, Xu R, Li Y, Xu X, Li Z, Zuo D. Construction of crizotinib resistant models with CD74-ROS1 D2033N and CD74-ROS1 S1986F point mutations to explore resistance mechanism and treatment strategy. Cell Signal 2023; 101:110497. [PMID: 36265718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy is an essential treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that is always associated with the drug resistance. c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) gene point mutation is one of the leading factors causing drug resistance. However, the point mutation cell models of crizotinib are challenging to obtain, causing few reports on the drug resistance mechanism and the treatment strategy. We constructed CD74-ROS1 D2033N and CD74-ROS1 S1986F point mutant plasmids by fusion PCR technology and transfected them into A549 cells. Western blot and MTT assay proved that the drug-resistant cell lines were successfully transfected. The transwell assay confirmed that the mutant cells' motor abilities were significantly increased compared with the wild-type group. In addition, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was significantly increased in mutant cells. Moreover, crizotinib resistance occurred in the mutant cells through the activation of FAK / phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) / protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. Next, crizotinib was combined with defactinib, a FAK inhibitor, to further explore its therapeutic effect. The results showed that the combination could significantly inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of mutant cells. In conclusion, we proved that CD74-ROS1 D2033N and CD74-ROS1 S1986F point mutant NSCLC cells were resistant to crizotinib through the activation of FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and inhibiting FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation by defactinib could overcome drug resistance in mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- All partner from Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuting Meng
- All partner from Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Rui Xu
- All partner from Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ye Li
- All partner from Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaobo Xu
- All partner from Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zengqiang Li
- All partner from Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Daiying Zuo
- All partner from Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Ren X, Li T, Zhang W, Yang X. Targeting Heat-Shock Protein 90 in Cancer: An Update on Combination Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162556. [PMID: 36010632 PMCID: PMC9406578 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an important molecule chaperone associated with tumorigenesis and malignancy. HSP90 is involved in the folding and maturation of a wide range of oncogenic clients, including diverse kinases, transcription factors and oncogenic fusion proteins. Therefore, it could be argued that HSP90 facilitates the malignant behaviors of cancer cells, such as uncontrolled proliferation, chemo/radiotherapy resistance and immune evasion. The extensive associations between HSP90 and tumorigenesis indicate substantial therapeutic potential, and many HSP90 inhibitors have been developed. However, due to HSP90 inhibitor toxicity and limited efficiency, none have been approved for clinical use as single agents. Recent results suggest that combining HSP90 inhibitors with other anticancer therapies might be a more advisable strategy. This review illustrates the role of HSP90 in cancer biology and discusses the therapeutic value of Hsp90 inhibitors as complements to current anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiude Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsinghua University Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.Y.)
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Small-Molecule RAS Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents: Discovery, Development, and Mechanistic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073706. [PMID: 35409064 PMCID: PMC8999084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of RAS oncogenes are responsible for about 30% of all human cancer types, including pancreatic, lung, and colorectal cancers. While KRAS1 is a pseudogene, mutation of KRAS2 (commonly known as KRAS oncogene) is directly or indirectly associated with human cancers. Among the RAS family, KRAS is the most abundant oncogene related to uncontrolled cellular proliferation to generate solid tumors in many types of cancer such as pancreatic carcinoma (over 80%), colon carcinoma (40-50%), lung carcinoma (30-50%), and other types of cancer. Once described as 'undruggable', RAS proteins have become 'druggable', at least to a certain extent, due to the continuous efforts made during the past four decades. In this account, we discuss the chemistry and biology (wherever available) of the small-molecule inhibitors (synthetic, semi-synthetic, and natural) of KRAS proteins that were published in the past decades. Commercial drugs, as well as investigational molecules from preliminary stages to clinical trials, are categorized and discussed in this study. In summary, this study presents an in-depth discussion of RAS proteins, classifies the RAS superfamily, and describes the molecular mechanism of small-molecule RAS inhibitors.
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Plangger A, Rath B, Hochmair M, Funovics M, Hamilton G. Cytotoxicity of combinations of the pan-KRAS inhibitor BAY-293 against primary non-small lung cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101230. [PMID: 34598083 PMCID: PMC8488304 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is mutated in approximately 25% of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients and first specific inhibitors showed promising responses that may be improved by concurrent interference with downstream signaling pathways. Cell lines exhibiting KRAS mutations show specific sensitivities to modulators affecting glucose utilization, signal transduction and cell survival. Novel SOS1-directed inhibitors with a broader anticancer coverage such as BAY-293 and BI-3406 inhibit KRAS through the hindrance of SOS1-KRAS interactions. The aim of this study was to check the putative synergy of BAY-293 with modulators having revealed specific vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutated cell lines. The present investigation tested the cytotoxicity of BAY-293 combinations against a series of Osimertinib-resistant primary NSCLC cell lines using MTT tests and calculation of combination indices according to the Chou-Talalay method. The results show that BAY-293 synergizes with modulators of glucose metabolism, inhibitors of cellular proliferation, several chemotherapeutics and a range of diverse modulators, thus corroborating the chemosensitivities of cells expressing mutated KRAS. In conclusion, BAY-293 exerts cytotoxicity with a wide range of drugs against Osimertinib-resistant primary NSCLC cell lines. The administration of pan-KRAS inhibitors alone may be limited in vivo by toxicity to normal tissues but made feasible by its use as part of suitable drug combinations. This study shows that BAY-293 combinations are active against NSCLC cells not further amenable to mutated EGFR-directed targeted therapy and results likewise hold relevance for pancreatic and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Plangger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13A, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Barbara Rath
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13A, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Maximilian Hochmair
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Institute of Lung Research and Pulmonary Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Funovics
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Bioimaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Hamilton
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 13A, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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Sands B, Yun S, Mendenhall AR. Introns control stochastic allele expression bias. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6527. [PMID: 34764277 PMCID: PMC8585970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoallelic expression (MAE) or extreme allele bias can account for incomplete penetrance, missing heritability and non-Mendelian diseases. In cancer, MAE is associated with shorter patient survival times and higher tumor grade. Prior studies showed that stochastic MAE is caused by stochastic epigenetic silencing, in a gene and tissue-specific manner. Here, we used C. elegans to study stochastic MAE in vivo. We found allele bias/MAE to be widespread within C. elegans tissues, presenting as a continuum from fully biallelic to MAE. We discovered that the presence of introns within alleles robustly decreases MAE. We determined that introns control MAE at distinct loci, in distinct cell types, with distinct promoters, and within distinct coding sequences, using a 5'-intron position-dependent mechanism. Bioinformatic analysis showed human intronless genes are significantly enriched for MAE. Our experimental evidence demonstrates a role for introns in regulating MAE, possibly explaining why some mutations within introns result in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Sands
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Soo Yun
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Alexander R. Mendenhall
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
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Hamilton G, Plangger A. Cytotoxic activity of KRAS inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1065-1074. [PMID: 34347509 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1965123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogenic driver in pancreatic, lung, and colon cancer. Recently, KRAS inhibitors in clinical use show promising activity but most responses are partial and drug resistance develops. The use of therapeutics in combination with KRAS inhibitors are expected to improve outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review describes the KRAS G12C mutation-specific inhibitors and the SOS1-targeting inhibitors that reduce the GTP-loading of wildtype and mutated KRAS. Both types of compounds reduce tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The combinations of the various KRAS inhibitors with downstream signaling effectors, modulators of KRAS-associated metabolic alterations and chemotherapeutics are summarized. EXPERT OPINION The clinical potency of mutated KRAS-specific inhibitors needs to be improved by suitable drug combinations. Inhibition of downstream signaling cascades increases toxicity and other combinations exploited comprise G12C-directed inhibitors with SOS1 inhibitors, glucose/glutamine metabolic modulators, classical chemotherapeutics, and others. The most suitable inhibitor combinations corroborated in preclinical development await clinical verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department Of Vascular Surgery, Medical University Of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelina Plangger
