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Zarembska E, Ślusarczyk K, Wrzosek M. The Implication of a Polymorphism in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene in Homocysteine Metabolism and Related Civilisation Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:193. [PMID: 38203363 PMCID: PMC10779094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key regulatory enzyme in the one-carbon cycle. This enzyme is essential for the metabolism of methionine, folate, and RNA, as well as for the production of proteins, DNA, and RNA. MTHFR catalyses the irreversible conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to its active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a co-substrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine. Numerous variants of the MTHFR gene have been recognised, among which the C677T variant is the most extensively studied. The C677T polymorphism, which results in the conversion of valine to alanine at codon 222, is associated with reduced activity and an increased thermolability of the enzyme. Impaired MTHFR efficiency is associated with increased levels of homocysteine, which can contribute to increased production of reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress. Homocysteine is acknowledged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, while chronic inflammation serves as the common underlying factor among these issues. Many studies have been conducted to determine whether there is an association between the C677T polymorphism and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and overweight/obesity. There is substantial evidence supporting this association, although several studies have concluded that the polymorphism cannot be reliably used for prediction. This review examines the latest research on MTHFR polymorphisms and their correlation with cardiovascular disease, obesity, and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Zarembska
- Student Scientific Association “Farmakon”, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Ślusarczyk
- Student Scientific Association “Farmakon”, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, 17a Kasprzaka St., 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Li W, Jia Y, Gong Z, Dong Z, Yu F, Fu Y, Jiang C, Kong W. Ablation of the gut microbiota alleviates high-methionine diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia and glucose intolerance in mice. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:36. [PMID: 37460578 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-methionine (HM) diet leads to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), while gastrointestinal tissue is an important site of net homocysteine (Hcy) production. However, the role of the gut microbiota in host HHcy remains obscure. This study aimed to determine whether gut microbiota ablation could alleviate host HHcy and glucose intolerance and reveal the underlying mechanism. The results showed that the HM diet-induced HHcy and glucose intolerance in mice, while antibiotic administration decreased the plasma level of Hcy and reversed glucose intolerance. HM diet increased intestinal epithelial homocysteine levels, while antibiotic treatment decreased intestinal epithelial homocysteine levels under the HM diet. Gut microbiota depletion had no effect on the gene expression and enzyme activity of CBS and BHMT in the livers of HM diet-fed mice. The HM diet altered the composition of the gut microbiota with marked increases in the abundances of Faecalibaculum and Dubosiella, which were also positively correlated with plasma Hcy concentrations. An in-depth analysis of the bacterial cysteine and methionine metabolism pathways showed that the abundances of two homocysteine biosynthesis-related KEGG orthologies (KOs) were markedly increased in the gut microbiota in HM diet-fed mice. Hcy was detected from Dubosiella newyorkensis-cultured supernatant by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS) analysis. In conclusion, these findings suggested that the HM diet-induced HHcy and glucose intolerance in mice, by reshaping the composition of the gut microbiota, which might produce and secrete Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiting Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Gong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Ye S, Feng K, Li Y, Liu S, Wu Q, Feng J, Liao X, Jiang C, Liang B, Yuan L, Chen H, Huang J, Yang Z, Lu Z, Li H. High homocysteine is associated with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus in deep perforating arteriopathy: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:382. [PMID: 37344765 PMCID: PMC10286484 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-03991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) remain unclear. Homocysteine may reduce the compliance of intracranial arteries and damage the endothelial function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which may be the underlying mechanism of iNPH. The overlap cases between deep perforating arteriopathy (DPA) and iNPH were not rare for the shared risk factors. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum homocysteine and iNPH in DPA. METHODS A total of 41 DPA patients with iNPH and 49 DPA patients without iNPH were included. Demographic characteristics, vascular risk factors, laboratory results, and neuroimaging data were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between serum homocysteine and iNPH in DPA patients. RESULTS Patients with iNPH had significantly higher homocysteine levels than those without iNPH (median, 16.34 mmol/L versus 14.28 mmol/L; P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in CSVD burden scores between patients with iNPH and patients without iNPH. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that patients with homocysteine levels in the Tertile3 were more likely to have iNPH than those in the Tertile1 (OR, 4.929; 95% CI, 1.612-15.071; P = 0.005). The association remained significant after multivariable adjustment for potential confounders, including age, male, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or hypercholesterolemia, and eGFR level. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that high serum homocysteine levels were independently associated with iNPH in DPA. However, further research is needed to determine the predictive value of homocysteine and to confirm the underlying mechanism between homocysteine and iNPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisheng Ye
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Kaiyan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Yizhong Li
- Department of Radiology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Sanxin Liu
- Department of Neurology, the third affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaoling Wu
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Jinwen Feng
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Xiaorong Liao
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Radiology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Jinbo Huang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
- Department of Neurology, Maoming maternal and child health Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, the third affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China.
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Pickens CA, Courtney E, Isenberg SL, Cuthbert C, Petritis K. Multiplexing Homocysteine into First-Tier Newborn Screening Mass Spectrometry Assays Using Selective Thiol Derivatization. Clin Chem 2023; 69:470-481. [PMID: 36920064 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical homocystinuria (HCU) results from deficient cystathionine β-synthase activity, causing elevated levels of Met and homocysteine (Hcy). Newborn screening (NBS) aims to identify HCU in pre-symptomatic newborns by assessing Met concentrations in first-tier screening. However, unlike Hcy, Met testing leads to a high number of false-positive and -negative results. Therefore, screening for Hcy directly in first-tier screening would be a better biomarker for use in NBS. METHODS Dried blood spot (DBS) quality control and residual clinical specimens were used in analyses. Several reducing and maleimide reagents were investigated to aid in quantification of total Hcy (tHcy). The assay which was developed and validated was performed by flow injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry (FIA-MS/MS). RESULTS Interferents of tHcy measurement were identified, so selective derivatization of Hcy was employed. Using N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to selectively derivatize Hcy allowed interferent-free quantification of tHcy by FIA-MS/MS in first-tier NBS. The combination of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) and NEM yielded significantly less matrix effects compared to dithiothreitol (DTT) and NEM. Analysis of clinical specimens demonstrated that the method could distinguish between HCU-positive, presumptive normal newborns, and newborns receiving total parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSIONS Here we present the first known validated method capable of screening tHcy in DBS during FIA-MS/S first-tier NBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Austin Pickens
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elya Courtney
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samantha L Isenberg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Carla Cuthbert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Konstantinos Petritis
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI. A Novel Finding of Increased ß-Aminoisobutyric Acid Levels in Classic Homocystinuria With Homocysteine-Lowering Treatment. Cureus 2023; 15:e36911. [PMID: 37128514 PMCID: PMC10148673 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although commonly seen as a milder elevation of homocysteine levels in adult patients, on rare occasions, the internist may face extremely elevated homocysteine levels (>100 µmol/L). In such rare cases, the search for a monogenic disease is warranted. In this report, we present a patient with classical homocystinuria, where the diagnosis was delayed due to various factors. The patient experienced a constellation of symptoms over an extended period, including visual problems, recurrent thrombosis, and neurodevelopmental delay. Delayed diagnosis of genetic diseases is problematic, as patients may grow from pediatric care to adult internal medicine, where knowledge and exposure to such a rare genetic disorder are limited. A diagnosis was finally confirmed with amino acid profiling, revealing extremely elevated homocysteine levels, which were reduced with sequential treatment modalities, including folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, methionine restriction, and betaine. We also present derangements in other amino acids, namely, methionine, taurine, serine, and urea cycle products. With treatment, a progressive increase in body weight is noticed. Furthermore, we present a novel finding of increased levels of ß-aminoisobutyric acid with homocysteine-lowering treatment. ß-aminisobutyric acid is a myokine that potentiates some of the metabolic benefits of exercising muscle such as improved insulin resistance and browning of white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Alkaissi
- Internal Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, New York, USA
- Internal Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, USA
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Samy I McFarlane
- Internal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, USA
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Li H, Shu L, Dai Q, Wu T. Association between plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and strokes: A meta-analysis. Pteridines 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2022-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Inconsistent findings have been reported regarding the association between elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and the risk of different types of strokes. We conducted this meta-analysis to identify the association between tHcy and different kinds of strokes or recurrences of strokes, and provide evidence for preventing.
Methods
Relevant studies published before May 1, 2022 in databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang were retrieved. Two researchers independently searched and extracted the data, and used Stata 16.0 statistical software for analysis. Results were presented as the odds risk (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results
In total, 24 articles were included, involving 51,426 subjects, of which 4,983 had stroke events during follow-up. Relative to lower tHcy, higher tHcy were associated with increased stroke (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.59–2.37), ischemic stroke (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.39–2.11), hemorrhagic stroke (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.03–3.84), and recurrent stroke (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12–1.39), respectively.
