1
|
Faltings L, Young MW, Ross CF, Granatosky MC. Got rhythm? Rhythmicity differences reflect different optimality criteria in feeding and locomotor systems. Evolution 2022; 76:2181-2190. [PMID: 35862552 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary analyses of joint kinematics and muscle mechanics suggest that, during cyclic behaviors, tetrapod feeding systems are optimized for precise application of forces over small displacements during chewing, whereas locomotor systems are more optimized for large and rapid joint excursions during walking and running. If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other biomechanical variables in the feeding and locomotor systems should also reflect these divergent functions. We compared rhythmicity of cyclic jaw and limb movements in feeding and locomotor systems in 261 tetrapod species in a phylogenetic context. Accounting for potential confounding variables, our analyses reveal higher rhythmicity of cyclic movements of the limbs than of the jaw. Higher rhythmicity in the locomotor system corroborates a hypothesis of stronger optimization for energetic efficiency: deviation from the limbs' natural frequency results in greater variability of center of mass movements and limb inertial changes, and therefore more work by limb muscles. Relatively lower rhythmicity in the feeding system may be a consequence of the necessity to prevent tooth breakage and wear, the greater complexity of coordination with tongue movements, and/or a greater emphasis on energy storage in elastic elements rather than the kinetics of limb movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Faltings
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
| | - Melody W Young
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Biomedical Innovation, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, 11568, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montuelle SJ, Kane EA. Food Capture in Vertebrates: A Complex Integrative Performance of the Cranial and Postcranial Systems. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
3
|
Manzano AS, Herrel A, Fabre AC, Abdala V. Variation in brain anatomy in frogs and its possible bearing on their locomotor ecology. J Anat 2017; 231:38-58. [PMID: 28429369 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the long-standing interest in the evolution of the brain, relatively little is known about variation in brain anatomy in frogs. Yet, frogs are ecologically diverse and, as such, variation in brain anatomy linked to differences in lifestyle or locomotor behavior can be expected. Here we present a comparative morphological study focusing on the macro- and micro-anatomy of the six regions of the brain and its choroid plexus: the olfactory bulbs, the telencephalon, the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, the rhombencephalon, and the cerebellum. We also report on the comparative anatomy of the plexus brachialis responsible for the innervation of the forelimbs. It is commonly thought that amphibians have a simplified brain organization, associated with their supposedly limited behavioral complexity and reduced motor skills. We compare frogs with different ecologies that also use their limbs in different contexts and for other functions. Our results show that brain morphology is more complex and more variable than typically assumed. Moreover, variation in brain morphology among species appears related to locomotor behavior as suggested by our quantitative analyses. Thus we propose that brain morphology may be related to the locomotor mode, at least in the frogs included in our analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris Cedex, France
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, UNT-Horco Molle, Instituto de Biología Neotropical-CONICET, Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neural circuits underlying tongue movements for the prey-catching behavior in frog: distribution of primary afferent terminals on motoneurons supplying the tongue. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1533-53. [PMID: 25575900 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypoglossal motor nucleus is one of the efferent components of the neural network underlying the tongue prehension behavior of Ranid frogs. Although the appropriate pattern of the motor activity is determined by motor pattern generators, sensory inputs can modify the ongoing motor execution. Combination of fluorescent tracers were applied to investigate whether there are direct contacts between the afferent fibers of the trigeminal, facial, vestibular, glossopharyngeal-vagal, hypoglossal, second cervical spinal nerves and the hypoglossal motoneurons. Using confocal laser scanning microscope, we detected different number of close contacts from various sensory fibers, which were distributed unequally between the motoneurons innervating the protractor, retractor and inner muscles of the tongue. Based on the highest number of contacts and their closest location to the perikaryon, the glossopharyngeal-vagal nerves can exert the strongest effect on hypoglossal motoneurons and in agreement with earlier physiological results, they influence the protraction of the tongue. The second largest number of close appositions was provided by the hypoglossal and second cervical spinal afferents and they were located mostly on the proximal and middle parts of the dendrites of retractor motoneurons. Due to their small number and distal location, the trigeminal and vestibular terminals seem to have minor effects on direct activation of the hypoglossal motoneurons. We concluded that direct contacts between primary afferent terminals and hypoglossal motoneurons provide one of the possible morphological substrates of very quick feedback and feedforward modulation of the motor program during various stages of prey-catching behavior.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kleinteich T, Gorb SN. Tongue adhesion in the horned frog Ceratophrys sp. