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Alexa AL, Sargarovschi S, Ionescu D. Neutrophils and Anesthetic Drugs: Implications in Onco-Anesthesia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4033. [PMID: 38612841 PMCID: PMC11012681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apart from being a significant line of defense in the host defense system, neutrophils have many immunological functions. Although there are not many publications that accurately present the functions of neutrophils in relation to oncological pathology, their activity and implications have been studied a lot recently. This review aims to extensively describe neutrophils functions'; their clinical implications, especially in tumor pathology; the value of clinical markers related to neutrophils; and the implications of neutrophils in onco-anesthesia. This review also aims to describe current evidence on the influence of anesthetic drugs on neutrophils' functions and their potential influence on perioperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Leonard Alexa
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care I, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.S.); (D.I.)
- Association for Research in Anesthesia and Intensive Care (ACATI), 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Onco-Anaesthesia Research Group, ESAIC, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sergiu Sargarovschi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care I, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.S.); (D.I.)
- Association for Research in Anesthesia and Intensive Care (ACATI), 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Ionescu
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care I, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.S.); (D.I.)
- Association for Research in Anesthesia and Intensive Care (ACATI), 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Onco-Anaesthesia Research Group, ESAIC, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Outcome Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Veytia-Bucheli JI, Alvarado-Velázquez DA, Possani LD, González-Amaro R, Rosenstein Y. The Ca 2+ Channel Blocker Verapamil Inhibits the In Vitro Activation and Function of T Lymphocytes: A 2022 Reappraisal. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071478. [PMID: 35890372 PMCID: PMC9324055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ channel blockers (CCBs) are commonly used to treat different cardiovascular conditions. These drugs disrupt the intracellular Ca2+ signaling network, inhibiting numerous cellular functions in different cells, including T lymphocytes. We explored the effect of the CCB verapamil on normal human peripheral blood T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Cells were activated by ligating CD3 or CD3/CD28 in the presence or absence of verapamil, and the expression of activation-induced cell surface molecules (CD25, CD40L, CD69, PD-1, and OX40), cell proliferation, and cytokine release were assessed by flow cytometry. Verapamil exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the expression of all the activation-induced cell surface molecules tested. In addition, verapamil diminished T cell proliferation induced in response to CD3/CD28 stimulation. Likewise, the production of Th1/Th17 and Th2 cytokines was also reduced by verapamil. Our data substantiate a potent in vitro suppressive effect of verapamil on T lymphocytes, a fact that might be relevant in patients receiving CCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Veytia-Bucheli
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (J.I.V.-B.); (D.A.A.-V.); (L.D.P.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bio-Organique, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 615, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Den Alejandro Alvarado-Velázquez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (J.I.V.-B.); (D.A.A.-V.); (L.D.P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Lourival Domingos Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (J.I.V.-B.); (D.A.A.-V.); (L.D.P.)
| | - Roberto González-Amaro
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
| | - Yvonne Rosenstein
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (J.I.V.-B.); (D.A.A.-V.); (L.D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(777)-329-1606
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Ackerman RS, Luddy KA, Icard BE, Piñeiro Fernández J, Gatenby RA, Muncey AR. The Effects of Anesthetics and Perioperative Medications on Immune Function: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:676-689. [PMID: 34100781 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have sought to better understand the effect of anesthetic agents, both volatile and intravenous, and perioperative adjuvant medications on immune function. The immune system has evolved to incorporate both innate and adaptive components, which are delicately interwoven and essential for host defense from pathogens and malignancy. This review summarizes the complex and nuanced relationship that exists between each anesthetic agent or perioperative adjuvant medication studied and innate and adaptive immune function with resultant clinical implications. The most commonly used anesthetic agents were chosen for review including volatile agents (sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, and halothane), intravenous agents (propofol, ketamine, etomidate, and dexmedetomidine), and perioperative adjuvant medications (benzodiazepines, opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], and local anesthetic agents). Patients who undergo surgery experience varying combinations of the aforementioned anesthetic agents and adjuncts, depending on the type of surgery and their comorbidities. Each has unique effects on immunity, which may be more or less ideal depending on the clinical situation. Further study is needed to better understand the clinical effects of these relationships so that patient-specific strategies can be developed to improve surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Ackerman
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Benjamin E Icard
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Robert A Gatenby
- the Department of Cancer Biology and Evolution.,Department of Radiology
| | - Aaron R Muncey