- Department Of Vascular Surgery, Medical University Of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Chawsheen MA, Dash PR. mTOR modulates resistance to gemcitabine in lung cancer in an MTORC2 dependent mechanism. Cell Signal 2021; 81:109934. [PMID: 33545231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer has a poor prognosis partly due to a lack of response to treatments such as the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. Combinations of chemotherapy drugs with signal transduction inhibitors may be more effective treatments. In this study we have investigated the impact of targeting the mTOR signalling pathway on the efficacy of gemcitabine in different cancer cell lines. METHODS Time-lapse microscopy, immuno-staining, and western blot techniques were used to evaluate the efficacy of applied treatments either in measuring phosphorylation levels of mTOR down-stream targets or in tracking down the fate of targeted cells. Reactive oxygen species and relative levels of protein phosphorylation were also quantified. For comparison between treated groups t-test and analysis of variance test were applied. RESULTS Our data showed that mTORC1 has no role in sensitising A549 lung cancer cells to gemcitabine. However, targeting mTORC1/2 with the pharmacological inhibitor torin1 or by over-expressing Deptor, the negative regulator of mTOR signalling, sensitised these cells to gemcitabine. Silencing mTORC2, but not mTORC1, induced apoptosis and significantly improved the apoptosis-inducing effects of gemcitabine. Results also suggest that Rictor is required to maintain cell survival through modulating p38α, ERK1/2, RSK1/2/3 and the transcription factor STAT3. Multiple cell line comparisons revealed that PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells were also sensitive to mTOR inhibition, but MCF7 breast cancer, MCF10A breast epithelial and H727 lung cancer cell lines were more resistant to the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of mTORC2 may have benefits in the treatment of gemcitabine resistant cancers, and the genetic background of the cell line may determine its response to mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip R Dash
- University of Reading, School of Biological Sciences, Reading, UK
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Chen H, Zhao J. KRAS oncogene may be another target conquered in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:3425-3435. [PMID: 33022831 PMCID: PMC7705909 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is one of the most common mutant oncogenes in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The survival of patients with KRAS mutations may be much lower than patients without KRAS mutations. However, due to the complex structure and diverse biological properties, it is difficult to achieve specific inhibitors for the direct elimination of KRAS activity, making KRAS a challenging therapeutic target. At present, with the tireless efforts of medical research, including KRAS G12C inhibitors, immunotherapy and other combination strategies, this dilemma is expected to an end. In addition, inhibition of the downstream signaling pathways of KRAS may be a promising combination strategy. Given the rapid development of treatments, understanding the details will be important to determine the individualized treatment options, including combination therapy and potential resistance mechanisms. The survival of patients with KRAS mutations may be much lower than patients without KRAS mutations. At present, with the tireless efforts of medical research, including KRAS G12C inhibitors, immunotherapy and other combination strategy, this dilemma of KRAS mutated NSCLC is expected to an end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Departments of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Departments of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
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Hu M, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Tang Q, Feng Z, Ni J, Zhou X. DRP1 promotes lactate utilization in KRAS-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3588-3599. [PMID: 32767829 PMCID: PMC7540982 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations are well documented in various cancers. Non‐small‐cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) preferentially use lactate as the primary carbon source, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We developed a lactate‐dependent cell proliferation assay and found that dynamin‐related protein (DRP1), which is highly expressed in KRAS‐mutant NSCLC, is required for tumor cells to proliferate and uses lactate as fuel, demonstrating the critical role of DRP1 in the metabolic reprogramming of NSCLC. Metabolic and transcriptional profiling suggests that DRP1 orchestrates a supportive metabolic network to promote lactate utilization and redox homeostasis in lung cancer cells. DRP1 suppresses the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protects cells against oxidative damage by enhancing lactate utilization. Moreover, targeting DRP1 not only reduces HSP90 expression but also enhances ROS‐induced HSP90 cleavage, thus inhibiting activation of mitogen activated protein kinase and PI3K pathways and leading to suppressed lactate utilization and increased ROS‐induced cell death. Taken together, these results suggest that DRP1 is a crucial regulator of lactate metabolism and redox homeostasis in KRAS‐mutant lung cancer, and that targeting lactate utilization by modulating DRP1 activity might be an effective treatment for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangze Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuejiao Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qianru Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ziqin Feng
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
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Qiao J, Li M, Li N, Xu L, Huang G, Yu J. TIAM1 Upregulation Confers NVP-BEZ235 Resistance to Breast Cancer Cells Through FGFR/STAT3 Pathway. Biochem Genet 2020; 58:953-965. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-09982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Santana-Codina N, Chandhoke AS, Yu Q, Małachowska B, Kuljanin M, Gikandi A, Stańczak M, Gableske S, Jedrychowski MP, Scott DA, Aguirre AJ, Fendler W, Gray NS, Mancias JD. Defining and Targeting Adaptations to Oncogenic KRASG12C Inhibition Using Quantitative Temporal Proteomics. Cell Rep 2020; 30:4584-4599.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Burnaevskiy N, Sands B, Yun S, Tedesco PM, Johnson TE, Kaeberlein M, Brent R, Mendenhall A. Chaperone biomarkers of lifespan and penetrance track the dosages of many other proteins. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5725. [PMID: 31844058 PMCID: PMC6914778 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many traits vary among isogenic individuals in homogeneous environments. In microbes, plants and animals, variation in the protein chaperone system affects many such traits. In the animal model C. elegans, the expression level of hsp-16.2 chaperone biomarkers correlates with or predicts the penetrance of mutations and lifespan after heat shock. But the physiological mechanisms causing cells to express different amounts of the biomarker were unknown. Here, we used an in vivo microscopy approach to dissect different contributions to cell-to-cell variation in hsp-16.2 expression in the intestines of young adult animals, which generate the most lifespan predicting signal. While we detected both cell autonomous intrinsic noise and signaling noise, we found both contributions were relatively unimportant. The major contributor to cell-to-cell variation in biomarker expression was general differences in protein dosage. The hsp-16.2 biomarker reveals states of high or low effective dosage for many genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Sands
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soo Yun
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patricia M Tedesco
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Johnson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roger Brent
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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He H, Xu C, Cheng Z, Qian X, Zheng L. Drug Combinatorial Therapies for the Treatment of KRAS Mutated Lung Cancers. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2128-2142. [PMID: 31475900 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190902150555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
KRAS is the most common oncogene to be mutated in lung cancer, and therapeutics directly targeting KRAS have proven to be challenging. The mutations of KRAS are associated with poor prognosis, and resistance to both adjuvant therapy and targeted EGFR TKI. EGFR TKIs provide significant clinical benefit for patients whose tumors bear EGFR mutations. However, tumors with KRAS mutations rarely respond to the EGFR TKI therapy. Thus, combination therapy is essential for the treatment of lung cancers with KRAS mutations. EGFR TKI combined with inhibitors of MAPKs, PI3K/mTOR, HDAC, Wee1, PARP, CDK and Hsp90, even miRNAs and immunotherapy, were reviewed. Although the effects of the combination vary, the combined therapeutics are one of the best options at present to treat KRAS mutant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang Xu
- National Vaccine & Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoying Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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16
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A review of predictive, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for non-small-cell lung cancer: towards personalised and targeted cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIOTHERAPY IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1460396919000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntroduction:Lung cancer has a high mortality rate mainly due to the lack of early detection or outward signs and symptoms, thereby often progressing to advanced stages (e.g., stage IV) before it is diagnosed. However, if lung cancers can be diagnosed at an early stage and also if clinicians can prospectively identify patients likely to respond to specific treatments, then there is a very high potential to increase patients’ survival. In recent years, several investigations have been conducted to identify cancer biomarkers for lung cancer risk assessment, early detection and diagnosis, the likelihood of identifying the group of patients who will benefit from a particular treatment and monitoring patient response to treatment.Materials and Methods:This paper reports on the review of 19 current clinical and emerging biomarkers used in risk assessment, screening for early detection and diagnosis and monitoring the response of treatment of non-small-cell lung cancers.Conclusion:The future holds promise for personalised and targeted medicine from prevention, diagnosis to treatment, which take into account individual patient’s variability, though it depends on the development of effective biomarkers interrogating the key aberrant pathways and potentially targetable with molecular targeted or immunologic therapies. Lung cancer biomarkers have the potential to guide clinical decision-making since they can potentially detect the disease early, measure the risk of developing the disease and the risk of progression, provide accurate information of patient response to a specific treatment and are capable of informing clinicians about the likely outcome of a cancer diagnosis independent of the treatment received. Moreover, lung cancer biomarkers are increasingly linked to specific molecular pathway deregulations and/or cancer pathogenesis and can be used to justify the application of certain therapeutic or interventional strategies.
