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Moreno F, Méndez L, Raner A, Miralles-Pérez B, Romeu M, Ramos-Romero S, Torres JL, Medina I. Dietary Marine Oils Selectively Decrease Obesogenic Diet-Derived Carbonylation in Proteins Involved in ATP Homeostasis and Glutamate Metabolism in the Rat Cerebellum. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:103. [PMID: 38247527 PMCID: PMC10812471 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The regular intake of diets high in saturated fat and sugars increases oxidative stress and has been linked to cognitive decline and premature brain aging. The cerebellum is highly vulnerable to oxidative stress and thus, obesogenic diets might be particularly detrimental to this tissue. However, the precise molecular mechanisms behind obesity-related brain damage are still not clear. Since protein carbonylation, a biomarker of oxidative stress, influences protein functions and is involved in metabolic control, the current investigation addressed the effect of long-term high-fat and high-sucrose diet intake on the cerebellum of Sprague-Dawley rats by deciphering the changes caused in the carbonylated proteome. The antioxidant effects of fish oil supplementation on cerebellar carbonylated proteins were also investigated. Lipid peroxidation products and carbonylated proteins were identified and quantified using immunoassays and 2D-LC-MS/MS in the cerebellum. After 21 weeks of nutritional intervention, the obesogenic diet selectively increased carbonylation of the proteins that participate in ATP homeostasis and glutamate metabolism in the cerebellum. Moreover, the data demonstrated that fish oil supplementation restrained carbonylation of the main protein targets oxidatively damaged by the obesogenic diet, and additionally protected against carbonylation of several other proteins involved in amino acid biosynthesis and neurotransmission. Therefore, dietary interventions with fish oils could help the cerebellum to be more resilient to oxidative damage. The results could shed some light on the effect of high-fat and high-sucrose diets on redox homeostasis in the cerebellum and boost the development of antioxidant-based nutritional interventions to improve cerebellum health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (F.M.); (A.R.); (I.M.)
- Universidad de Vigo, Circunvalación ao Campus Universitario, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (F.M.); (A.R.); (I.M.)
| | - Ana Raner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (F.M.); (A.R.); (I.M.)
| | - Bernat Miralles-Pérez
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (M.R.)
| | - Marta Romeu
- Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, E-43201 Reus, Spain; (B.M.-P.); (M.R.)
| | - Sara Ramos-Romero
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Nutrition & Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain;
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Lluís Torres
- Nutrition & Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Maria de Maeztu Unit of Excellence, E-08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain;
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Catalunya—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain; (F.M.); (A.R.); (I.M.)
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Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:416-427. [PMID: 35984306 PMCID: PMC9999677 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT From an energy perspective, the brain is very metabolically demanding. It is well documented that creatine plays a key role in brain bioenergetics. There is some evidence that creatine supplementation can augment brain creatine stores, which could increase memory. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to determine the effects of creatine supplementation on memory performance in healthy humans. DATA SOURCES The literature was searched through the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from inception until September 2021. DATA EXTRACTION Twenty-three eligible RCTs were initially identified. Ten RCTs examining the effect of creatine supplementation compared with placebo on measures of memory in healthy individuals met the inclusion criteria for systematic review, 8 of which were included in the meta-analysis. DATA ANALYSIS Overall, creatine supplementation improved measures of memory compared with placebo (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.29, 95%CI, 0.04-0.53; I2 = 66%; P = 0.02). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant improvement in memory in older adults (66-76 years) (SMD = 0.88; 95%CI, 0.22-1.55; I2 = 83%; P = 0.009) compared with their younger counterparts (11-31 years) (SMD = 0.03; 95%CI, -0.14 to 0.20; I2 = 0%; P = 0.72). Creatine dose (≈ 2.2-20 g/d), duration of intervention (5 days to 24 weeks), sex, or geographical origin did not influence the findings. CONCLUSION Creatine supplementation enhanced measures of memory performance in healthy individuals, especially in older adults (66-76 years). SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. 42021281027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Prokopidis
- is with the Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Giannos
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K Triantafyllidis
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos S Kechagias
- are with the Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- is with the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott C Forbes
- is with the Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- is with the Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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3
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Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Brain Function and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050921. [PMID: 35267907 PMCID: PMC8912287 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the vast majority of research involving creatine supplementation has focused on skeletal muscle, there is a small body of accumulating research that has focused on creatine and the brain. Preliminary studies indicate that creatine supplementation (and guanidinoacetic acid; GAA) has the ability to increase brain creatine content in humans. Furthermore, creatine has shown some promise for attenuating symptoms of concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and depression but its effect on neurodegenerative diseases appears to be lacking. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current body of research pertaining to creatine supplementation on total creatine and phophorylcreatine (PCr) content, explore GAA as an alternative or adjunct to creatine supplementation on brain creatine uptake, assess the impact of creatine on cognition with a focus on sleep deprivation, discuss the effects of creatine supplementation on a variety of neurological and mental health conditions, and outline recent advances on creatine supplementation as a neuroprotective supplement following traumatic brain injury or concussion.
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Sandebring-Matton A, Axenhus M, Bogdanovic N, Winblad B, Schedin-Weiss S, Nilsson P, Tjernberg LO. Microdissected Pyramidal Cell Proteomics of Alzheimer Brain Reveals Alterations in Creatine Kinase B-Type, 14-3-3-γ, and Heat Shock Cognate 71. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:735334. [PMID: 34867272 PMCID: PMC8641652 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.735334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel insights on proteins involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are needed. Since multiple cell types and matrix components are altered in AD, bulk analysis of brain tissue maybe difficult to interpret. In the current study, we isolated pyramidal cells from the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus from five AD and five neurologically healthy donors using laser capture microdissection (LCM). The samples were analyzed by proteomics using 18O-labeled internal standard and nano-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for relative quantification. Fold change between AD and control was calculated for the proteins that were identified in at least two individual proteomes from each group. From the 10 cases analyzed, 62 proteins were identified in at least two AD cases and two control cases. Creatine kinase B-type (CKB), 14-3-3-γ, and heat shock cognate 71 (Hsc71), which have not been extensively studied in the context of the human AD brain previously, were selected for further studies by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In hippocampus, semi-quantitative measures of IHC staining of the three proteins confirmed the findings from our proteomic analysis. Studies of the same proteins in the frontal cortex revealed that the alterations remained for CKB and 14-3-3-γ but not for Hsc71. Protein upregulation in CA1 neurons of final stage AD is either a result of detrimental, pathological effects, or from cell-specific protective response mechanisms in surviving neurons. Based on previous findings from experimental studies, CKB and Hsc71 likely exhibit protective effects, whereas 14-3-3-γ may represent a detrimental pathway. These new players could reflect pathways of importance for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sandebring-Matton
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Axenhus
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nenad Bogdanovic
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bengt Winblad
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Nilsson
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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Ferreira GC, Karimi AJ, Waddell J, McKenna MC. Metabolism of [1,6- 13 C]glucose in the cerebellum of 18-day-old rats: Comparison with cerebral metabolism. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1946-1962. [PMID: 33619759 PMCID: PMC9733799 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is little information on metabolism in developing cerebellum despite the known importance of this region in cognition and motor tasks. Ex vivo 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy were used to determine metabolism during late postnatal development in cerebellum and cerebrum from 18-day-old rat pups after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of [1,6-13 C]glucose. The concentration of several metabolites in cerebellum was distinctly different than cerebrum; alanine, glutamine, creatine and myo-inositol were higher in cerebellum than cerebrum, the concentrations of lactate, GABA, aspartate and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) were lower in cerebellum than in cerebrum, and levels of glutamate, succinate, choline and taurine were similar in both brain regions. The incorporation of label from the metabolism of [1,6-13 C]glucose into most isotopomers of glutamate (GLU), glutamine (GLN), GABA and aspartate was lower in cerebellum than in cerebrum. Incorporation of label into the C2 position of lactate via the pyruvate recycling pathway was found in both brain regions. The ratio of newly synthesized GLN/GLU was significantly higher in cerebellum than in cerebrum indicating relatively active metabolism via glutamine synthetase in cerebellar astrocytes at postnatal day 18. This is the first study to determine metabolism in the cerebellum and cerebrum of male and female rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo C. Ferreira
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arman J. Karimi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201
| | - Mary C. McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 21201,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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Koike S, Toriumi K, Kasahara S, Kibune Y, Ishida YI, Dan T, Miyata T, Arai M, Ogasawara Y. Accumulation of Carbonyl Proteins in the Brain of Mouse Model for Methylglyoxal Detoxification Deficits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040574. [PMID: 33917901 PMCID: PMC8068291 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that carbonyl stress is a causative factor of schizophrenia, categorized as carbonyl stress-related schizophrenia (CS-SCZ). However, the correlation between carbonyl stress and the pathogenesis of this disease is not well established. In this study, glyoxalase 1(Glo1)-knockout and vitamin B6-deficient mice (KO/VB6 (-) mice), which are susceptible to methylglyoxal (MGO)-induced oxidative damages, were used as a CS-SCZ model to analyze MGO-modified protein and the carbonyl stress status in the brain. A comparison between Wild/VB6(+) mice and KO/VB6(−) mice for accumulated carbonyl proteins levels, with several advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the brain, revealed that carbonyl protein levels with the Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl) ornithine (MG-H1) moiety were significantly increased in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, striatum, cerebral cortex, and brainstem regions of the brain in KO/VB6(−) mice. Moreover, two-dimensional electrophoresis and Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis showed MG-H1-modified arginine residues in mitochondrial creatine kinase, beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1, and T-complex protein in the hippocampus region of KO/VB6(−) mice, but not in Wild/VB6(+) mice. In particular, MG-H1 modification of mitochondrial creatine kinase was quite notable. These results suggest that further studies focusing on MG-H1-modified and accumulated proteins in the hippocampus may reveal the onset mechanism of CS-SCZ induced by MGO-induced oxidative damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koike
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan; (S.K.); (S.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kazuya Toriumi
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (K.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Sakura Kasahara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan; (S.K.); (S.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yosuke Kibune
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan; (S.K.); (S.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yo-ichi Ishida
- Department of Microbial Science and Host Defense, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan;
| | - Takashi Dan
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (T.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (T.D.); (T.M.)