- Department of Anesthesiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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Juvêncio da Silva L, Dias Barroso FD, Vieira LS, Carlos Mota DR, da Silva Firmino BK, Rocha da Silva C, de Farias Cabral VP, Cândido TM, Sá LGDAV, Barbosa da Silva WM, Silva J, Marinho ES, Cavalcanti BC, de Moraes MO, Júnior HVN, de Andrade Neto JB. Diazepam's antifungal activity in fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. and biofilm inhibition in C. albicans: evaluation of the relationship with the proteins ALS3 and SAP5. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33560202 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Candida spp. has been highlighted as one of the main etiological agents causing fungal infections, with Candida albicans being the most prominent, responsible for most cases of candidemia. Due to its capacity for invasion and tissue adhesion, it is associated with the formation of biofilms, mainly in the environment and hospital devices, decreasing the effectiveness of available treatments. The repositioning of drugs, which is characterized by the use of drugs already on the market for other purposes, together with molecular-docking methods can be used aiming at the faster development of new antifungals to combat micro-organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal effect of diazepam on mature C. albicans biofilms in vitro and its action on biofilm in formation, as well as its mechanism of action and interaction with structures related to the adhesion of C. albicans, ALS3 and SAP5. To determine the MIC, the broth microdilution test was used according to protocol M27-A3 (CLSI, 2008). In vitro biofilm formation tests were performed using 96-well plates, followed by molecular-docking protocols to analyse the binding agent interaction with ALS3 and SAP5 targets. The results indicate that diazepam has antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells of Candida spp. and C. albicans biofilms, interacting with important virulence factors related to biofilm formation (ALS3 and SAP5). In addition, treatment with diazepam triggered a series of events in C. albicans cells, such as loss of membrane integrity, mitochondrial depolarization and increased production of EROs, causing DNA damage and consequent cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Juvêncio da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fátima Daiana Dias Barroso
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Vitória Pessoa de Farias Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mesquita Cândido
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Jacilene Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Group for Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (GQTE), State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Department of Chemistry, Group for Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry (GQTE), State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Bruno Coelho Cavalcanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory for Bioprospection of Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Abstract
Anesthetics are widely used drugs administered in a multitude of clinical settings. Their impacts on various functions of the immune system have been studied but are still not fully understood. Neutrophil granulocytes are a critical first-line host defense mechanism against infections and contribute to the inflammatory phase of wound healing, but dysregulated neutrophil activation can also precipitate perioperative organ injury. A better understanding of the interactions between common anesthetics and neutrophils may reveal considerations toward optimizing treatment of our most vulnerable patients in the intensive care unit and in the perioperative setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Meier
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Critical Care, University of San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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Karlstetter M, Nothdurfter C, Aslanidis A, Moeller K, Horn F, Scholz R, Neumann H, Weber BHF, Rupprecht R, Langmann T. Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is expressed in reactive retinal microglia and modulates microglial inflammation and phagocytosis. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:3. [PMID: 24397957 PMCID: PMC3895821 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is a mitochondrial protein expressed on reactive glial cells and a biomarker for gliosis in the brain. TSPO ligands have been shown to reduce neuroinflammation in several mouse models of neurodegeneration. Here, we analyzed TSPO expression in mouse and human retinal microglia and studied the effects of the TSPO ligand XBD173 on microglial functions. METHODS TSPO protein analyses were performed in retinoschisin-deficient mouse retinas and human retinas. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged BV-2 microglial cells were treated with XBD173 and TSPO shRNAs in vitro and pro-inflammatory markers were determined by qRT-PCR. The migration potential of microglia was determined with wound healing assays and the proliferation was studied with Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) analysis. Microglial neurotoxicity was estimated by nitrite measurement and quantification of caspase 3/7 levels in 661 W photoreceptors cultured in the presence of microglia-conditioned medium. The effects of XBD173 on filopodia formation and phagocytosis were analyzed in BV-2 cells and human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived microglia (iPSdM). The morphology of microglia was quantified in mouse retinal explants treated with XBD173. RESULTS TSPO was strongly up-regulated in microglial cells of the dystrophic mouse retina and also co-localized with microglia in human retinas. Constitutive TSPO expression was high in the early postnatal Day 3 mouse retina and declined to low levels in the adult tissue. TSPO mRNA and protein were also strongly induced in LPS-challenged BV-2 microglia while the TSPO ligand XBD173 efficiently suppressed transcription of the pro-inflammatory marker genes chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin 6 (IL6) and inducible nitric oxide (NO)-synthase (iNOS). Moreover, treatment with XBD173 significantly reduced the migratory capacity and proliferation of microglia, their level of NO secretion and their neurotoxic activity on 661 W photoreceptor cells. Furthermore, XBD173 treatment of murine and human microglial cells promoted the formation of filopodia and increased their phagocytic capacity to ingest latex beads or photoreceptor debris. Finally, treatment with XBD173 reversed the amoeboid alerted phenotype of microglial cells in explanted organotypic mouse retinal cultures after challenge with LPS. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that TSPO is highly expressed in reactive retinal microglia and a promising target to control microglial reactivity during retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Karlstetter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Caroline Nothdurfter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Aslanidis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Moeller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Felicitas Horn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scholz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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Benzodiazepine augmented γ-amino-butyric acid signaling increases mortality from pneumonia in mice. Crit Care Med 2013; 41:1627-36. [PMID: 23478657 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31827c0c8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Benzodiazepines are used for treating anxiety, epilepsy, muscle spasm, alcohol withdrawal, palliation, insomnia, and sedation as they allosterically modulate γ-amino-butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. Despite widespread use, the importance and mechanism of their immune side-effects are poorly understood. Herein we sought to elucidate the impact and mechanism of benzodiazepine-induced susceptibility to infection at anxiolytic doses in mice. DESIGN Animal randomized controlled trial. SETTING Laboratory. SUBJECTS Adult female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. INTERVENTIONS The effect of a subsedative, anxiolytic dose of diazepam (2 mg kg intraperitoneal) was investigated in a murine Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia model. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Mortality, bacterial and cytokine load, cell recruitment, and intracellular pH were measured. Diazepam treatment did not affect immune homeostasis in the lung. However, diazepam increased mortality and bacterial load from S. pneumoniae pneumonia. The increases in mortality and bacterial load were reversed by a GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, indicating dependence on GABAA receptor signaling. While cell recruitment was unaltered by diazepam, the cytokine response to infection was affected, suggesting that local responses to the pathogen were perturbed. Macrophage and monocytes expressed benzodiazepine sensitive (α1-γ2) GABAA receptors. Interestingly macrophage GABAA receptor expression was regulated by bacterial toll-like receptor agonists and cytokines indicating an endogenous role in the immune response. Functionally diazepam appeared to counteract the endogenous down-regulation of GABAA signaling during infection. Consistent with augmented GABAA signaling, diazepam provoked intracellular acidosis in macrophage, leading to impaired cytokine production, bacterial phagocytosis and killing. In contrast, selective benzodiazepines that do not target the α1 GABAA subunit did not affect macrophage function ex vivo or increase susceptibility to pneumonia in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the regulation of macrophage function by GABAA receptor signaling and the potential harm of benzodiazepine exposure during pneumonia. Therapeutically, selective drugs may improve the safety profile of benzodiazepines.
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The upregulation of translocator protein (18 kDa) promotes recovery from neuropathic pain in rats. J Neurosci 2013; 33:1540-51. [PMID: 23345228 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0324-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, effective drug for treatment of neuropathic pain is still lacking. Recent studies have shown that the ligands of translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), a peripheral receptor for benzodiazepine, modulate inflammatory pain. Here, we report that TSPO was upregulated in astrocytes and microglia in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn of rats following L5 spinal nerve ligation (L5 SNL), lasting until the vanishing of the behavioral signs of neuropathic pain (∼50 d). Importantly, a single intrathecal injection of specific TSPO agonists Ro5-4864 or FGIN-1-27 at 7 and 21 d after L5 SNL depressed the established mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia dramatically, and the effect was abolished by pretreatment with AMG, a neurosteroid synthesis inhibitor. Mechanically, Ro5-4864 substantially inhibited spinal astrocytes but not microglia, and reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in vivo and in vitro. The anti-neuroinflammatory effect was also prevented by AMG. Interestingly, TSPO expression returned to control levels or decreased substantially, when neuropathic pain healed naturally or was reversed by Ro5-4864, suggesting that the role of TSPO upregulation might be to promote recovery from the neurological disorder. Finally, the neuropathic pain and the upregulation of TSPO by L5 SNL were prevented by pharmacological blockage of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). These data suggested that TSPO might be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Effects of 18-kDa translocator protein knockdown on gene expression of glutamate receptors, transporters, and metabolism, and on cell viability affected by glutamate. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:606-19. [PMID: 22732722 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283544531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, several important roles for glutamate have been described for the biology of primary brain tumors. For example, glutamate has been suggested to promote glioma cell proliferation by the activation of the 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) subtype of glutamate receptors. In the present study, we determined the potential regulatory roles of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in the glutamatergic system in relation to cell death of brain tumor cells through knockdown of the TSPO by genetic manipulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS With microarray analysis and validation of gene expression of particular genes using real-time PCR, we found effects because of small inhibitory RNA knockdown of the TSPO in human U118MG glioblastoma cells on gene expression of glutamate receptors, glutamate transporters, and enzymes for glutamate metabolism. We also applied antisense RNA to silence TSPO in rat C6 glioblastoma cells and assayed the effects on DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis, because of glutamate exposure. RESULTS In particular, the effects of TSPO silencing in human U118MG cells related to glutamate metabolism indicate a net effect of a reduction in glutamate levels, which may potentially protect the cells in question from cell death. The TSPO knockdown in C6 cells showed that TSPO is required for the induction of apoptosis because of glutamate exposure. CONCLUSION These findings show that interactions between the TSPO and the glutamatergic system may play a role in tumor development of glioblastoma cells. This may also have implications for our understanding of the involvement of the TSPO in secondary brain damage and neurodegenerative diseases.