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17
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Chen F, Alphonse MP, Liu Y, Liu Q. Targeting Mutant KRAS for Anticancer Therapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2098-2113. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190902151307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
:Over the past decades, designing therapeutic strategies to target KRAS-mutant cancers, which is one of the most frequent mutant oncogenes among all cancer types, have proven unsuccessful regardless of many concerted attempts. There are key challenges for KRAS-mutant anticancer therapy, as the complex cellular processes involved in KRAS signaling has present. Herein, we highlight the emerging therapeutic approaches for inhibiting KRAS signaling and blocking KRAS functions, in hope to serve as a more effective guideline for future development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Chen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, United States
| | - Martin P. Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, Suite 216, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, Suite 216, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, United States
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18
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Sangpheak K, Tabtimmai L, Seetaha S, Rungnim C, Chavasiri W, Wolschann P, Choowongkomon K, Rungrotmongkol T. Biological Evaluation and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Chalcone Derivatives as Epidermal Growth Factor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061092. [PMID: 30897725 PMCID: PMC6471738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy has become a high potential cancer treatment. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which plays an important role in cell signaling, enhanced cell survival and proliferation, has been suggested as molecular target for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. In this study, a series of chalcone derivatives was screened by in vitro cytotoxicity against the wild type (A431 and A549) and mutant EGFR (H1975 and H1650) cancer cell lines, and, subsequently, tested for EGFR-tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibition. From the experimental screening, all chalcones seemed to be more active against the A431 than the A549 cell line, with chalcones 1c, 2a, 3e, 4e, and 4t showing a more than 50% inhibitory activity against the EGFR-TK activity and a high cytotoxicity with IC50 values of < 10 µM against A431 cells. Moreover, these five chalcones showed more potent on H1975 (T790M/L858R mutation) than H1650 (exon 19 deletion E746-A750) cell lines. Only three chalcones (1c, 2a and 3e) had an inhibitory activity against EGFR-TK with a relative inhibition percentage that was close to the approved drug, erlotinib. Molecular dynamics studies on their complexes with EGFR-TK domain in aqueous solution affirmed that they were well-occupied within the ATP binding site and strongly interacted with seven hydrophobic residues, including the important hinge region residue M793. From the above information, as well as ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties, all three chalcones could serve as lead compounds for the development of EGFR-TK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyani Sangpheak
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Lueacha Tabtimmai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand.
| | - Supaphorn Seetaha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand.
| | - Chompoonut Rungnim
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand.
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Structural and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Ph.D. Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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19
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Kallu J, Banerjee T, Sulthana S, Darji S, Higginbotham R, Fletcher C, Gerasimchuk NN, Santra S. Nanomedicine-Assisted Combination Therapy of NSCLC: New Platinum-Based Anticancer Drug Synergizes the Therapeutic Efficacy of Ganetespib. Nanotheranostics 2019; 3:120-134. [PMID: 30899640 PMCID: PMC6427934 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.28468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: K-RAS is the most common mutated oncogene associated with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). So far, there are no promising chemotherapies for the direct inhibition of K-RAS, and considered to be undruggable. In this work, we have introduced a new platinum-based cyanoximate complex, Pt(MCO)2, as an anti-cancer drug to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Hsp90 inhibitor drug, ganetespib for the combination therapy of NSCLC. Methods: We have synthesized polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and used as drug delivery system. These MNPs were decorated with folic acid in order to target folate receptor-expressing NSCLC. The individual and combination of drugs as well as an optical dye DiI were co-encapsulated successfully inside the PAA-coating of MNPs to evaluate synergistic treatment option for NSCLC. The magnetic resonance (MR) and optical imaging modalities assisted for the monitoring drug loading and NSCLC treatment. Results: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of these customized MNPs, various cell-based assays including cell viability, apoptosis and necrosis, cell migration, comet and ROS experiments were performed. Results showed minimal toxicity for functional MNPs with no therapeutic drug and more than 60% cell death within 48 h of treatment, when single drug was encapsulated. Importantly, more than 90% cells were dead when both drugs were delivered. Overall, the results indicated that the Pt(MCO)2 drug enhances the therapeutic efficacy of ganetespib by more than 30% toxicity towards the targeted treatment of NSCLC, while showed minimal toxicity to the normal healthy tissues. Conclusion: We successfully developed new dual-modal magnetic nanomedicines for the rapid and controlled release of combination of drugs for the effective treatment of NSCLC. The MR and fluorescence modalities help monitoring the delivery of drugs, where the new platinum-based drug Pt(MCO)2 synergizes the therapeutic efficacy of ganetespib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Kallu
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Shoukath Sulthana
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Saloni Darji
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ryan Higginbotham
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Christina Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Nikolay N. Gerasimchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | - Santimukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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20
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Siebert C, Ciato D, Murakami M, Frei-Stuber L, Perez-Rivas LG, Monteserin-Garcia JL, Nölting S, Maurer J, Feuchtinger A, Walch AK, Haak HR, Bertherat J, Mannelli M, Fassnacht M, Korpershoek E, Reincke M, Stalla GK, Hantel C, Beuschlein F. Heat Shock Protein 90 as a Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:487. [PMID: 31379752 PMCID: PMC6658895 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor entity with restricted therapeutic opportunities. HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) chaperone activity is fundamental for cell survival and contributes to different oncogenic signaling pathways. Indeed, agents targeting HSP90 function have shown therapeutic efficacy in several cancer types. We have examined the expression of HSP90 in different adrenal tumors and evaluated the use of HSP90 inhibitors in vitro as possible therapy for ACC. Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of HSP90 isoforms was investigated in different adrenocortical tumors and associated with clinical features. Additionally, a panel of N-terminal (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), luminespib, and ganetespib) and C-terminal (novobiocin and silibinin) HSP90 inhibitors were tested on various ACC cell lines. Results: Within adrenocortical tumors, ACC samples exhibited the highest expression of HSP90β. Within a cohort of ACC patients, HSP90β expression levels were inversely correlated with recurrence-free and overall survival. In functional assays, among five different compounds tested luminespib and ganetespib induced a significant decrease in cell viability in single as well as in combined treatments with compounds of the clinically used EDP-M scheme (etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, mitotane). Inhibition of cell viability correlated furthermore with a decrease in proliferation, in cell migration and an increase in apoptosis. Moreover, analysis of cancer pathways indicated a modulation of the ERK1/2-and AKT-pathways by luminespib and ganetespib treatment. Conclusions: Our findings emphasize HSP90 as a marker with prognostic impact and promising target with N-terminal HSP90 inhibitors as drugs with potential therapeutic efficacy toward ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Siebert
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Denis Ciato
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Masanori Murakami
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Frei-Stuber
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Gustavo Perez-Rivas
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Svenja Nölting
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Maurer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel K. Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harm R. Haak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima Medical Center, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Massimo Mannelli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes and Central Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter K. Stalla
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Medicover Neuroendocrinology, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Endokrinologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Felix Beuschlein
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21
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Dong Z, Yang P, Qiu X, Liang S, Guan B, Yang H, Li F, Sun L, Liu H, Zou G, Zhao K. KCNQ1OT1 facilitates progression of non-small-cell lung carcinoma via modulating miRNA-27b-3p/HSP90AA1 axis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11304-11314. [PMID: 30471108 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA KCNQ1OT1 participates in the regulation of imprinted genes within the kcnq1 domain. But its roles in carcinogenesis and metastasis remain largely elusive. Herein, we evaluated its potential in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. We demonstrated that the KCNQ1OT1 level was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. High KCNQ1OT1 level correlated with poor overall and progression-free survival in NSCLC patients. KCNQ1OT1 facilitated proliferation, migration, and invasion in H460 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of KCNQ1OT1 reduced the expression of HSP90AA1. KCNQ1OT1 presented a positive correlation with HSP90AA1 which predicted the tumor progression in NSCLC from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Intriguingly, KCNQ1OT1 modulated HSP90AA1 expression by sponging miR-27b-3p. MiR-27b-3p counteracted the effect of KCNQ1OT1 on HSP90AA1 expression, H460 cell migration, and invasion. These data revealed a role for KCNQ1OT1 as an oncogene through miR-27b-3p/HSP90AA1 axis during NSCLC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwu Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Fangsong Community Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Qiu