| | - Makoto Arai
- Schizophrenia Research Project, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (K.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan; (S.K.); (S.K.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020586. [PMID: 33578876 PMCID: PMC7916590 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a robust and compelling body of evidence supporting the ergogenic and therapeutic role of creatine supplementation in muscle. Beyond these well-described effects and mechanisms, there is literature to suggest that creatine may also be beneficial to brain health (e.g., cognitive processing, brain function, and recovery from trauma). This is a growing field of research, and the purpose of this short review is to provide an update on the effects of creatine supplementation on brain health in humans. There is a potential for creatine supplementation to improve cognitive processing, especially in conditions characterized by brain creatine deficits, which could be induced by acute stressors (e.g., exercise, sleep deprivation) or chronic, pathologic conditions (e.g., creatine synthesis enzyme deficiencies, mild traumatic brain injury, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, depression). Despite this, the optimal creatine protocol able to increase brain creatine levels is still to be determined. Similarly, supplementation studies concomitantly assessing brain creatine and cognitive function are needed. Collectively, data available are promising and future research in the area is warranted.
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8
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Hamilton PD, Bozeman SL, Andley UP. Creatine kinase/α-crystallin interaction functions in cataract development. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100748. [PMID: 32154391 PMCID: PMC7052508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK) is an energy storage enzyme that plays an important role in energy metabolism. CK/phosphocreatine functions as an energy buffer and links ATP production sites with ATP utilization sites. Several key mutations in the αA-crystallin (cryaa) and αB-crystallin (cryab) genes have been linked with autosomal-dominant, hereditary human cataracts. The cryaa-R49C mutation was identified in a four-generation Caucasian family. We previously identified an increase in the quantity of CK complexed with α-crystallin in the lenses of knock-in mice expressing the cryaa-R49C mutation using proteomic analyses. Increased levels of CK in postnatal cataractous lenses may indicate increased ATP requirements during early cataract development. To gain a further understanding of the relationship between CK and α-crystallin, we investigated whether α-crystallin interacts with and forms complexes with CK, in vitro. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) showed that each CK dimer bound to 28 α-crystallin subunits, with a Kd of 3.3 × 10−7 M, and that the interaction between α-crystallin and CK was endothermic, thermodynamically favorable, and entropy-driven. High-salt concentrations did not affect the interaction between CK and α-crystallin, suggesting that the interaction between CK and α-crystallin is primarily hydrophobic. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) detected water-soluble α-crystallin and CK complexes, as determined by increased light scattering after complex formation. In addition, CK and α-crystallin formed partially-water-insoluble, high-molecular-mass complexes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based enzymatic activity analyses of lens homogenates showed a 17-fold increase in CK activity in the postnatal lenses of cryaa-R49C knock-in mice. These studies indicate that the interaction between α-crystallin and CK is functionally important and that increased CK levels may be necessary to meet the increased ATP demands of ATP-dependent functions in cataractous lenses. Cataract model α-crystallin mutant mice exhibit upregulated creatine kinase. Isothermal titration calorimetry detected creatine kinase/α-crystallin interaction. The protein-protein interaction is thermodynamically favorable and entropy driven.
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Key Words
- CK, creatine kinase
- CKB, creatine kinase B
- CKM, creatine kinase M
- Cataract
- Complex formation
- Creatine kinase
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GPC, gel permeation chromatography
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- Mouse model
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RALS, right angle light scattering
- RI, refractive index
- WT, wild-type
- cryaa-R49C, αA-crystallin R49C mutant
- α-Crystallin
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Hamilton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stephanie L Bozeman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Usha P Andley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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9
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Creatine for the Treatment of Depression. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090406. [PMID: 31450809 PMCID: PMC6769464 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressed mood, which can occur in the context of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and other conditions, represents a serious threat to public health and wellness. Conventional treatments are not effective for a significant proportion of patients and interventions that are often beneficial for treatment-refractory depression are not widely available. There is, therefore, an immense need to identify novel antidepressant strategies, particularly strategies that target physiological pathways that are distinct from those addressed by conventional treatments. There is growing evidence from human neuroimaging, genetics, epidemiology, and animal studies that disruptions in brain energy production, storage, and utilization are implicated in the development and maintenance of depression. Creatine, a widely available nutritional supplement, has the potential to improve these disruptions in some patients, and early clinical trials indicate that it may have efficacy as an antidepressant agent.