Conclusions
This study shows that elevated tHcy increases the risk of stroke, including ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, and is closely related to the recurrence of stroke. It is recommended to pay attention to the detection of tHcy in the management of stroke patients in the future, and take effective measures to prevent and delay the progression of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Henan , 450046 , China
| | - Lingfeng Shu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Henan , 450046 , China
| | - Qinghai Dai
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Henan , 450046 , China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine , Henan 450099 , China
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7
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Sikora M, Skrzydlewski P, Perła-Kaján J, Jakubowski H. Homocysteine thiolactone contributes to the prognostic value of fibrin clot structure/function in coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275956. [PMID: 36301961 PMCID: PMC9612472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin clot structure/function contributes to cardiovascular disease. We examined sulfur-containing metabolites as determinants of fibrin clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) in relation to outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Effects of B-vitamin/folate therapy on CLT and Absmax were studied. Plasma samples were collected from 1,952 CAD patients randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial design to (i) folic acid, vitamins B12, B6; (ii) folic acid, vitamin B12; (iii) vitamin B6; (iv) placebo for 3.8 years in the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial. Clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) were determined using a validated turbidimetric assay. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and mortality were assessed during a 7-year follow-up. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multiple regression. Survival free of events was studied using Kaplan Mayer plots. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Baseline urinary homocysteine (uHcy)-thiolactone and plasma cysteine (Cys) were significantly associated with CLT while plasma total Hcy was significantly associated with Absmax, independently of fibrinogen, triglycerides, vitamin E, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, age, sex plasma creatinine, CRP, HDL-C, ApoA1, and previous diseases. B-vitamins/folate did not affect CLT and Absmax. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed associations of increased baseline CLT and Absmax with worse outcomes. In Cox regression analysis, baseline CLT and Absmax (>cutoff) predicted AMI (CLT: HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10-2.28; P = 0.013. Absmax: HR 3.22, CI 1.19-8.69; P = 0.021) and mortality (CLT: HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.40-4.63; P = 0.002. Absmax: 2.39, 95% CI 1.17-4.92; P = 0.017). After adjustments for other prognostic biomarkers these associations remained significant. Cys and uHcy-thiolactone, but not tHcy, were significant predictors of AMI in Cox regression models that included CLT. Conclusions uHcy-thiolactone and plasma Cys are novel determinants of CLT, an important predictor of adverse CAD outcomes. CLT and Absmax were not affected by B-vitamin/folate therapy, which could account for the lack of efficacy of such therapy in CAD. Trial registration: URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT00354081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sikora
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Skrzydlewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Carpenè G, Negrini D, Henry BM, Montagnana M, Lippi G. Homocysteine in coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a systematic literature review. Diagnosis (Berl) 2022; 9:306-310. [PMID: 35704707 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening infectious disorder characterized by a sustained prothrombotic state. Since homocysteine is a potential biomarker of thrombotic diseases, the aim of this article is to provide an updated overview on the possible role played by hyperhomocysteinemia in influencing an unfavorable COVID-19 progression. METHODS We carried out an electronic search in Medline (PubMed interface) using the keywords ("COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2") AND "homocysteine", between 2019 and the present time, with no language restrictions, to identify all articles which explored the concentration of homocysteine in COVID-19 patients with or without unfavorable disease progression. RESULTS Three studies, totaling 694 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, were included in our systematic review. Overall, the differences between the mean homocysteine values in non-severe vs. severe COVID-19 patients were always positive (i.e., 15.1%, 24.1% and 22.8%, generating a positive weight mean difference of 1.75 μmol/L (95%CI, 1.26-2.25 μmol/L; p=0.011), which translates into a cumulative difference of approximately ∼1.2 μmol/L. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limited evidence that has been garnered so far, increased homocysteine levels may be a potentially useful marker for predicting the risk of unfavorable progression in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Carpenè
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Negrini
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Martina Montagnana
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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9
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Smith AD, Refsum H. Homocysteine - from disease biomarker to disease prevention. J Intern Med 2021; 290:826-854. [PMID: 33660358 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the literature and have identified more than 100 diseases or conditions that are associated with raised concentrations of plasma total homocysteine. The commonest associations are with cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the central nervous system, but a large number of developmental and age-related conditions are also associated. Few other disease biomarkers have so many associations. The clinical importance of these associations becomes especially relevant if lowering plasma total homocysteine by B vitamin treatment can prevent disease and so improve health. Five diseases can at least in part be prevented by lowering total homocysteine: neural tube defects, impaired childhood cognition, macular degeneration, primary stroke, and cognitive impairment in the elderly. We conclude from our review that total homocysteine values in adults of 10 μmol/L or below are probably safe, but that values of 11 μmol/L or above may justify intervention. Homocysteine is more than a disease biomarker: it is a guide for the prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Smith
- From the, University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
| | - H Refsum
- From the, University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK.,Department Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Perl A-Kaján J, Malinowska A, Zimny JA, Cysewski D, Suszyńska-Zajczyk J, Jakubowski H. Proteome-Wide Analysis of Protein Lysine N-Homocysteinylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2458-2476. [PMID: 33797904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-homocysteinylation by a homocysteine (Hcy) metabolite, Hcy-thiolactone, is an emerging post-translational modification (PTM) that occurs in all tested organisms and has been linked to human diseases. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used as a model eukaryotic organism in biomedical research, including studies of protein PTMs. However, patterns of global protein N-homocysteinylation in yeast are not known. Here, we identified 68 in vivo and 197 in vitro N-homocysteinylation sites at protein lysine residues (N-Hcy-Lys). Some of the N-homocysteinylation sites overlap with other previously identified PTM sites. Protein N-homocysteinylation in vivo, induced by supplementation of yeast cultures with Hcy, which elevates Hcy-thiolactone levels, was accompanied by significant changes in the levels of 70 yeast proteins (38 up-regulated and 32 down-regulated) involved in the ribosomal structure, amino acid biosynthesis, and basic cellular pathways. Our study provides the first global survey of N-homocysteinylation and accompanying changes in the yeast proteome caused by elevated Hcy level. These findings suggest that protein N-homocysteinylation and dysregulation of cellular proteostasis may contribute to the toxicity of Hcy in yeast. Homologous proteins and N-homocysteinylation sites are likely to be involved in Hcy-related pathophysiology in humans and experimental animals. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020821.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Perl A-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-632, Poland
| | - Agata Malinowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PAS, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Jarosl Aw Zimny
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-632, Poland
| | - Dominik Cysewski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PAS, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Joanna Suszyńska-Zajczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-632, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-632, Poland.,International Center for Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
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11
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Jakubowski H. Proteomic exploration of cystathionine β-synthase deficiency: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 17:751-765. [PMID: 33320032 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1865160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, the most frequent inborn error of sulfur amino acid metabolism, is characterized biochemically by severely elevated homocysteine (Hcy) and related metabolites, such as Hcy-thiolactone and N-Hcy-protein. CBS deficiency reduces life span and causes pathological abnormalities affecting most organ systems in the human body, including the cardiovascular (thrombosis, stroke), skeletal/connective tissue (osteoporosis, thin/non-elastic skin, thin hair), and central nervous systems (mental retardation, seizures), as well as the liver (fatty changes), and the eye (ectopia lentis, myopia). Molecular basis of these abnormalities were largely unknown and available treatments remain ineffective. Areas covered: Proteomic and transcriptomic studies over the past decade or so, have significantly contributed to our understanding of mechanisms by which the CBS enzyme deficiency leads to clinical manifestations associated with it. Expert opinion: Recent findings, discussed in this review, highlight the involvement of dysregulated proteostasis in pathologies associated with CBS deficiency, including thromboembolism, stroke, neurologic impairment, connective tissue/collagen abnormalities, hair defects, and hepatic toxicity. To ameliorate these pathologies, pharmacological, enzyme replacement, and gene transfer therapies are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, NJ USA
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12