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The 18 kDa translocator protein influences angiogenesis, as well as aggressiveness, adhesion, migration, and proliferation of glioblastoma cells. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:538-50. [PMID: 22547081 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283539cdc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is present in almost all peripheral tissues and also in glial cells in the brain. TSPO levels are typically enhanced in correlation with tumorigenesis of cancer cells including glioblastoma. Relevant for angiogenesis, TSPO is also present in almost all cells of the cardiovascular system. METHODS We studied the effect of TSPO knockdown by siRNA on various aspects of tumor growth of U118MG glioblastoma cells in two in-vivo models: a nude mouse model with intracerebral implants of U118MG glioblastoma cells and implantation of U118MG glioblastoma cells on the chorionallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos. In vitro, we further assayed the influence of TSPO on the invasive potential of U118MG cells. RESULTS TSPO knockdown increased tumor growth in both in-vivo models compared with the scrambled siRNA control. Angiogenesis was also increased by TSPO knockdown as determined by a CAM assay. TSPO knockdown led to a decrease in adhesion to the proteins of the extracellular matrix, including fibronectin, collagen I, collagen IV, laminin I, and fibrinogen. TSPO knockdown also led to an enhancement in the migratory capability of U118MG cells, as determined in a modified Boyden chamber. Application of the TSPO ligand 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK 11195) at a concentration of 25 µmol/l in the in-vitro models yielded results similar to those obtained on TSPO knockdown. We found no effects of PK 11195 on TSPO protein expression. Interestingly, at low nmol/l concentrations (around 1 nmol/l), PK 11195 enhanced adhesion to collagen I, suggesting a bimodal concentration effect of PK 11195. CONCLUSION Intact TSPO appears to be able to counteract the invasive and angiogenic characteristics related to the aggressiveness of U118MG glioblastoma cells in vivo and in vitro.
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de Lima CB, Tamura EK, Montero-Melendez T, Palermo-Neto J, Perretti M, Markus RP, Farsky SHP. Actions of translocator protein ligands on neutrophil adhesion and motility induced by G-protein coupled receptor signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 417:918-23. [PMID: 22209795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) also known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), mediates the transportation of cholesterol and anions from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane in different cells types. Although recent evidences indicate a potential role for TSPO in the development of inflammatory processes, the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated. The present study investigated the ability of the specific TSPO ligands, the isoquinoline carboxamide PK11195 and benzodiazepine Ro5-4864, on neutrophil recruitment promoted by the N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine peptide (fMLP), an agonist of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). Pre-treatment with Ro5-4864 abrograted fMLP-induced leukocyte-endothelial interactions in mesenteric postcapillary venules in vivo. Moreover, in vitro Ro5-4864 treatment prevented fMLP-induced: (i) L-selectin shedding and overexpression of PECAM-1 on the neutrophil cell surface; (ii) neutrophil chemotaxis and (iii) enhancement of intracellular calcium cations (iCa(+2)). Intriguingly, the two latter effects were augmented by cell treatment with PK11195. An allosteric agonist/antagonist relation may be suggested, as the effects of Ro5-4864 on fMLP-stimulated neutrophils were reverted by simultaneous treatment with PK11195. Taken together, these data highlight TSPO as a modulator of pathways of neutrophil adhesion and locomotion induced by GPCR, connecting TSPO actions and the onset of an innate inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Bento de Lima