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Guan
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Haisheng Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Zou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Jinshan Branch, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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22
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Göttlich C, Kunz M, Zapp C, Nietzer SL, Walles H, Dandekar T, Dandekar G. A combined tissue-engineered/in silico signature tool patient stratification in lung cancer. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1264-1285. [PMID: 29797762 PMCID: PMC6068345 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient‐tailored therapy based on tumor drivers is promising for lung cancer treatment. For this, we combined in vitro tissue models with in silico analyses. Using individual cell lines with specific mutations, we demonstrate a generic and rapid stratification pipeline for targeted tumor therapy. We improve in vitro models of tissue conditions by a biological matrix‐based three‐dimensional (3D) tissue culture that allows in vitro drug testing: It correctly shows a strong drug response upon gefitinib (Gef) treatment in a cell line harboring an EGFR‐activating mutation (HCC827), but no clear drug response upon treatment with the HSP90 inhibitor 17AAG in two cell lines with KRAS mutations (H441, A549). In contrast, 2D testing implies wrongly KRAS as a biomarker for HSP90 inhibitor treatment, although this fails in clinical studies. Signaling analysis by phospho‐arrays showed similar effects of EGFR inhibition by Gef in HCC827 cells, under both 2D and 3D conditions. Western blot analysis confirmed that for 3D conditions, HSP90 inhibitor treatment implies different p53 regulation and decreased MET inhibition in HCC827 and H441 cells. Using in vitro data (western, phospho‐kinase array, proliferation, and apoptosis), we generated cell line‐specific in silico topologies and condition‐specific (2D, 3D) simulations of signaling correctly mirroring in vitro treatment responses. Networks predict drug targets considering key interactions and individual cell line mutations using the Human Protein Reference Database and the COSMIC database. A signature of potential biomarkers and matching drugs improve stratification and treatment in KRAS‐mutated tumors. In silico screening and dynamic simulation of drug actions resulted in individual therapeutic suggestions, that is, targeting HIF1A in H441 and LKB1 in A549 cells. In conclusion, our in vitro tumor tissue model combined with an in silico tool improves drug effect prediction and patient stratification. Our tool is used in our comprehensive cancer center and is made now publicly available for targeted therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Göttlich
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Meik Kunz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Zapp
- Institute for Pharmaceutics and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah L Nietzer
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.,Structural and Computational Biology, EMBL Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dandekar
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Wuerzburg, Germany
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23
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Torres-Collado AX, Knott J, Jazirehi AR. Reversal of Resistance in Targeted Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: Lessons Learned from Vemurafenib (BRAF V600E-Specific Inhibitor). Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060157. [PMID: 29795041 PMCID: PMC6025215 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and has a very low survival rate. Over 50% of melanomas harbor various BRAF mutations with the most common being the V600E. BRAFV600E mutation that causes constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway leading to drug-, immune-resistance, apoptosis evasion, proliferation, survival, and metastasis of melanomas. The ATP competitive BRAFV600E selective inhibitor, vemurafenib, has shown dramatic success in clinical trials; promoting tumor regression and an increase in overall survival of patients with metastatic melanoma. Regrettably, vemurafenib-resistance develops over an average of six months, which renders melanomas resistant to other therapeutic strategies. Elucidation of the underlying mechanism(s) of acquisition of vemurafenib-resistance and design of novel approaches to override resistance is the subject of intense clinical and basic research. In this review, we summarize recent developments in therapeutic approaches and clinical investigations on melanomas with BRAFV600E mutation to establish a new platform for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Xavier Torres-Collado
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Knott
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ali R Jazirehi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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24
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Gou W, Zhou X, Liu Z, Wang L, Shen J, Xu X, Li Z, Zhai X, Zuo D, Wu Y. CD74-ROS1 G2032R mutation transcriptionally up-regulates Twist1 in non-small cell lung cancer cells leading to increased migration, invasion, and resistance to crizotinib. Cancer Lett 2018; 422:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Han J, Goldstein LA, Hou W, Chatterjee S, Burns TF, Rabinowich H. HSP90 inhibition targets autophagy and induces a CASP9-dependent resistance mechanism in NSCLC. Autophagy 2018; 14:958-971. [PMID: 29561705 PMCID: PMC6103412 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1434471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy has emerged as a resistance mechanism to anticancer drug treatments that induce metabolic stress. Certain tumors, including a subset of KRAS-mutant NSCLCs have been shown to be addicted to autophagy, and potentially vulnerable to autophagy inhibition. Currently, autophagy inhibition is being tested in the clinic as a therapeutic component for tumors that utilize this degradation process as a drug resistance mechanism. The current study provides evidence that HSP90 (heat shock protein 90) inhibition diminishes the expression of ATG7, thereby impeding the cellular capability of mounting an effective autophagic response in NSCLC cells. Additionally, an elevation in the expression level of CASP9 (caspase 9) prodomain in KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells surviving HSP90 inhibition appears to serve as a cell survival mechanism. Initial characterization of this survival mechanism suggests that the altered expression of CASP9 is mainly ATG7 independent; it does not involve the apoptotic activity of CASP9; and it localizes to a late endosomal and pre-lysosomal phase of the degradation cascade. HSP90 inhibitors are identified here as a pharmacological approach for targeting autophagy via destabilization of ATG7, while an induced expression of CASP9, but not its apoptotic activity, is identified as a resistance mechanism to the cellular stress brought about by HSP90 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Leslie A Goldstein
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Wen Hou
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Suman Chatterjee
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Timothy F Burns
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Hannah Rabinowich
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Román M, Baraibar I, López I, Nadal E, Rolfo C, Vicent S, Gil-Bazo I. KRAS oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer: clinical perspectives on the treatment of an old target. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:33. [PMID: 29455666 PMCID: PMC5817724 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung neoplasms are the leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes more than 80% of all lung malignancies and the majority of patients present advanced disease at onset. However, in the last decade, multiple oncogenic driver alterations have been discovered and each of them represents a potential therapeutic target. Although KRAS mutations are the most frequently oncogene aberrations in lung adenocarcinoma patients, effective therapies targeting KRAS have yet to be developed. Moreover, the role of KRAS oncogene in NSCLC remains unclear and its predictive and prognostic impact remains controversial. The study of the underlying biology of KRAS in NSCLC patients could help to determine potential candidates to evaluate novel targeted agents and combinations that may allow a tailored treatment for these patients. The aim of this review is to update the current knowledge about KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinoma, including a historical overview, the biology of the molecular pathways involved, the clinical relevance of KRAS mutations as a prognostic and predictive marker and the potential therapeutic approaches for a personalized treatment of KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Román
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iosune Baraibar
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inés López
- Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ernest Nadal
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Silvestre Vicent
- Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Program of Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain. .,Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
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Inhibition of KRAS-dependent lung cancer cell growth by deltarasin: blockage of autophagy increases its cytotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29440631 PMCID: PMC5833846 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deltarasin is a recently identified small molecule that can inhibit KRAS–PDEδ interactions by binding to a hydrophobic pocket on PDEδ, resulting in the impairment of cell growth, KRAS activity, and RAS/RAF signaling in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Since KRAS mutations are the most common oncogene mutations in lung adenocarcinomas, implicated in over 30% of all lung cancer cases, we examined the ability of deltarasin to inhibit KRAS-dependent lung cancer cell growth. Here, for the first time, we document that deltarasin produces both apoptosis and autophagy in KRAS-dependent lung cancer cells in vitro and inhibits lung tumor growth in vivo. Deltarasin induces apoptosis by inhibiting the interaction of with PDEδ and its downstream signaling pathways, while it induces autophagy through the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Importantly, the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyl adenine (3-MA) markedly enhances deltarasin-induced apoptosis via elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, inhibition of ROS by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated deltarasin-induced cell death. Collectively, these observations suggest that the anti-cancer cell activity of deltarasin can be enhanced by simultaneously blocking “tumor protective” autophagy, but inhibited if combined with an anti-oxidant.