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Cao Y, Su N, Zhang D, Zhou L, Yao M, Zhang S, Cui L, Zhu Y, Ni J. Correlation between total homocysteine and cerebral small vessel disease: A Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:1931-1938. [PMID: 33377242 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a clinical imaging syndrome with diverse etiology. Total homocysteine (HCY) level might increase the risk of myocardial and cerebral infarction by damaging the vascular endothelium. We aimed to explore the correlation between total HCY and CSVD imaging burden, based on Mendelian randomization methods. METHODS A total of 1,023 participants of the Shunyi study, a population-based cohort study, were included. Vascular risk factors, total HCY levels and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations (C677T and A1298C) were examined. CSVD imaging markers, including lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, white matter hyperintensity, enlarged perivascular space and brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) were also assessed. RESULTS Mutations of C677T were significantly correlated with increased total HCY levels (CC→TT: β = 0.28, p < 0.0001), while mutations of A1298C were correlated with decreased total HCY levels (AA→AC: β = -0.13, p < 0.0001; AA→CC: β = -0.25, p = 0.004). In the Mendelian randomization study, the C677T genotype was significantly associated with lacunes (CC→CT: odds ratio [OR] 2.76, p = 0.008; CC→TT: OR 2.50, p = 0.018), and the A1298C genotype was significantly correlated with BPF (AA→CC: β = 1.32, p = 0.015). Similarly, in multivariate regression analysis, total HCY levels were significantly correlated with lacunes (OR 2.14, p < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with BPF (β = -0.55, p = 0.004). Age, sex and vascular risk factors were adjusted for. CONCLUSIONS Total HCY level was correlated with imaging burden of CSVD, especially with lacunes and brain volume loss. For individuals with risk genetic predisposition, enhanced homocysteine-lowering strategies might be necessary to reduce the risk and progress of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Central Research Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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The relationships of serum homocysteine levels and traditional lipid indicators with disease activity and coronary artery involvement in Takayasu arteritis. Immunol Res 2020; 68:405-413. [PMID: 33064263 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Serum homocysteine (HCY) levels have been associated with the occurrence of coronary stenosis and disease activity in large-vessel vasculitis. However, whether increases in serum HCY levels and traditional lipid indicators are associated with coronary artery involvement and disease activity in Chinese Han Takayasu arteritis (TA) patients is unknown. This study aims to investigate the clinical and laboratory features of TA by assessing their association with disease activity in TA patients, and to explore the risk factors associated with coronary artery involvement in these patients. Serum HCY levels and traditional lipid indicators were tested in one hundred ninety TA patients and one hundred fifty-four healthy controls. We analyzed the relationships of serum HCY levels and traditional lipid indicators with disease activity and analyzed the risk factors for coronary artery involvement. Twenty-one TA patients were found to have coronary artery stenosis (≥ 50%). TA patients had significantly higher levels of HCY than did healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Serum levels of HCY and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); the ratios of LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) to HDL-C, and triglycerides (TG) to HDL-C; and the values of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were significantly higher in patients with active TA than in patients with inactive TA and in TA patients with coronary artery involvement than in TA patients without coronary artery involvement. By contrast, the serum levels of HDL-C were significantly lower in patients with active TA than in patients with inactive TA and in TA patients with coronary artery involvement than in TA patients without coronary artery involvement (p < 0.05). In addition, the serum levels of TC and TG were significantly higher in TA patients with coronary artery involvement than those in TA patients without coronary artery involvement. Elevated serum HCY levels increased the risk of coronary artery involvement by 1.3-fold (p = 0.011, odds ratio [OR] = 1.275, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.056-1.539), and the cutoff value for serum HCY was 9.55 μmol/L. Elevated serum TG levels increased the risk of coronary artery involvement by 3.5-fold (p < 0.0001, OR = 3.534, 95% CI: 1.907-6.547), and the cutoff value for serum TG was 1.215 mmol/L. The risk of coronary artery involvement was 2.5-fold higher when an elevated TG/HDL-C ratio was present (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.513, 95% CI: 1.567-4.032). This study showed that serum HCY and TG levels and the TG/HDL-C ratio are independent risk factors for coronary artery involvement in TA patients.
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14
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Maksimova MY, Ivanov AV, Nikiforova KA, Virus ED, Suanova ET, Ochtova FR, Piradov MA, Kubatiev AA. [Aminothiols in blood plasma at different subtypes of ischemic stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:17-23. [PMID: 33016672 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012008217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the hemostasis of plasma aminothiols in different subtypes of ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 177 patients, aged 62 (55-68) years, admitted in the first 8-24 hours since IS onset. The pathogenetic subtype of IS was clarified according to the results of clinical and instrumental examination by the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Determination of the total plasma aminothiols levels, their reduced forms and redox status was performed using the ultra-efficient Acquity H-Class UPLC liquid chromatograph (Waters, CSHA). RESULTS Large-artery atherosclerosis was diagnosed in 24.3% patients, cardioembolic stroke in 20.3%, lacunar stroke in 55.4%. Significant differences in total levels of cysteine (Cys), glutathione (Gsh) and homocysteine (Hcy) were identified in patients with different IS subtypes. Patients with large-artery atherosclerosis and lacunar stroke showed the highest level of Hcy, patients with cardioembolic stroke had the lowest levels of Cys and Gsh. CONCLUSION Total levels of plasma aminothiols are associated with different subtypes of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A V Ivanov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Nikiforova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E D Virus
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E T Suanova
- Evdokimov Moscow State Medical and Dentistry University, Moscow, Russia
| | - F R Ochtova
- Evdokimov Moscow State Medical and Dentistry University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Piradov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Boonpattrawong NP, Golbidi S, Tai DC, Aleliunas RE, Bernatchez P, Miller JW, Laher I, Devlin AM. Exercise during pregnancy mitigates the adverse effects of maternal obesity on adult male offspring vascular function and alters one-carbon metabolism. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14582. [PMID: 32975908 PMCID: PMC7518297 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity during pregnancy can adversely affect adult offspring vascular endothelial function. This study examined whether maternal exercise during pregnancy and lactation mitigates the adverse effects of maternal obesity on offspring vascular endothelial function. Female (C57BL/6N) mice were fed from weaning a control diet (10% kcal fat) or western diet (45% kcal fat) to induce excess adiposity (maternal obesity). After 13 weeks, the female mice were bred and maintained on the diets, with and without access to a running wheel (exercise), throughout breeding, pregnancy, and lactation. Offspring were weaned onto the control or western diet and fed for 13 weeks; male offspring were studied. Maternal exercise prevented the adverse effects of maternal obesity on offspring vascular endothelial function. However, this was dependent on offspring diet and the positive effect of maternal exercise was only observed in offspring fed the western diet. This was accompanied by alterations in aorta and liver one-carbon metabolism, suggesting a role for these pathways in the improved endothelial function observed in the offspring. Obesity and exercise had no effect on endothelial function in the dams but did affect aorta and liver one-carbon metabolism, suggesting the phenotype observed in the offspring may be due to obesity and exercise-induced changes in one-carbon metabolism in the dams. Our findings demonstrate that maternal exercise prevented vascular dysfunction in male offspring from obese dams and is associated with alterations in one-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicha P. Boonpattrawong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineThe University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Saeid Golbidi
- Department of Family PracticeThe University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Daven C. Tai
- Department of PediatricsThe University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Rika E. Aleliunas
- Department of PediatricsThe University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
| | - Pascal Bernatchez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Joshua W. Miller
- Department of Nutritional SciencesRutgers UniversityThe State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Angela M. Devlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineThe University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
- Department of PediatricsThe University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research InstituteVancouverBCCanada
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16
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Wei J, Yu Y, Feng Y, Zhang J, Jiang Q, Zheng L, Zhang X, Xu N, Luo G. Negative Correlation Between Serum Levels of Homocysteine and Apolipoprotein M. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:120-126. [PMID: 30854963 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190308115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine (Hcy) has been suggested as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a constituent of the HDL particles. The goal of this study was to examine the serum levels of homocysteine and apoM and to determine whether homocysteine influences apoM synthesis. METHODS Serum levels of apoM and Hcy in 17 hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) patients and 19 controls were measured and their correlations were analyzed. Different concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy) and LY294002, a specific phosphoinositide 3- kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, were used to treat HepG2 cells. The mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR and the apoM protein mass was measured by western blot. RESULTS We found that decreased serum apoM levels corresponded with serum HDL levels in HHcy patients, while the serum apoM levels showed a statistically significant negative correlation with the serum Hcy levels. Moreover, apoM mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased after the administration of Hcy in HepG2 cells, and this effect could be abolished by addition of LY294002. CONCLUSIONS Present study demonstrates that Hcy downregulates the expression of apoM by mechanisms involving the PI3K signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wei
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Y Feng
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Q Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - L Zheng
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - X Zhang
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - N Xu
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - G Luo
- Department of Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
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17
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Association between serum homocysteine and arterial stiffness in patients with Behçet’s disease. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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The Gut Microbiota and Its Implication in the Development of Atherosclerosis and Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030605. [PMID: 32110880 PMCID: PMC7146472 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of gut microbiota in health and disease is being highlighted by numerous research groups worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the leading cause of heart disease and stroke, is responsible for about 50% of all cardiovascular deaths. Recently, gut dysbiosis has been identified as a remarkable factor to be considered in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this review, we briefly discuss how external factors such as dietary and physical activity habits influence host-microbiota and atherogenesis, the potential mechanisms of the influence of gut microbiota in host blood pressure and the alterations in the prevalence of those bacterial genera affecting vascular tone and the development of hypertension. We will also be examining the microbiota as a therapeutic target in the prevention of CVDs and the beneficial mechanisms of probiotic administration related to cardiovascular risks. All these new insights might lead to novel analysis and CVD therapeutics based on the microbiota.