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Midazolam inhibits hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning through dual central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptor activation and neurosteroidogenesis. J Neurosci 2011; 30:16788-95. [PMID: 21159950 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4101-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BDZs) enhance GABA(A) receptor inhibition by direct actions on central BDZ receptors (CBRs). Although some BDZs also bind mitochondrial receptors [translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO)] and promote the synthesis of GABA-enhancing neurosteroids, the role of neurosteroids in the clinical effects of BDZs is unknown. In rat hippocampal slices, we compared midazolam, an anesthetic BDZ, with clonazepam, an anticonvulsant/anxiolytic BDZ that activates CBRs selectively. Midazolam, but not clonazepam, increased neurosteroid levels in CA1 pyramidal neurons without changing TSPO immunostaining. Midazolam, but not clonazepam, also augmented a form of spike inhibition after stimulation adjacent to the pyramidal cell layer and inhibited induction of long-term potentiation. These effects were prevented by finasteride, an inhibitor of neurosteroid synthesis, or 17PA [17-phenyl-(3α,5α)-androst-16-en-3-ol], a blocker of neurosteroid effects on GABA(A) receptors. Moreover, the synaptic effects were mimicked by a combination of clonazepam with FGIN (2-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-N,N-dihexylacetamide), a selective TSPO agonist, or a combination of clonazepam with exogenous allopregnanolone. Consistent with these in vitro results, finasteride abolished the effects of midazolam on contextual fear learning when administrated 1 d before midazolam injection. Thus, dual activation of CBRs and TSPO appears to result in unique actions of clinically important BDZs. Furthermore, endogenous neurosteroids are shown to be important regulators of pyramidal neuron function and synaptic plasticity.
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Effects of different doses and schedules of diazepam treatment on lymphocyte parameters in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1335-43. [PMID: 20846531 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZD) are widely used for the treatment of anxiety. They enhance GABA-ergic neurotransmission through the binding on specific BDZ recognition sites, within the GABA(A) receptor-ion channel complex. However, recent studies showed that BZD also act on peripheral benzodiazepine receptor sites (PBR) or translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Evidence for a direct immunomodulatory action for BZD emerged from studies that demonstrated the presence of TSPO on immune/inflammatory cells. The present study was designed to analyze the effects of diazepam on rat lymphocyte parameters, specifically on phenotype, cell proliferation and cell death. The effects of both acute and long-term (21 days) diazepam (1 and 10 mg/kg/day) administrations were evaluated. Results showed that diazepam (1 mg/kg) treatment did not change the immune parameters analyzed. However, both diazepam (10 mg/kg) acute and long-term treatments decreased the number of apoptotic cells; they also increased the percentage of T cytotoxic cells; decreased the percentage of B cells and increased the corticosterone serum levels. The induction of functional tolerance was suggested for the highest dose of diazepam (10 mg/kg), but not for the smaller dose (1 mg/kg) used, at least for diazepam effects on corticosterone serum levels. Diazepam effects were discussed as being related to the number of TSPO sites present on immune cells and/or to the increased levels of serum corticosterone observed after the treatments used.