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5225. [PMID: 24921415 PMCID: PMC5381498 DOI: 10.1038/srep05225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Frogs are well-known to capture elusive prey with their protrusible and adhesive tongues. However, the adhesive performance of frog tongues and the mechanism of the contact formation with the prey item remain unknown. Here we measured for the first time adhesive forces and tongue contact areas in living individuals of a horned frog (Ceratophrys sp.) against glass. We found that Ceratophrys sp. generates adhesive forces well beyond its own body weight. Surprisingly, we found that the tongues adhered stronger in feeding trials in which the coverage of the tongue contact area with mucus was relatively low. Thus, besides the presence of mucus, other features of the frog tongue (surface profile, material properties) are important to generate sufficient adhesive forces. Overall, the experimental data shows that frog tongues can be best compared to pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) that are of common technical use as adhesive tapes or labels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kleinteich
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matesz K, Kecskes S, Bácskai T, Rácz É, Birinyi A. Brainstem Circuits Underlying the Prey-Catching Behavior of the Frog. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 83:104-11. [DOI: 10.1159/000357751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Ross CF, Blob RW, Carrier DR, Daley MA, Deban SM, Demes B, Gripper JL, Iriarte-Diaz J, Kilbourne BM, Landberg T, Polk JD, Schilling N, Vanhooydonck B. THE EVOLUTION OF LOCOMOTOR RHYTHMICITY IN TETRAPODS. Evolution 2012; 67:1209-17. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
The complexity of nervous systems alters the evolvability of behaviour. Complex nervous systems are phylogenetically constrained; nevertheless particular species-specific behaviours have repeatedly evolved, suggesting a predisposition towards those behaviours. Independently evolved behaviours in animals that share a common neural architecture are generally produced by homologous neural structures, homologous neural pathways and even in the case of some invertebrates, homologous identified neurons. Such parallel evolution has been documented in the chromatic sensitivity of visual systems, motor behaviours and complex social behaviours such as pair-bonding. The appearance of homoplasious behaviours produced by homologous neural substrates suggests that there might be features of these nervous systems that favoured the repeated evolution of particular behaviours. Neuromodulation may be one such feature because it allows anatomically defined neural circuitry to be re-purposed. The developmental, genetic and physiological mechanisms that contribute to nervous system complexity may also bias the evolution of behaviour, thereby affecting the evolvability of species-specific behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Katz
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Giszter SF, Hart CB, Silfies SP. Spinal cord modularity: evolution, development, and optimization and the possible relevance to low back pain in man. Exp Brain Res 2009; 200:283-306. [PMID: 19838690 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-2016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Giszter
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Montuelle SJ, Herrel A, Libourel PA, Reveret L, Bels VL. Locomotor–feeding coupling during prey capture in a lizard( Gerrhosaurus major): effects of prehension mode. J Exp Biol 2009; 212:768-77. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.026617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYIn tetrapods, feeding behaviour in general, and prey capture in particular,involves two anatomical systems: the feeding system and the locomotor system. Although the kinematics associated with the movements of each system have been investigated in detail independently, the actual integration between the two systems has received less attention. Recently, the independence of the movements of the jaw and locomotor systems was reported during tongue-based prey capture in an iguanian lizard (Anolis carolinensis), suggesting a decoupling between the two systems. Jaw prehension, on the other hand, can be expected to be dependent on the movements of the locomotor system to a greater degree. To test for the presence of functional coupling and integration between the jaw and locomotor systems, we used the cordyliform lizard Gerrhosaurus major as a model species because it uses both tongue and jaw prehension. Based on a 3-D kinematic analysis of the movements of the jaws, the head, the neck and the forelimbs during the approach and capture of prey, we demonstrate significant correlations between the movements of the trophic and the locomotor systems. However, this integration differs between prehension modes in the degree and the nature of the coupling. In contrast to our expectations and previous data for A. carolinensis,our data indicate a coupling between feeding and locomotor systems during tongue prehension. We suggest that the functional integration between the two systems while using the tongue may be a consequence of the relatively slow nature of tongue prehension in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane J. Montuelle
- UMR 7179 `Mécanismes Adaptatifs: des Organismes aux Communautés', Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,équipe `Diversité Fonctionnelle et Adaptations',Département EGB `Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité', 57,rue Cuvier bp55, F-75231 Paris cedex 5, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paul-Antoine Libourel
- UMR 7179 `Mécanismes Adaptatifs: des Organismes aux Communautés', Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,équipe `Diversité Fonctionnelle et Adaptations',Département EGB `Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité', 57,rue Cuvier bp55, F-75231 Paris cedex 5, France
| | - Lionel Reveret
- INRIA Rhone-Alpes, 655 Avenue de L'Europe, 38330 Montbonnot, France
| | - Vincent L. Bels