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19
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Urquhart BL, House AA. Assessing Plasma Total Homocysteine in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, in light of several recent randomized trials, the issue of causality has been cast into doubt. Patients with end-stage renal disease are particularly interesting as they consistently have elevated tHcy and their leading causes of morbidity and mortality are related to cardiovascular disease. In the present article, we review the early evidence for the homocysteine theory of atherosclerosis, homocysteine metabolism, mechanisms of toxicity, and pertinent available clinical investigations. Where appropriate, the sparse evidence of homocysteine in peritoneal dialysis is reviewed. We conclude by addressing the difficulties associated with lowering plasma tHcy in patients with end-stage renal disease and suggest some novel methods for lowering tHcy in this resistant population. Finally, to address the issue of causality, we recommend that clinicians and scientists await the results of the FAVORIT trial before abandoning homocysteine as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, as this study has recruited patients from a population with consistently elevated plasma tHcy who are known to respond to vitamin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L. Urquhart
- Departments of Medicine The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology/Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew A. House
- Departments of Medicine The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Akahoshi N, Handa H, Takemoto R, Kamata S, Yoshida M, Onaka T, Ishii I. Preeclampsia-Like Features and Partial Lactation Failure in Mice Lacking Cystathionine γ-Lyase-An Animal Model of Cystathioninuria. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143507. [PMID: 31319489 PMCID: PMC6679037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases as well as preeclampsia—a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. We previously generated mice lacking cystathionine γ-lyase (Cth) as cystathioninuria models and found them to be with cystathioninemia/homocysteinemia. We investigated whether Cth-deficient (Cth−/−) pregnant mice display any features of preeclampsia. Cth−/− females developed normally but showed mild hypertension (~10 mmHg systolic blood pressure elevation) in late pregnancy and mild proteinuria throughout development/pregnancy. Cth−/− dams had normal numbers of pups and exhibited normal maternal behavior except slightly lower breastfeeding activity. However, half of them could not raise their pups owing to defective lactation; they could produce/store the first milk in their mammary glands but not often provide milk to their pups after the first ejection. The serum oxytocin levels and oxytocin receptor expression in the mammary glands were comparable between wild-type and Cth−/− dams, but the contraction responses of mammary gland myoepithelial cells to oxytocin were significantly lower in Cth−/− dams. The contraction responses to oxytocin were lower in uteruses isolated from Cth−/− mice. Our results suggest that elevated homocysteine or other unknown factors in preeclampsia-like Cth−/− dams interfere with oxytocin that regulates milk ejection reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Akahoshi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroki Handa
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Rintaro Takemoto
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kamata
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Masahide Yoshida
- Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Onaka
- Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Dysregulation of Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Expression in the Pathologies of Hyperhomocysteinemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133140. [PMID: 31252610 PMCID: PMC6651274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) exerts a wide range of biological effects and is associated with a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, neural tube defects, and cancer. Although mechanisms of HHcy toxicity are not fully uncovered, there has been a significant progress in their understanding. The picture emerging from the studies of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and pathophysiology is a complex one, as Hcy and its metabolites affect biomolecules and processes in a tissue- and sex-specific manner. Because of their connection to one carbon metabolism and editing mechanisms in protein biosynthesis, Hcy and its metabolites impair epigenetic control of gene expression mediated by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA, which underlies the pathology of human disease. In this review we summarize the recent evidence showing that epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression, mediated by changes in DNA methylation and histone N-homocysteinylation, is a pathogenic consequence of HHcy in many human diseases. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of human disease induced by Hcy and its metabolites, and suggest therapeutic targets for the prevention and/or treatment.
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Disturbance of thiol/disulfide aminothiols homeostasis in patients with acute ischemic stroke stroke: Preliminary findings. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2019; 183:105393. [PMID: 31255893 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the disruption of low-molecular-weight aminothiols (LMWTs: cysteine, cysteinylglycine, homocysteine, and glutathione) homeostasis in blood plasma during the acute and early subacute stages after ischemic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS We admitted 41 patients with primary large-artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolic stroke in the carotid arteries within the first 6-24 h from the moment of neurologic symptoms development. We included 31 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia in the control group. Total LMWT levels and their reduced forms were measured in blood plasma on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 15th days after stroke. RESULTS Our study demonstrated a decrease of cysteine and cysteinylglycine reduced forms and an increase of total glutathione and cysteine levels. There were no differences in LMWT levels among stroke subtypes (large-artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolic stroke). The decrease (or increase) in GSH and Hcy redox status on the 3rd day after stroke was associated with severe neurological deficit. Total Hcy (1st day), Cys (3rd day) and CG(7th day) levels were associated with the size of cerebral infarction area. Logistic regression analysis indicated that reduced homocysteine, total cysteinylglycine levels, and cysteine redox status at admission were predictive factors for ischemic stroke occurrence with a probability of 86.2% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS LMWTs may indicate the severity of neurological deficit and the size of the cerebral infarct, and their complex determination can be of diagnostic importance both at an early stage of ischemic stroke development and during its monitoring.
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Hasan T, Arora R, Bansal AK, Bhattacharya R, Sharma GS, Singh LR. Disturbed homocysteine metabolism is associated with cancer. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 30804341 PMCID: PMC6389897 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia/Homocysteinuria is characterized by an increased level of toxic homocysteine in the plasma. The plasma concentration of homocysteine is 5–15 μmol/L in healthy individuals, while in hyperhomocysteinemic patients, it can be as high as 500 μmol/L. While increased homocysteine levels can cause symptoms such as osteoporosis and eye lens dislocation, high homocysteine levels are most closely associated with cardiovascular complications. Recent advances have shown that increased plasma Hcy is also a fundamental cause of neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia), diabetes, Down syndrome, and megaloblastic anemia, among others. In recent years, increased plasma homocysteine has also been shown to be closely related to cancer. In this review, we discuss the relation between elevated plasma Hcy levels and cancer, and we conclude that disturbed homocysteine metabolism is associated with cancer. Future clinical perspectives are also discussed. Cancer can be added to the wide range of diseases known to be associated with elevated blood levels of the small amino acid homocysteine. Abnormally high levels of this compound are already known to contribute to conditions including cardiovascular problems, neurodegenerative diseases, neural tube defects, Down’s syndrome, diabetes and megaloblastic anemia. This review, by Laishram R. Singh and colleagues at the University of Delhi, India, concludes that disturbed homocysteine metabolism is associated with many forms of human cancer. The authors discuss a range of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that may be involved in the cause and effect relationships between homocysteine metabolism and cancer. It is particularly interesting that low folate (vitamin B9) levels result in high homocysteine levels, and vice versa. Further research may yield insights leading to new forms of cancer treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauheed Hasan
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Reetika Arora
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Aniket Kumar Bansal
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Reshmee Bhattacharya
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Gurumayum Suraj Sharma
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
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Jakubowski H. Homocysteine Modification in Protein Structure/Function and Human Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:555-604. [PMID: 30427275 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies established that elevated homocysteine, an important intermediate in folate, vitamin B12, and one carbon metabolism, is associated with poor health, including heart and brain diseases. Earlier studies show that patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, first identified in the 1960s, exhibit neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities and premature death due to vascular complications. Although homocysteine is considered to be a nonprotein amino acid, studies over the past 2 decades have led to discoveries of protein-related homocysteine metabolism and mechanisms by which homocysteine can become a component of proteins. Homocysteine-containing proteins lose their biological function and acquire cytotoxic, proinflammatory, proatherothrombotic, and proneuropathic properties, which can account for the various disease phenotypes associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. This review describes mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia affects cellular proteostasis, provides a comprehensive account of the biological chemistry of homocysteine-containing proteins, and discusses pathophysiological consequences and clinical implications of their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health , Newark, New Jersey ; and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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25