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Marques EP, Wyse ATS. Creatine as a Neuroprotector: an Actor that Can Play Many Parts. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:411-423. [PMID: 31069754 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is a nitrogenous organic acid that plays a central role as an energy buffer in high energy demanding systems, including the muscular and the central nervous system. It can be acquired from diet or synthesized endogenously, and its main destination is the system creatine/phosphocreatine that strengthens cellular energetics via a temporal and spatial energy buffer that can restore cellular ATP without a reliance on oxygen. This compound has been proposed to possess secondary roles, such as direct and indirect antioxidant, immunomodulatory agent, and possible neuromodulator. However, these effects may be associated with its bioenergetic role in the mitochondria. Given the fundamental roles that creatine plays in the CNS, several preclinical and clinical studies have tested the potential that creatine has to treat degenerative disorders. However, although in vitro and in vivo animal models are highly encouraging, most clinical trials fail to reproduce positive results suggesting that the prophylactic use for neuroprotection in at-risk populations or patients is the most promising field. Nonetheless, the only clearly positive data of the creatine supplementation in human beings are related to the (rare) creatine deficiency syndromes. It seems critical that future studies must establish the best dosage regime to increase brain creatine in a way that can relate to animal studies, provide new ways for creatine to reach the brain, and seek larger experimental groups with biomarkers for prediction of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Peil Marques
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Metabolic Disease, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Post graduate program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Metabolic Disease, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Post graduate program in Biological Science - Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Dolan E, Gualano B, Rawson ES. Beyond muscle: the effects of creatine supplementation on brain creatine, cognitive processing, and traumatic brain injury. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:1-14. [PMID: 30086660 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1500644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ergogenic and therapeutic effects of increasing muscle creatine by supplementation are well-recognized. It appears that similar benefits to brain function and cognitive processing may also be achieved with creatine supplementation, however research in this area is more limited, and important knowledge gaps remain. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about the influence of creatine supplementation on brain function in healthy individuals. It appears that brain creatine is responsive to supplementation, however higher, or more prolonged dosing strategies than those typically used to increase muscle creatine, may be required to elicit an increase in brain creatine. The optimal dosing strategy to induce this response, is currently unknown, and there is an urgent need for studies investigating this. When considering the influence of supplementation strategies on cognitive processes, it appears that creatine is most likely to exert an influence in situations whereby cognitive processes are stressed, e.g. during sleep deprivation, experimental hypoxia, or during the performance of more complex, and thus more cognitively demanding tasks. Evidence exists indicating that increased brain creatine may be effective at reducing the severity of, or enhancing recovery from mild traumatic brain injury, however, only limited data in humans are available to verify this hypothesis, thus representing an exciting area for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Dolan
- a Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group , Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- a Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group , Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , SP , Brazil
| | - Eric S Rawson
- b Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science , Messiah College , Mechanicsburg , PA , USA
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12
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Hjelmervik H, Hausmann M, Craven AR, Hirnstein M, Hugdahl K, Specht K. Sex- and sex hormone-related variations in energy-metabolic frontal brain asymmetries: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neuroimage 2018; 172:817-825. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Avgerinos KI, Spyrou N, Bougioukas KI, Kapogiannis D. Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:166-173. [PMID: 29704637 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Creatine is a supplement used by sportsmen to increase athletic performance by improving energy supply to muscle tissues. It is also an essential brain compound and some hypothesize that it aids cognition by improving energy supply and neuroprotection. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effects of oral creatine administration on cognitive function in healthy individuals. METHODS A search of multiple electronic databases was performed for the identification of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) examining the cognitive effects of oral creatine supplementation in healthy individuals. RESULTS Six studies (281 individuals) met our inclusion criteria. Generally, there was evidence that short term memory and intelligence/reasoning may be improved by creatine administration. Regarding other cognitive domains, such as long-term memory, spatial memory, memory scanning, attention, executive function, response inhibition, word fluency, reaction time and mental fatigue, the results were conflicting. Performance on cognitive tasks stayed unchanged in young individuals. Vegetarians responded better than meat-eaters in memory tasks but for other cognitive domains no differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Oral creatine administration may improve short-term memory and intelligence/reasoning of healthy individuals but its effect on other cognitive domains remains unclear. Findings suggest potential benefit for aging and stressed individuals. Since creatine is safe, future studies should include larger sample sizes. It is imperative that creatine should be tested on patients with dementias or cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos I Avgerinos
- 251 Hellenic Airforce General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Spyrou
- 251 Hellenic Airforce General Hospital, Athens, Greece; Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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14
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Snow WM, Cadonic C, Cortes-Perez C, Roy Chowdhury SK, Djordjevic J, Thomson E, Bernstein MJ, Suh M, Fernyhough P, Albensi BC. Chronic dietary creatine enhances hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, bioenergetics, and levels of plasticity-related proteins associated with NF-κB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:54-66. [PMID: 29339557 PMCID: PMC5772392 DOI: 10.1101/lm.046284.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain has a high demand for energy, of which creatine (Cr) is an important regulator. Studies document neurocognitive benefits of oral Cr in mammals, yet little is known regarding their physiological basis. This study investigated the effects of Cr supplementation (3%, w/w) on hippocampal function in male C57BL/6 mice, including spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze and oxygen consumption rates from isolated mitochondria in real time. Levels of transcription factors and related proteins (CREB, Egr1, and IκB to indicate NF-κB activity), proteins implicated in cognition (CaMKII, PSD-95, and Egr2), and mitochondrial proteins (electron transport chain Complex I, mitochondrial fission protein Drp1) were probed with Western blotting. Dietary Cr decreased escape latency/time to locate the platform (P < 0.05) and increased the time spent in the target quadrant (P < 0.01) in the Morris water maze. This was accompanied by increased coupled respiration (P < 0.05) in isolated hippocampal mitochondria. Protein levels of CaMKII, PSD-95, and Complex 1 were increased in Cr-fed mice, whereas IκB was decreased. These data demonstrate that dietary supplementation with Cr can improve learning, memory, and mitochondrial function and have important implications for the treatment of diseases affecting memory and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda M Snow
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Chris Cadonic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Claudia Cortes-Perez
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Subir K Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Ella Thomson
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Michael J Bernstein
- Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Abington, Abington, Pennsylvania 19001, USA
| | - Miyoung Suh
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T6, Canada
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15
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El Ghazi I, Martin BL, Armitage IM. Metallothionein-3 Is a Component of a Multiprotein Complex in the Mouse Brain. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:1500-6. [PMID: 17018872 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothlonein (MT)-3, originally called growth inhibitory factor (GIF), was initially identified through its ability to Inhibit the growth of neuronal cells in the presence of brain extract. MT-3 is the brain specific isoform of the MT family whose specific biological activity associates it with neurological disorders. Indeed, studies report that MT-3 is decreased by ~30% in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). Furthermore, many lines of evidence suggest that MT-3 engages in specific protein interactions. To address this, we conducted Immunoaffinity chromatography experiments using an immobilized anti-mouse MT-3 antibody. We identified five associated proteins from the pool of sixteen recovered using mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry after in-gel trypsin digestion of bands from the affinity chromatography. The proteins identified were: heat shock protein 84 (HSP84), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), dihydropyrimidinase-like protein-2 (DRP-2), creatine kinase (CK) and β-actin. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments, also conducted on whole mouse brain extract using the anti-mouse MT-3 antibody along with commercially available antibodies against HSP84 and CK, confirmed that these three proteins were in a single protein complex. Immunohistochemical experiments were then conducted on the perfused mouse brain that confirmed the in situ colocallzation of CK and MT-3 in the hippocampus region. These data provide new Insights into the involvement of MT-3 in a multiprotein complex, which will be used to understand the biological activity of MT-3 and its role in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I El Ghazi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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16
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Rackayova V, Cudalbu C, Pouwels PJW, Braissant O. Creatine in the central nervous system: From magnetic resonance spectroscopy to creatine deficiencies. Anal Biochem 2016; 529:144-157. [PMID: 27840053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is an important organic compound acting as intracellular high-energy phosphate shuttle and in energy storage. While located in most cells where it plays its main roles in energy metabolism and cytoprotection, Cr is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues, in which Cr also appears to act in osmoregulation and neurotransmission. This review discusses the basis of Cr metabolism, synthesis and transport within brain cells. The importance of Cr in brain function and the consequences of its impaired metabolism in primary and secondary Cr deficiencies are also discussed. Cr and phosphocreatine (PCr) in living systems can be well characterized using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). This review describes how 1H MRS allows the measurement of Cr and PCr, and how 31P MRS makes it possible to estimate the creatine kinase (CK) rate constant and so detect dynamic changes in the Cr/PCr/CK system. Absolute quantification by MRS using creatine as internal reference is also debated. The use of in vivo MRS to study brain Cr in a non-invasive way is presented, as well as its use in clinical and preclinical studies, including diagnosis and treatment follow-up in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Rackayova