- UMR 7179 `Mécanismes Adaptatifs: des Organismes aux Communautés', Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,équipe `Diversité Fonctionnelle et Adaptations',Département EGB `Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité', 57,rue Cuvier bp55, F-75231 Paris cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Giszter S, Patil V, Hart C. Primitives, premotor drives, and pattern generation: a combined computational and neuroethological perspective. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 165:323-46. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)65020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Newcomb JM, Katz PS. Homologues of serotonergic central pattern generator neurons in related nudibranch molluscs with divergent behaviors. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2006; 193:425-43. [PMID: 17180703 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-006-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Homologues of a neuron that contributes to a species-specific behavior were identified and characterized in species lacking that behavior. The nudibranch Tritonia diomedea swims by flexing its body dorsally and ventrally. The dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) are components of the central pattern generator (CPG) underlying this rhythmic motor pattern and also activate crawling. Homologues of the DSIs were identified in six nudibranchs that do not exhibit dorsal-ventral swimming: Tochuina tetraquetra, Melibe leonina, Dendronotus iris, D. frondosus, Armina californica, and Triopha catalinae. Homology was based upon shared features that distinguish the DSIs from all other neurons: (1) serotonin immunoreactivity, (2) location in the Cerebral serotonergic posterior (CeSP) cluster, and (3) axon projection to the contralateral pedal ganglion. The DSI homologues, named CeSP-A neurons, share additional features with the DSIs: irregular basal firing, synchronous inputs, electrical coupling, and reciprocal inhibition. Unlike the DSIs, the CeSP-A neurons were not rhythmically active in response to nerve stimulation. The CeSP-A neurons in Tochuina and Triopha also excited homologues of the Tritonia Pd5 neuron, a crawling efferent. Thus, the CeSP-A neurons and the DSIs may be part of a conserved network related to crawling that may have been co-opted into a rhythmic swim CPG in Tritonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Newcomb
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4010, Atlanta, GA 30302-4010, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Corbacho F, Nishikawa KC, Weerasuriya A, Liaw JS, Arbib MA. Schema-based learning of adaptable and flexible prey-catching in anurans I. The basic architecture. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2005; 93:391-409. [PMID: 16292659 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-005-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A motor action often involves the coordination of several motor synergies and requires flexible adjustment of the ongoing execution based on feedback signals. To elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the construction and selection of motor synergies, we study prey-capture in anurans. Experimental data demonstrate the intricate interaction between different motor synergies, including the interplay of their afferent feedback signals (Weerasuriya 1991; Anderson and Nishikawa 1996). Such data provide insights for the general issues concerning two-way information flow between sensory centers, motor circuits and periphery in motor coordination. We show how different afferent feedback signals about the status of the different components of the motor apparatus play a critical role in motor control as well as in learning. This paper, along with its companion paper, extend the model by Liaw et al. (1994) by integrating a number of different motor pattern generators, different types of afferent feedback, as well as the corresponding control structure within an adaptive framework we call Schema-Based Learning. We develop a model of the different MPGs involved in prey-catching as a vehicle to investigate the following questions: What are the characteristic features of the activity of a single muscle? How can these features be controlled by the premotor circuit? What are the strategies employed to generate and synchronize motor synergies? What is the role of afferent feedback in shaping the activity of a MPG? How can several MPGs share the same underlying circuitry and yet give rise to different motor patterns under different input conditions? In the companion paper we also extend the model by incorporating learning components that give rise to more flexible, adaptable and robust behaviors. To show these aspects we incorporate studies on experiments on lesions and the learning processes that allow the animal to recover its proper functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Corbacho
- USC Brain Project, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089-0871, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hale ME, Kheirbek MA, Schriefer JE, Prince VE. Hox gene misexpression and cell-specific lesions reveal functionality of homeotically transformed neurons. J Neurosci 2004; 24:3070-6. [PMID: 15044546 PMCID: PMC6729858 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5624-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes are critical for establishing the segmental pattern of the vertebrate hindbrain. Changes in their expression can alter neural organization of hindbrain segments and may be a mechanism for brain evolution. To test the hypothesis that neurons induced through changes in Hox gene expression can integrate into functional neural circuits, we examined the roles of ectopic Mauthner cells (M-cells) in the escape response of larval zebrafish. The activity of the paired Mauthner cells in rhombomere 4 (r4) has been shown to be critical for generating a high-performance startle behavior in response to stimulation of the tail (Liu and Fetcho, 1999). Previous studies have found that misexpression of particular Hox genes causes ectopic M-cells to be generated in r2 in addition to the r4 cells (Alexandre et al., 1996; McClintock et al., 2001). With calcium imaging, we found that the homeotically transformed neurons respond to startle stimuli. To determine the roles of ectopic and endogenous M-cells in the behavior, we lesioned the r2, r4, or both M-cells with cell-specific laser lesion and examined the effect on startle performance. Lesion of the normal M-cells did not decrease escape performance when the ectopic cells were present. These results indicate that the homeotically transformed Mauthner cells are fully functional in the escape circuit and are functionally redundant with normal M-cells. We suggest that such functional redundancy between neurons may provide a substrate for evolution of neural circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina E Hale