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Borowczyk K, Piechocka J, Głowacki R, Dhar I, Midtun Ø, Tell GS, Ueland PM, Nygård O, Jakubowski H. Urinary excretion of homocysteine thiolactone and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in coronary artery disease patients: the WENBIT trial. J Intern Med 2019; 285:232-244. [PMID: 30193001 PMCID: PMC6378604 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES No individual homocysteine (Hcy) metabolite has been studied as a risk marker for coronary artery disease (CAD). Our objective was to examine Hcy-thiolactone, a chemically reactive metabolite generated by methionyl-tRNA synthetase and cleared by the kidney, as a risk predictor of incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial. DESIGN Single centre, prospective double-blind clinical intervention study, randomized in a 2 × 2 factorial design. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Patients with suspected CAD (n = 2049, 69.8% men; 61.2-year-old) were randomized to groups receiving daily (i) folic acid (0.8 mg)/vitamin B12 (0.4 mg)/vitamin B6 (40 mg); (ii) folic acid/vitamin B12 ; (iii) vitamin B6 or (iv) placebo. Urinary Hcy-thiolactone was quantified at baseline, 12 and 38 months. RESULTS Baseline urinary Hcy-thiolactone/creatinine was significantly associated with plasma tHcy, ApoA1, glomerular filtration rate, potassium and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (positively) and with age, hypertension, smoking, urinary creatinine, plasma bilirubin and kynurenine (negatively). During median 4.7-years, 183 patients (8.9%) suffered an AMI. In Cox regression analysis, Hcy-thiolactone/creatinine was associated with AMI risk (hazard ratio = 1.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.10-2.26, P = 0.012 for trend; adjusted for age, gender, tHcy). This association was confined to patients with pyridoxic acid below median (adjusted HR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.47-5.03, P = 0.0001; Pinteraction = 0.020). B-vitamin/folate treatments did not affect Hcy-thiolactone/creatinine and its AMI risk association. CONCLUSIONS Hcy-thiolactone/creatinine ratio is a novel AMI risk predictor in patients with suspected CAD, independent of traditional risk factors and tHcy, but modified by vitamin B6 catabolism. These findings lend a support to the hypothesis that Hcy-thiolactone is mechanistically involved in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Borowczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - J Piechocka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - R Głowacki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - I Dhar
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - G S Tell
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - P M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - O Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - H Jakubowski
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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26
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Li T, Ma H, Peng Y, Chen X, Zhu Z, Wu X, Kou T, Song B, Guo S, Liu L, Zhu Y. Gaussian numerical analysis and terahertz spectroscopic measurement of homocysteine. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5467-5476. [PMID: 30460140 PMCID: PMC6238945 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine is an amino acid related to metabolism in human vivo, which is closely related to cardiovascular disease, senile dementia, bone fracture, et al. Currently, the usual medical test methods for homocysteine include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which are time-consuming or expensive. In this paper, we first analyze the vibration and rotation of homocysteine molecules by using density functional theory, and then we ensure that the theoretical absorption peaks are located in the range of the terahertz spectrum. Then, based on the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system, we measured the absorption spectrum of homocysteine under different concentrations. It is found that as the detection of the concentration, the terahertz results present higher accuracy than that of the laser Raman spectrum, which can be used as the reference for the evaluation of pathological stage. These results are of great significance for the exact and quick diagnosis of homocysteine-related diseases in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hongyun Ma
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Contributed equally
| | - Yan Peng
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Tianyi Kou
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhuang Liu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Zhu
- Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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27
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Yuan X, Lu Y, Xiao C, Zhu J, Zhang W, Yu C, Li S. Application of a micro plasma collection card for the detection of homocysteine by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4167-4176. [PMID: 30207427 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Yuan
- School of Life Sciences; Shanghai University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Youli Lu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Clinical Center; Chinese Academy of Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Can Xiao
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Clinical Center; Chinese Academy of Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Zhu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Clinical Center; Chinese Academy of Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences; Shanghai University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chen Yu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Clinical Center; Chinese Academy of Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shuijun Li
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Clinical Center; Chinese Academy of Science; Shanghai P. R. China
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28
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Wu X, Zhang L, Miao Y, Yang J, Wang X, Wang CC, Feng J, Wang L. Homocysteine causes vascular endothelial dysfunction by disrupting endoplasmic reticulum redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2018; 20:46-59. [PMID: 30292945 PMCID: PMC6174864 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) plays a critical role in vascular pathology. However, little is known about the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) redox homeostasis in HHcy-induced endothelial dysfunction. Here, we show that Hcy induces ER oxidoreductin-1α (Ero1α) expression with ER stress and inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in the arteries of HHcy mice. Hcy upregulates Ero1α expression by promoting binding of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α to the ERO1A promoter. Notably, Hcy rather than other thiol agents markedly increases the GSH/GSSG ratio in the ER, therefore allosterically activating Ero1α to produce H2O2 and trigger ER oxidative stress. By contrast, the antioxidant pathway mediated by ER glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPx7) is downregulated in HHcy mice. Ero1α knockdown and GPx7 overexpression protect the endothelium from HHcy-induced ER oxidative stress and inflammation. Our work suggests that targeting ER redox homeostasis could be used as an intervention for HHcy-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yütong Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chih-Chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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29
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Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. The current status of homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a mini review. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2018; 16:559-565. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1497974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Chrysant
- Department of Cardiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - George S Chrysant
- Department of Cardiology, INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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30
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Hankey GJ. B vitamins for stroke prevention. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2018; 3:51-58. [PMID: 30022794 PMCID: PMC6047336 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2018-000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with B vitamins (vitamin B9(folic acid), vitamin B12 and vitamin B6) lowers blood total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations by about 25% and reduces the relative risk of stroke overall by about 10% (risk ratio (RR) 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99) compared with placebo. Homocysteine-lowering interventions have no significant effect on myocardial infarction, death from any cause or adverse outcomes. Factors that appear to modify the effect of B vitamins on stroke risk include low folic acid status, high tHcy, high cyanocobalamin dose in patients with impaired renal function and concurrent antiplatelet therapy. In regions with increasing levels or established policies of population folate supplementation, evidence from observational genetic epidemiological studies and randomised controlled clinical trials is concordant in suggesting an absence of benefit from lowering of homocysteine with folic acid for prevention of stroke. Clinical trials indicate that in countries which mandate folic acid fortification of food, folic acid supplementation has no significant effect on reducing stroke risk (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.23). However, in countries without mandatory folic acid food fortification, folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of stroke by about 15% (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.94). Folic acid alone or in combination with minimal cyanocobalamin (≤0.05 mg/day) is associated with an even greater reduction in risk of future stroke by 25% (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.86), whereas the combination of folic acid and a higher dose of cyanocobalamin (≥0.4 mg/day) is not associated with a reduced risk of future stroke (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.05). The lack of benefit of folic acid plus higher doses of cyanocobalamin (≥0.4 mg/day) was observed in trials which all included participants with chronic kidney disease. Because metabolic B12 deficiency is very common and usually not diagnosed, future randomised trials of homocysteine-lowering interventions for stroke prevention should probably test a combination of folic acid and methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin instead of cyanocobalamin, and perhaps vitamin B6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Hankey
- UWA Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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31