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28
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Min HY, Lee HY. Oncogene-Driven Metabolic Alterations in Cancer. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:45-56. [PMID: 29212306 PMCID: PMC5746037 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of human deaths worldwide. Understanding the biology underlying the evolution of cancer is important for reducing the economic and social burden of cancer. In addition to genetic aberrations, recent studies demonstrate metabolic rewiring, such as aerobic glycolysis, glutamine dependency, accumulation of intermediates of glycolysis, and upregulation of lipid and amino acid synthesis, in several types of cancer to support their high demands on nutrients for building blocks and energy production. Moreover, oncogenic mutations are known to be associated with metabolic reprogramming in cancer, and these overall changes collectively influence tumor-microenvironment interactions and cancer progression. Accordingly, several agents targeting metabolic alterations in cancer have been extensively evaluated in preclinical and clinical settings. Additionally, metabolic reprogramming is considered a novel target to control cancers harboring un-targetable oncogenic alterations such as KRAS. Focusing on lung cancer, here, we highlight recent findings regarding metabolic rewiring in cancer, its association with oncogenic alterations, and therapeutic strategies to control deregulated metabolism in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Min
- Creative Research Initiative Center for concurrent control of emphysema and lung cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for concurrent control of emphysema and lung cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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29
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Del Re M, Rofi E, Restante G, Crucitta S, Arrigoni E, Fogli S, Di Maio M, Petrini I, Danesi R. Implications of KRAS mutations in acquired resistance to treatment in NSCLC. Oncotarget 2017; 9:6630-6643. [PMID: 29464099 PMCID: PMC5814239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale KRAS is the most common and, simultaneously, the most ambiguous oncogene implicated in human cancer. Despite KRAS mutations were identified in Non Small Cell Lung Cancers (NSCLCs) more than 20 years ago, selective and specific inhibitors aimed at directly abrogating KRAS activity are not yet available. Nevertheless, many therapeutic approaches have been developed potentially useful to treat NSCLC patients mutated for KRAS and refractory to both standard chemotherapy and targeted therapies. The focus of this review will be to provide an overview of the network related to the intricate molecular KRAS pathways, stressing on preclinical and clinical studies that investigate the predictive value of KRAS mutations in NSCLC patients. Materials and Methods A bibliographic search of the Medline database was conducted for articles published in English, with the keywords KRAS, KRAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer, KRAS and tumorigenesis, KRAS and TKIs, KRAS and chemotherapy, KRAS and monoclonal antibody, KRAS and immunotherapy, KRAS and drugs, KRAS and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Del Re
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rofi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuliana Restante
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Crucitta
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Arrigoni
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Fogli
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Iacopo Petrini
- General Pathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Phase 2 Study of the HSP-90 Inhibitor AUY922 in Previously Treated and Molecularly Defined Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2017; 13:576-584. [PMID: 29247830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.11.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this phase 2 study, we evaluated the activity of AUY922 in pretreated patients with stage IV NSCLC. METHODS Patients with advanced NSCLC were divided into molecularly defined strata based on mutations in the EGFR gene, the ALK receptor tyrosine kinase gene (ALK), the KRAS gene, or the wild type of all three. All patients must have received more than two prior lines of therapy, except for those in a fifth stratum for a less pretreated EGFR cohort (EGFR<2). In the EGFR-mutant and ALK-rearranged strata, prior platinum therapy was not required. Patients with EGFR mutation must have received an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor unless they had de novo resistance (e.g., T790M or exon 20 insertions). Eligible patients received weekly intravenous AUY922, 70 mg/m2. The primary objective was to estimate efficacy (complete or partial response, or in the absence of complete or partial response, stable disease) at 18 weeks, by the Response Criteria in Solid Tumors. RESULTS A total of 153 patients from 21 global centers were enrolled from October 2010 to November 2014. The investigator-assessed overall response rate and stable disease rate at 18 weeks were 31.8% and 9.1% in the ALK-rearranged stratum, 17.1% and 8.6% in EGFR-mutant stratum, 9.7% and 22.6% in the EGFR<2 stratum, 0% and 7.1% in KRAS-mutant stratum, and 8.8% and 8.8% in wild-type stratum. Biomarker data showed activity of AUY922 in EGFR-mutant patients with exon 19 deletion, T790M mutation, and exon 20 insertion. The most common (≥40%) all-causality adverse events were diarrhea, nausea, and decreased appetite. Visual-related disorders were reported in 79.7% of patients (most were grade 1/2). Thirty-five patients (22.9%) reported night blindness. CONCLUSION AUY922 is active in patients with NSCLC, particularly among patients with ALK rearrangements and EGFR mutations.
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31
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Rong B, Yang S. Molecular mechanism and targeted therapy of Hsp90 involved in lung cancer: New discoveries and developments (Review). Int J Oncol 2017; 52:321-336. [PMID: 29207057 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways on lung cancer is very important for developing new strategies of diagnosis and treatment to this disease, such as finding valuable lung cancer markers and molecularly targeted therapies. Previously, a number of studies disclose that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is upregulated in cancer cells, tissues and serum of lung cancer patients, and its upregulation intimately correlates with the occurrence, development and outcome of lung cancer. On the contrary, inhibition of Hsp90 can suppress cell proliferation, motility and metastasis of lung cancer and promote apoptosis of lung cancer cells via complex signaling pathways. In addition, a series of Hsp90 inhibitors have been investigated as effective molecular targeted therapy tactics fighting against lung cancer. This review, systematically summarizes the role of Hsp90 in lung cancer, the molecular mechanisms and development of anti-Hsp90 treatment in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaoxue Rong
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Shuanying Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Targeting Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer: A Promising Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091978. [PMID: 28914774 PMCID: PMC5618627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large family of chaperones that are involved in protein folding and maturation of a variety of "client" proteins protecting them from degradation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and thermal stress. Hence, they are significant regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation and strongly implicated in the molecular orchestration of cancer development and progression as many of their clients are well established oncoproteins in multiple tumor types. Interestingly, tumor cells are more HSP chaperonage-dependent than normal cells for proliferation and survival because the oncoproteins in cancer cells are often misfolded and require augmented chaperonage activity for correction. This led to the development of several inhibitors of HSP90 and other HSPs that have shown promise both preclinically and clinically in the treatment of cancer. In this article, we comprehensively review the roles of some of the important HSPs in cancer, and how targeting them could be efficacious, especially when traditional cancer therapies fail.