- Department of Organismal Biology, Committees on Neurobiology, Computational Neurobiology, Evolutionary Biology, and Developmental Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Levine RP, Monroy JA, Brainerd EL. Contribution of eye retraction to swallowing performance in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:1361-8. [PMID: 15010487 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Most anurans retract and close their eyes repeatedly during swallowing. Eye retraction may aid swallowing by helping to push food back toward the esophagus, but this hypothesis has never been tested. We used behavioral observations, cineradiography, electromyography and nerve transection experiments to evaluate the contribution of eye retraction to swallowing in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Behavioral observations of frogs feeding on 1.5 cm long crickets reveal a high degree of variability in eye retraction and swallowing. Eye retraction can occur bilaterally or unilaterally, and both swallowing movements and eye retraction can occur separately as well as together. During swallowing, cineradiography shows that the eyes and associated musculature retract well into the oropharynx and appear to make contact with the prey item. This contact appears to help push the prey toward the esophagus, and it may also serve to anchor the prey for tongue-based transport. Electromyographic recordings confirm strong activity in the retractor bulbi muscles during eye retraction. After bilateral denervation of the retractor bulbi, frogs maintain the ability to swallow but show a 74% increase in the number of swallows required per cricket (from a mean of 2.3 swallows to a mean of 4.0 swallows per cricket). Our results indicate that, in Rana pipiens feeding on medium-sized crickets, eye retraction is an accessory swallowing mechanism that assists the primary tongue-based swallowing mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Levine
- Biology Department and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant St, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wolff JB, Lee MJ, Anderson CW. Contribution of the submentalis muscle to feeding mechanics in the leopard frog,Rana pipiens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 301:666-73. [PMID: 15286946 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the functional contributions of the submentalis muscle to the coordination of feeding behavior in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Additionally, the anatomical origins of the motor neurons innervating this muscle are identified and described. The m. submentalis is a small muscle connecting the distal mandibular tips. Depending upon the anuran species studied, this muscle contributes to mandibular bending and the degree to which the tongue is protracted, or has little or no role in feeding biomechanics. High-speed videography was used to quantify feeding attempts before versus after bilateral denervation of the m. submentalis. Additionally, the terminal branch of the trigeminal nerve prior to innervating the m. submentalis was retrogradely labeled to identify the origins of motor neurons innervating the muscle. For the kinematic analyses, denervation of the submentalis resulted in significant increases in the time to maximum tongue protrusion, and the duration of tongue protrusion. Neither mandibular bending, nor tongue length variables differed significantly between normal conditions and deafferented conditions. However, when unsuccessful feeding attempts were quantified following the denervation, failed attempts were nearly always due to the tongue not reaching the prey. None of the unsuccessful feedings prior to denervation were due to inadequate tongue protrusion. Anatomical data show a much larger rostral-caudal distribution of the trigeminal motor neurons than previously described for anurans. These data suggest a larger role for the submentalis muscle in Rana than in previously studied anurans with long protrusible tongues, and suggests a feedback mechanism from the trigeminal nerve to the nerves coordinating tongue protraction and retraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Brock Wolff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hale ME, Long JH, McHenry MJ, Westneat MW. Evolution of behavior and neural control of the fast-start escape response. Evolution 2002; 56:993-1007. [PMID: 12093034 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fast-start startle behavior is the primary mechanism of rapid escape in fishes and is a model system for examining neural circuit design and musculoskeletal function. To develop a dataset for evolutionary analysis of the startle response, the kinematics and muscle activity patterns of the fast-start were analyzed for four fish species at key branches in the phylogeny of vertebrates. Three of these species (Polypterus palmas, Lepisosteus osseus, and Amia calva) represent the base of the actinopterygian radiation. A fourth species (Oncorhynchus mykiss) provided data for a species in the central region of the teleost phylogeny. Using these data, we explored the evolution of this behavior within the phylogeny of vertebrates. To test the hypothesis that startle features are evolutionarily