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Chen L, Wang B, Wang J, Ban Q, Wu H, Song Y, Zhang J, Cao J, Zhou Z, Liu L, Cao T, Gao L, Guo H, Zhang T, Tang G, Huang X, Zhang Y, Li J, Huo Y, Cheng X, Zang T, Xu X, Zhang H, Qin X. Association between serum total homocysteine and arterial stiffness in adults: a community-based study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2018; 20:686-693. [PMID: 29481715 DOI: 10.1111/jch.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Both increased arterial stiffness and higher total homocysteine (tHcy) are associated with an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. However, the relationship between tHcy and arterial stiffness is still inconclusive. The authors aimed to test the relationship of tHcy with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and examine the possible effect modifiers in adults. A study was conducted from July to September 2016 in Jiangsu Province, China. A total of 16 644 participants were enrolled in the final analysis. Increased arterial stiffness is defined as a cfPWV ≥10 m/s. Overall, there was a positive association between tHcy and cfPWV levels (per 5-μmol/L tHcy increase: β = 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.13) and increased arterial stiffness (per 5-μmol/L tHcy increase: odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.14). Compared with participants with tHcy <10 μmol/L, the significantly higher cfPWV levels were observed in those with tHcy ≥15 μmol/L (β = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.28-0.47). Accordingly, a higher prevalence of increased arterial stiffness was found in patients with tHcy10 to <15 μmol/L (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.33) and tHcy ≥15 μmol/L (odds ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.32-1.71) as compared with participants with tHcy <10 μmol/L. Furthermore, the stronger positive association was found in participants who were older (≥60 years, P for interaction = .008), had low body mass index (<25 kg/m2 , P for interaction = .026), high systolic blood pressure levels (≥145 mm Hg [median], P for interaction = .048), or diabetes mellitus (P for interaction = .045). The present study demonstrated that serum tHcy concentrations were positively associated with cfPWV and the prevalence of increased arterial stiffness. These results suggest that the cardiovascular effects of tHcy may partly be mediated through arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Binyan Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyun Ban
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongxu Wu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Cao
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lishun Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Cao
- University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Genfu Tang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Huo
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tonghua Zang
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, the Key Laboratory for Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianhui Qin
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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32
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Li T, Yu B, Liu Z, Li J, Ma M, Wang Y, Zhu M, Yin H, Wang X, Fu Y, Yu F, Wang X, Fang X, Sun J, Kong W. Homocysteine directly interacts and activates the angiotensin II type I receptor to aggravate vascular injury. Nat Commun 2018; 9:11. [PMID: 29296021 PMCID: PMC5750214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism underlying HHcy-aggravated vascular injury remains unclear. Here we show that the aggravation of abdominal aortic aneurysm by HHcy is abolished in mice with genetic deletion of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor and in mice treated with an AT1 blocker. We find that homocysteine directly activates AT1 receptor signalling. Homocysteine displaces angiotensin II and limits its binding to AT1 receptor. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analysis reveals distinct conformational changes of AT1 receptor upon binding to angiotensin II and homocysteine. Molecular dynamics and site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggest that homocysteine regulates the conformation of the AT1 receptor both orthosterically and allosterically by forming a salt bridge and a disulfide bond with its Arg167 and Cys289 residues, respectively. Together, these findings suggest that strategies aimed at blocking the AT1 receptor may mitigate HHcy-associated aneurysmal vascular injuries. High homocysteine plasma levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases. Here, Li and colleagues find that homocysteine aggravates vascular injury by direct binding to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), identifying AT1R inhibition as a potential strategy to counteract the deleterious vascular effects of hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyi Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.,Capital Normal University High School, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, 19 B, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yingbao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, 19 B, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinpeng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. .,School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
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33
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Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Mangoni AA, Sotgiu E, Arru D, Paliogiannis P, Sengupta S, Carru C. Spontaneous Release of Human Serum Albumin S-Bound Homocysteine in a Thiol-Free Physiological Medium. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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34
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Spence JD. Carotid plaque burden is associated with higher levels of total homocysteine. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2017; 2:40. [PMID: 28959489 PMCID: PMC5435215 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2017-000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J David Spence
- Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Spence JD, Yi Q, Hankey GJ. B vitamins in stroke prevention: time to reconsider. Lancet Neurol 2017; 16:750-760. [PMID: 28816120 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
B vitamin therapy lowers plasma total homocysteine concentrations, and might be a beneficial intervention for stroke prevention; however, cyanocobalamin (a form of vitamin B12) can accelerate decline in renal function and increase the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with impaired renal function. Although early trials did not show benefit in reduction of stroke, these results might have been due to harm in participants with impaired renal function. In patients with diabetic nephropathy, cyanocobalamin is harmful, whereas B vitamins appear to reduce cardiovascular events in study participants with normal renal function. Our meta-analysis of individual patient data from two large trials of B vitamin therapy (VISP and VITATOPS) indicates that patients with impaired renal function who are exposed to high-dose cyanocobalamin do not benefit from therapy with B vitamins for the prevention of stroke (risk ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·84-1·27), however, patients with normal renal function who are not exposed to high-dose cyanocobalamin benefit significantly from this treatment (0.78, 0·67-0·90; interaction p=0·03). The potential benefits of B vitamin therapy with folic acid and methylcobalamin or hydroxycobalamin, instead of cyanocobalamin, to lower homocysteine concentrations in people at high risk of stroke warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Spence
- Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Qilong Yi
- Canadian Blood Services, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA, Australia
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Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D, Dayer M. Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8:CD006612. [PMID: 28816346 PMCID: PMC6483699 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006612.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease, which includes coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease, is a leading cause of death worldwide. Homocysteine is an amino acid with biological functions in methionine metabolism. A postulated risk factor for cardiovascular disease is an elevated circulating total homocysteine level. The impact of homocysteine-lowering interventions, given to patients in the form of vitamins B6, B9 or B12 supplements, on cardiovascular events has been investigated. This is an update of a review previously published in 2009, 2013, and 2015. OBJECTIVES To determine whether homocysteine-lowering interventions, provided to patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease are effective in preventing cardiovascular events, as well as reducing all-cause mortality, and to evaluate their safety. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2017, Issue 5), MEDLINE (1946 to 1 June 2017), Embase (1980 to 2017 week 22) and LILACS (1986 to 1 June 2017). We also searched Web of Science (1970 to 1 June 2017). We handsearched the reference lists of included papers. We also contacted researchers in the field. There was no language restriction in the search. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events with a follow-up period of one year or longer. We considered myocardial infarction and stroke as the primary outcomes. We excluded studies in patients with end-stage renal disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We performed study selection, 'Risk of bias' assessment and data extraction in duplicate. We estimated risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes. We calculated the number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB). We measured statistical heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. We used a random-effects model. We conducted trial sequential analyses, Bayes factor, and fragility indices where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS In this third update, we identified three new randomised controlled trials, for a total of 15 randomised controlled trials involving 71,422 participants. Nine trials (60%) had low risk of bias, length of follow-up ranged from one to 7.3 years. Compared with placebo, there were no differences in effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions on myocardial infarction (homocysteine-lowering = 7.1% versus placebo = 6.0%; RR 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95 to 1.10, I2 = 0%, 12 trials; N = 46,699; Bayes factor 1.04, high-quality evidence), death from any cause (homocysteine-lowering = 11.7% versus placebo = 12.3%, RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.06, I2 = 0%, 11 trials, N = 44,817; Bayes factor = 1.05, high-quality evidence), or serious adverse events (homocysteine-lowering = 8.3% versus comparator = 8.5%, RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.14, I2 = 0%, eight trials, N = 35,788; high-quality evidence). Compared with placebo, homocysteine-lowering interventions were associated with reduced stroke outcome (homocysteine-lowering = 4.3% versus comparator = 5.1%, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99, I2 = 8%, 10 trials, N = 44,224; high-quality evidence). Compared with low doses, there were uncertain effects of high doses of homocysteine-lowering interventions on stroke (high = 10.8% versus low = 11.2%, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.22, I2 = 72%, two trials, N = 3929; very low-quality evidence).We found no evidence of publication bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In this third update of the Cochrane review, there were no differences in effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions in the form of supplements of vitamins B6, B9 or B12 given alone or in combination comparing with placebo on myocardial infarction, death from any cause or adverse events. In terms of stroke, this review found a small difference in effect favouring to homocysteine-lowering interventions in the form of supplements of vitamins B6, B9 or B12 given alone or in combination comparing with placebo.There were uncertain effects of enalapril plus folic acid compared with enalapril on stroke; approximately 143 (95% CI 85 to 428) people would need to be treated for 5.4 years to prevent 1 stroke, this evidence emerged from one mega-trial.Trial sequential analyses showed that additional trials are unlikely to increase the certainty about the findings of this issue regarding homocysteine-lowering interventions versus placebo. There is a need for additional trials comparing homocysteine-lowering interventions combined with antihypertensive medication versus antihypertensive medication, and homocysteine-lowering interventions at high doses versus homocysteine-lowering interventions at low doses. Potential trials should be large and co-operative.