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomedicale (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra J W Pouwels
- Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Service of Biomedicine, Neurometabolic Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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Merege-Filho CAA, Otaduy MCG, de Sá-Pinto AL, de Oliveira MO, de Souza Gonçalves L, Hayashi APT, Roschel H, Pereira RMR, Silva CA, Brucki SMD, da Costa Leite C, Gualano B. Does brain creatine content rely on exogenous creatine in healthy youth? A proof-of-principle study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:128-134. [PMID: 28079396 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that dietary creatine could influence cognitive performance by increasing brain creatine in developing individuals. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, proof-of-principle study aimed to investigate the effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function and brain creatine content in healthy youth. The sample comprised 67 healthy participants aged 10 to 12 years. The participants were given creatine or placebo supplementation for 7 days. At baseline and after the intervention, participants undertook a battery of cognitive tests. In a random subsample of participants, brain creatine content was also assessed in the regions of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus, and occipital lobe by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) technique. The scores obtained from verbal learning and executive functions tests did not significantly differ between groups at baseline or after the intervention (all p > 0.05). Creatine content was not significantly different between groups in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left hippocampus, and occipital lobe (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, a 7-day creatine supplementation protocol did not elicit improvements in brain creatine content or cognitive performance in healthy youth, suggesting that this population mainly relies on brain creatine synthesis rather than exogenous creatine intake to maintain brain creatine homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Abujabra Merege-Filho
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Lúcia de Sá-Pinto
- b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Maira Okada de Oliveira
- d Neurology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Souza Gonçalves
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Tanaka Hayashi
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Clovis Artur Silva
- b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia da Costa Leite
- c Institute of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- a Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil.,b Rheumatology Division, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246903, Brazil
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18
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Hanna-El-Daher L, Braissant O. Creatine synthesis and exchanges between brain cells: What can be learned from human creatine deficiencies and various experimental models? Amino Acids 2016; 48:1877-95. [PMID: 26861125 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While it has long been thought that most of cerebral creatine is of peripheral origin, the last 20 years has provided evidence that the creatine synthetic pathway (AGAT and GAMT enzymes) is expressed in the brain together with the creatine transporter (SLC6A8). It has also been shown that SLC6A8 is expressed by microcapillary endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier, but is absent from surrounding astrocytes, raising the concept that the blood-brain barrier has a limited permeability for peripheral creatine. The first creatine deficiency syndrome in humans was also discovered 20 years ago (GAMT deficiency), followed later by AGAT and SLC6A8 deficiencies, all three diseases being characterized by creatine deficiency in the CNS and essentially affecting the brain. By reviewing the numerous and latest experimental studies addressing creatine transport and synthesis in the CNS, as well as the clinical and biochemical characteristics of creatine-deficient patients, our aim was to delineate a clearer view of the roles of the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers in the transport of creatine and guanidinoacetate between periphery and CNS, and on the intracerebral synthesis and transport of creatine. This review also addresses the question of guanidinoacetate toxicity for brain cells, as probably found under GAMT deficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Amidinotransferases/deficiency
- Amidinotransferases/genetics
- Amidinotransferases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/pathology
- Capillaries/metabolism
- Capillaries/pathology
- Creatine/biosynthesis
- Creatine/deficiency
- Creatine/genetics
- Creatine/metabolism
- Developmental Disabilities/genetics
- Developmental Disabilities/metabolism
- Developmental Disabilities/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase/deficiency
- Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Guanidinoacetate N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Intellectual Disability/metabolism
- Intellectual Disability/pathology
- Language Development Disorders/genetics
- Language Development Disorders/metabolism
- Language Development Disorders/pathology
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/genetics
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/metabolism
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/pathology
- Movement Disorders/congenital
- Movement Disorders/genetics
- Movement Disorders/metabolism
- Movement Disorders/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/deficiency
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/genetics
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Speech Disorders/genetics
- Speech Disorders/metabolism
- Speech Disorders/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Layane Hanna-El-Daher
- Service of Biomedicine, Neurometabolic Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Braissant
- Service of Biomedicine, Neurometabolic Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Synergistic action of dendritic mitochondria and creatine kinase maintains ATP homeostasis and actin dynamics in growing neuronal dendrites. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5707-23. [PMID: 25855183 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4115-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of mitochondria within mature, differentiated neurons is clearly adapted to their regional physiological needs and can be perturbed under various pathological conditions, but the function of mitochondria in developing neurons has been less well studied. We have studied mitochondrial distribution within developing mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells and have found that active delivery of mitochondria into their dendrites is a prerequisite for proper dendritic outgrowth. Even when mitochondria in the Purkinje cell bodies are functioning normally, interrupting the transport of mitochondria into their dendrites severely disturbs dendritic growth. Additionally, we find that the growth of atrophic dendrites lacking mitochondria can be rescued by activating ATP-phosphocreatine exchange mediated by creatine kinase (CK). Conversely, inhibiting cytosolic CKs decreases dendritic ATP levels and also disrupts dendrite development. Mechanistically, this energy depletion appears to perturb normal actin dynamics and enhance the aggregation of cofilin within growing dendrites, reminiscent of what occurs in neurons overexpressing the dephosphorylated form of cofilin. These results suggest that local ATP synthesis by dendritic mitochondria and ATP-phosphocreatine exchange act synergistically to sustain the cytoskeletal dynamics necessary for dendritic development.
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Allah Yar R, Akbar A, Iqbal F. Creatine monohydrate supplementation for 10 weeks mediates neuroprotection and improves learning/memory following neonatal hypoxia ischemia encephalopathy in female albino mice. Brain Res 2014; 1595:92-100. [PMID: 25446460 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are no uniform standard treatments for newborn suffering from cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and to find new and effective strategies for treating the HI injury remains a key direction for future research. Present study was designed to demonstrate that optimal dose (1 or 3%) of creatine monohydrate (Cr) for the treatment of neonatal HI in female albino mice. On postnatal day 10, animals were subjected to left carotid artery ligation followed by 8% hypoxia for 25 minutes. Following weaning on postnatal day 20, mice were divided into three treatments on the basis of diet supplementation (Normal rodent diet, 1% and 3% creatine supplemented diet) for 10 week. A battery of neurological tests (Rota rod, open field and Morris water maze) was used to demonstrate effect of Cr supplementation on neurofunction and infarct size following HI. Open field test results indicated that Cr supplementation had significantly improved locomotory and exploratory behavior in subjects. It was observed that Cr treated mice showed better neuromuscular coordination (rota rod) and improved spatial memory (Morris Water Maze test). A significant affect of creatine supplementation in reducing infarct size was also observed. Post hoc analysis of post hoc multiple comparisons revealed that mice supplemented with 3% Cr for 10 weeks performed better during Morris water maze test while 1% Cr supplementation improved the exploratory behavior and gain in body weight than control group indicating that Cr supplementation has the potential to improve the neurofunction following neonatal brain damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razia Allah Yar
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division. Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Atif Akbar
- Department of Statistics. Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Furhan Iqbal
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division. Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800, Pakistan.
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aH nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics reveals sex-specific metabolic changes of gastrodin intervention in rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7:811-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Brain creatine depletion in vegetarians? A cross-sectional ¹H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) study. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:1272-4. [PMID: 24290771 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present cross-sectional study aimed to examine the influence of diet on brain creatine (Cr) content by comparing vegetarians with omnivores. Brain Cr content in the posterior cingulate cortex was assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS). Dietary Cr intake was assessed by 3 d food recalls. Vegetarians had lower dietary Cr intake than omnivores (0.03 (SD 0.01) v. 1.34 (SD 0.62) g/d, respectively; P=0.005). However, vegetarians and omnivores had comparable brain total Cr content (5.999 (SD 0.811) v. 5.917 (SD 0.665) IU, respectively; P=0.77). In conclusion, dietary Cr did not influence brain Cr content in healthy individuals, suggesting that in normal conditions brain is dependent on its own Cr synthesis.