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Chen MK, Guilarte TR. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO): molecular sensor of brain injury and repair. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:1-17. [PMID: 18374421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For over 15 years, the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), recently named translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been studied as a biomarker of reactive gliosis and inflammation associated with a variety of neuropathological conditions. Early studies documented that in the brain parenchyma, TSPO is exclusively localized in glial cells. Under normal physiological conditions, TSPO levels are low in the brain neuropil but they markedly increase at sites of brain injury and inflammation making it uniquely suited for assessing active gliosis. This research has generated significant efforts from multiple research groups throughout the world to apply TSPO as a marker of "active" brain pathology using in vivo imaging modalities such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in experimental animals and humans. Further, in the last few years, there has been an increased interest in understanding the molecular and cellular function(s) of TSPO in glial cells. The latest evidence suggests that TSPO may not only serve as a biomarker of active brain disease but also the use of TSPO-specific ligands may have therapeutic implications in brain injury and repair. This review presents an overview of the history and function of TSPO focusing on studies related to its use as a sensor of active brain disease in experimental animals and in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kai Chen
- Neurotoxicology & Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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15
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Veenman L, Gavish M. The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and the cardiovascular system. Implications for drug development. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 110:503-24. [PMID: 16337685 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) are abundant in the cardiovascular system. In the cardiovascular lumen, PBRs are present in platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and mononuclear cells. In the walls of the cardiovascular system, PBR can be found in the endothelium, the striated cardiac muscle, the vascular smooth muscles, and the mast cells. The subcellular location of PBR is primarily in mitochondria. The PBR complex includes the isoquinoline binding protein (IBP), voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), and adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT). Putative endogenous ligands for PBR include protoporphyrin IX, diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI), triakontatetraneuropeptide (TTN), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Classical synthetic ligands for PBR are the isoquinoline 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-propyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK 11195) and the benzodiazepine 7-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Ro5 4864). Novel PBR ligands include N,N-di-n-hexyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide (FGIN-1-27) and 7-chloro-N,N,5-trimethyl-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-4H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole-1-acetamide (SSR180575), both possessing steroidogenic properties, but while FGIN-1-27 is pro-apoptotic, SSR180575 is anti-apoptotic. Putative PBR functions include regulation of steroidogenesis, apoptosis, cell proliferation, the mitochondrial membrane potential, the mitochondrial respiratory chain, voltage-dependent calcium channels, responses to stress, and microglial activation. PBRs in blood vessel walls appear to take part in responses to trauma such as ischemia. The irreversible PBR antagonist, SSR180575, was found to reduce damage correlated with ischemia. Stress, anxiety disorders, and neurological disorders, as well as their treatment, can affect PBR levels in blood cells. PBRs in blood cells appear to play roles in several aspects of the immune response, such as phagocytosis and the secretion of interleukin-2, interleukin-3, and immunoglobulin A (IgA). Thus, alterations in PBR density in blood cells may have immunological consequences in the affected person. In conclusion, PBR in the cardiovascular system may represent a new target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Veenman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Department of Pharmacology, Ephron Street, P.O. Box 9649, Bat-Galim, Haifa 31096, Israel
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16
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Chen MK, Guilarte TR. Imaging the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor response in central nervous system demyelination and remyelination. Toxicol Sci 2006; 91:532-9. [PMID: 16554315 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a rodent model of cuprizone-induced demyelination to examine the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) response during remyelination. C57BL/6J mice were fed a 0.2% cuprizone-containing or control diet for 3 weeks and then removed to allow for remyelination. Quantitative autoradiography of 3H-(R)-PK11195 binding to PBR in the corpus callosum showed increased levels at 3 weeks of demyelination and gradually decreased as a function of remyelination. PBR levels were associated with the degree of remyelination and activation of microglia and astrocytes. However, the temporal pattern suggests that the PBR signal during the late stages of remyelination was primarily associated with astrocytes. We also used small-animal positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging to determine if this technique could be used to monitor PBR levels in the brain of living mice. The results indicate that 11C-(R)-PK11195 levels are significantly elevated in the mouse brain during cuprizone-induced demyelination and normalize at a time in which remyelination is complete. These findings support the notion that PBR is a sensitive marker for the visualization and quantification of brain injury and recovery. Further, the in vivo imaging of the PBR response is now possible in the living rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kai Chen
- Molecular Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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17