conservative, the variability of motor patterns and kinematics in fast-starts was described. Results show that the evolution of the startle behavior in fishes, and more broadly among vertebrates, is not conservative. The fast-start has undergone substantial change in suites of kinematics and electromyogram features, including the presence of either a one- or a two-stage kinematic response and change in the extent of bilateral muscle activity. Comparative methods were used to test the evolutionary hypothesis that changes in motor control are correlated with key differences in the kinematics and behavior of the fast-start. Significant evolutionary correlations were found between several motor pattern and behavioral characters. These results suggest that the startle neural circuit itself is not conservative. By tracing the evolution of motor pattern and kinematics on a phylogeny, it is shown that major changes in the neural circuit of the startle behavior occur at several levels in the phylogeny of vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina E Hale
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hale ME, Long, Jr. JH, McHenry MJ, Westneat MW. EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR AND NEURAL CONTROL OF THE FAST-START ESCAPE RESPONSE. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0993:eobanc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Deban SM, O'Reilly JC, Nishikawa KC. The Evolution of the Motor Control of Feeding in Amphibians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/41.6.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Martínez-Marcos A, Ubeda-Bañón I, Halpern M. Neural substrates for tongue-flicking behavior in snakes. J Comp Neurol 2001; 432:75-87. [PMID: 11241378 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Snakes deliver odorants to the vomeronasal organ by means of tongue-flicks. The rate and pattern of tongue-flick behavior are altered depending on the chemical context. Accordingly, olfactory and vomeronasal information should reach motor centers that control the tongue musculature, namely, the hypoglossal nucleus (XIIN); however, virtually nothing is known about the circuits involved. In the present work, dextran amines were injected into the tongue of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) to identify the motoneurons of the XIIN. Tracers were then delivered into the XIIN to identify possible afferents of chemical information. Large injections into the XIIN yielded retrograde labeling in two chemosensory areas: the medial amygdala (MA) and the lateral posterior hypothalamic nucleus (LHN). Smaller injections only yielded labeled neurons in the LHN. In fact, the MA, which receives afferents from the accessory olfactory bulb, the rostroventral lateral cortex, and the nucleus sphericus, projects to the LHN. Injections into the MA did not show terminal labeling in the XIIN but in an area lateral to it. However, injections into the LHN gave rise not only to labeled fibers in the XIIN but also to retrograde labeling in the MA, thus confirming the chemosensory input to LHN. Injecting different fluorescent tracers into the tongue and into the LHN corroborated the projection from the LHN to the XIIN. The present report investigates further connections of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems and describes the afferent connections to XIIN in a nonmammalian vertebrate. The circuit for tongue-flicking behavior described herein should be evaluated using functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez-Marcos
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Health Science Center at Brooklyn, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Buschbeck EK. Neurobiological constraints and fly systematics: how different types of neural characters can contribute to a higher level dipteran phylogeny. Evolution 2000; 54:888-98. [PMID: 10937262 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Much uncertainty still exists regarding higher level phylogenetic relationships in the insect order Diptera, and the need for independent analyses is apparent. In this paper, I present a parsimony analysis that is based on details of the nervous system of flies. Because neural characters have received little attention in modern phylogenetic analyses and the stability of neural traits has been debated, special emphasis is given to testing the robustness of the analysis itself and to evaluating how neurobiological constraints (such as levels of neural processing) influence the phylogenetic information content. The phylogenetic study is based on 14 species in three nematoceran and nine brachyceran families. All characters used in the analysis are based on anatomical details of the neural organization of the fly visual system. For the most part they relate to uniquely identifiable neurons, which are cells or cell types that can be confidently recognized as homologues among different species and thus compared. Parsimony analysis results in a phylogenetic hypothesis that favors specific previously suggested phylogenetic relationships and suggests alternatives regarding other placements. For example, several heterodactylan families (Bombyliidae, Asilidae, and Dolichopodidae) are supported in their placement as suggested by Sinclair et al. (1993), but Tipulidae and Syrphidae are placed differently. Tipulidae are placed at a derived rather than ancestral position within the Nematocera, and Syrphidae are placed within the Schizophora. The analysis suggests that neural characters generally maintain phylogenetic information well. However, by "forcing" neural characters onto conventional phylogenetic analyses it becomes apparent that not all neural centers maintain such information equally well. For example, neurons of the second-order visual neuropil, the medulla, contain stronger phylogenetic "signal" than do characters of the deeper visual center, the lobula plate. These differences may relate to different functional constraints in the two neuropils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E K Buschbeck