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Chatterjee S, Huang EHB, Christie I, Burns TF. Reactivation of the p90RSK-CDC25C Pathway Leads to Bypass of the Ganetespib-Induced G 2-M Arrest and Mediates Acquired Resistance to Ganetespib in KRAS-Mutant NSCLC. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1658-1668. [PMID: 28566436 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A subset of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are dependent upon oncogenic driver mutations, including the most frequently observed driver mutant KRAS, which is associated with a poor prognosis. As direct RAS targeting in the clinic has been unsuccessful to date, use of Hsp90 inhibitors appeared to be a promising therapy for KRAS-mutant NSCLC; however, limited clinical efficacy was observed due to rapid resistance. Furthermore, the combination of the Hsp90 inhibitor (Hsp90i), ganetespib, and docetaxel was tested in a phase III clinical trial and failed to demonstrate benefit. Here, we investigated the mechanism(s) of resistance to ganetespib and explored why the combination with docetaxel failed in the clinic. We have not only identified a critical role for the bypass of the G2-M cell-cycle checkpoint as a mechanism of ganetespib resistance (GR) but have also found that GR leads to cross-resistance to docetaxel. Reactivation of p90RSK and its downstream target, CDC25C, was critical for GR and mediated the bypass of a G2-M arrest. Overexpression of either p90RSK or CDC25C lead to bypass of G2-M arrest and induced ganetespib resistance in vitro and in vivo Moreover, resistance was dependent on p90RSK/CDC25C signaling, as synthetic lethality to ERK1/2, p90RSK, or CDC25C inhibitors was observed. Importantly, the combination of ganetespib and p90RSK or CDC25C inhibitors was highly efficacious in parental cells. These studies provide a way forward for Hsp90 inhibitors through the development of novel rationally designed Hsp90 inhibitor combinations that may prevent or overcome resistance to Hsp90i. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1658-68. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric H-B Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian Christie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy F Burns
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Chatterjee S, Huang EHB, Christie I, Kurland BF, Burns TF. Acquired Resistance to the Hsp90 Inhibitor, Ganetespib, in KRAS-Mutant NSCLC Is Mediated via Reactivation of the ERK-p90RSK-mTOR Signaling Network. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:793-804. [PMID: 28167505 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 25% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have KRAS mutations, and no effective therapeutic strategy exists for these patients. The use of Hsp90 inhibitors in KRAS-mutant NSCLC appeared to be a promising approach, as these inhibitors target many KRAS downstream effectors; however, limited clinical efficacy has been observed due to resistance. Here, we examined the mechanism(s) of acquired resistance to the Hsp90 inhibitor, ganetespib, and identified novel and rationally devised Hsp90 inhibitor combinations, which may prevent and overcome resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors. We derived KRAS-mutant NSCLC ganetespib-resistant cell lines to identify the resistance mechanism(s) and identified hyperactivation of RAF/MEK/ERK/RSK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways as key resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, we found that ganetespib-resistant cells are "addicted" to these pathways, as ganetespib resistance leads to synthetic lethality to a dual PI3K/mTOR, a PI3K, or an ERK inhibitor. Interestingly, the levels and activity of a key activator of the mTOR pathway and an ERK downstream target, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), were also increased in the ganetespib-resistant cells. Genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of p90RSK in ganetespib-resistant cells restored sensitivity to ganetespib, whereas p90RSK overexpression induced ganetespib resistance in naïve cells, validating p90RSK as a mediator of resistance and a novel therapeutic target. Our studies offer a way forward for Hsp90 inhibitors through the rational design of Hsp90 inhibitor combinations that may prevent and/or overcome resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors, providing an effective therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutant NSCLC. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 793-804. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chatterjee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric H-B Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian Christie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brenda F Kurland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy F Burns
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Targeting KRAS mutated non-small cell lung cancer: A history of failures and a future of hope for a diverse entity. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 110:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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36
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Sulthana S, Banerjee T, Kallu J, Vuppala SR, Heckert B, Naz S, Shelby T, Yambem O, Santra S. Combination Therapy of NSCLC Using Hsp90 Inhibitor and Doxorubicin Carrying Functional Nanoceria. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:875-884. [PMID: 28081601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
K-RAS driven non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a major cause of death among smokers. Recently, nanotechnology has introduced novel avenues for the diagnosis and personalized treatment options for cancer. Herein, we report a novel, multifunctional nanoceria platform loaded with a unique combination of two therapeutic drugs, doxorubicin (Doxo) and Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib (GT), for the diagnosis and effective treatment of NSCLC. We hypothesize that the use of ganetespib synergizes and accelerates the therapeutic efficacy of Doxo via ROS production, while minimizing the potential cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin drug. Polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated cerium oxide nanoparticles (PNC) were fabricated for the targeted combination therapy of lung cancers. Using "click" chemistry, the surface carboxylic acid groups of nanoceria were decorated with folic acid to target folate-receptor-overexpressing NSCLC. As a result of combination therapy, results showed more than 80% of NSCLC death within 48 h of incubation. These synergistic therapeutic effects were assessed via enhanced ROS, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and migration assays. Overall, these results indicated that the targeted codelivery of Doxo and GT using nanoceria may offer an alternative combination therapy option for the treatment of undruggable NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivia Yambem
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , 855 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Santimukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas Polymer Research Center, Pittsburg State University , 1701 S. Broadway Street, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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Jiang J, Lu Y, Li Z, Li L, Niu D, Xu W, Liu J, Fu L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Xia F. Ganetespib overcomes resistance to PARP inhibitors in breast cancer by targeting core proteins in the DNA repair machinery. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:251-259. [PMID: 28111726 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-016-0424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage repair plays essential roles in drug resistance, especially resistance to Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in the clinic. A subset of DNA repair proteins such as Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1), BRCA2 and RecA homolog (RAD51) are client proteins of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Clearance of these DNA repair proteins by inhibition of Hsp90 is a promising strategy for overcoming resistance to PARP inhibitors. Here we report the pharmacological analysis of the highly potent second-generation Hsp90 inhibitor, ganetespib. Methods Nuclear BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51 expression in breast cancer cells were detected by subcellular fractionation and western blot analysis. Formation of nuclear RAD51 and γ-H2AX foci was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. The cytotoxicity of ganetespib and ABT-888 in breast cancer cells were evaluated by cell proliferation, colony survival, and apoptosis assay. To investigate the efficacy of this therapy in vivo, SCID mice bearing MCF7 xenografts were treated with ganetespib and ABT-888, both as single agents and in combination. Results Ganetespib significantly destabilized nuclear BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51, and efficiently disrupted homologous recombination-mediated DNA double-strand break repair in breast cancer cells. The synergistic antitumor effects of ganetespib and the PARP inhibitor, ABT-888 were observed, and concurrent treatment with both inhibitors synergistically inhibited xenograft tumor growth. Importantly, the combined treatment was well tolerated, without significant loss of body weight or major histological changes in the breast cancer xenograft model. Conclusion These data provide a novel strategy for the treatment of breast cancer with wild type BRCA1 using combination therapy targeting Hsp90 to overcome resistance to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, #601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liping Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguang, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Daoli Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wenwei Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Lin Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Ziqing Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yingying Gu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Fen Xia