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Rane MJ, Gozal D, Butt W, Gozal E, Pierce WM, Guo SZ, Wu R, Goldbart AD, Thongboonkerd V, McLeish KR, Klein JB. Gamma-amino butyric acid type B receptors stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis during ischemia-reperfusion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7242-9. [PMID: 15905570 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase Akt, or protein kinase B, has been shown to regulate a number of neutrophil functions. We sought to identify Akt binding proteins in neutrophils to provide further insights into understanding the mechanism by which Akt regulates various neutrophil functions. Proteomic and immunoprecipitation studies identified gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) type B receptor 2 (GABA(B)R2) as an Akt binding protein in human neutrophils. Neutrophil lysates subjected to Akt immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting with anti-GABA(B)R2 demonstrated Akt association with the intact GABA(B)R. Similar results were obtained when reciprocal immunoprecipitations were performed with anti-GABA(B)R2 Ab. Additionally, GABA(B)R2 and Akt colocalization was demonstrated by confocal microscopy. A GABA(B)R agonist, baclofen, activated Akt and stimulated neutrophil-directed migration in a PI3K-dependent manner, whereas CGP52432, a GABA(B)R antagonist blocked such effects. Baclofen, stimulated neutrophil chemotaxis and tubulin reorganization in a PI3K-dependent manner. Additionally, a GABA(B)R agonist failed to stimulate neutrophil superoxide burst. We are unaware of the association of GABA(B)R with Akt in any cell type. The present study shows for the first time that a brain-specific receptor, GABA(B)R2 is present in human neutrophils and that it is functionally associated with Akt. Intraventricular baclofen pretreatment in rats subjected to a stroke model showed increased migration of neutrophils to the ischemic lesion. Thus, the GABA(B)R is functionally expressed in neutrophils, and acts as a chemoattractant receptor via an Akt-dependent pathway. The GABA(B)R potentially plays a significant role in the inflammatory response and neutrophil-dependent ischemia-reperfusion injury such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi J Rane
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Tumor cell targeted therapies, by induction or enhancement of apoptosis, constitute recent promising approaches achieving more specific anti-tumor efficacy. The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), which belongs to the permeability transition pore (PTP), the central regulatory complex of apoptosis, is a potential target. A number of findings argue in favor of the development of PBR targeting approaches: (i) overexpression of PBR has been described in a large range of human cancers, (ii) PTP-mediated regulation of programmed cell death is an apoptotic-inducing factor-independent check-point that could be modulated by various conventional cancer therapies, and (iii) PBR ligation enhances apoptosis induction in many types of tumors and reverses Bcl-2 cytoprotective effects. Altogether, these observations support the use of PBR-directed drugs, particularly PBR ligands such as Ro5-4864, in the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Decaudin
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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Dyakonova VA, Dambaeva SV, Pinegin BV, Khaitov RM. Study of interaction between the polyoxidonium immunomodulator and the human immune system cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:1615-23. [PMID: 15454114 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyoxidonium (PO) is a high-molecular weight physiologically active compound with pronounced immunomodulating activity, an N-oxidized polyethylene-piperazine derivative. The aim of our work was to study cellular and molecular mechanisms of the action of PO on the human peripheral blood leukocytes. By means of flow cytometry it was established that the binding of fluorescein-isothiocyanate-labeled PO (FITC-labeled PO) occurs more rapidly with monocytes and neutrophils than with lymphocytes (7- to 8-fold weaker as compared with monocytes). Using colloidal gold-labeled PO and electron microscopy it was shown with that the preparation penetrates into leukocytes by endocytosis. PO is localized in endoplasmic vesicles of cellular cytosol. Analysis of one of the crucial signal transducer, the intracellular Ca(2+), performed with the Fluo-3 fluorescent dye, showed that PO does not induce Ca(2+) mobilization from the intracellular calcium stores and influx of extracellular Ca(2+). The study of the intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production with the 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein indicator demonstrated that PO significantly increases the level of intracellular H(2)O(2) in monocytes and neutrophils, however, this increase is much less as compared with phorbol myristate acetate stimulation. The analysis of immunomodulating effect produced by PO proved its stimulating activity on some cytokines production in vitro, e.g. interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-6. A dose-dependent increase in the intracellular killing by blood phagocytes was established under the action of PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Dyakonova
- Department of Immunodiagnostics and Immunocorrection, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Ministry of Public Health Moscow, Russian Federation.
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20
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da Silva FR, Lazzarini R, de Sá-Rocha LC, Morgulis MSFA, de Oliveira Massoco C, Palermo-Neto J. Effects of acute and long-term diazepam administrations on neutrophil activity: a flow cytometric study. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 478:97-104. [PMID: 14575793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of acute and long-term diazepam treatments on rat peripheral blood neutrophil activity and cortisol serum levels. Rats were acutely and long-term (21 days, once daily) treated with diazepam (10 mg/kg) or its vehicle (1.0 ml/kg). Blood was collected 1 h after treatments for flow cytometric analysis of neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytosis. Corticosterone and diazepam concentrations were also determined. Results showed that: (1) both diazepam treatments increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced neutrophil oxidative burst; (2) the increase in oxidative burst after Staphylococcus aureus induction in acutely treated animals was higher than that observed after long-term treatment; (3) phagocytosis is increased by acute diazepam treatment and decreased by a long-term regimen; (4) acute, but not long-term, diazepam treatment increased corticosterone levels; (5) diazepam plasmatic levels after acute and long-term treatments were not different. These results indicate the development of tolerance to diazepam effects on corticosterone serum levels but not on neutrophil activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Ribeiro da Silva