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Rae CD. A Guide to the Metabolic Pathways and Function of Metabolites Observed in Human Brain 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:1-36. [PMID: 24258018 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Alves CRR, Merege Filho CAA, Benatti FB, Brucki S, Pereira RMR, de Sá Pinto AL, Lima FR, Roschel H, Gualano B. Creatine supplementation associated or not with strength training upon emotional and cognitive measures in older women: a randomized double-blind study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76301. [PMID: 24098469 PMCID: PMC3789718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the effects of creatine supplementation, associated or not with strength training, upon emotional and cognitive measures in older woman. Methods This is a 24-week, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The individuals were randomly allocated into one of the following groups (n=14 each): 1) placebo, 2) creatine supplementation, 3) placebo associated with strength training or 4) creatine supplementation associated with strength training. According to their allocation, the participants were given creatine (4 x 5 g/d for 5 days followed by 5 g/d) or placebo (dextrose at the same dosage) and were strength trained or not. Cognitive function, assessed by a comprehensive battery of tests involving memory, selective attention, and inhibitory control, and emotional measures, assessed by the Geriatric Depression Scale, were evaluated at baseline, after 12 and 24 weeks of the intervention. Muscle strength and food intake were evaluated at baseline and after 24 weeks. Results After the 24-week intervention, both training groups (ingesting creatine supplementation and placebo) had significant reductions on the Geriatric Depression Scale scores when compared with the non-trained placebo group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively) and the non-trained creatine group (p < 0.001 for both comparison). However, no significant differences were observed between the non-trained placebo and creatine (p = 0.60) groups, or between the trained placebo and creatine groups (p = 0.83). Both trained groups, irrespective of creatine supplementation, had better muscle strength performance than the non-trained groups. Neither strength training nor creatine supplementation altered any parameter of cognitive performance. Food intake remained unchanged. Conclusion Creatine supplementation did not promote any significant change in cognitive function and emotional parameters in apparently healthy older individuals. In addition, strength training perse improved emotional state and muscle strength, but not cognition, with no additive effects of creatine supplementation. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01164020
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sonia Brucki
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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25
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Gemelli T, de Andrade RB, Rojas DB, Bonorino NF, Mazzola PN, Tortorelli LS, Funchal C, Filho CSD, Wannmacher CMD. Effects of β-alanine administration on selected parameters of oxidative stress and phosphoryltransfer network in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 380:161-70. [PMID: 23620342 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
β-Alanine is a β-amino acid derivative of the degradation of pyrimidine uracil and precursor of the oxidative substrate acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The accumulation of β-alanine occurs in β-alaninemia, an inborn error of metabolism. Patients with β-alaninemia may develop neurological abnormalities whose mechanisms are far from being understood. In this study we evaluated the effects of β-alanine administration on some parameters of oxidative stress and on creatine kinase, pyruvate kinase, and adenylate kinase in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of 21-day-old rats. The animals received three peritoneal injections of β-alanine (0.3 mg /g of body weight) and the controls received the same volume (10 μL/g of body weight) of saline solution (NaCl 0.85 %) at 3 h intervals. CSF levels of β-alanine increased five times, achieving 80 μM in the rats receiving the amino acid. The results of β-alanine administration in the parameters of oxidative stress were similar in both tissues studied: reduction of superoxide dismutase activity, increased oxidation of 2',7'-dihydrodichlorofluorescein, total content of sulfhydryl and catalase activity. However, the results of the phosphoryltransfer network enzymes were similar in all enzymes, but different in the tissues studied: the β-alanine administration was able to inhibit the enzyme pyruvate kinase, cytosolic creatine kinase, and adenylate kinase activities in cerebral cortex, and increase in cerebellum. In case this also occurs in the patients, these results suggest that oxidative stress and alteration of the phosphoryltransfer network may be involved in the pathophysiology of β-alaninemia. Moreover, the ingestion of β-alanine to improve muscular performance deserves more attention in respect to possible side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanise Gemelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
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Yang J, Hu LL, Liu LY, Zhao LY, Hou N, Ni L, Li ZF, Wang AY, Song TS, Huang C. Proteomics reveals intersexual differences in the rat brain hippocampus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:462-9. [PMID: 23381953 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that intersexual differences occur in cognitive domains, e.g., in spatial learning and memory. The hippocampus plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation. However, it still remains unknown whether the hippocampal proteomic profiling differs between males and females. In this study, we investigated the intersexual differences in protein expression of hippocampi using the two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis. In all, 33 differentially expressed proteins were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and validated by Western-blotting analysis. In line with Western-blotting validation, the proteomic identification revealed the overexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in female rats' hippocampi, and the overexpression of both creatine kinase B-type and DRP-2 in male rats' hippocampi. The intersexual differences in hippocampal proteomic profiling are probably closely related to those in spatial learning and memory abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
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In vivo glutamate measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: behavioral correlates in aging. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1265-76. [PMID: 23116877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered availability of the brain biochemical glutamate might contribute to the neural mechanisms underlying age-related changes in cognitive and motor functions. To investigate the contribution of regional glutamate levels to behavior in the aging brain, we used an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol optimized for glutamate detection in 3 brain regions targeted by cortical glutamatergic efferents-striatum, cerebellum, and pons. Data from 61 healthy men and women ranging in age from 20 to 86 years were used. Older age was associated with lower glutamate levels in the striatum, but not cerebellum or pons. Older age was also predictive of poorer performance on tests of visuomotor skills and balance. Low striatal glutamate levels were associated with high systolic blood pressure and worse performance on a complex visuomotor task, the Grooved Pegboard. These findings suggest that low brain glutamate levels are related to high blood pressure and that changes in brain glutamate levels might mediate the behavioral changes noted in normal aging.
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Allen PJ. Creatine metabolism and psychiatric disorders: Does creatine supplementation have therapeutic value? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1442-62. [PMID: 22465051 PMCID: PMC3340488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Athletes, body builders, and military personnel use dietary creatine as an ergogenic aid to boost physical performance in sports involving short bursts of high-intensity muscle activity. Lesser known is the essential role creatine, a natural regulator of energy homeostasis, plays in brain function and development. Creatine supplementation has shown promise as a safe, effective, and tolerable adjunct to medication for the treatment of brain-related disorders linked with dysfunctional energy metabolism, such as Huntington's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Impairments in creatine metabolism have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, leaving clinicians, researchers and patients alike wondering if dietary creatine has therapeutic value for treating mental illness. The present review summarizes the neurobiology of the creatine-phosphocreatine circuit and its relation to psychological stress, schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. While present knowledge of the role of creatine in cognitive and emotional processing is in its infancy, further research on this endogenous metabolite has the potential to advance our understanding of the biological bases of psychopathology and improve current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Allen
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Psychology Building, 490 Boston Ave., Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Wong ACY, Velamoor S, Skelton MR, Thorne PR, Vlajkovic SM. Expression and distribution of creatine transporter and creatine kinase (brain isoform) in developing and mature rat cochlear tissues. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 137:599-613. [PMID: 22307408 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physiological processes in the cochlea associated with sound transduction and maintenance of the unique electrochemical environment are metabolically demanding. Creatine maintains ATP homeostasis by providing high-energy phosphates for ATP regeneration which is catalyzed by creatine kinase (CK). Cellular uptake of creatine requires a specific high affinity sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter (CRT). This study postulates that this CRT is developmentally regulated in the rat cochlea. CRT expression was measured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in the postnatal (P0-P14) and adult (P22-P56) rat cochlea. The maximum CRT expression was reached at the onset of hearing (P12), and this level was maintained through to adulthood. CRT immunoreactivity was strongest in the sensory inner hair cells, supporting cells and the spiral ganglion neurons. Cochlear distribution of the CK brain isoform (CKB) was also assessed by immunohistochemistry and compared with the distribution of CRT in the developing and adult cochlea. CKB was immunolocalized in the organ of Corti supporting cells, and the lateral wall tissues involved in K(+) cycling, including stria vascularis and spiral ligament fibrocytes. Similar to CRT, CKB reached peak expression after the onset of hearing. Differential spatial and temporal expression of CRT and CK in cochlear tissues during development may reflect differential requirements for creatine-phosphocreatine buffering to replenish ATP consumed during energy-dependent metabolic processes, especially around the period when the cochlea becomes responsive to airborne sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Chi Yan Wong