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Beedle AEM, Mora M, Lynham S, Stirnemann G, Garcia-Manyes S. Tailoring protein nanomechanics with chemical reactivity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15658. [PMID: 28585528 PMCID: PMC5467162 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nanomechanical properties of elastomeric proteins determine the elasticity of a variety of tissues. A widespread natural tactic to regulate protein extensibility lies in the presence of covalent disulfide bonds, which significantly enhance protein stiffness. The prevalent in vivo strategy to form disulfide bonds requires the presence of dedicated enzymes. Here we propose an alternative chemical route to promote non-enzymatic oxidative protein folding via disulfide isomerization based on naturally occurring small molecules. Using single-molecule force-clamp spectroscopy, supported by DFT calculations and mass spectrometry measurements, we demonstrate that subtle changes in the chemical structure of a transient mixed-disulfide intermediate adduct between a protein cysteine and an attacking low molecular-weight thiol have a dramatic effect on the protein's mechanical stability. This approach provides a general tool to rationalize the dynamics of S-thiolation and its role in modulating protein nanomechanics, offering molecular insights on how chemical reactivity regulates protein elasticity. Post-translational modifications modulate nanomechanics of proteins. Here the authors use single-molecule force-clamp spectroscopy supported by density functional theory calculations to show how reactive low-weight molecular thiol compounds directly affect mechanical protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E M Beedle
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, WC2R 2LS London, UK
| | - Marc Mora
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, WC2R 2LS London, UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, King's College London, SE5 8AF London, UK
| | - Guillaume Stirnemann
- CNRS Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Univ. Paris Denis Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, PSL Research University, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, WC2R 2LS London, UK
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Dayal S, Baumbach GL, Arning E, Bottiglieri T, Faraci FM, Lentz SR. Deficiency of superoxide dismutase promotes cerebral vascular hypertrophy and vascular dysfunction in hyperhomocysteinemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175732. [PMID: 28414812 PMCID: PMC5393600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an emerging consensus that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for cerebral vascular disease and that homocysteine-lowering therapy protects from ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia produces abnormalities of cerebral vascular structure and function remain largely undefined. Our objective in this study was to define the mechanistic role of superoxide in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced cerebral vascular dysfunction and hypertrophy. Unlike previous studies, our experimental design included a genetic approach to alter superoxide levels by using superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-deficient mice fed a high methionine/low folate diet to produce hyperhomocysteinemia. In wild-type mice, the hyperhomocysteinemic diet caused elevated superoxide levels and impaired responses to endothelium-dependent vasodilators in cerebral arterioles, and SOD1 deficiency compounded the severity of these effects. The cross-sectional area of the pial arteriolar wall was markedly increased in mice with SOD1 deficiency, and the hyperhomocysteinemic diet sensitized SOD1-deficient mice to this hypertrophic effect. Analysis of individual components of the vascular wall demonstrated a significant increase in the content of smooth muscle and elastin. We conclude that superoxide is a key driver of both cerebral vascular hypertrophy and vasomotor dysfunction in this model of dietary hyperhomocysteinemia. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which hyperhomocysteinemia promotes cerebral vascular disease and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Dayal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Baumbach
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Erland Arning
- Baylor Institute of Metabolic Disease, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Baylor Institute of Metabolic Disease, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Faraci
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Lentz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hatefi M, Behzadi S, Dastjerdi MM, Ghahnavieh AA, Rahmani A, Mahdizadeh F, Hafezi Ahmadi MR, Asadollahi K. Correlation of Homocysteine with Cerebral Hemodynamic Abnormality, Endothelial Dysfunction Markers, and Cognition Impairment in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 2017; 97:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Tripathi M, Zhang CW, Singh BK, Sinha RA, Moe KT, DeSilva DA, Yen PM. Hyperhomocysteinemia causes ER stress and impaired autophagy that is reversed by Vitamin B supplementation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2513. [PMID: 27929536 PMCID: PMC5260994 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a well-known risk factor for stroke; however, its underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Using both mouse and cell culture models, we have provided evidence that impairment of autophagy has a central role in HHcy-induced cellular injury in the mouse brain. We observed accumulation of LC3B-II and p62 that was associated with increased MTOR signaling in human and mouse primary astrocyte cell cultures as well as a diet-induced mouse model of HHcy, HHcy decreased lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2, vacuolar ATPase (ATP6V0A2), and protease cathepsin D, suggesting that lysosomal dysfunction also contributed to the autophagic defect. Moreover, HHcy increased unfolded protein response. Interestingly, Vitamin B supplementation restored autophagic flux, alleviated ER stress, and reversed lysosomal dysfunction due to HHCy. Furthermore, the autophagy inducer, rapamycin was able to relieve ER stress and reverse lysosomal dysfunction caused by HHcy in vitro. Inhibition of autophagy by HHcy exacerbated cellular injury during oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R), and oxidative stress. These effects were prevented by Vitamin B co-treatment, suggesting that it may be helpful in relieving detrimental effects of HHcy in ischemia/reperfusion or oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings show that Vitamin B therapy can reverse defects in cellular autophagy and ER stress due to HHcy; and thus may be a potential treatment to reduce ischemic damage caused by stroke in patients with HHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Tripathi
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Stroke Trial Unit, Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore.,National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Cheng Wu Zhang
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Moe
- Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia (NUMed, Malaysia) No. 1 Jalan Sarjana, Iskandar Puteri (formerly Nusajaya), Johor 179200, Malaysia
| | - Deidre Anne DeSilva
- Stroke Trial Unit, Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore.,National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Paul Michael Yen
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke. Like many other cardiovascular risk factors, hyperhomocysteinemia produces endothelial dysfunction due to impaired bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO). The molecular mechanisms responsible for decreased NO bioavailabil ity in hyperhomocysteinemia are incompletely understood, but emerging evidence suggests that asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase, may be a key mediator. Homocysteine is produced during the synthesis of ADMA and can alter ADMA metabolism by inhibiting dimethylarginine dimethy laminohydrolase (DDAH). Several animal and clinical studies have demonstrated a strong association between plasma total homocysteine, plasma ADMA, and endothelial dysfunction. These observations suggest a model in which elevation of ADMA may be a unifying mechanism for endothelial dysfunction during hyper homocysteinemia. The recent development of transgenic mice with altered ADMA metabolism should provide further mechanistic insights into the role of ADMA in hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Sydow K, Hornig B, Arakawa N, Bode-Böger SM, Tsikas D, Münzel T, Böger RH. Endothelial dysfunction in patients with peripheral arterial disease and chronic hyperhomocysteinemia: potential role of ADMA. Vasc Med 2016; 9:93-101. [PMID: 15521698 DOI: 10.1191/1358863x04vm538oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with an enhanced risk for cardiovascular disease. Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) show an increased prevalence of hyper-homocysteinemia. A decreased biological activity of nitric oxide (NO) may contribute to homocysteine-associated endothelial dysfunction. This study was designed to investigate whether elevated levels of the endogenous NO synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are involved in endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic hyperhomocysteinemia and PAD. A total of 76 patients (58 males and 18 females; mean age 65.2 2.0 years) with PAD were included in the analysis and characterized according to demographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors. Flow-dependent vasodilation (FDD) was determined by high-resolution ultrasound in the radial artery. Total plasma homocysteine (plasma tHcy) and ADMA levels were measured by HPLC. Urinary nitrate was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Patients with plasma tHcy in the highest tertile (n 1/4 27; i.e. >10.6 mmol=l) had a mean plasma level of 14.4 1.2 mmol=l compared with 9.9 0.1 mmol=l in those patients in the middle tertile (n 1/4 22; p < 0.05) and 9.4 0.1 mmol=l in those in the lowest tertile (n 1/4 27; i.e. <9.6 mmol=l; p < 0.05). The hyperhomocysteinemic individuals (highest tertile) had a significantly decreased FDD compared with healthy age-matched controls (n 1/4 15) (7.6 1.0 vs 13.0 0.4%; p < 0.05), higher plasma ADMA concentrations (4.0 0.3 vs 2.6 0.3 mmol=l; p < 0.05), and a lower urinary nitrate excretion rate (89.5 13.4 vs 131.3 17.9 mmol=mmol creatinine; p < 0.05) compared with patients with plasma tHcy in the lowest tertile. Multivariate regression analysis including plasma tHcy, ADMA, total cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and systolic blood pressure revealed ADMA as the only significant factor determining FDD (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we demonstrated a stronger relationship between impaired endothelial function and elevated ADMA levels in comparison with plasma tHcy concentrations in patients with PAD and chronic hyperhomocysteinemia. This may raise the question of whether different therapeutical options that interact indirectly with plasma tHcy, i.e. treatment with ACE inhibitors and AT1-receptor blockers to reduce ADMA plasma concentrations or L-arginine, could be a beneficial tool for treating patients with hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sydow
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
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Serum homocysteine is not independently associated with an atherogenic lipid profile: The Very Large Database of Lipids (VLDL-21) study. Atherosclerosis 2016; 249:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bublil EM, Majtan T, Park I, Carrillo RS, Hůlková H, Krijt J, Kožich V, Kraus JP. Enzyme replacement with PEGylated cystathionine β-synthase ameliorates homocystinuria in murine model. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2372-84. [PMID: 27183385 DOI: 10.1172/jci85396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocystinuria, which typically results from cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency, is the most common defect of sulfur amino acid metabolism. CBS condenses homocysteine and serine to cystathionine that is then converted to cysteine. Individuals with homocystinuria have markedly elevated plasma levels of homocysteine and methionine and reduced concentrations of cystathionine and cysteine. Clinical disease manifestations include thromboembolism and neuropsychiatric, ocular, and skeletal complications. Here, we have shown that administration of PEGylated CBS into the circulation of homocystinuria model mice alters the extra- and intracellular equilibrium of sulfur amino acids, resulting in a decrease of approximately 75% in plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and normalization of cysteine concentrations. Moreover, the decrease in homocysteine and the normalization of cysteine in PEGylated CBS-treated model mice were accompanied by improvement of histopathological liver symptoms and increased survival. Together, these data suggest that CBS enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a promising approach for the treatment of homocystinuria and that ERT for metabolic diseases may not necessitate introduction of the deficient enzyme into its natural intracellular compartment.