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Buschbeck EK. NEUROBIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AND FLY SYSTEMATICS: HOW DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEURAL CHARACTERS CAN CONTRIBUTE TO A HIGHER LEVEL DIPTERAN PHYLOGENY. Evolution 2000. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0888:ncafsh]2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
25
|
Deban SM, Dicke U. Motor control of tongue movement during prey capture in plethodontid salamanders. J Exp Biol 1999; 202 Pt 24:3699-714. [PMID: 10574747 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202.24.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four species of salamander of the family Plethodontidae were examined using electromyographic (EMG) recording during prey-capture behavior to test the hypotheses that the tongue retractor, tongue protractor and jaw depressor muscles are activated simultaneously and in a stereotyped pattern, as was found in other salamanders, and to determine whether species with different tongue morphologies and tongue protraction abilities exhibit different motor control strategies. The results show that sequential activation was observed far more frequently than simultaneous activation; the jaw depressor muscle was activated first, followed by the tongue protractor and then the tongue retractor. Species with short, attached tongues (Desmognathus quadramaculatus and Plethodon jordani) showed simultaneous activation more often than species with long, free tongues (Pseudotriton ruber and Hydromantes supramontis), which showed strongly non-simultaneous activation. Most EMG variables showed no effect of prey-capture success, suggesting that sensory feedback is not involved in modulating the motor pattern during the prey-capture strike. Hydromantes supramontis was examined for modulation of its motor pattern in response to prey distance, and several EMG variables were found to be positively correlated with tongue protraction distance. The motor pattern of strongly non-simultaneous activation of antagonistic tongue muscles has evolved along with the evolution of long, free tongues in plethodontids. The variable motor patterns observed provide further evidence that amphibian feeding in general is not as highly stereotyped as has been previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SM Deban
- Hanse Institute for Advanced Study, Lehmkuhlenbusch 4, Germany and Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The zygapophyses and zygosphene-zygantrum articulations of snake vertebrae are hypothesized to restrict or eliminate vertebral torsion. This hypothesis is apparently based solely on the inference of function from structure, despite the limitations of such inferences, as well as contradictory observations and measurements. In this study, I observed and measured axial torsion in gopher snakes, Pituophis melanoleucus. To examine the structural basis of axial torsion, I measured the vertebral articulation angles along the body and the insertion angles of five epaxial muscles. To examine torsion in a natural behavior, I digitized video images and measured the degree of apparent axial torsion during terrestrial lateral undulation. Finally, I measured the mechanical capacity of the vertebral joints for actual torsion over intervals of 10 vertebrae in fresh, skinned segments of the trunk. Vertebral articulation angles vary up to 30 degrees and are associated with variation in torsional capacity along the trunk. The freely crawling P. melanoleucus twisted up to 2.19 degrees per vertebra, which produced substantial overall torsion when added over several vertebrae. The vertebral joints are mechanically capable of torsion up to 2.89 degrees per joint. Therefore, despite the mechanical restriction imposed by the complex articulations, vertebral torsion occurs in snakes and appears to be functionally important in several natural behaviors. Even in cases in which mechanical function appears to be narrowly constrained by morphology, specific functions should not be inferred solely from structural analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Moon
- Department of Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
While retaining a feeding apparatus that is surprisingly conservative morphologically, frogs as a group exhibit great variability in the biomechanics of tongue protraction during prey capture, which in turn is related to differences in neuromuscular control. In this paper, I address the following three questions. (1) How do frog tongues differ biomechanically? (2) What anatomical and physiological differences are responsible? (3) How is biomechanics related to mechanisms of neuromuscular control? Frog species use three non-exclusive mechanisms to protract their tongues during feeding: (i) mechanical pulling, in which the tongue shortens as its muscles contract during protraction; (ii) inertial elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under inertial and muscular loading; and (iii) hydrostatic elongation, in which the tongue lengthens under constraints imposed by the constant volume of a muscular hydrostat. Major differences among these functional types include (i) the amount and orientation of collagen fibres associated with the tongue muscles and the mechanical properties that this connective tissue confers to the tongue as a whole; and (ii) the transfer of intertia from the opening jaws to the tongue, which probably involves a catch mechanism that increases the acceleration achieved during mouth opening. The mechanisms of tongue protraction differ in the types of neural mechanisms that are used to control tongue movements, particularly in the relative importance of feed-forward versus feedback control, in requirements for precise interjoint coordination, in the size and number of motor units, and in the afferent pathways that are involved in coordinating tongue and jaw movements. Evolution of biomechanics and neuromuscular control of frog tongues provides an example in which neuromuscular control is finely tuned to the biomechanical constraints and opportunities provided by differences