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Gualano B, Roschel H, Lancha AH, Brightbill CE, Rawson ES. In sickness and in health: the widespread application of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids 2011; 43:519-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nersesova LS. Role of creatine kinase and its substrates in the central nervous system in norm and in various pathologies. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093011020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wallimann T, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Schlattner U. The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatine. Amino Acids 2011; 40:1271-96. [PMID: 21448658 PMCID: PMC3080659 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) are based mostly on the functions of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) and its high-energy product phosphocreatine (PCr). Multidisciplinary studies have established molecular, cellular, organ and somatic functions of the CK/PCr system, in particular for cells and tissues with high and intermittent energy fluctuations. These studies include tissue-specific expression and subcellular localization of CK isoforms, high-resolution molecular structures and structure–function relationships, transgenic CK abrogation and reverse genetic approaches. Three energy-related physiological principles emerge, namely that the CK/PCr systems functions as (a) an immediately available temporal energy buffer, (b) a spatial energy buffer or intracellular energy transport system (the CK/PCr energy shuttle or circuit) and (c) a metabolic regulator. The CK/PCr energy shuttle connects sites of ATP production (glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation) with subcellular sites of ATP utilization (ATPases). Thus, diffusion limitations of ADP and ATP are overcome by PCr/Cr shuttling, as most clearly seen in polar cells such as spermatozoa, retina photoreceptor cells and sensory hair bundles of the inner ear. The CK/PCr system relies on the close exchange of substrates and products between CK isoforms and ATP-generating or -consuming processes. Mitochondrial CK in the mitochondrial outer compartment, for example, is tightly coupled to ATP export via adenine nucleotide transporter or carrier (ANT) and thus ATP-synthesis and respiratory chain activity, releasing PCr into the cytosol. This coupling also reduces formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition, an early event in apoptosis. Cr itself may also act as a direct and/or indirect anti-oxidant, while PCr can interact with and protect cellular membranes. Collectively, these factors may well explain the beneficial effects of Cr supplementation. The stimulating effects of Cr for muscle and bone growth and maintenance, and especially in neuroprotection, are now recognized and the first clinical studies are underway. Novel socio-economically relevant applications of Cr supplementation are emerging, e.g. for senior people, intensive care units and dialysis patients, who are notoriously Cr-depleted. Also, Cr will likely be beneficial for the healthy development of premature infants, who after separation from the placenta depend on external Cr. Cr supplementation of pregnant and lactating women, as well as of babies and infants are likely to be of benefit for child development. Last but not least, Cr harbours a global ecological potential as an additive for animal feed, replacing meat- and fish meal for animal (poultry and swine) and fish aqua farming. This may help to alleviate human starvation and at the same time prevent over-fishing of oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Wallimann
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Braissant O, Béard E, Torrent C, Henry H. Dissociation of AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8 in CNS: Relevance to creatine deficiency syndromes. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37:423-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Gualano B, Artioli GG, Poortmans JR, Lancha Junior AH. Exploring the therapeutic role of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids 2009; 38:31-44. [PMID: 19253023 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) plays a central role in energy provision through a reaction catalyzed by phosphorylcreatine kinase. Furthermore, this amine enhances both gene expression and satellite cell activation involved in hypertrophic response. Recent findings have indicated that Cr supplementation has a therapeutic role in several diseases characterized by atrophic conditions, weakness, and metabolic disturbances (i.e., in the muscle, bone, lung, and brain). Accordingly, there has been an evidence indicating that Cr supplementation is capable of attenuating the degenerative state in some muscle disorders (i.e., Duchenne and inflammatory myopathies), central nervous diseases (i.e., Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's), and bone and metabolic disturbances (i.e., osteoporosis and type II diabetes). In light of this, Cr supplementation could be used as a therapeutic tool for the elderly. The aim of this review is to summarize the main studies conducted in this field and to highlight the scientific and clinical perspectives of this promising therapeutic supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gualano
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Structural studies of human brain-type creatine kinase complexed with the ADP-Mg2+-NO3- -creatine transition-state analogue complex. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:3959-65. [PMID: 18977227 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Creatine kinase is a member of the phosphagen kinase family, which catalyzes the reversible phosphoryl transfer reaction that occurs between ATP and creatine to produce ADP and phosphocreatine. Here, three structural aspects of human-brain-type-creatine-kinase (hBB-CK) were identified by X-ray crystallography: the ligand-free-form at 2.2A; the ADP-Mg2+, nitrate, and creatine complex (transition-state-analogue complex; TSAC); and the ADP-Mg2+-complex at 2.0A. The structures of ligand-bound hBB-CK revealed two different monomeric states in a single homodimer. One monomer is a closed form, either bound to TSAC or the ADP-Mg2+-complex, and the second monomer is an unliganded open form. These structural studies provide a detailed mechanism indicating that the binding of ADP-Mg2+ alone may trigger conformational changes in hBB-CK that were not observed with muscle-type-CK.
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36
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Functions and effects of creatine in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76:329-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ducray AD, Schläppi JA, Qualls R, Andres RH, Seiler RW, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Widmer HR. Creatine treatment promotes differentiation of GABA-ergic neuronal precursors in cultured fetal rat spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1863-75. [PMID: 17526013 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is a substrate of cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinases. Its supplementation augments cellular levels of creatine and phosphocreatine, the rate of ATP resynthesis, and improves the function of the creatine kinase energy shuttle. High cytoplasmatic total creatine levels have been reported to be neuroprotective by inhibiting apoptosis. In addition, creatine has direct antioxidant effects, which may be of importance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effects of creatine [5 mM] on survival and differentiation of cultured GABA-immunoreactive (-ir) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-ir rat spinal cord neurons. Furthermore, we addressed the neuroprotective potential of creatine supplementation against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) induced toxicity. General cell survival and total neuronal cell density were not altered by chronic creatine treatment. We found, however, after chronic creatine and short-term creatine exposure a significantly higher density of GABA-ir neurons hinting to a differentiation-inducing mechanism of creatine. This notion is further supported by a significant higher content of GAD after creatine exposure. Creatine supplementation also exerted a partial, but significant neuroprotection for GABA-ir neurons against 3-NP induced toxicity. Interestingly, chronic creatine treatment did not alter cell density of ChAT-ir neurons but promoted their morphologic differentiation. Cell soma size and number of primary neurites per neuron were increased significantly after creatine supplementation. Taken together, creatine supplementation promoted the differentiation or the survival of GABAergic neurons and resulted in partial neuroprotection against 3-NP induced toxicity. The data suggest that creatine may play a critical role during development of spinal cord neurons.
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Braissant O, Bachmann C, Henry H. Expression and function of AGAT, GAMT and CT1 in the mammalian brain. Subcell Biochem 2007; 46:67-81. [PMID: 18652072 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6486-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, creatine is taken up from the diet and can be synthesized endogenously by a two-step mechanism involving the enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT). Creatine (Cr) is taken up by cells through a specific transporter, CT1. While the major part of endogenous synthesis of Cr is thought to occur in kidney, pancreas and liver, the brain widely expresses AGAT, GAMT and CT1, both during development and in adulthood. The adult central nervous system (CNS) has a limited capacity to take up Cr from periphery, and seems to rely more on its endogenous Cr synthesis. In contrast, the embryonic CNS might be more dependent on Cr supply from periphery than on endogenous synthesis. This review will focus on the expression and function of AGAT, GAMT and CT1 in the mammalian CNS, both during development and in adulthood. Emphasis will also be placed on their specific roles in the different cell types of the brain, to analyze which brain cells are responsible for the CNS capacity of (i) endogenous Cr synthesis and (ii) Cr uptake from the periphery, and which brain cells are the main Cr consumers. The potential role of CT1 as guanidinoacetate transporter between "AGAT-only" and "GAMT-only" expressing cells will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Braissant
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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O'Brien E, Dedova I, Duffy L, Cordwell S, Karl T, Matsumoto I. Effects of chronic risperidone treatment on the striatal protein profiles in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1113:24-32. [PMID: 16938284 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) commonly occur as side effects of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) and are most likely to arise when the occupancy of dopamine D(2) receptors in the striatum by these drugs exceeds 80%. We aimed to characterize changes in the protein expression profile in the striatum of rats after chronic (4 week) supra-therapeutic (EPS-inducing) treatment with risperidone (RIS), an atypical antipsychotic drug. Administration of RIS (2.1 mg/kg/day, via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps) induced significant vacuous chewing movements and catalepsy in male Sprague-Dawley rats over a 28-day treatment period compared with a vehicle (VEH) control group (n=12) (Karl et al., unpublished observation). Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), total protein extracts from the rat brain striatum were separated and protein expression was analyzed by Phoretix 2D Expression and Image Beta V4.02 software followed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). 2DE gels resolved up to 450 protein spots, presumably different proteins and/or their isoforms. There were 30 protein spots showing statistically significant different densities between the RIS- and VEH-treated groups. All 30 proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF MS, 28 of these were divided into groups based on their known functions. These included metabolic, signaling, transport, protein metabolism, chaperone, DNA binding and cell cycle categories. We conclude that chronic risperidone treatment accompanied by an EPS-like behavioral phenotype results in alterations in the striatal protein profile possibly subsequent to blockade of dopaminergic systems. These results suggest that possible mechanisms involved in APD-induced EPS include metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O'Brien