- Arkansas College of Medicine, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 771, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Tomasini P, Walia P, Labbe C, Jao K, Leighl NB. Targeting the KRAS Pathway in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2016; 21:1450-1460. [PMID: 27807303 PMCID: PMC5153335 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, significant progress has been made individualizing therapy based on molecular aberrations (e.g., EGFR, ALK) and pathologic subtype. KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), found in approximately 30% of lung adenocarcinomas, and is thus an appealing target for new therapies. Although no targeted therapy has yet been approved for the treatment of KRAS-mutant NSCLC, there are multiple potential therapeutic approaches. These may include direct inhibition of KRAS protein, inhibition of KRAS regulators, alteration of KRAS membrane localization, and inhibition of effector molecules downstream of mutant KRAS. This article provides an overview of the KRAS pathway in lung cancer and related therapeutic strategies under investigation. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The identification of oncogene-addicted cancers and specific inhibitors has revolutionized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment and outcomes. One of the most commonly mutated genes in adenocarcinoma is KRAS, found in approximately 30% of lung adenocarcinomas, and thus it is an appealing target for new therapies. This review provides an overview of the KRAS pathway and related targeted therapies under investigation in NSCLC. Some of these agents may play a key role in KRAS-mutant NSCLC treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Tomasini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Preet Walia
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Labbe
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Jao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha B Leighl
- Division of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gomez-Casal R, Epperly MW, Wang H, Proia DA, Greenberger JS, Levina V. Radioresistant human lung adenocarcinoma cells that survived multiple fractions of ionizing radiation are sensitive to HSP90 inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44306-22. [PMID: 26517240 PMCID: PMC4792558 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the common usage of radiotherapy for the treatment of NSCLC, outcomes for these cancers when treated with ionizing radiation (IR) are still unsatisfactory. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying resistance to IR is needed to design approaches to eliminate the radioresistant cells and prevent tumor recurrence and metastases. Using multiple fractions of IR we generated radioresistant cells from T2821 and T2851 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The radioresistant phenotypes present in T2821/R and T2851/R cells include multiple changes in DNA repair genes and proteins expression, upregulation of EMT markers, alterations of cell cycle distribution, upregulation of PI3K/AKT signaling and elevated production of growth factors, cytokines, important for lung cancer progression, such as IL-6, PDGFB and SDF-1 (CXCL12). In addition to being radioresistant these cells were also found to be resistant to cisplatin. HSP90 is a molecular chaperone involved in stabilization and function of multiple client proteins implicated in NSCLC cell survival and radioresistance. We examined the effect of ganetespib, a novel HSP90 inhibitor, on T2821/R and T2851/R cell survival, migration and radioresistance. Our data indicates that ganetespib has cytotoxic activity against parental T2821 and T2851 cells and radioresistant T2821/R and T2851/R lung tumor cells. Ganetespib does not affect proliferation of normal human lung fibroblasts. Combining IR with ganetespib completely abrogates clonogenic survival of radioresistant cells. Our data show that HSP90 inhibition can potentiate the effect of radiotherapy and eliminate radioresistant and cisplatin -resistant residual cells, thus it may aid in reducing NSCLC tumor recurrence after fractionated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gomez-Casal
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Joel S Greenberger
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vera Levina
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Current address: Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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40
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Huhn AJ, Guerra RM, Harvey EP, Bird GH, Walensky LD. Selective Covalent Targeting of Anti-Apoptotic BFL-1 by Cysteine-Reactive Stapled Peptide Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1123-1134. [PMID: 27617850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins block cell death by trapping the critical α-helical BH3 domains of pro-apoptotic members in a surface groove. Cancer cells hijack this survival mechanism by overexpressing a spectrum of anti-apoptotic members, mounting formidable apoptotic blockades that resist chemotherapeutic treatment. Drugging the BH3-binding pockets of anti-apoptotic proteins has become a highest-priority goal, fueled by the clinical success of ABT-199, a selective BCL-2 inhibitor, in reactivating apoptosis in BCL-2-dependent cancers. BFL-1 is a BCL-2 homolog implicated in melanoma, lymphoma, and other cancers, and remains undrugged. A natural juxtaposition of two unique cysteines at the binding interface of the NOXA BH3 helix and BFL-1 pocket informed the development of stapled BH3 peptides bearing acrylamide warheads to irreversibly inhibit BFL-1 by covalent targeting. Given the frequent proximity of native cysteines to regulatory binding surfaces, covalent stapled peptide inhibitors provide a new therapeutic strategy for targeting pathologic protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annissa J Huhn
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rachel M Guerra
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edward P Harvey
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gregory H Bird
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Wang Y, Liu H, Diao L, Potter A, Zhang J, Qiao Y, Wang J, Proia DA, Tailor R, Komaki R, Lin SH. Hsp90 Inhibitor Ganetespib Sensitizes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer to Radiation but Has Variable Effects with Chemoradiation. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5876-5886. [PMID: 27354472 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE HSP90 inhibition is well known to sensitize cancer cells to radiation. However, it is currently unknown whether additional radiosensitization could occur in the more clinically relevant setting of chemoradiation (CRT). We used the potent HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib to determine whether it can enhance CRT effects in NSCLC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We first performed in vitro experiments in various NSCLC cell lines combining radiation with or without ganetespib. Some of these experiments included clonogenic survival assay, DNA damage repair, and cell-cycle analysis, and reverse-phase protein array. We then determined whether chemotherapy affected ganetespib radiosensitization by adding carboplatin-paclitaxel to some of the in vitro and in vivo xenograft experiments. RESULTS Ganetespib significantly reduced radiation clonogenic survival in a number of lung cancer cell lines, and attenuated DNA damage repair with irradiation. Radiation caused G2-M arrest that was greatly accentuated by ganetespib. Ganetespib with radiation also dose-dependently upregulated p21 and downregulated pRb levels that were not apparent with either drug or radiation alone. However, when carboplatin-paclitaxel was added, ganetespib was only able to radiosensitize some cell lines but not others. This variable in vitro CRT effect was confirmed in vivo using xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS Ganetespib was able to potently sensitize a number of NSCLC cell lines to radiation but has variable effects when added to platinum-based doublet CRT. For optimal clinical translation, our data emphasize the importance of preclinical testing of drugs in the context of clinically relevant therapy combinations. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5876-86. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adam Potter
- Texas A&M School of Medicine, College Station, Texas
| | - Jianhu Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yawei Qiao
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David A Proia
- Synta Pharmaceuticals Corp, Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - Ramesh Tailor
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ritsuko Komaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Wang J, Hu K, Guo J, Cheng F, Lv J, Jiang W, Lu W, Liu J, Pang X, Liu M. Suppression of KRas-mutant cancer through the combined inhibition of KRAS with PLK1 and ROCK. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11363. [PMID: 27193833 PMCID: PMC4873974 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
No effective targeted therapies exist for cancers with somatic KRAS mutations. Here we develop a synthetic lethal chemical screen in isogenic KRAS-mutant and wild-type cells to identify clinical drug pairs. Our results show that dual inhibition of polo-like kinase 1 and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) leads to the synergistic effects in KRAS-mutant cancers. Microarray analysis reveals that this combinatory inhibition significantly increases transcription and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1), leading to specific G2/M phase blockade in KRAS-mutant cells. Overexpression of p21(WAF1/CIP1), either by cDNA transfection or clinical drugs, preferentially impairs the growth of KRAS-mutant cells, suggesting a druggable synthetic lethal interaction between KRAS and p21(WAF1/CIP1). Co-administration of BI-2536 and fasudil either in the LSL-KRAS(G12D) mouse model or in a patient tumour explant mouse model of KRAS-mutant lung cancer suppresses tumour growth and significantly prolongs mouse survival, suggesting a strong synergy in vivo and a potential avenue for therapeutic treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kewen Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, USA
| | - Jing Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiufeng Pang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancers in the Era of Targeted Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 893:155-178. [PMID: 26667343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
KRAS-mutant lung cancers account for approximately 25% of non-small cell lung carcinomas, thus representing an enormous burden of cancer worldwide. KRAS mutations are clear drivers of tumor growth and are characterized by a complex biology involving the interaction between mutant KRAS, various growth factor pathways, and tumor suppressor genes. While KRAS mutations are classically associated with a significant smoking history, they are also identified in a substantial proportion of never-smokers. These mutations are found largely in lung adenocarcinomas with solid growth patterns and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. A variety of tools are available for diagnosis including Sanger sequencing, multiplex mutational hotspot profiling, and next-generation sequencing. The prognostic and predictive roles of KRAS status remain controversial. It has become increasingly clear, however, that KRAS mutations drive primary resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition. Until recently, mutant KRAS was not thought of as a clinically-targetable driver in lung cancers. With the expansion of our knowledge regarding the biology of KRAS-mutant lung cancers and the role of MEK and PI3K/mTOR inhibition, the face of targeted therapeutics for this genomic subset of patients is slowly beginning to change.