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Yefsah-Idres A, Benazzoug Y, Otman A, Latour A, Middendorp S, Janel N. Hepatoprotective effects of lycopene on liver enzymes involved in methionine and xenobiotic metabolism in hyperhomocysteinemic rats. Food Funct 2016; 7:2862-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia, defined by an increased plasma homocysteine level, is commonly associated with chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Yefsah-Idres
- Département des Sciences Agro-alimentaire
- Faculté SNV
- université Saad Dahlab (Blida1)
- Algeria
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire
| | - Yasmina Benazzoug
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire
- (LBCM) FSB.USTHB
- Alger
- Algeria
| | - Amel Otman
- Laboratoire centrale du (CHU) Bab El Oued Alger
- Algeria
| | - Alizée Latour
- Univ Paris Diderot-CNRS UMR 8251
- unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA)
- Paris
- France
| | - Sandrine Middendorp
- Univ Paris Diderot-CNRS UMR 8251
- unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA)
- Paris
- France
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Univ Paris Diderot-CNRS UMR 8251
- unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA)
- Paris
- France
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Hu S, Ren L, Wang Y, Zhang R, Zhao X, Liu L, Li W, Wang Y. Homocysteine-lowering therapy and early functional outcomes of ischemic patients with H-type hypertension: a retrospective analysis of CNSR. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2015; 38:785-91. [PMID: 26643782 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-015-0406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, elevated levels of homocysteine and early neurological deterioration due to acute ischemic stroke have been reported to be strongly correlated. However, the role of homocysteine-lowering therapy (HLT) in the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke patients has remained unclear. This study evaluated the effects of HLT during hospitalization on the early outcomes of the 792 ischemic stroke patients with H-type hypertension from the China National Stroke Registry. The subjects were divided into HLT and non-HLT groups. Demographic and laboratory information were collected, while the functional outcome at discharge and at 90 days follow-up were assessed by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) in both groups. We found that in the univariate analysis, the proportions of patients with good functional outcomes (mRS = 0-2) were 31.68 versus 29.36 % (OR 0.90, 95 % CI 0.66-1.22, p = 0.45) at discharge and 27.02 versus 28.30 % (OR 1.06, 95 % CI 0.77-1.45, p = 0.72) at 90 days follow-up for the HLT and non-HLT groups, respectively. After multivariate analysis, there was still no significant difference in the outcomes at discharge (OR 0.85, 95 % CI 0.53-1.36, p = 0.49) or at 90 days follow-up (OR 0.98, 95 % CI 0.60-1.60, p = 0.93) for the two groups. The findings of this study indicated that patients with HLT or not during hospitalization had no significant difference in early prognosis. We concluded that HLT during hospitalization did not improve the early functional outcomes of ischemic stroke patients who also had H-type hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijie Ren
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Sungang West Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Runhua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen University 1st Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Shi Z, Guan Y, Huo YR, Liu S, Zhang M, Lu H, Yue W, Wang J, Ji Y. Elevated Total Homocysteine Levels in Acute Ischemic Stroke Are Associated With Long-Term Mortality. Stroke 2015. [PMID: 26199315 PMCID: PMC4542568 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose— Total homocysteine (tHcy) levels are associated with secondary vascular events and mortality after stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tHcy levels in the acute phase of a stroke contribute to the recurrence of cerebro-cardiovascular events and mortality. Methods— A total of 3799 patients were recruited after hospital admission for acute ischemic stroke. Levels of tHcy were measured within 24 hours after primary admission. Patients were followed for a median of 48 months. Results— During the follow-up period, 233 (6.1%) patients died. After adjustment for age, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, and other cardiovascular risk factors, patients in the highest tHcy quartile (>18.6 μmol/L) had a 1.61-fold increased risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.53) compared with patients in the lowest quartile (≤10 μmol/L). Further subgroup analysis showed that this correlation was only significant in the large-artery atherosclerosis stroke subtype (adjusted HR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.05–3.07); this correlation was not significant in the small-vessel occlusion subtype (adjusted HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.30–2.12). The risk of stroke-related mortality was 2.27-fold higher for patients in the third tHcy quartile (adjusted HR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.06–4.86) and 2.15-fold more likely for patients in the fourth quartile (adjusted HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.01–4.63) than for patients in the lowest tHcy quartile. The risk of cardiovascular-related mortality and the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke were not associated with tHcy levels. Conclusions— Our findings suggest that elevated tHcy levels in the acute phase of an ischemic stroke can predict mortality, especially in stroke patients with the large-vessel atherosclerosis subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Shi
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.)
| | - Yalin Guan
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.)
| | - Ya Ruth Huo
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.)
| | - Shuling Liu
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.)
| | - Meilin Zhang
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.)
| | - Hui Lu
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.)
| | - Wei Yue
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.)
| | - Jinhuan Wang
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.)
| | - Yong Ji
- From the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., J.W., Y.J.), Department of Neurology (Z.S., Y.G., S.L., H.L., W.Y., Y.J.), and Department of Neurosurgery (J.W.), Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin, China; School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia (Y.R.H.); and Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (M.Z.).
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Bailey LB, Stover PJ, McNulty H, Fenech MF, Gregory JF, Mills JL, Pfeiffer CM, Fazili Z, Zhang M, Ueland PM, Molloy AM, Caudill MA, Shane B, Berry RJ, Bailey RL, Hausman DB, Raghavan R, Raiten DJ. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development-Folate Review. J Nutr 2015; 145:1636S-1680S. [PMID: 26451605 PMCID: PMC4478945 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.206599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) project is designed to provide evidence-based advice to anyone with an interest in the role of nutrition in health. Specifically, the BOND program provides state-of-the-art information and service with regard to selection, use, and interpretation of biomarkers of nutrient exposure, status, function, and effect. To accomplish this objective, expert panels are recruited to evaluate the literature and to draft comprehensive reports on the current state of the art with regard to specific nutrient biology and available biomarkers for assessing nutrients in body tissues at the individual and population level. Phase I of the BOND project includes the evaluation of biomarkers for 6 nutrients: iodine, iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A, and vitamin B-12. This review represents the second in the series of reviews and covers all relevant aspects of folate biology and biomarkers. The article is organized to provide the reader with a full appreciation of folate's history as a public health issue, its biology, and an overview of available biomarkers (serum folate, RBC folate, and plasma homocysteine concentrations) and their interpretation across a range of clinical and population-based uses. The article also includes a list of priority research needs for advancing the area of folate biomarkers related to nutritional health status and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn B Bailey
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA;
| | - Patrick J Stover
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Helene McNulty
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Fenech
- Genome Health Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Food, Nutrition, and Bioproducts Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jesse F Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - James L Mills
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Zia Fazili
- National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mindy Zhang
- National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA
| | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, Univeristy of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne M Molloy
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Barry Shane
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Robert J Berry
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, GA; and
| | | | - Dorothy B Hausman
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Ramkripa Raghavan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
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49
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Dayal S, Lentz SR. Homocysteine. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D. Homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 1:CD006612. [PMID: 25590290 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006612.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease, which includes coronary artery disease, stroke and congestive heart failure, is a leading cause of death worldwide. Homocysteine is an amino acid with biological functions in methionine metabolism. A postulated risk factor is an elevated circulating total homocysteine level, which is associated with cardiovascular events. The impact of homocysteine-lowering interventions, given to patients in the form of vitamins B6, B9 or B12 supplements, on cardiovascular events. This is an update of a review previously published in 2009 and 2013. OBJECTIVES To determine whether homocysteine-lowering interventions, provided in patients with and without pre-existing cardiovascular disease are effective in preventing cardiovascular events, as well as all-cause mortality and evaluate their safety. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1950 to January week 5 2014), EMBASE (1980 to 2014 week 6) and LILACS (1986 to February 2014). We also searched Web of Science (1970 to 7 February 2014). We handsearched the reference lists of included papers. We also contacted researchers in the field. There was no language restriction in the search. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of homocysteine-lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events with a follow-up period of one year or longer. We considered myocardial infarction and stroke as the primary outcomes. We excluded studies in patients with end-stage renal disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We performed study selection, 'Risk of bias' assessment and data extraction in duplicate. We estimated risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes. We measured statistical heterogeneity using the I(2) statistic. We used a random-effects model. MAIN RESULTS In this second updated Cochrane Review, we identified no new randomised controlled trials. Therefore, this new version includes 12 randomised controlled trials involving 47,429 participants. In general terms, 75% (9/12) trials had a low risk of bias. Homocysteine-lowering interventions compared with placebo did not significantly affect non-fatal or fatal myocardial infarction (1743/23,590 (7.38%) versus 1247/20,190 (6.17%); RR 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95 to 1.10, I(2) = 0%, high quality evidence), stroke (968/22,348 (4.33%) versus 974/18,957 (5.13%); RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.0, I(2) = 11%, high quality evidence) or death from any cause (2784/22,648 (12.29%) versus 2502/19,250 (10.64%); RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.07, I(2) = 6%, high quality evidence). Homocysteine-lowering interventions compared with placebo did not significantly affect serious adverse events (cancer) (1558/18,130 (8.59%) versus 1334/14,739 (9.05%); RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.13; I(2) = 0%, high quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This second update of this Cochrane Review found no evidence to suggest that homocysteine-lowering interventions in the form of supplements of vitamins B6, B9 or B12 given alone or in combination should be used for preventing cardiovascular events. Furthermore, there is no evidence to suggest that homocysteine-lowering interventions are associated with an increased risk of cancer.
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