- Discipline of Pathology, Blackburn Building, D06, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Baker SK, Tarnopolsky MA. Targeting cellular energy production in neurological disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 12:1655-79. [PMID: 14519086 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.10.1655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The concepts of energy dysregulation and oxidative stress and their complicated interdependence have rapidly evolved to assume primary importance in understanding the pathophysiology of numerous neurological disorders. Therefore, neuroprotective strategies addressing specific bioenergetic defects hold particular promise in the treatment of these conditions (i.e., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, mitochondrial cytopathies and other neuromuscular diseases), all of which, to some extent, share 'the final common pathway' leading to cell death through either necrosis or apoptosis. Compounds such as creatine monohydrate and coenzyme Q(10) offer substantial neuroprotection against ischaemia, trauma, oxidative damage and neurotoxins. Miscellaneous agents, including alpha-lipoic acid, beta-OH-beta-methylbutyrate, riboflavin and nicotinamide, have also been shown to improve various metabolic parameters in brain and/or muscle. This review will highlight the biological function of each of the above mentioned compounds followed by a discussion of their utility in animal models and human neurological disease. The balance of this work will be comprised of discussions on the therapeutic applications of creatine and coenzyme Q(10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Baker
- Neurology and Rehabilitation, Room 4U4, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Tachikawa M, Fukaya M, Terasaki T, Ohtsuki S, Watanabe M. Distinct cellular expressions of creatine synthetic enzyme GAMT and creatine kinases uCK-Mi and CK-B suggest a novel neuron-glial relationship for brain energy homeostasis. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:144-60. [PMID: 15245487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle system, as catalysed reversibly by creatine kinases, is thought to be essential for the storing and buffering of high phosphate-bound energy in tissues with high energy demand. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the cellular system of creatine biosynthesis and its energy metabolism in the mouse brain by immunohistochemistry for creatine biosynthetic enzyme S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT), ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (uCK-Mi) and brain-type cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK-B). GAMT was expressed highly in oligodendrocytes and olfactory ensheathing glia and moderately in astrocytes, whereas GAMT was very low in neurons and microglia. By contrast, uCK-Mi was expressed selectively in neurons and localized in their mitochondria in dendrites, cell bodies, axons and terminals. The distinct and almost complementary distribution of GAMT and uCK-Mi suggests that the creatine in neuronal mitochondria is derived not only from the circulation, but also from local glial cells associated with these neuronal elements. By contrast, CK-B was selective to astrocytes among glial populations, and was exclusive to inhibitory neurons among neuronal populations. Interestingly, these cells with high CK-B immunoreactivity are known to be highly resistant to acute energy loss, such as hypoxia and hypoglycemia. Considering that phosphocreatine generates ATP much faster than the processes of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, the highly regulated cellular expressions of creatine biosynthetic and metabolic enzymes suggest that the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle system plays a role in brain energy homeostasis through a novel neuron-glial relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tachikawa
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Klivenyi P, Calingasan NY, Starkov A, Stavrovskaya IG, Kristal BS, Yang L, Wieringa B, Beal MF. Neuroprotective mechanisms of creatine occur in the absence of mitochondrial creatine kinase. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 15:610-7. [PMID: 15056469 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that creatine administration exerts neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. The precise mechanisms for these neuroprotective effects however are as yet unclear. We investigated whether creatine administration could exert neuroprotective effects in mice deficient in ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase (UbMi-CK). UbMi-CK-deficient mice showed increased sensitivity to 1-methyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced dopamine depletion and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) stained neurons. Isolated mitochondria from these mice showed no alterations in calcium retention, oxygen utilization, membrane potential, or swelling in response to a calcium challenge. Creatine administration significantly increased brain concentrations of both creatine and PCr in the UbMi-CK knockout mice. Creatine administration to the UbMi-CK-deficient mice exerted significant neuroprotective effects against MPTP toxicity that were comparable in magnitude to those seen in wild-type mice. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of creatine are not mediated by an effect on UbMi-CK to inhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition, and are more likely to be mediated by maintenance of appropriate ATP/ADP and PCr/Cr levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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da Silva CG, Bueno ARF, Rosa RB, Dutra Filho CS, Wannmacher CMD, Wyse ATS, Wajner M. Inhibition of mitochondrial creatine kinase activity by D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in cerebellum of young rats. Neurochem Res 2003; 28:1329-37. [PMID: 12938854 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024936129908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (DHGA) is a neurometabolic disorder biochemically characterized by tissue accumulation and excretion of high amounts of D-2-hydroxyglutaric acid (DGA). Although the affected patients have predominantly severe neurological findings, the underlying mechanisms of brain injury are virtually unknown. In previous studies we have demonstrated that DGA, at concentrations as low as 0.25 mM, significantly decreased creatine kinase activity and other parameters of energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of young rats. In the present study, we investigated the effect of DGA (0.25-5 mM) on total creatine kinase (tCK) activity, as well as on CK activity in cytosolic (Cy-CK) and mitochondrial (Mi-CK) preparations from cerebellum of 30-day-old Wistar rats in order to test whether the inhibitory effect of DGA on CK was tissue specific. We verified that tCK (22% inhibition) and Mi-CK (40% inhibition) activities were moderately inhibited by DGA at concentrations of 2.5 mM and higher, in contrast to Cy-CK, which was not affected by the acid. Kinetic studies revealed that the inhibitory effect of DGA was noncompetitive in relation to phosphocreatine. We also observed that this inhibition was fully prevented by preincubation of the homogenates with reduced glutathione, suggesting that the inhibition of CK activity by DGA is possibly mediated by modification of essential thiol groups of the enzyme. Our present results therefore demonstrate a relatively weak inhibitory effect of DGA on cerebellum Mi-CK activity, as compared to that provoked in cerebral cortex, and may possibly be related to the neuropathology of DHGA, characterized by cerebral cortex abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleide G da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Sciences and Health, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Schlattner U, Reinhart C, Hornemann T, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Wallimann T. Isoenzyme-directed selection and characterization of anti-creatine kinase single chain Fv antibodies from a human phage display library. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1579:124-32. [PMID: 12427547 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epitopes differing among isoenzymes of creatine kinase (CK) are apparently limited in number and poorly immunogenic in vivo. Especially for the BB-CK isoenzyme, very few monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are available. Here, we use in vitro selection with a synthetic human phage display antibody library and develop isoenzyme competition and peptide panning strategies to obtain human single chain Fv (scFv) antibodies against specific CK isoenzymes. We isolated and characterized seven scFv clones that recognize native as well as denatured cytosolic BB-CK in ELISA, immunoblot, immunofluorescence histochemistry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. To a variable but minor degree, they also react with cytosolic MM-CK, but not with mitochondrial CK isoenzymes. Epitope mapping revealed that the scFv antibodies recognize different BB-CK epitopes, including the N-terminus and the isoenzyme-specific box, a highly conserved sequence of unknown function for which no mAb were available so far. With a K(D) of 3.5-9.6 x 10(-7) M, the isolated scFv compare favorably with mouse mAb and may overcome certain of their limitations. Our results demonstrate the advantages of in vitro antibody selection for the generation of isoenzyme-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schlattner
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Hönggerberg HPM, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland.
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Ramírez O, Jiménez E. Sexual dimorphism in rat cerebrum and cerebellum: different patterns of catalytically active creatine kinase isoenzymes during postnatal development and aging. Int J Dev Neurosci 2002; 20:627-39. [PMID: 12526893 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(02)00102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During postnatal development, maturation and aging the Wistar rat cerebrum and cerebellum synthesize, in a different sex-dependent manner, catalytically active dimeric cytosolic (c) muscle-type (MM) and heart-type (MB) creatine kinase (CK), besides the supposedly sole type brain-specific (BB) CK. In both sexes, typical and atypical neuromuscular cCK isoenzymes were present during the study for 26 months. As in rat heart, females showed more cerebral cCK variants (41%) in comparison to males. Female rats exhibited about 93% more cerebellar variants of cCK isoenzymes as compared to males. The male cerebellum showed predominantly BB- and MB-CK during the whole study in comparison to the female one that contained all neuromuscular cCK variants. Only female rats showed decreases and increases of cerebral CK specific activity. In contrast to males, coinciding with the weaning period, cerebral female CK activity decreased 45% from 14 to 21 days and increased about 3-fold in female rats and only 1.3-fold in males from 21 to 45 days of age. Contrary to the remarkable 4-fold increase of chicken brain CK specific activity exhibited at old age, the rat did not show another cerebral CK activity increase during senescence in either sex. However, sex differences of CK specific activity appeared in the cerebellum at all ages. From the sex-specific plateau phase at 45-60 days until 2.2 years of age, about a 41% independent increase of cerebellar CK specific activity was observed in both sexes. After puberty, the differential cerebellum-cerebrum values of CK specific activity were higher for female rats than males during youth, adulthood and senescence. The present work shows that in rat cerebrum and cerebellum, production of ATP through anaerobic transphosphorylation by the CK/PC system is sex-and age-specific, especially in the cerebellum, when glycolysis and the Krebs cycle lose capacity. As in rat heart, under physiological conditions at all ages the several cCK isoenzymes do participate in a gender-specific manner, in favor of females, in diverse functions of the different cell compartments of glial and neuronal cells with regard to their high and fluctuating energy demands not completely covered by anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Ramírez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, México DF 07340, Mexico.