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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21
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Hsu MJ, Lee SS, Lee ST, Lin WW. Signaling mechanisms of enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis and chemotaxis by the polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:289-98. [PMID: 12770934 PMCID: PMC1573843 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1 The polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum (PS-G) has been reported to enhance immune responses and to elicit antitumor effects. In our previous study, we found that PS-G efficiently inhibited spontaneously and Fas-enhanced neutrophil apoptosis when cultured in vitro. Since phagocytosis and chemotaxis play essential roles in host defense mediated by neutrophils, it is of great interest to know the effect of PS-G on these two cell functions, and the molecular events leading to these actions. 2 Using latex beads and heat-inactive Escherichia coli serving as particles for neutrophil engulfment, we found that PS-G is able to enhance phagocytic activity of human primary neutrophils and neutrophilic-phenotype cells differentiated from all trans retinoic acid-treated HL-60 cells. 3 Chemotactic assay using Boyden chamber also revealed the ability of PS-G to increase neutrophil migration. 4 Exposure of neutrophils to PS-G time dependently caused increases in protein kinase C (PKC), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Hck, and Lyn activities. 5 Results with specific kinase inhibitors indicate that phagocytic action of PS-G was reduced by the presence of wortmannin (Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K inhibitor), pyrazolpyrimidine 2 (Src-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor), Ro318220 (PKC inhibitor), and SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), but not by PD98059 (mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase inhibitor). Moreover, chemotactic action of PS-G requires the activities of PI3K, p38 MAPK, Src tyrosine kinases and PKC. 6 All these results demonstrate the abilities of PS-G to enhance neutrophil function in phagocytosis and chemotaxis, and further provide evidence to strengthen the beneficial remedy of G. lucidum in human to enhance defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiuh-Sheng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sho Tone Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
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Marino F, Cosentino M, Fietta AM, Ferrari M, Cattaneo S, Frigo G, Lecchini S, Frigo GM. Interleukin-8 production induced by the endozepine triakontatetraneuropeptide in human neutrophils: role of calcium and pharmacological investigation of signal transduction pathways. Cell Signal 2003; 15:511-7. [PMID: 12639714 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(02)00134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The endozepine triakontatetraneuropeptide (TTN) induces intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) changes and is chemotactic for human neutrophils (PMNs). Because interleukin-8 (IL-8) production is Ca(2+) dependent and can be induced by chemotactic stimuli, we have investigated the ability of TTN to induce IL-8 production in PMNs, as well as the signal transduction mechanisms involved. Our results show that TTN increases IL-8 release and IL-8 mRNA expression in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion, and these effects are prevented by the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM. TTN-induced [Ca(2+)](i) changes and IL-8 mRNA expression are sensitive to pertussis toxin, to the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 (but not to its inactive analogue U73343) and to the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor calphostin C. It is therefore suggested that TTN-induced IL-8 production in human PMNs results from a G protein-operated, PLC-activated [Ca(2+)](i) rise, and PKC contributes to this effect. These findings further support the possible role of TTN in the modulation of the inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
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Jayakumar AR, Panickar KS, Norenberg MD. Effects on free radical generation by ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in cultured neural cells. J Neurochem 2002; 83:1226-34. [PMID: 12437594 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) ligands on free radical production was investigated in primary cultures of rat brain astrocytes and neurons as well as in BV-2 microglial cell lines using the fluorescent dye dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. Free radical production was measured at 2, 30, 60 and 120 min of treatment with the PBR ligands 1-(2-chlorophenyl-N-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide (PK11195), 7-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one (Ro5-4864) and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) (all at 10 nm). In astrocytes, all ligands showed a significant increase in free radical production at 2 min. The increase was short-lived with PK11195, whereas with Ro5-4864 it persisted for at least 2 h. PpIX caused an increase at 2 and 30 min, but not at 2 h. Similar results were observed in microglial cells. In neurons, PK11195 and PpIX showed an increase in free radical production only at 2 min; Ro5-4864 had no effect. The central-type benzodiazepine receptor ligand, clonazepam, was ineffective in eliciting free radical production in all cell types. As the PBR may be a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, and free radical production may occur following induction of the MPT, we further investigated whether cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of the MPT, could prevent free radical formation by PBR ligands. CsA (1 micro m) completely blocked free radical production following treatment with PK11195 and Ro5-4864 in all cell types. CsA was also effective in blocking free radical production in astrocytes following PpIX treatment, but it failed to do so in neurons and microglia. Our results indicate that exposure of neural cells to PBR ligands generates free radicals, and that the MPT may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Jayakumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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Kummer C, Netto ES, Marshall JC. The Immunomodulatory Effects of Anesthetic and Analgesic Agents. Intensive Care Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5551-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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