in morphological design among species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff 86011-5640, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Anderson CW, Nishikawa KC, Keifer J. Distribution of hypoglossal motor neurons innervating the prehensile tongue of the African pig-nosed frog, Hemisus marmoratum. Neurosci Lett 1998; 244:5-8. [PMID: 9578131 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using retrograde neuronal tracers, a study of the distribution of hypoglossal motor neurons innervating the tongue musculature was performed in the African pig-nosed frog, Hemisus marmoratum. This species is a radically divergent anuran amphibian with a prehensile tongue that can be aimed in three dimensions relative to the head. The results illustrate a unique rostrocaudal distribution of the ventrolateral hypoglossal nucleus and an unusually large number of motor neurons within this cell group. During the evolution of the long, prehensile tongue of Hemisus, the motor neurons innervating the tongue have greatly increased in number and have become more caudally distributed in the brainstem and spinal cord compared to other anurans. These observations have implications for understanding neuronal reconfiguring of motoneurons for novel morphologies requiring new muscle activation patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C W Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Anderson CW, Nishikawa KC. The functional anatomy and evolution of hypoglossal afferents in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Brain Res 1997; 771:285-91. [PMID: 9401749 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we suggested that afferents are present in the hypoglossal nerve of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. The basis for this was behavioral data obtained after transection of the hypoglossal nerve. These afferents coordinate the timing of tongue protraction with mouth opening during feeding. The goal of the present study was to define anatomically these hypoglossal afferents in Rana pipiens. Retrograde tracing was performed using horseradish peroxidase, fluorescent dextran amines and neurobiotin. Data show that the cell bodies of hypoglossal afferents are located in the dorsal root ganglion of the third spinal nerve and enter the brainstem through its dorsal root. The afferents ascend in the dorsomedial funiculus and move laterally after they pass the obex. They project in the granular layer of the cerebellum and the medial reticular formation. The cervical afferents that travel in this pathway are known to carry proprioceptive and cutaneous sensory information. We hypothesize that the presence of afferents in the hypoglossal nerve is a derived characteristic of anurans, which has resulted from the re-routing of afferent fibers from the third spinal nerve into the hypoglossal nerve. The appearance of hypoglossal afferents coincides with the morphological acquisition of a highly protrusible tongue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C W Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff 86011-5640, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Gray LA, O'Reilly JC, Nishikawa KC. Evolution of forelimb movement patterns for prey manipulation in anurans. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1997; 277:417-24. [PMID: 9134736 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19970415)277:6<417::aid-jez1>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other amphibians, frogs often use their forelimbs to capture and transport prey. In the present study, high-speed videography was used to observe forelimb use during feeding in a diverse group of anurans in order to determine the evolution of forelimb movement patterns among anuran taxa. Data were gathered from 488 individuals representing 104 species, 55 genera, and 16 families. Five distinct behavior patterns were identified: scooping entails using the back of the hand to push prey into the mouth; wiping involves the use of the palm of the hand to push prey, protruding laterally from the mouth, toward the midline; during prey stretching, one end of the prey is held in a stationary position by the hands while the other end is pulled upward by the jaws; in grasping, the palms face the midline or the substrate as the fingers are wrapped around the prey; grasping with wrist rotation is similar to grasping, but the wrists rotate inward as the hands grasp the prey so that the palms face the mouth. The distribution of these behavior patterns was mapped onto the most recent phylogenetic hypothesis for anurans. Maximum parsimony analyses suggest that scooping and wiping are primitive and have been retained by many frog lineages. Wiping was not observed in the pipids, which are the only anurans that lack tongues and use hydraulic transport. Prey stretching appears to have evolved several times in unrelated taxa. Grasping and grasping with wrist rotation appear to have evolved only in arboreal groups, suggesting that the ability to climb is a preadaptation for the ability to grasp prey. Several species were observed using grasping motions in place of the tongue to capture prey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff 86011-5640, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Heiligenberg W, Metzner W, Wong CJ, Keller CH. Motor control of the jamming avoidance response of Apteronotus leptorhynchus: evolutionary changes of a behavior and its neuronal substrates. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1996; 179:653-74. [PMID: 8888577 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The two closely related gymnotiform fishes, Apteronotus and Eigenmannia, share many similar communication and electrolocation behaviors that require modulation of the frequency of their electric organ discharges. The premotor linkages between their electrosensory system and their medullary pacemaker nucleus, which controls the repetition rate of their electric organ discharges, appear to function differently, however. In the context of the jamming avoidance response, Eigenmannia can raise or lower its electric organ discharge frequency from its resting level. A normally quiescent input from the diencephalic pre-pacemaker nucleus can be recruited to raise the electric organ discharge frequency above the resting level. Another normally active input, from the sublemniscal pre-pacemaker nucleus, can be inhibited to lower the electric organ discharge frequency below the resting level (Metzner 1993). In contrast, during a jamming avoidance response, Apteronotus cannot lower its electric organ discharge frequency below the resting level. The sublemniscal pre-pacemaker is normally completely inhibited and release of this inhibition allows the electric organ discharge frequency to rise during the jamming avoidance response. Further inhibition of this nucleus cannot lower the electric organ discharge frequency below the resting level. Lesions of the diencephalic pre-pacemaker do not affect performance of the jamming avoidance response. Thus, in Apteronotus, the sublemniscal pre-pacemaker alone controls the changes of the electric organ discharge frequency during the jamming avoidance response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Heiligenberg
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0202, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Larsen JH, Beneski JT, Miller BT. Structure and function of the hyolingual system inHynobius and its bearing on the evolution of prey capture in terrestrial salamanders. J Morphol 1996; 227:235-248. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199602)227:2<235::aid-jmor9>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
Evolutionary implications of neural circuit structure and function. Behav Processes 1995; 35:173-82. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(95)00041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/1995] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
36
|
O'Reilly SR, Nishikawa KC. Mechanism of tongue protraction during prey capture in the spadefoot toad Spea multiplicata (Anura: Pelobatidae). THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1995; 273:282-96. [PMID: 8530912 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402730403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have used muscle denervation experiments to examine the function of muscles during feeding in frogs. By comparing the results of denervation experiments among taxa, it is possible to identify evolutionary changes in muscle function. The purpose of this study was to examine the function of jaw and tongue muscles during prey capture in Spea multiplicata, a representative of the superorder Mesobatrachia. All members of this group possess a disjunct hyoid apparatus. We predicted that Spea would possess a novel mechanism of tongue protraction on the basis of its hyoid morphology. High-speed video motion analysis and muscle denervation were used to study the feeding behavior and mechanism of tongue protraction in Spea. Although Spea possesses a relatively long tongue, its feeding behavior is similar to that of short-tongued frogs of similar body size. Denervation of the m. submentalis had no effect on feeding behavior. When the m. geniohyoideus was denervated, the tongue pad was raised and moved forward slightly, but did not leave the mouth. When the m. genioglossus was denervated, the tongue pad was raised slightly, but no forward movement of the tongue occurred. A similar result was obtained after the mm. genioglossus and geniohyoideus were denervated simultaneously. Thus, both the mm. genioglossus and geniohyoideus are necessary for normal tongue protraction in Spea. In contrast, only the m. genioglossus is necessary for normal tongue protraction in archaeobatrachians and neobatrachians. We hypothesize that the disjunct hyoid is responsible for the greater role of hyoid movement during feeding in mesobatrachians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R O'Reilly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff 86011-5640, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Paulson RB, Alley KE, Salata LJ, Whitmyer CC. A scanning electron-microscopic study of tongue development in the frog Rana pipiens. Arch Oral Biol 1995; 40:311-9. [PMID: 7605258 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)00172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Feeding behaviour changes drastically during metamorphosis as larval suction feeders become adult lingual feeders. In order to understand this transition, the general morphological development of the floor of the buccal cavity in embryonic and larval Rana pipiens was studied, up to the completion of metamorphosis, by scanning electron microscopy. Rana pipiens specimens were collected, anaesthetized with tricaine methanesulphonate, staged by the methods of Shumway and Taylor and Kollros, and fixed in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The oropharyngeal floors were dissected and routinely prepared for scanning. The late embryonic period (Shumway stages 21-25) is marked by the appearance on the oropharyngeal floor of two midline premetamorphic lingual papillae (PMLP), located on the second branchial arch just caudal to the hyomandibular groove. The larval tongue anlage, which incorporates PMLP along its anterior border, does not appear until stage V of the premetamorphic developmental span (Taylor-Kollros stages I-XI). Prometamorphosis (stages XII-XIX) is marked by the incorporation of the larval tongue into the adult tongue, the disappearance of the PMLP, and the appearance of the true tongue papillae. The metamorphic span (stages XX-XXIV) marks further rapid growth and differentiation of the adult tongue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Paulson
- Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Section of Oral Biology, Columbus 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Temporal discharge patterns of tectal and medullary neurons chronically recorded during snapping toward prey in toads Bufo bufo spinosus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00212701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|