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46
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Mader I, Seeger U, Karitzky J, Erb M, Schick F, Klose U. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy with metabolite nulling reveals regional differences of macromolecules in normal human brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16:538-46. [PMID: 12412030 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the macromolecular content in different anatomic brain regions and to evaluate an age dependency of the macromolecular concentrations. MATERIAL AND METHODS A short echo time Stimulated Echo Acquisition Mode (STEAM) sequence was used without and with inversion recovery metabolite nulling in 8-12 healthy volunteers. Quantitation was achieved by an extended LCModel, and macromolecular resonances at 0.9, 1.4, 2.1, and 3.0 ppm were evaluated. RESULTS In the cerebellum, the 1.4, 2.1, and 3.0 ppm resonances were highest compared to all other regions (P < 0.02); the 0.9 ppm resonance was significantly higher than that of pons (P < 0.01). In the motor cortex, the 0.9, 1.4, and 2.1 ppm resonances were higher than those of white matter and pons (P < 0.02). Pons and white matter did not differ significantly from each other. A significant correlation of the macromolecular concentrations with the age could not be found. CONCLUSION There were higher macromolecular concentrations in the cerebellum and motor cortex than in pons or white matter. These were probably due to the higher portions of gray matter in these volumes of interest (VOIs) than in the other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Mader
- Department of Neuroradiology, Radiological Hospital of the University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Shen W, Willis D, Zhang Y, Schlattner U, Wallimann T, Molloy GR. Expression of creatine kinase isoenzyme genes during postnatal development of rat brain cerebellum: evidence for transcriptional regulation. Biochem J 2002; 367:369-80. [PMID: 12093362 PMCID: PMC1222886 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2002] [Revised: 06/03/2002] [Accepted: 07/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transcription and accumulation of brain-type creatine kinase (CKB) mRNA and its protein was examined during postnatal development of rat brain cerebellum, the brain region containing highest CKB mRNA in the adult. CKB protein was extremely low at day 1, increased about 10-fold until week 4 and remained constant until week 10. This time course was paralleled by cerebellar CKB mRNA, which was also extremely low at day 1 and increased 5-fold during the first 3 weeks and then remained constant. High levels of CKB protein were also detected in cultured primary cerebellar granular neurons. Nuclear run-on assays directly showed that CKB mRNA accumulation during postnatal cerebellar development was due to increased transcription. When compared with cerebrum and whole brain, cerebellar CKB mRNA accumulation during postnatal development was temporally delayed. Analysis of myocyte enhancer factor (MEF)-2 and Sp1, factors known to initiate or sustain CKB transcription in tissues other than brain, revealed that MEF-2 in cerebellum was low at week 1 but increased 3.5-fold by week 7, while Sp1 remained unchanged. The increase in CKB protein during cerebellar postnatal development was coincident with that of the ubiquitous mitochondrial CK protein and mRNA, indicating that a functional phosphocreatine energy shuttle probably exists for efficient ATP regeneration in the cerebellum. This should be beneficial for the many energy-demanding requirements during cerebellar development, as indicated by the observed temporal co-expression of CKB with myelin basic protein, which is involved in axon myelination by oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 117 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A
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Schlattner U, Möckli N, Speer O, Werner S, Wallimann T. Creatine kinase and creatine transporter in normal, wounded, and diseased skin. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:416-23. [PMID: 11874479 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin comprises many cell types that are characterized by high biosynthetic activity and increased energy turnover. The creatine kinase system, consisting of creatine kinase isoenzymes and creatine transporter, is known to be important to support the high energy demands in such cells. We analyzed the presence and the localization of these proteins in murine and human skin under healthy and pathologic conditions, using immunoblotting and confocal immunohistochemistry with our recently developed specific antibodies. In murine skin, we found high amounts of brain-type cytosolic creatine kinase coexpressed with lower amounts of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase, both mainly localized in suprabasal layers of the epidermis, different cell types of hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and the subcutaneous panniculus carnosus muscle. With exception of sebaceous glands, these cells were also expressing creatine transporter. Muscle-type cytosolic creatine kinase and sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase were restricted to panniculus carnosus. Immediately after wounding of murine skin, brain-type cytosolic creatine kinase and a creatine transporter-subspecies were transiently upregulated about 3-fold as seen in immunoblots, whereas the amount of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase increased during days 10-15 after wounding. Healthy and psoriatic human skin showed a similar coexpression pattern of brain-type cytosolic creatine kinase, ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase, and creatine transporter in this pilot study, with creatine transporter species being upregulated in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schlattner
- Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hönggerberg HPM, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Jacobs MA, Horská A, van Zijl PC, Barker PB. Quantitative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of normal human cerebellum and brain stem. Magn Reson Med 2001; 46:699-705. [PMID: 11590646 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative, multislice proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) was used to investigate regional metabolite levels and ratios in the normal adult human posterior fossa. Six normal volunteers (36 +/- 3 years, five male, one female) were scanned on a 1.5 T scanner using multislice MRSI at long echo time (TE 280 msec). The entire cerebellum was covered using three oblique-axial slice locations, which also included the pons, mid-brain, insular cortex, and parieto-occipital lobe. Concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) were estimated using the phantom replacement technique. Regional variations of the concentrations were assessed using ANOVA (P < 0.05). High-resolution MRSI data was obtained in all subjects and brain regions examined. Metabolite concentrations (mM) (mean +/- SD) were as follows: cerebellar vermis: 2.3 +/- 0.4, 8.8 +/- 1.7 and 7.6 +/- 1.0 for Cho, Cr, and NAA respectively; cerebellar hemisphere: 2.2 +/- 0.6, 8.9 +/- 2.1, 7.5 +/- 0.8; pons 2.2 +/- 0.5, 4.3 +/- 1.1, 8.3 +/- 0.9; insular cortex, 1.8 +/- 0.5, 7.8 +/- 2, 8.0 +/- 1.1, parieto-occipital gray matter, 1.3 +/- 0.3, 5.7 +/- 1.1, 7.2 +/- 0.9, and occipital white matter, 1.4 +/- 0.3, 5.3 +/- 1.3, 7.5 +/- 0.8. Consistent with previous reports, significantly higher levels of Cr were found in the cerebellum compared to parieto-occipital gray and occipital white matter, and pons (P < 0.0001). NAA was essentially uniformly distributed within the regions chosen for analysis, with the highest level in the pons (P < 0.04). Cho was significantly higher in the cerebellum and pons than parieto-occipital gray and occipital white matter (P < 0.002) and was also higher in the pons than in the insular cortex (P < 0.05). Quantitative multislice MRSI of the posterior fossa is feasible and significant regional differences in metabolite concentrations were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jacobs
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Graber NA, Ellington WR. Gene duplication events producing muscle (M) and brain (B) isoforms of cytoplasmic creatine kinase: cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences from two lower chordates. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:1305-14. [PMID: 11420369 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine kinase (CK) is coded for by at least four loci in higher vertebrates--two cytoplasmic isoforms, muscle (M) and brain (B), and two mitochondrial isoforms, sarcomeric and ubiquitous. M is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle, while B is expressed in a variety of cells, including cardiac and smooth muscle fibers, neurons, transport epithelia, and photoreceptors. M and B subunits form very stable homodimers (MM [M-CK], BB [B-CK]) and heterodimers (MB). M-CK is capable of binding to the M line of the myofibril, thereby creating an energy transfer microcompartment; BB and MB CKs are not. M- and B-like CKs are present in all vertebrates yet examined, including fish. Cytoplasmic, dimeric CKs are widely distributed in the invertebrates. The only available amino acid sequence for an invertebrate dimeric CK, that of the protostome polychaete Chaetopterus variopedatus, is just as similar to the vertebrate M isoform as to the B isoform. Echinoderms lack dimeric, cytoplasmic CKs, which appear to be replaced by a dimeric arginine kinase which evolved secondarily from CK. Thus, it is likely that the gene duplication event producing the M and B isoforms occurred after the divergence of the chordates from echinoderms. To narrow down the timing of this duplication event, we obtained the cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of dimeric CKs from the tunicate Ciona intestinalis (subphylum Urochordata) and the lancelet Branchiostoma floridae (subphylum Cephalochordata). Our results show that these CKs are strikingly similar to both invertebrate and vertebrate CKs. However, phylogenetic analyses by neighbor-joining and parsimony show that these two enzymes appeared to have diverged before the point of divergence of the M and B isoforms. Thus, the gene duplication event for formation of the muscle and brain isoforms of CK most likely occurred during the radiation of the fish, a time noted for gene duplication events at a variety of other loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Graber
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306-4370, USA
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