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44
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Desai A, Menon SP, Dy GK. Alterations in genes other than EGFR/ALK/ROS1 in non-small cell lung cancer: trials and treatment options. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:77-86. [PMID: 27144064 PMCID: PMC4850130 DOI: 10.28092/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, we have seen tremendous progress in the therapy of lung cancer. Discovery of actionable mutations in EGFR and translocations in ALK and ROS1 have identified subsets of patients with excellent tumor response to oral targeted agents with manageable side effects. In this review, we highlight treatment options including corresponding clinical trials for oncogenic alterations affecting the receptor tyrosine kinases MET, FGFR, NTRK, RET, HER2, HER3, and HER4 as well as components of the RAS-RAF-MEK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Desai
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Smitha P Menon
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA
| | - Grace K Dy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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45
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New development of inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in personalized treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 26:1-14. [PMID: 25304988 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer, divided into squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Despite better techniques of surgery and improvement in adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy, the median survival of advanced NSCLC is only 8-10 months. With increased understanding of molecular alternations in NSCLC, considerable efforts have focused on the development of personalized molecular-targeted therapies. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates tumor development, growth, and proliferation of NSCLC. Various novel inhibitors targeting this pathway have been identified in preclinical studies or clinical trials. Some genetic alternations may be considered sensitive or resistant biomarkers to these inhibitors. Sometimes, upregulation of RTK and the downstream PI3K pathway or upregulation of the ERK pathway by compensatory feedback reactivation in response to these inhibitors also lead to drug resistance. Therefore, combination therapy of these inhibitors and other targeted inhibitors such as EGFR-TKI or MEK inhibitors according to genetic status and categories of inhibitors is required to enhance the efficacy of these inhibitors. Here, we reviewed the genetic status of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in NSCLC and the novel inhibitors targeting this pathway in preclinical or clinical studies, exploring the possible genetic alternations related to different inhibitors and the means to enhance the antitumor effect in NSCLC.
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46
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Park KS, Oh B, Lee MH, Nam KY, Jin HR, Yang H, Choi J, Kim SW, Lee DH. The HSP90 inhibitor, NVP-AUY922, sensitizes KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer with intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibitor, trametinib. Cancer Lett 2016; 372:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Esfahani K, Cohen V. HSP90 as a novel molecular target in non-small-cell lung cancer. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2016; 7:11-17. [PMID: 28210156 PMCID: PMC5310695 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s60344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the most lethal cancer, with over 160,000 annual deaths in the USA alone. Over the past decade, the discovery of driver mutations has changed the landscape for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Targeted therapies against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) have now been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as part of the standard first-line treatment of NSCLC. Despite good initial responses, most patients develop resistance within 8–12 months and have disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Esfahani
- Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Victor Cohen
- Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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48
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Wang CY, Guo ST, Wang JY, Liu F, Zhang YY, Yari H, Yan XG, Jin L, Zhang XD, Jiang CC. Inhibition of HSP90 by AUY922 Preferentially Kills Mutant KRAS Colon Cancer Cells by Activating Bim through ER Stress. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:448-59. [PMID: 26832792 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations of KRAS pose a great challenge in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Here we report that mutant KRAS colon cancer cells are nevertheless more susceptible to apoptosis induced by the HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 than those carrying wild-type KRAS. Although AUY922 inhibited HSP90 activity with comparable potency in colon cancer cells irrespective of their KRAS mutational statuses, those with mutant KRAS were markedly more sensitive to AUY922-induced apoptosis. This was associated with upregulation of the BH3-only proteins Bim, Bik, and PUMA. However, only Bim appeared essential, in that knockdown of Bim abolished, whereas knockdown of Bik or PUMA only moderately attenuated apoptosis induced by AUY922. Mechanistic investigations revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was responsible for AUY922-induced upregulation of Bim, which was inhibited by a chemical chaperone or overexpression of GRP78. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of GRP78 or XBP-1 enhanced AUY922-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, AUY922 inhibited the growth of mutant KRAS colon cancer xenografts through activation of Bim that was similarly associated with ER stress. Taken together, these results suggest that AUY922 is a promising drug in the treatment of mutant KRAS colon cancers, and the agents that enhance the apoptosis-inducing potential of Bim may be useful to improve the therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Su Tang Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Department of Molecular Biology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital and Institute, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia Yu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fen Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuan Yuan Zhang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamed Yari
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu Guang Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Chen Chen Jiang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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49
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Bhattacharya S, Socinski MA, Burns TF. KRAS mutant lung cancer: progress thus far on an elusive therapeutic target. Clin Transl Med 2015; 4:35. [PMID: 26668062 PMCID: PMC4678136 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-015-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The KRAS mutation remains the most common driver mutation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and confers a poor prognosis. Thus far, efforts to target this mutation over the last two decades have been unsuccessful. Over the past 5 years, many efforts to develop drugs that target the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK (MAPK) pathway have resulted in enhanced understanding of the KRAS mutant NSCLC and have provided optimism that this disease can be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saveri Bhattacharya
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Room 461, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
| | - Mark A Socinski
- Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Avenue, Room 556, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
| | - Timothy F Burns
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Office: Suite 2.18e, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
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50
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Nagaraju GP, Mezina A, Shaib WL, Landry J, El-Rayes BF. Targeting the Janus-activated kinase-2-STAT3 signalling pathway in pancreatic cancer using the HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib. Eur J Cancer 2015; 52:109-19. [PMID: 26682870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive malignancy characterised by chemoresistance. HSP90 is important for stabilisation of proteins, cell signalling and malignant growth. We hypothesised that ganetespib, an HSP90 inhibitor, can inhibit PC cell growth by interfering with multiple signalling cascades, including the Janus-activated kinase (JAK)-STAT pathway, and act synergistically with chemotherapeutic drugs. METHODS The effects of ganetespib were evaluated in ASPC-1, HPAC, MIA PaCA-2 and PANC-1 cell lines using a cell proliferation assay. Effects on the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and JAK-STAT pathways were examined by Western blot. JAK2 and STAT3 were knocked down by transient transfection with JAK2 or STAT3 small interfering RNA. ASPC-1 and HPAC cell lines were tested for sensitivity to ganetespib, 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin, and gemcitabine/paclitaxel, alone and in combination, using an in vivo tumour xenograft model. RESULTS Ganetespib significantly decreased cell proliferation in all tested PC cell lines. Ganetespib decreased the activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), PI3K/AKT, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling molecules and diminished the activation of STAT3 in an additive manner with isolated downregulation of JAK2 expression. In animal models, ganetespib potentiated the effects of 5-fluouracil/oxaliplatin and gemcitabine/paclitaxel, as measured by tumour volume. Western blot analysis from tumours removed from animals confirmed the effects of ganetespib on PI3K/AKT, ERK and JNK pathways. CONCLUSIONS Ganetespib inhibits the growth of PC cells, an effect associated with downregulation of signalling through the JAK2-STAT3, PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. This provides preclinical proof-of-principle that ganetespib enhances the activity of chemotherapeutic agents and warrants further evaluation in PC clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anya Mezina
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Walid L Shaib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jerome Landry
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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